Part 55

CHRYSOPRASE, kris'o-pr[=a]z, _n._ a variety of chalcedony: (_B._) a yellowish-green stone, nature unknown. [Gr. _chrysos_, and _prason_, a leek.]

CHRYSOTYPE, kris'o-t[=i]p, _n._ a process of taking pictures by photography, on paper impregnated with a neutral solution of chloride of gold. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _typos_, impression.]

CHTHONIAN, th[=o]'ni-an, _adj._ pertaining to the under world, subterranean.--Also CHTHON'IC. [Gr. _chth[=o]n_, the ground.]

CHUB, chub, _n._ a small fat river-fish.--_adjs._ CHUBBED, CHUB'BY, short and thick, plump; CHUB'-FACED, plump-faced.--_n._ CHUB'BINESS.

CHUBB, chub, _n._ a patent lock invented by _Chubb_, a locksmith in London--much used for safes, &c.--Also CHUBB'-LOCK.

CHUCK, chuk, _n._ the call of a hen: a chicken (dim. CHUCK'IE): a word of endearment.--_v.i._ to call, as a hen. [A variety of CLUCK.]

CHUCK, chuk, _n._ a gentle blow, as under the chin: (_coll._) a toss or throw; any game of pitch and toss.--_v.t._ to pat gently, as under the chin: to toss: to pitch.--_n._ CHUCK'-FAR'THING, a game in which a farthing is chucked into a hole. [Fr. _choquer_, to jolt; allied to SHOCK.]

CHUCK, chuk, _n._ a pebble or small stone: a game with such stones, often called CHUCK'IES: an instrument for holding an object so that it can be rotated, as upon the mandrel of a lathe. [Der. uncertain; cf. It. _cioco_, a block, stump.]

CHUCK-FULL. Same as CHOCK-FULL (q.v. under CHOCK).

CHUCKLE, chuk'l, _n._ a kind of laugh: the cry of a hen.--_v.t._ to call, as a hen does her chickens: to caress.--_v.i._ to laugh in a quiet, suppressed manner, indicating derision or enjoyment.--_n._ CHUCK'LING. [Akin to CHUCK, to call.]

CHUCKLE, chuk'l, _adj._ clumsy.--_n._ CHUCK'LE-HEAD, a loutish fellow. [Prob. CHOCK, a log.]

CHUFF, chuf, _n._ a clown: a surly fellow.--_n._ CHUF'FINESS, boorishness.--_adj._ CHUF'FY, coarse and surly. [M. E. _chuffe_, _choffe_, a boor (origin unknown), conn. with Scotch _coof_, akin to Ice. _kueif_.]

CHUM, chum, _n._ a chamber-fellow: friend or associate, chiefly among schoolboys and students.--_v.i._ and _v.t._ to occupy, or to put one into, the same room with another.--_n._ CHUM'MAGE, the quartering of two or more persons in one room: a fee demanded from a new chum.--_adj._ CHUM'MY, sociable.--_n._ a chimney-sweeper's boy: a chum. [Perh. a mutilation of CHAMBER-FELLOW.]

CHUMP, chump, an end lump of wood: a blockhead: the head.--OFF HIS CHUMP--out of his mind.

CHUNK, chungk, _n._ a thick piece of anything, as wood, bread, &c. [Perh. related to CHUCK.]

CHURCH, church, _n._ a house set apart for Christian worship: the whole body of Christians: the clergy: any particular sect or denomination of Christians: any body professing a common creed, not necessarily Christian.--_v.t._ to perform with any one the giving of thanks in church, more esp. of a woman after childbirth, or of a newly-married couple on first appearing at church after marriage.--_ns._ CHURCH'-ALE, a strong ale brewed for a church festival: the festival at which the ale was drunk; CHURCH'-BENCH (_Shak._), a seat in the porch of a church; CHURCH'-COURT, a court for deciding ecclesiastical causes, a presbytery, synod, or general assembly; CHURCH'-G[=O]'ING, the act of going to church, esp. habitually; CHURCH'ING, the first appearance of a woman in church after childbirth; CHURCH'ISM, adherence to the forms or principles of some church.--_adj._ CHURCH'LESS, not belonging to a church: (_Tennyson_) without church approval.--_ns._ CHURCH'MAN, a clergyman or ecclesiastic: a member or upholder of the established church; CHURCH'-RATE, an assessment for the sustentation of the fabric, &c., of the parish church; CHURCH'-SERV'ICE, the form of religious service followed in a church, order of public worship, a book containing such; CHURCH'-TEXT, a thin and tall form of black-letter print; CHURCHWAR'DEN, an officer who represents the interests of a parish or church: a long clay-pipe; CHURCH'WAY, the public way or road that leads to the church; CHURCH'WOMAN, a female member of the Anglican Church.--_adj._ CHURCH'Y, obtrusively devoted to the church.--_n._ CHURCH'YARD, the burial-ground round a church.--CHURCH HISTORY, the description of the course of development through which the church as a whole, as well as its special departments and various institutions, has passed, from the time of its foundation down to our own day; CHURCH MILITANT, the church on earth in its struggle against evil; CHURCH TRIUMPHANT, the portion of the church which has overcome and left this world.--VISIBLE and INVISIBLE CHURCH (see VISIBLE). [A.S. _circe_ (Scot, _kirk_; Ger. _kirche_)--Gr. _kyriakon_, belonging to the Lord--_Kyrios_, the Lord.]

CHURL, churl, _n._ a rustic, labourer: an ill-bred, surly fellow.--_adj._ CHURL'ISH, rude: surly: ill-bred.--_adv._ CHURL'ISHLY.--_n._ CHURL'ISHNESS. [A.S. _ceorl_, a countryman; Ice. _karl_, Ger. _kerl_, a man; Scot. _carl_.]

CHURN, churn, _n._ a machine used for the production of butter from cream or from whole milk.--_v.t._ to agitate cream so as to obtain butter.--_v.i._ to perform the act of churning.--_ns._ CHURN'-DRILL, a drill worked by hand, not struck with the hammer, a jumper; CHURN'ING, the act of making butter: the quantity of butter made at once; CHURN'-STAFF, the plunger used in an upright churn: the sun-spurge. [A.S. _cyrin_; Ice. _kirna_, a churn; Dut. and Ger. _kernen_, to churn.]

CHURR, ch[.e]r, _n._ a low sound made by certain birds.--_v.i._ to make this sound. [Prob. imit.]

CHURRUS, chur'us, _n._ the resinous exudation of _Cannabis indica_, which, in its milder preparations, known as _bhang_, &c., is used as a narcotic and intoxicant. [Hind. _charas_.]

CHUSE, ch[=oo]z, _v.t._ a form of CHOOSE.

CHUT, chut, _interj._ an expression of impatience.

CHUTE, sh[=oo]t, _n._ a waterfall, rapid: a channel down which to pass water, logs, rubbish, &c. [Fr. _chute_, a fall.]

CHUTNEE, CHUTNY, chut'ne, _n._ an East Indian condiment, a compound of mangoes, chillies, or capsicum, and lime-juice, &c. [Hind. _chatni_.]

CHYLE, k[=i]l, _n._ a white fluid drawn from the food while in the intestines.--_adjs._ CHYL[=A]'CEOUS, CHYLIF'IC, CHYL'OUS; CHYLIFAC'TIVE, having the power to make chyle.--_n._ CHYLIFIC[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ CHYL'IFY, to convert, or be converted, into chyle.--_n._ CHYL[=U]'RIA, a discharge of milky urine. [Fr.,--Gr. _chylos_, juice--_cheein_, to pour.]

CHYME, k[=i]m, _n._ the pulp to which the food is reduced in the stomach.--_n._ CHYMIFIC[=A]'TION, the act of being formed into chyme.--_v.t._ CHYM'IFY, to form into chyme.--_adj._ CHYM'OUS. [Gr. _chymos_, from _cheein_.]

CHYMICAL, CHYMISTRY, obsolete forms of CHEMICAL, CHEMISTRY.

CHYND, ch[=i]nd, _p.adj._ (_Spens._) cut into chines.

CIBOL, sib'ol, _n._ a variety of onion. [Fr. _ciboule_ (Sp. _cebolla_)--Low L. _cepola_, dim. of L. _cepa_, an onion.]

CIBORIUM, si-b[=o]'ri-um, _n._ (_R.C. Church_) a vessel nearly resembling a chalice, with an arched cover, in which the Host is deposited: a canopy supported on four pillars over the high altar:--_pl._ CIB[=O]'RIA. [L., a drinking-cup--Gr. _kib[=o]rion_, the seed-vessel of the Egyptian bean.]

CICADA, si-k[=a]'da, CICALA, si-k[=a]'la, _n._ an insect remarkable for its chirping sound. [L. _cicada_.]

CICATRIX, sik-[=a]'triks, or sik'a-triks, _n._ the scar over a wound after it is healed--also CIC'ATRICE: scar in the bark of a tree: (_Shak._) mark, impression.--_ns._ CICATRIC'ULA, the germinating point in the yolk of an egg; CICATRIS[=A]'TION, the process of healing over.--_v.t._ CIC'ATRISE, to help the formation of a cicatrix on a wound or ulcer: to scar.--_v.i._ to heal. [Fr.,--L. _cicatrix_, a scar.]

CICELY, sis'e-li, _n._ a genus of umbelliferous plants nearly allied to chervil. [L. and Gr. _seseli_.]

CICERONE, chich-er-[=o]'ni, or sis-e-r[=o]'ne, _n._ one who shows strangers the curiosities of a place: a guide.--_v.i._ to act as cicerone.--_adjs._ CICER[=O]'NIAN, CICERON'IC.--_ns._ CICER[=O]'NIANISM, the character of Cicero's Latin style; CICERON'ISM, CICERON'AGE, CICERONE'SHIP, the function of a guide. [It.,--L. _Cicero_, the Roman orator.]

CICISBEO, ch[=e]-ch[=e]s-b[=a]'o, _n._ a married woman's gallant or _cavaliere servente_ in Italy:--_pl._ CICISBE'I.--_n._ CICISB[=E]'ISM. [It.]

CICLATOUN. See CHECKLATON.

CICUTA, si-k[=u]'ta, _n._ a genus of umbelliferous plants with poisonous roots--_water-hemlock_ or _cowbane_. [L., hemlock.]

CID, sid, _n._ a chief, captain, a hero, from the famous 11th-cent. Castilian warrior against the Moors, styled _el Cid Campeador_, whose real name was Rodrigo, or Ruy, Diaz (i.e. 'son of Diego'). The name _Cid_ is the Ar. _seid_, _seiyid_, lord.

CIDER, s[=i]'d[.e]r, _n._ a drink made from apples.--_ns._ C[=I]'DER-AND, a mixture of cider and other spirits; C[=I]'DER-CUP, a drink of sweetened cider, with other ingredients; C[=I]'DERKIN, an inferior cider. [Fr. _cidre_--L.,--Gr. _sikera_, strong drink--Heb. _shakar_, to be intoxicated.]

CI-DEVANT, s[=e]-de-vong', _adj._ former. [Fr.]

CIEL. See CEIL.

CIERGE. See CERGE.

CIGAR, si-gär', _n._ a roll of tobacco-leaves for smoking.--_n._ CIGARETTE', a little cigar made of finely-cut tobacco rolled in thin paper. [Sp. _cigarro_.]

CILIA, sil'i-a, _n.pl._ hair-like lashes borne by cells.--_adjs._ CIL'IARY, CIL'I[=A]TE, CIL'I[=A]TED, CILIF'EROUS, having cilia; CIL'I[=I]FORM, very thin and slender like cilia. [L. _cilium_, pl. _cilia_, eyelids, eyelashes.]

CILICE, sil'is, _n._ hair-cloth: a penitential garment made of hair-cloth.--_adj._ CILIC'IOUS. [L.,--Gr. _kilikion_, a cloth made of Cilician goat's hair.]

CIMAR. Same as SIMAR.

CIMBRIC, sim'brik, _adj._ pertaining to the ancient _Cimbri_, a people from central and northern Europe, crushed by Marius, 101 B.C.--Also CIM'BRIAN. [Sometimes made Celtic by a desperate analogy with the name _Cymry_.]

CIMEX, si-meks', _n._ a bug.--_adjs._ CIMIC'IC, CIMIC'IOUS.--_n._ CIMICIF'UGA, the genus of bugworts or bugbanes, natural order _Ranunculaceæ_. [L. _cimex_.]

CIMIER, s[=e]-my[=a]', _n._ the crest of a helmet. [Fr.]

CIMMERIAN, sim-[=e]'ri-an, _adj._ relating to the _Cimmerii_, a tribe fabled to have lived in perpetual darkness: extremely dark.

CIMOLITE, sim'[=o]-l[=i]t, _n._ a species of clay, or hydrous silicate of aluminium, used as fuller's earth. [Gr. _kim[=o]lia_, prob. from _Kim[=o]los_, an island of the Cyclades.]

CINCH, sinch, _n._ a saddle-girth.--_v.i._ to tighten the cinch. [Sp. _cincha_--L. _cingula_.]

CINCHONA, sin-k[=o]'na, _n._ a genus of trees, yielding the bark so much valued in medicine, from which the most important alkaloids, quinine and its congeners, are obtained--also called _Peruvian bark_.--_adjs._ CINCHON[=A]'CEOUS, CINCHON'IC.--_n._ CIN'CHONINE, an alkaloid obtained from the bark of several species of cinchona.--_adj._ CINCHONIN'IC.--_n._ CINCHONIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ CIN'CHONISE, to bring under the influence of cinchona or quinine.--_n._ CIN'CHONISM, a morbid state due to overdoses of cinchona or quinine. [Said to be so named from the Countess of _Chinchon_, who was cured of a fever by it in 1638.]

CINCTURE, singk't[=u]r, _n._ a girdle or belt: a moulding round a column.--_v.t._ to gird, encompass.--_adjs._ CINCT, surrounded; CINC'TURED, having a cincture. [L. _cinctura_--_cing[)e]re_, _cinctum_, to gird.]

CINDER, sin'd[.e]r, _n._ the refuse of burned coals: anything charred by fire: (_slang_) some strong stimulant put in tea, soda-water, &c.--_ns._ CINDEREL'LA, a scullery-maid; CINDEREL'LA-DANCE, an early dancing-party ending at midnight--from the nursery tale.--_adj._ CIN'DERY. [A.S. _sinder_, scoriæ, slag.]

CINEMATOGRAPH. See KINEMATOGRAPH.

CINENCHYMA, si-neng'ki-ma, _n._ laticiferous tissue, consisting of irregularly branching and anastomosing vessels.--_adj._ CINENCHYM'ATOUS. [Gr. _kinein_, to move, _engchyma_, infusion.]

CINERARIA, sin-e-r[=a]'ri-a, _n._ a genus of plants, with flowers of various colours, chiefly belonging to South Africa, but also grown in greenhouses in Britain and elsewhere. [L. _cinerarius_--_cinis_, _cineris_, ashes.]

CINERARY, sin'e-ra-ri, _adj._ pertaining to ashes.--_ns._ CINER[=A]'TION; CINER[=A]T'OR; CIN[=E]'REA, gray or cellular, as distinguished from white or fibrous, nerve tissue.--_adjs._ CIN[=E]'REAL; CIN[=E]'REOUS, ashy-gray; CINERES'CENT, becoming ashy-gray; CINERI'TIOUS, ashy-gray: pertaining to gray nerve tissue. [L. _cinereus_, ashy--_cinis_, _cineris_, ashes.]

CINGALESE, sing'ga-l[=e]z, _n._ a native of Ceylon.--_adj._ belonging to Ceylon.

CINGULUM, sing'g[=u]-lum, _n._ the girdle of an alb. [L.--_cing[)e]re_, to gird.]

CINNABAR, sin'a-bar, _n._ sulphuret of mercury, called vermilion when used as a pigment.--_adj._ vermilion-coloured.--_adjs._ CINNABAR'IC, CINN'ABARINE. [L.,--Gr. _kinnabari_, a dye, from Persian.]

CINNAMON, sin'a-mon, _n._ the spicy bark of a laurel in Ceylon: the tree.--_adj._ cinnamon-coloured.--_adjs._ CINNAM'IC, CINNAMON'IC, obtained from, or consisting of, cinnamon.--_n._ CINN'AMON-STONE, a kind of stone found in Ceylon, of a cinnamon or reddish-brown colour, sometimes cut for jewellery. [L. _cinnamomum_--Heb. _kinnamon_.]

CINQUE, singk, _n._ the number five as on dice.--_ns._ CINQUE'-CEN'TO (It., 'five hundred'), a phrase sometimes applied, in treating of architecture and art, to the Renaissance period, which began about 1500; CINQUE'-FOIL (_her._), a common bearing representing a flower with five petals borne full-faced and without a stalk: (_bot._) species of plants of the genus _Potentilla_: the five-bladed clover; CINQUE'-PACE (_Shak._), a kind of dance, the pace or movement of which is characterised by five beats.--_n.pl._ CINQUE'-PORTS, the five ancient ports on the south of England lying opposite to France--Sandwich, Dover, Hythe, Romney, and Hastings.--_adj._ CINQUE'-SPOT'TED (_Shak._), having five spots. [Fr.]

CIPHER, s[=i]'f[.e]r, _n._ (_arith._) the character 0: any of the nine figures: anything of little value, whether persons or things: a nonentity: an interweaving of the initials of a name: a secret kind of writing.--_v.i._ to work at arithmetic: to write in cipher: of an organ-pipe, to sound independent of the organ: (_Shak._) to decipher.--_ns._ C[=I]'PHERING; C[=I]'PHER-KEY, a key to a cipher or piece of secret writing. [O. Fr. _cifre_, Fr. _chiffre_--Ar. _sifr_, empty.]

CIPOLIN, sip'[=o]-lin, _n._ a granular limestone containing mica.--Also CIPOLLINO (ch[=e]-pol-l[=e]'n[=o]). [It.,--_cipolla_, an onion.]

CIPPUS, sip'us, _n._ the stocks: a monumental pillar. [L. _cippus_, a post.]

CIRCA, sir'ka, _prep._ and _adv._ about, around. [L.]

CIRCASSIAN, s[.e]r-kash'yan, _adj._ belonging to _Circassia_, a district of Russia, on the north of Mount Caucasus: a kind of light cashmere of silk and mohair--generally CIRCASSIENNE' (Fr. _fem._).

CIRCEAN, s[.e]r-s[=e]'an, _adj._ relating to the beautiful sorceress _Circe_, who transformed the companions of Ulysses into swine by a magic beverage: infatuating and degrading.--Also CIRCÆ'AN.

CIRCENSIAN, sir-sen'shi-an, _adj._ relating to the CIRCUS Maximus in Rome, where the games and contests were held.--Also CIRCEN'SIAL (_obs._). [L. _circensis_--_circus_.]

CIRCLE, s[.e]r'kl, _n._ a plane figure bounded by one line every point of which is equally distant from a certain point called the centre: the line which bounds the figure: a ring: a planet's orbit: a series ending where it began: a figure in magic; a company surrounding the principal person: those of a certain class or society.--_v.t._ to move round: to encompass.--_v.i._ to move in a circle: to stand in a circle.--_adjs._ CIR'CINATE; CIR'CLED, circular: encircled.--_ns._ CIR'CLER; CIR'CLET; CIR'CLING, motion in a circle: a revolution.--DRESS' CIR'CLE (see DRESS); FAIR'Y-CIR'CLE, -RING (see FAIRY).--REASONING IN A CIRCLE, assuming what is to be proved as the basis of the argument. [A.S. _circul_--L. _circulus_, dim. of _circus_; allied to A.S. _hring_, a ring.]

CIRCUIT, s[.e]r'kit, _n._ the act of moving round: area, extent: a round made in the exercise of a calling, esp. the round made by the judges for holding the courts of law: the judges making the round: (_Shak._) diadem.--_v.t._ to go round.--_n._ CIRCUITEER', a judge: one who goes on a circuit.--_adj._ CIRC[=U]'ITOUS, round about.--_adv._ CIRC[=U]'ITOUSLY.--_n._ CIRC[=U]'ITY, motion in a circle: an indirect course.--MAKE A CIRCUIT, to go round. [Fr.,--L. _circuitus_--_circu[=i]re_, _circum_, round, _[=i]re_, to go.]

CIRCULAR, s[.e]r'k[=u]-lar, _adj._ round: ending in itself: addressed to a circle of persons.--_n._ a note sent round to a circle or number of persons.--_n._ CIRCULAR'ITY.--_adv._ CIR'CULARLY.--CIRCULAR NOTES, bank-notes issued for the convenience of travellers, being a kind of bill personal to the bearer, who is given also a corresponding 'letter of indication' addressed to foreign bankers.

CIRCULATE, s[.e]r'k[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.t._ to make to go round as in a circle: to spread: to repeat (of decimals).--_v.i._ to move round: to be spread about.--_adj._ CIR'CULABLE, capable of being circulated.--_ns._ CIR'CULANT; CIRCUL[=A]'TION, the act of moving in a circle: the movement of the blood: the sale of a periodical: the publication of a report or of a book: the money in use at any time in a country.--_adjs._ CIR'CULATIVE, CIR'CULATORY, circulating.--_n._ CIR'CULATOR.--CIRCULATING LIBRARY, one where books are circulated among subscribers. [L. _circul[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_.]

CIRCUMAMBAGES, s[.e]r-kum-am'baj-ez, _n.pl._ roundabout ways of speech.--_adj._ CIRCUMAMB[=A]'GIOUS, roundabout in speech.--_ns._ CIRCUMAM'BIENCE, CIRCUMAM'BIENCY.--_adj._ CIRCUMAM'BIENT, going round about.--_n._ CIRCUMBEN'DIBUS, a roundabout method or course: a circumlocution. [L. _circum_, about, _amb[=i]re_, to go round.]

CIRCUMAMBULATE, s[.e]r-kum-am'b[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.i._ to walk round about.--_n._ CIRCUMAMBUL[=A]'TION. [L. _ambul[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to walk.]

CIRCUMCISE, s[.e]r'kum-s[=i]z, _v.t._ to cut off the foreskin according to the Jewish law: (_fig._) to purify.--_p.adj._ CIR'CUMCISED, that has undergone circumcision: purified, chastened.--_ns._ CIR'CUMCISER, one who circumcises; CIRCUMCI'SION, the act of circumcising. [L. _circumcid[)e]re_, _circumcisum_--_cæd[)e]re_, to cut.]

CIRCUMDENUDATION, s[.e]r-kum-de-n[=u]d-[=a]'shun, _n._ (_geol._) denudation or erosion round an elevated tract left isolated.

CIRCUMDUCT, s[.e]r'kum-dukt, _v.t._ to lead around or about, to revolve round an imaginary axis so as to describe a cone: (_Scots law_) to close a case to further proof.--_n._ CIRCUMDUC'TION.--_adj._ CIRCUMDUCT'ORY. [L. _circum_, about, _duc[)e]re_, _ductum_, to lead.]

CIRCUMFERENCE, s[.e]r-kum'f[.e]r-ens, _n._ the boundary-line of any round body, esp. of a circle: the line surrounding anything: area: compass: distance round.--_adj._ CIRCUMFEREN'TIAL--_n._ CIRCUMFERENT'OR, an instrument used by surveyors and miners for measuring horizontal angles, consisting of a graduated circle, an index, and a magnetic needle suspended over the centre of a circle--now superseded by the _Theodolite_. [L. _circum_, about, _ferre_, to carry.]

CIRCUMFLECT, s[.e]r'kum-flekt, _v.t._ to mark with a circumflex.--_ns._ CIR'CUMFLEX, an accent (^) denoting a rising and falling of the voice on a vowel or syllable; CIRCUMFLEX'ION, a bending round. [L. _flect[)e]re_, _flexum_, to bend.]

CIRCUMFLUENCE, s[.e]r-kum'fl[=oo]-ens, _n._ a flowing round.--_adj._ CIRCUM'FLUENT, flowing round. [L. _flu[)e]re_, to flow.]

CIRCUMFORANEOUS, s[.e]r-kum-f[=o]-r[=a]'ne-us, _adj._ wandering about as from market to market, vagrant.--Also CIRCUMFORA'NEAN. [L., _circum_, about, _forum_, the forum, market-place.]

CIRCUMFUSE, s[.e]r-kum-f[=u]z', _v.t._ to pour around.--_p.adj._ CIRCUMFUSED'.--_adj._ CIRCUMFUS'ILE, molten.--_n._ CIRCUMF[=U]'SION. [L. _fund[)e]re_, _fusum_, to pour.]

CIRCUMGYRATE, s[.e]r-kum-j[=i]'r[=a]t, _v.i._ to go round and round.--_n._ CIRCUMGYR[=A]'TION.--_adj._ CIRCUMGY'RATORY. [L. _gyr[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to turn.]

CIRCUMJACENT, s[.e]r-kum-j[=a]'sent, _adj._ lying round: bordering on every side.--_n._ CIRCUMJA'CENCY. [L. _jacens_, lying--_jac[=e]re_, to lie.]

CIRCUMLITTORAL, s[.e]r-kum-lit'[=o]-ral, _adj._ adjacent to the shore-line. [L. _circum_, about, _litus_, _litoris_, the shore.]

CIRCUMLOCUTION, s[.e]r-kum-l[=o]-k[=u]'shun, _n._ roundabout speaking: a manner of expression in which many unnecessary words are used.--_v.i._ CIR'CUMLOCUTE, to use circumlocution.--_n._ CIRCUMLOC[=U]'TIONIST, one who practises circumlocution.--_adj._ CIRCUMLOC'UTORY.--CIRCUMLOCUTION OFFICE, a name given by Dickens in _Little Dorrit_ to the government offices, owing to their dilatoriness in attending to business. [L. _loqui_, _locutus_, to speak.]

CIRCUMMURE, s[.e]r-kum-m[=u]r', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to wall round. [L. _murus_, a wall.]

CIRCUMNAVIGATE, s[.e]r-kum-nav'i-g[=a]t, _v.t._ to sail round.--_adj._ CIRCUMNAV'IGABLE, capable of being circumnavigated.--_ns._ CIRCUMNAVIG[=A]'TION; CIRCUMNAV'IGATOR, one who sails round. [See NAVIGATE.]

CIRCUMNUTATION, s[.e]r-kum-n[=u]-t[=a]'shun, _n._ a nodding or turning successively towards all points of the compass, as in the tendrils of plants.--_v.i._ CIRCUMN[=U]'TATE.--_adj._ CIRCUMN[=U]'TATORY. [L. _circum_, about, _nut[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to nod.]

CIRCUMPOLAR, s[.e]r-kum-p[=o]'lar, _adj._ situated round the pole. [See POLAR.]

CIRCUMPOSE, s[.e]r'kum-p[=o]z, _v.t._ to place round.--_n._ CIRCUMPOSI'TION, the act of placing round. [See POSITION.]

CIRCUMSCRIBE, s[.e]r-kum-skr[=i]b', _v.t._ to draw a line round: to enclose within certain limits, to curtail, abridge.--_adj._ CIRCUMSCRIB'ABLE, able to be circumscribed.--_ns._ CIRCUMSCRIB'ER, one who circumscribes; CIRCUMSCRIP'TION, limitation: the line that limits: a circumscribed place.--_adj._ CIRCUMSCRIP'TIVE, marking the external form or outline. [L. _scrib[)e]re_, to write.]

CIRCUMSPECT, s[.e]r'kum-spekt, _adj._ looking round on all sides watchfully: cautious: prudent.--_n._ CIRCUMSPEC'TION, watchfulness: caution: examining.--_adj._ CIRCUMSPEC'TIVE, looking around: wary.--_adv._ CIR'CUMSPECTLY.--_n._ CIR'CUMSPECTNESS. [L. _spec[)e]re_, _spectum_, to look.]

CIRCUMSTANCE, s[.e]r'kum-stans, _n._ the logical surroundings of an action: an accident or event: ceremony: detail: (_pl._) the state of one's affairs.--_v.t._ to place in particular circumstances:--_pa.p._ CIR'CUMSTANCED.--_adj._ CIRCUMSTAN'TIAL, consisting of details: minute.--_n._ CIRCUMSTANTIAL'ITY, the quality of being circumstantial: minuteness in details: a detail.--_adv._ CIRCUMSTAN'TIALLY.--_n.pl._ CIRCUMSTAN'TIALS, incidentals: details.--_v.t._ CIRCUMSTAN'TIATE, to prove by circumstances: to describe exactly.--CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE, evidence which is not positive nor direct, but which is gathered inferentially from the circumstances in the case.--IN GOOD or BAD CIRCUMSTANCES, prosperous or unprosperous; IN, UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES, owing to certain conditions. [L. _stans_, _stantis_, standing--_st[=a]re_, to stand.]

CIRCUMVALLATE, s[.e]r-kum'val-[=a]t, _v.t._ to surround with a rampart.--_n._ CIRCUMVALL[=A]'TION, a surrounding with a wall: a wall or fortification surrounding a town or fort. [L. _vallum_, rampart.]

CIRCUMVENT, s[.e]r-kum-vent', _v.t._ to come round or outwit a person: to deceive or cheat.--_n._ CIRCUMVEN'TION.--_adj._ CIRCUMVENT'IVE, deceiving by artifices. [L. _ven[=i]re_, to come.]

CIRCUMVOLVE, s[.e]r-kum-volv', _v.t._ to roll round.--_v.i._ to revolve:--_pr.p._ circumvolv'ing; _pa.p._ circumvolved'.--_n._ CIRCUMVOL[=U]'TION, a turning or rolling round: anything winding or sinuous. [L. _volv[)e]re_, _volutum_, to roll.]

CIRCUS, s[.e]r'kus, _n._ a circular building for the exhibition of games: a place for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship: a group of houses arranged in the form of a circle: applied to nature, as, e.g., high hills surrounding a plain.--_n._ CIRQUE (s[.e]rk), a circus: a ring of some sort. [L. _circus_; cog. with Gr. _kirkos_.]