Chapter 38

1. This account of the mediaeval Christmas drama owes much to Chambers, "The Mediaeval Stage," especially chaps. xviii. to xx., and to #W. Creizenach, "Geschichte des neueren Dramas"# (Halle a/S., 1893), vol. i., bks. ii.-iv. See also: #Karl Pearson#, essay on #"The German Passion Play"# in #"The Chances of Death, and other Studies in Evolution"# (London, 1897), ii. 246 f.; #E. Du Méril, "Origines latines du théâtre moderne"# (Paris, 1849); #L. Petit de Julleville, "Histoire du théâtre en France au moyen âge. I. Les Mystères"# (Paris, 1880); and other works cited later.

2. Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 8 f.

3. _Ibid._ ii. 11.

4. Du Méril, 147.

5. Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 52.

6. Text in Du Méril, 153 f.

7. Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 44.

8. _Ibid._ ii. 52 f.

9. On the English plays see: Chambers, "M. S.," chaps. xx. and xxi.; #A. W. Ward, "A History of English Dramatic Literature"# (London, 1875), vol. i. chap. i.; Creizenach, vol. i.; #K. L. Bates, "The English Religious Drama"# (London, 1893).

10. Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 129, 131, 139.

11. #"Ludus Coventriae,"# ed. by J. O. Halliwell (London, 1841), 146 f.

12. #"York Plays,"# ed. by L. Toulmin Smith (Oxford, 1885), 114 f.

13. #"The Chester Plays,"# ed. by T. Wright (London, 1843), 137.

14. _Ibid._ 138.

15. _Ibid._ 143.

16. #"The Towneley Plays,"# ed. by George England, with Introduction by A. W. Pollard (London, 1897). The first Shepherds' Play is on p. 100 f., the second on p. 116 f.

17. Text from Chambers and Sidgwick, "Early English Lyrics," 124 f.

18. Text in #T. Sharp, "A Dissertation on the Pageants or Dramatic Mysteries anciently performed at Coventry"# (Coventry, 1825).

19. Petit de Julleville, ii. 36 f and 431 f.

20. _Ibid._ ii. 620 f.; #"Les marguerites de la Marguerite des princesses,"# ed. from the edition of 1547 by F. Frank (Paris, 1873), ii. 1 f.

21. Petit de Julleville, i. 441.

22. _Ibid._ i. 455. Text in Lemeignen, ii. 1 f.

23. Petit de Julleville, i. 79 f.

24. #P. Sébillot, "Coutumes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne"# (Paris, 1886), 177.

25. Martinengo, "Folk-Songs," xxxiii. f. In her essay, "Puer Parvulus," in "The Outdoor Life," 260 f., the Countess gives a charming description of a somewhat similar Piedmontese play.

26. Barthélemy, iii. 411 f. |370|

27. Rietschel, 88 f.; #O. von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, "Das festliche Jahr"# (2nd Edition, Leipsic, 1898), 439 f.

28. Rietschel, 92 f.

29. An interesting book on popular Christmas plays is #F. Vogt, "Die schlesischen Weihnachtspiele"# (Leipsic, 1901).

30. Weinhold, 94.

31. _Ibid._ 95 f.

32. _Ibid._ 100 f.

33. _Ibid._ 96 f.

34. See Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 91 f.; Symonds, "Renaissance," iv. 242, 272 f.; #A. d'Ancona, "Origini del Teatro italiano"# (Florence, 1877), i. 87 f.

35. D'Ancona, "Origini," i. 126 f.

36. #A. d'Ancona, "Sacre Rappresentazioni dei secoli xiv, xv e xvi"# (Florence, 1872), i. 191 f.

37. _Ibid._ i. 192.

38. Latin original quoted by D'Ancona, "Origini," i. 91, and Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 93.

39. Creizenach, i. 347.

40. #J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, "A History of Spanish Literature"# (London, 1898), 113.

41. #Juan del Encina, "Teatro Completo"# (Madrid, 1893), 3 f., 137 f.

42. See #G. Ticknor, "History of Spanish Literature"# (6th American Edition, Boston, 1888), ii. 283 f.

43. _Ibid._ ii. 208.

44. #"Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari"# (Palermo and Turin), vol. xxi., 1902, 381.

45. Pitrè, 448.

46. Fernan Caballero, "Elia y La Noche de Navidad," 222 f.

47. Lloyd, 213 f.

48. #H. F. Feilberg, "Jul"# (Copenhagen, 1904), ii. 242 f.

49. #E. Cortet, "Essai sur les fêtes religieuses"# (Paris, 1867), 38.

50. Sébillot, 215.

51. Feilberg, ii. 250; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 31 f.; #T. Stratilesco, "From Carpathian to Pindus: Pictures of Roumanian Country Life"# (London, 1906), 195 f.; #E. van Norman, "Poland: the Knight among Nations"# (London and New York, 3rd Edition, n.d.), 302; #S. Graham, "A Vagabond in the Caucasus. With some Notes of his Experiences among the Russians"# (London, 1910), 28.

52. Translation in #Karl Hase, "Miracle Plays and Sacred Dramas"# (Eng. Trans., London, 1880), 9; German text in Weinhold, 132.

53. Hörmann, "Tiroler Volksleben," 247 f.

54. Graham, 28.

55. Stratilesco, 195 f.

56. _Ibid._ 355 f.

57. Van Norman, 302.

58. Cortet, 42.

59. Barthélemy, iii. 411 f.

60. #Madame Calderon de la Barca, "Life in Mexico"# (London, 1843), 237 f.

POSTSCRIPT

1. #E. Underhill, "Mysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of Man's Spiritual Consciousness"# (London, 1911), 305. |371|