Part 47

CART, kärt, _n._ a two-wheeled vehicle without springs, used for farm purposes, and for conveying heavy loads.--_v.t._ to convey in a cart: to carry publicly in a cart as a punishment--formerly done to bawds.--_ns._ CART'AGE, the act or cost of carting; CART'ER, one who drives a cart; CART'-HORSE, a horse used for drawing a cart; CART'-HOUSE, a shed for keeping carts; CART'-LOAD, as much as a cart can carry; CART'S-TAIL, the hind part of a cart; CART'WAY, a road or way by which carts may pass; CART'WRIGHT, a carpenter who makes carts; T'-CART, a four-wheeled open phaeton, seated for four, its ground-plan resembling a T--see also DOG-CART, MAIL-CART, TAX-CART, &c.--PUT THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, to reverse the natural order of things.--VILLAGE CART, an uncovered two-wheeled carriage for one horse, with a low body and one seat; WHITECHAPEL CART, or CHAPEL CART, a light two-wheeled spring-cart much used by butchers in delivering goods to their customers. [Ety. uncertain; from A.S. _cræt_, or Ice. _kartr_.]

CARTE, kärt, _n._ the fourth position of the wrist in fencing. [Fr. _quart_--L. _quartus_, fourth.]

CARTE, kärt, _n._ a bill of fare: (_Scot._), a playing-card: short for _carte-de-visite_.--_ns._ CARTE-BLANCHE', a blank paper, duly signed, and given to a person, to be filled up at his pleasure; CARTE-DE-VISITE', a small photographic portrait pasted on a card; CART'EL, a challenge: an agreement for exchange of prisoners; a card with writing on it.--HAVE CARTE-BLANCHE, to have a commission to act with full discretionary powers. [Fr.,--L. _charta_. See CARD.]

CARTESIAN, kar-t[=e]'zhi-an, _adj._ relating to the French philosopher René _Descartes_ (1596-1650), or his philosophy.--CARTESIAN DEVIL, DIVER, or BOTTLE-IMP, a scientific toy named after Descartes, illustrating the principle of specific gravity.

CARTHAMINE, kär'tha-min, _n._ a dye obtained in crystals by a chemical process from safflower. [Low L. _carthamus_--Ar. _qartum_, saffron.]

CARTHUSIAN, kar-th[=u]'zi-an, _n._ one of an order of monks founded by St Bruno in 1086, noted for their strictness: a scholar of the Charterhouse School.--_adj._ of or pertaining to the order. [L. _Cartusianus_--_Catorissium_, _Chatrousse_, a village in Dauphiné, near which their first monastery was founded.]

CARTILAGE, kär'ti-l[=a]j, _n._ in vertebrate animals, a firm elastic substance, of a pearly whiteness, presenting to the unaided eye a uniform and homogeneous appearance: gristle.--_adj._ CARTILAGI'NOUS, pertaining to or consisting of cartilage, gristly. [Fr.,--L. _cartilago_; cog. with _crates_, Gr. _kartalos_.]

CARTOGRAPHY, kar-tog'ra-fi, _n._ the art of preparing charts or maps. [L. _charta_, chart, map, and Gr. _graphia_, _graph-ein_, to write.]

CARTOMANCY, kär't[=o]-man-si, _n._ a divination by playing-cards. [Low L. _carta_, a card, Gr. _manteia_, divination.]

CARTON, kär'ton, _n._ a thin pasteboard, a box made from such: a small disc within the bull's-eye of the target, a shot that strikes this.--_ns._ CAR'TONNAGE, pasteboard: the outer covering of a mummy; CAR'TON-PIERRE', statuary pasteboard, a kind of papier-maché. [Fr. See CARTOON.]

CARTOON, kär-t[=oo]n', _n._ a preparatory drawing on strong paper to be transferred to frescoes, tapestry, &c.: any large sketch or design on paper, esp. a representation of current events in a comic paper.--_v.t._ to make a cartoon or working design: to caricature by a cartoon.--_n._ CARTOON'IST, one who makes cartoons. [Fr. _carton_ (It. _cartone_), augmentative of CARTE.]

CARTOUCHE, kär-t[=oo]sh', _n._ a case for holding cartridges: formerly a case containing bullets to be discharged from a mortar, but now merely a waterproof canvas case for holding the cartridges of a field battery, one to each ammunition-box: (_archit._) an ornament resembling a scroll of paper with the ends rolled up: an oval figure on ancient Egyptian monuments or papyri enclosing characters expressing royal or divine names.--Also CARTOUCH'. [Fr.,--It. _cartoccio_--L. _charta_, paper.]

CARTRIDGE, kär'trij, _n._ a case made of paper, pasteboard, metal, &c., containing the charge for a gun--BLANK'-CAR'TRIDGES contain powder only; BALL'-CARTRIDGES contain a bullet as well.--_ns._ CAR'TRIDGE-BAG, a bag of flannel, merino, &c., for holding a charge for a cannon; CAR'TRIDGE-BELT, a belt having pockets for cartridges; CAR'TRIDGE-BOX, a small box for holding cartridges, carried by soldiers; CAR'TRIDGE-P[=A]'PER, a light-coloured, strong paper, originally manufactured for making cartridges. [A corr. of CARTOUCHE.]

CARTULARY, kär't[=u]-lar-i, _n._ a register-book of a monastery, &c.: one who kept the records: the place where the register is kept. [Low L. _chartularium_--L. _chartula_, a document--_charta_, paper.]

CARUCATE, kar'u-k[=a]t, _n._ originally an amount of land such as one team of oxen could plough in a season.--_n._ CAR'UCAGE, a tax on the carucate, first imposed by Richard I. in 1198. [Low L. _carruc[=a]ta_, ploughland--_carruca_, plough, from root of CAR.]

CARUNCLE, kar-unk'l, _n._ a small fleshy excrescence, as the wattles of the turkey-cock.--_adjs._ CARUN'CULAR, CARUN'CULATE, CARUN'CULOUS. [Fr.--L. _caruncula_.]

CARUS, kä'rus, _n._ complete insensibility. [Gr. _karos_, stupor.]

CARVE, kärv, _v.t._ to cut into forms, devices, &c.: to make or shape by cutting: to cut up (meat) into slices or pieces: to apportion or distribute: (_Shak._) to speak with suavity.--_v.i._ to exercise the trade of a sculptor.--_p.adj._ CARV'EN, carved.--_ns._ CARV'ER, one who carves: a sculptor: a carving-knife; CARV'ING, the act or art of carving, a branch of sculpture usually performed on wood or ivory: the device or figure carved: the act or art of cutting up meat at table.--CARVE OUT, to hew out: to gain by one's exertions.--CUT AND CARVE, to refine. [A. S. _ceorfan_, to cut; Dut. _kerven_; Ger. _kerben_, to notch.]

CARVEL, kär'vel, _n._ older form of CARAVEL.--_adj._ CAR'VEL-BUILT, as distinguished from _clinker-built_ (q.v. under CLINK).

CARVY, kär'vi', _n._ Scotch form of CARAWAY.

CARYATID, kar-i-at'id, _n._ a female figure used instead of a column to support an entablature:--_pl._ CARYAT'IDES.--_adjs._ CARYAT'IC, CARYAT'IDAL, CARYATID[=E]'AN, CARYATID'IC. [Gr. _Karyatides_.]

CARYOPHYLLACEOUS, kar-i-[=o]-fi-l[=a]'shi-us, _adj._ belonging to the natural order _Caryophyllaceæ_;, applied esp. to flowers having five petals with long claws, as in the clove-pink. [Gr. _karyophyllon_, the clove-pink.]

CASCABEL, kas'ka-bel, _n._ the whole rear part behind the base-ring of a cannon. [Sp.]

CASCADE, kas-k[=a]d', _n._ a waterfall: a trimming of lace or other material in a loose wavy fall.--_v.i._ to fall in cascades. [Fr.,--It.--L. _cad[)e]re_, to fall.]

CASCARA, kas'ka-ra, _n._ the _Cascara sagrada_, a Californian bark used as a tonic aperient: the _Cascara amarga_, a bitter Honduras bark.--_n._ CASCARILL'A, the aromatic bitter bark of the West Indian _Croton Eleuteria_. [Sp.]

CASCO, kas'k[=o], _n._ a form of boat used at Manila for lading and unlading ships.

CASE, k[=a]s, _n._ a covering, box, or sheath: a set: an outer coating for walls: in bookbinding, the boards and back, separate from the book: the frame in which a compositor has his types before him while at work.--_v.t._ to supply with a case.--_n._ CASE'-BOTT'LE, a bottle made to fit into a case with others.--_v.t._ CASE'-HARD'EN, to convert the surface of certain kinds of malleable iron goods into steel, thereby making them harder, less liable to rust, and capable of taking on a better polish.--_ns._ CASE'-HARD'ENING; CASE'-KNIFE, a large knife kept in a case; CASE'MAKER, one who makes cases or covers for books; CASE'MENT, the case or frame of a window: a window that opens on hinges: a hollow moulding.--_adj._ CASE'MENTED, having casements.--_ns._ CASE'-SHOT, canister-shot, an artillery projectile for use at close quarters; CASE'-WORM, the caddice; CAS'ING, the act of the verb CASE: an outside covering of any kind, as of boards, plaster, &c. [O. Fr. _casse_--L. _capsa_--_cap[)e]re_, to take.]

CASE, k[=a]s, _n._ that which falls or happens, event: particular state or condition--'in good case' = well off: subject of question or inquiry: an instance of disease: a person under medical treatment: a legal statement of facts: (_gram._) the inflection of nouns, &c.--CASE OF CONSCIENCE (see CONSCIENCE).--IN ANY CASE, at all events: at any rate; IN CASE, in the event that; IN CASE TO, in fit condition for; MAKE OUT ONE'S CASE, to give good reasons for one's statements or position; PUT THE CASE, to suppose an instance: to take for example; THE CASE, the fact, the reality. [O. Fr. _cas_--L. _casus_, from _cad[)e]re_, to fall.]

CASEIN, CASEINE, k[=a]'s[=e]-in, _n._ an organic substance, contained in milk and cheese.--_adjs._ C[=A]'S[=E]IC; C[=A]'S[=E]OUS, pertaining to cheese. [Fr.,--L. _caseus_, cheese.]

CASEMATE, k[=a]s'm[=a]t, _n._ any bomb-proof vaulted chamber, even when merely used as quarters for the garrison: (_orig._) a loopholed gallery, from which the garrison of a fort could fire upon an enemy who had obtained possession of the ditch.--_adj._ CASE'MATED. [Fr.; der. uncertain.]

CASEOUS. See CASEIN.

CASERN, ka-s[.e]rn', _n._ a lodging for troops in a town: a barrack. [Fr.,--Sp. _caserna_--_casa_, a house.]

CASH, kash, _n._ coin or money: ready money.--_v.t._ to turn into or exchange for money: to pay money for.--_ns._ CASH'-ACCOUNT', an account to which nothing is carried but cash: a form of account with a bank, by which a person is entitled to draw out sums as required by way of loan to a stipulated amount--also called CASH'-CRED'IT; CASH'-BOOK, a book in which an account is kept of the receipts and disbursements of money; CASHIER', a cash-keeper: one who has charge of the receiving and paying of money; CASH'-PAY'MENT, payment in ready money; CASH'-RAIL'WAY, a mechanical device adopted in large shops and warehouses for the interchange of cash between the counters and the cash-desk.--HARD CASH, ready money; OUT OF CASH, or IN CASH, without or with money: out of, or in, pocket. [A doublet of CASE, a box--O. Fr. _casse_, a box.]

CASHEW, ka-sh[=oo]', _n._ a spreading tree of no great height, in both the East and West Indies, the fruit of which is a kidney-shaped nut at the end of a pear-shaped fleshy stalk, the kernel of this nut and the fleshy stalk (called the CASHEW'-APP'LE) being both used as food. [Fr. _acajou_--Brazilian _acajoba_.]

CASHIER, kash-[=e]r', _v.t._ to dismiss from a post in disgrace: to discard or put away: to annul.--_ns._ CASHIER'ER, one who cashiers; CASHIER'ING, a punishment for officers in the army and navy, severer than dismissal, inasmuch as it disqualifies from entering the public service in any capacity; CASHIER'MENT, dismissal. [Dut. _casseren_, to cashier--L. _cass[=a]re_, _cassus_, void, empty.]

CASHMERE, kash'm[=e]r, _n._ a rich kind of shawl made from the _Cashmere_ goat: any similar shawl.

CASINO, kas-[=e]'n[=o], _n._ a room for public dancing: a card-game. [It.; from L. _casa_, a cottage.]

CASK, kask, _n._ a hollow round vessel for holding liquor, made of staves bound with hoops: a measure of capacity: (_obs._) a casque,--_v.t._ to put in a cask. [Fr. _casque_--Sp. _casco_, skull, helmet, cask.]

CASKET, kask'et, _n._ a little cask or case: a small case for holding jewels, &c.: (_U.S._) a coffin. [Ety. uncertain; hardly a dim. of CASK.]

CASQUE, CASK, kask, _n._ a cover for the head: a helmet. [A doublet of CASK.]

CASSANDRA, kas-an'dra, _n._ a daughter of Priam, king of Troy, beloved by Apollo, who gave her the gift of prophecy, but not of being believed--hence any one who takes gloomy views of the political or social future.

CASSAREEP, kas'a-r[=e]p, _n._ a sauce or condiment made from the juice of the cassava, the chief ingredient in the West Indian pepper-pot.

CASSATION, kas-s[=a]'shun, _n._ the act of making null or void: (_French law_) the act of annulling the decision of a court or judicial tribunal--hence COURT OF CASSATION, the supreme tribunal. [Low L. _cassation-em_--_cass[=a]re_, to bring to nought.]

CASSAVA, kas-sä'va, _n._ the West Indian name of the manioc, and the starch produced from it, called Brazilian Arrowroot, or Tapioca.

CASSEROLE, kas'e-r[=o]l, _n._ a stew-pan: the outer part of several dressed dishes. [Fr.]

CASSIA, kash'ya, _n._ a coarser kind of cinnamon--also CASS'IA-BARK: the tree which yields the foregoing: a fragrant plant mentioned in Ps. xlv. 8 (Heb. _qeçî'ôth_, prob. the Ind. _orris_ or _costus_): a genus of shrubs of the bean family (_Leguminosæ_), the leaves of several species yielding senna, while the drug known as cassia fistula or purging cassia is derived from the pod of _Cassia fistula_, the bark of which is used in tanning. [L. _casia_--Gr. _kasia_--Heb.]

CASSIMERE, kas-i-m[=e]r', _n._ a twilled cloth of the finest wools.--Also KERSEYMERE'. [Corr. of CASHMERE.]

CASSINO, kas-s[=e]'no, _n._ a game at cards. [See CASINO.]

CASSIOPEIA, kas-i-[=o]-p[=e]'ya, _n._ a constellation in the northern hemisphere, near the North Pole, named after the mother of Andromeda in Greek mythology.

CASSITERITE, ka-sit'e-r[=i]t, _n._ a brown native tin dioxide. [L. _cassiterum_--Gr. _kassiteros_, tin.]

CASSOCK, kas'ok, _n._ a long loose black robe or outer coat, formerly in common wear, but now worn only by clergy and choristers: a shorter garment, usually of black silk, worn under the Geneva gown by Scotch ministers.--_adj._ CASS'OCKED. [Fr. _casaque_--It. _casacca_, prob. from L. _casa_, a cottage, a covering. Some explain Fr. _casaque_, _casaquin_, It. _casacchino_, as from Ar. _kaz[=a]yand_, a padded jerkin.]

CASSOLETTE, kas'[=o]-let, _n._ a censer: a perfume-box with perforated lid. [Fr.,--Sp. _cazoleta_--_cazo_, a saucepan.]

CASSONADE, kas-o-n[=a]d', _n._ raw or unrefined sugar. [Fr.]

CASSOWARY, kas'[=o]-war-i, _n._ a genus of running birds, nearly related to the true ostrich, and nearer to the American rhea. [Malay _kasu[=a]r[=i]_ or _kasav[=a]r[=i]_.]

CAST, kast, _v.t._ to throw or fling: to throw off, shed, drop: to throw down: to throw together or reckon: to mould or shape: (_B._) to consider, to cast or throw up.--_v.i._ to warp:--_pa.t._ and _pa.p._ cast.--_n._ act of casting: a throw of anything, as the sounding-lead, a fishing-line: the thing thrown, esp. in angling: the distance thrown: a motion, turn, or squint, as of the eye: a chance: a mould: the form received from a mould: manner, stamp, or quality: a shade of colour, a degree of guilt, &c.: the assignment of the various parts of a play to the several actors: the company of actors to whom such have been assigned.--_n._ CAST'AWAY, one cast away, an outcast.--_adj._ worthless, rejected.--_adjs._ CAST (_B._), CAST'ED (_Shak._), cast off.--_ns._ CAST'ING, act of casting or moulding: that which is cast: a mould; CAST'ING-NET, a species of net for fishing; CAST'ING-VOTE, the voice or vote of the president of a meeting, by which he is enabled, when the other votes are equally divided, to cast the balance on the one side or the other; CAST'ING-WEIGHT, the weight which makes the balance cast or turn when exactly poised.--_adj._ CAST'-OFF, laid aside or rejected.--_n._ anything thrown aside.--_n._ CAST'-STEEL, steel that has been melted, cast into ingots, and rolled out into bars.--CAST ABOUT, to contrive, to look about, to search for, as game: (_B._) to turn, to go round; CAST A NATIVITY, to make an astrological calculation; CAST ANCHOR, to moor a ship; CAST AN EYE, A GLANCE, to look at; CAST A THING IN ONE'S TEETH, to bring a reproach against some one; CAST AWAY, to wreck, to waste; CAST DOWN, to deject or depress in mind: to turn the eyes downward; CAST LOOSE, to set loose or adrift; CAST UP, to throw up, to bring up anything as a reproach.--BE CAST (_law_), to be defeated.--THE LAST CAST, the last venture. [Scand.; as Ice. _kasta_, to throw.]

CASTALIAN, kas-t[=a]'li-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Castalia_, a fountain in Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the Muses.

CASTANET, kas'ta-net, _n._ a musical instrument of percussion in the form of two hollow shells of ivory or hard wood, which are bound together by a band fastening on the thumb, and struck by the fingers to produce a trilling sound in keeping with the rhythm of the music--much used in Spain as an accompaniment to dances and guitars. [Sp. _castañeta_--L. _castanea_, a chestnut.]

CASTE, käst, _n._ a term applied chiefly to distinct classes or sections of society in India, and, in a modified sense, to social distinctions of an exclusive nature among other nations.--LOSE CASTE, to descend in social rank. [A name given by the Portuguese to the classes of people in India; Port. _casta_, breed, race.--L. _castus_, pure, unmixed.]

CASTELLAN, CASTELLATED. See CASTLE.

CASTIGATE, kas'tig-[=a]t, _v.t._ to chastise: to correct: to punish with stripes.--_ns._ CASTIG[=A]'TION, act of castigating: chastisement: severe punishment; CAS'TIG[=A]TOR, one who castigates.--_adj._ CAS'TIG[=A]TORY. [L. _castig[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, from _castus_, pure.]

CASTILIAN, kas-til'yan, _adj._ and _n._ of or belonging to _Castile_, a native of Castile, or the language thereof, standard Spanish.--CASTILE SOAP, a hard soap made with olive-oil and soda.

CAST-IRON. See IRON.

CASTLE, kas'l, _n._ a fortified house or fortress: the residence of a prince or nobleman, or a large country mansion generally: anything built in the likeness of such: a defensive tower borne on an elephant's back: a large ship, esp. of war.--_v.t._ to enclose or fortify with a castle.--_v.i._ (_chess_) to bring the castle or rook up to the square next the king, and move the king to the other side of the castle.--_n._ CAS'TELLAN, governor or captain of a castle.--_adj._ CAS'TELLATED, having turrets and battlements like a castle.--_n._ CAS'TLE-BUILD'ING, the act of building castles in the air or forming visionary projects.--_adj._ CAS'TLED, furnished with castles.--_n._ CAS'TLE-GUARD, the guard for the defence of a castle.--CASTLES IN THE AIR, or IN SPAIN, groundless or visionary projects.--THE CASTLE, Dublin Castle, the seat of the viceroy and the executive--_Castle influence_, &c. [A.S. _castel_--L. _castellum_, dim. of _castrum_, a fortified place.]

CASTOR, kas'tor, _n._ the beaver: a hat made of its fur. [L.,--Gr. _kast[=o]r_; cf. Sans. _kasturi_, musk.]

CASTOR, kast'or, _n._ a small wheel on the legs of furniture: a small vessel with perforated top for pepper, &c.--also CAST'ER. [From CAST.]

CASTOR-OIL, kas'tor-oil, _n._ a medicinal oil obtained from a tropical plant, the _Ricinus communis_. [Ety. dub.; prob. from _castor_ or _castoreum_, the unctuous substance obtained from two pear-shaped glands in the beaver, formerly much used in midwifery.]

CASTRAL, kas'tral, _adj._ belonging to the camp. [L. _castra_.]

CASTRAMETATION, kas-tra-me-t[=a]'shun, _n._ the act or art of encamping. [L. _castra_, a camp, _met[=a]ri_, _-atus_, to measure off--_meta_, a boundary.]

CASTRATE, kas'tr[=a]t, _v.t._ to deprive of the power of generation, to remove the testicles, geld, emasculate: to take from or render imperfect.--_adj._ CAS'TRATED, expurgated.--_ns._ CASTR[=A]'TION, gelding, expurgation; CASTRATO (kas-trä't[=o]), a male singer castrated in boyhood so as to preserve a soprano or alto voice:--_pl._ CASTRA'TI. [L. _castr[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_.]

CASUAL, kash'[=u]-al, _adj._ accidental: unforeseen: occasional.--_n._ a chance or occasional visitor, labourer, pauper, &c.--_n._ CAS'UALISM, the belief that chance governs all things.--_adv._ CAS'UALLY, in a casual manner.--_n._ CAS'UALTY, that which falls out: an accident: a misfortune: (_pl._) losses of a military force by death, desertion, &c.: an incidental charge or payment.--CASUALTIES OF SUPERIORITY, in the feudal law of Scotland, such emoluments arising to the superior as depend on uncertain events--those of non-entry, relief or composition, and escheat alone remaining, but considerably modified by the Conveyancing Act of 1874.--CASUALTY WARD, the ward in a hospital in which accidents are treated; CASUAL WARD, a ward set apart for the use of those who are only occasionally in destitution. [L. _casualis_--_casus_. See CASE.]

CASUARINA, kas-[=u]-ar-[=e]n'a, _n._ a genus of Australian trees having thread-like, jointed, pendent branches, with small toothed sheaths at the joints, like the horse-tails--the _Swamp-oak_ and _She-oak_ belong to it, and its wood is the well-known _Beef-wood_.

CASUIST, kaz'[=u]-ist, _n._ one who studies and resolves cases of conscience.--_adjs._ CASUIST'IC, -AL, relating to cases of conscience.--_n._ CAS'UISTRY, the science or doctrine of cases of conscience, or the reasoning which enables a man to decide in a particular case between apparently conflicting duties. [Fr. _casuiste_--L. _casus_. See CASE.]

CASULA, kas'[=u]-la, _n._ a chasuble.