Part 21

[47] It may be well to add here a note on the simpler springs which were in use at this time. These seem to have been of five distinct varieties—the straight or elbow spring, the elliptic spring, the regular-curved, and the reverse-curved springs, all these being either single or double, and the spiral spring. The straight spring was used in the stage-coaches, in the later phaetons, in the Tilbury, and in most of the two-wheeled carriages. The elliptic spring, invented by Elliott, was “used single in what are called under-spring carriages, where the spring rests on the axle, and is connected with the framework by means of a dumb or imitation spring so as to form a double or complete ellipse. This is technically called an under spring.” Its importance, of course, followed on its power of acting as a complete support, no perch being required to hold the two parts of the undercarriage together. Sometimes four of these springs were “hinged together in pairs,” and used thus in the larger four-wheeled carriages. When a regular-curved or C spring was used, “a leathern brace was suspended from it to carry the body or weight.” The reverse-curved spring was used in the older phaetons, and in the fore springs of the Tilbury, and springs similar to this had been used as body springs in place of suspension brackets or loops, or as upright springs, to the earlier coaches and chariots, under the technical name of S springs—“in which case leather braces were attached to them, and they were supported by a bracket or buttress of iron called the spring stay. The whip spring which succeeded them ... was used in the same way.” But in addition to these springs, there were all kinds of combinations, and the whole subject is too complicated for the lay mind to understand. The chief point, however, to notice is the changes in structure which were made possible by the elliptic spring of Elliott’s resting on the axle.

[48] Which reminds me that at the present day there is a singular three-wheeled cab to be hired in London, if only you know where to look for it. It is the only one of its kind, and rarely, I believe, appears until after nightfall. It is the kind of carriage which is to be avoided by those who have drunk not wisely but too well.

[49] A good description is given of the appearance of these coaches by Baron d’Haussez, an exiled Frenchman, in 1833.

“The appointments of an English coach are no less elegant than its form. A portly, good-looking coachman seated on a very high coach-box, well dressed, wearing white gloves, a nosegay in his button-hole, and his chin enveloped in an enormous cravat, drives four horses perfectly matched and harnessed, and as carefully groomed as when they excited admiration in the carriages of Grosvenor and Berkeley Squares. Such is the manner in which English horses are managed, such also is their docility, the effect either of temperament or training, that you do not remark the least restiveness in them. Four-horse coaches are to be seen rapidly traversing the most populous streets of London, without occasioning the least accident, without being at all inconvenienced in the midst of the numerous carriages which hardly leave the necessary space to pass. The swearing of ostlers is never heard at the relays any more than the neighing of horses; nor are you interrupted on the road by the voice of the coachman or the sound of his whip, which differs only from a cabriolet whip in the length of the thong, and serves more as a sort of appendage than a means of correction in the hand which carries it.”

[50] _Omnibuses and Cabs._

[51] See note on p. 192.

[52] According to Mr. Moore, whose account of this matter seems perfectly clear, the actual vehicle which proved so popular when plying the streets contained very much more of Chapman’s work than of Hansom’s, and, indeed, if full justice had been done, these light carriages should have come down to posterity as _chapmans_ and not _hansoms_ at all. On the other hand it is quite possible, that but for Hansom’s work, Chapman would never have given such careful attention to this class of vehicle.

[53] It seems, however, that so long as ten years before _one-horse cars_ of this form had been plying for hire in Birmingham and Liverpool.

[54] _Modern Carriages._ Sir Walter Gilbey, Bart. London, 1905.

[55] Bridges Adams has an amusing passage on the question of colour. He had his own ideas upon the best colours to use on a carriage body. “For bright sunny days,” he thinks, “the straw or sulphur yellow is very brilliant and beautiful; but for the autumnal haze, the rich deep orange hue conveys the most agreeable sensations. The greens used are of innumerable tints, commencing with the yellowish olive, and gradually darkening till they are barely distinguishable from black. Neither apple green, grass green, sea green, nor any green of a bluish tint, can be used in carriage painting with good effect as a ground colour; but in some species of light carriages a pleasing effect may be produced for summer by the imitation of the variegated grasses.” Quite a poetical idea! “Blues,” he continues, “were formerly principally used as a ground colour for bodies, to contrast with a red carriage and framework. Of late very dark blues have been used as a general ground colour, and when new they are very rich, being a glazed or partially transparent colour; but they very soon become worn and faded, the least speck of dust disfiguring them. Blue is also a cold colour, and while it is unfitted for summer by reason of its easy soiling, it is unpleasant in winter, owing to its want of warmth.”

[56] For full and particular accounts of all such carriages as have been constructed since the middle of last century, the reader is referred to the various trade journals. Further information is to be obtained from the Reports on carriages at the successive London and Paris Exhibitions. Here the more important differences between English, French, and Austrian carriages are clearly shown in a language which is not too technical for the ordinary reader to understand.

[57] This was also the case in France.

[58] There is an interesting passage in the 1878 Report which may be quoted here. “It is somewhat singular,” this runs, “that while the attention of the English coachbuilders has, for the past few years, been directed to perfect an arrangement to open and close landau heads in a simple and effectual manner, the French builders have paid little or no heed to the attainment of this desideratum, but have instead adopted a plan which allows of the doors of a landau being opened when the glass is up, being first introduced by M. Kellner ... in 1866.... The simplest method is to have two pieces of brass, about ten inches long, in the form of a groove, for the glass frame to slide in, hinged to the upper extremities of the door pillars, and to close down on the fence rail when not required for use.”

[59] Here, I suppose, should be included the _Eridge cart_, invented by Lord Abergavenny. It holds four persons on two parallel seats.

[60] The phaeton has found particular favour in France. At the Paris Exhibition in 1878 was shown a phaeton built at Rouen, which, according to the official Report, was “the finest small carriage exhibited in the French department for ingenuity and fitness for work.”

[61] Sir Walter Gilbey had a _posting brougham_ built for his own use, which to an even greater extent resembled the old chariot. In this case postilions were used.

[62] “The Patent Dioropha, or two-headed carriage, combining in one a clarence or pilentum coach, complete with all its appointments; a barouche, with folding head and three-fold knee-flap; and an open carriage. The heads can be removed or exchanged with facility by means of a pulley attached to the ceiling of the coach-house, aided by a counterpoise weight.” _Vide_ the Official Catalogue, which also gives illustrations of several Indian carriages, such as the _Keron_, the rath, a Mahratta carriage from Bengal, and a lady’s carriage from Lahore—the last being a four-wheeled conveyance covered with scarlet and crimson cloth, and shut in with thick curtains.

[63] The only sulky now to be seen in this country is the trotting carriage used in races—a mere skeleton. See also p. 210.

[64] _Suspension of Road Carriages._ A Paper read before the Institute of British Carriage Manufacturers at York. 1899.

INDEX

_Index_

Abergavenny, Marquis of, 270 n.

Ackermann, William, 230, 234

Adams, T. G., 232

Adams, William Bridges, 19, 49, 62, 65, 154, 212, 214 n., 227-230, 232-236, 258 n.

Addison, Joseph, 151

adometer, 115

Adrianople, 152

Africa, South, 278

Agrippina, 33

_Alchemist, The_, 75

Aldersgate Street, 190

_Alexander and Campaspe_, 58

Alexander of Parma, 67

Alexander Severus, 35

Alexander the Great, 27

Alexandria, 27

_All sorts of Wheel Carriage, Improved_, 166

ἅμαξα, 26, 27

Amelia, Princess, 104

_amempton_, 272

America, North, 36, 140, 205, 220, 221, 225, 236, 263

America, South, 20, 189, 236

Amsterdam, 225, 226

Andersen, Henry, 90

Andrews, coachbuilder, 267

Anne, wife of Richard II, 49

Anne, Queen, 154, 174

_Anne, Social Life in the Reign of Queen_, 158 n.

Anne Boleyn, 54

_Annual Register_, 214

Anstice, J., 205

Antioch, 29

Antiochus, 40 n.

ἄντυξ, 25

Antwerp, 68, 110

ἀπήνη, 26-28

_Apollo, or a Problem Solved_, 162

Appian Way, 28

_araba_, 40

Arabia, 40

_arcera_, 29

_Arlington cab_, 280

ἄρμα, 25, 26, 29

ἁρμάμαξα, 26, 27, 29

Arnot, Hugh, 102

Arundel, Earl of, 76, 77

Ashby, Lady, 120

Ashton, John, 158

Asia, 107, 108

Assyrian chariot. See _chariot_

Athens, 36

Ausonius, 31

Australia, 223

Austria, 51, 232

_automobile_, 256, 269, 282

_Automobile: a Forecast, The_, 281

axles, movable, 256, 269, 282

Babylon, 27

_back-door cab_, 249

Bailey, Captain, 88

Balack, Donald, 105

_barcos de tierra_, 20

_barge_, 276

Barker, Edward, 74

_barouche_, 206, 229, 230, 264, 271n.

_barouchet_, 230

Barrow, John, 107

_Bartholomew Fair_, 75

Baskerville, John, 191

basket, the, 168, 169. See also under _boot_

_basterna_, 32, 37, 52

Bath, 61, 103, 104

_Battlesden cart_, 279

Baudry, M., 252

Baxter, coachbuilder, 258

Baynardes Castle, 77

beading, 120n.

Beatrice of Anjou, 50

_Beau’s Ideal, The_, 160

Beckmann, 65, 116

_Bedford cart_, 279

Belgium, 35

Bellasis, Richard, 57

Belvoir, 71

_benna_, 32, 35

Bennet, Mr., 221

Bennett, coachbuilder, 235

Berlin, 118 n.

_berlin_, 62, 109, 118-121, 139, 141, 175, 176, 216; Korff berline, 207 _et seq._

_berlina_, 118 n.

_berline_. See _berlin_

_berlingot_, 141

_bian_, 239, 281

Bianconi, 239

_Bible, Dictionary of the_, 22 n.

_bike wagon_, 275; _cut-under bike wagon_, 275

Birch, Thomas, 116 n.

Bird-Cage Walk, 258

Birmingham, 42, 190, 191, 250, 251 n., 255

_birotum_, 32 n.

Blackfriars, 82

Blackheath, 115-117

_Blackwood’s Magazine_, 238

Bligh family. See Darnley

Blount. See Blunt

Blunt, Colonel [Sir Harry, of Wicklemarsh], 115, 117, 118, 126

Bodger, 189

_Bondman, The_, 87 n.

Boonen, William, 71, 72

_boot_, first mention of, 73; metamorphosed into basket, 74, 84, 111, 114, 168, 218, 229, 234, 235

Boston, U.S.A., 221

Boulnois, William, 249, 250

Boulogne, 70

Bourn, Daniel, 180, 181, 185

_brake_, 273

Breasted, J. H., 21

brewer’s cart, 96

Britain, 30, 39

British Museum, 48

_britzschka_ (_briska_, _brisker_, _brisky_), 232-234; _briska-chariot_, 229, 232, 233; _briska-phaeton_, 229; _briska-landau_, 264

_broad-waggons_, 198

Broderithus, Stephanus, 65

_brouette_ (wheelbarrow), 99, 100, 108, 139

Brougham, Lord, 251

_brougham_, 251, 252, 257, 262, 271; _posting-brougham_, 270 n.; _two-wheeled brougham_, 279; _brougham-hansom_, 280

Brouncker, Lord, 117

Browne, Sir Thomas, 73, 121, 221

Brussels, 67, 110

_buckboard_, 276

Buckingham, Duke of, 61, 86-88, 91, 107, 153

Buckingham, Earl of, 49

Budd, G. F., 262

_buggy_, 221, 236, 257, 273-275

Bulkeley, Sir Richard, 142, 143, 155

Bulwer Lytton, 271

Bunbury, H., 199

Burgh, Elizabeth de, Lady Clare, 48

_cab_, _hackney_. See _cabriolet_

_cab-phaeton_, 229, 233, 245, 266

_cabriolet_, 139, 170, 198, 199, 221, 234, 244 _et seq._, 266, 276; _cabriolet de place_, 244

Cæsar, Julius, 29, 36

Cæsarius, 29

Calais, 172

_calash_ (_calesh_, _calèche_), 109, 140 _et seq._, 154, 155, 206, 221

_calesse_ (_calesso_), 35, 140

_caned whiskey_, 214

Canterbury, 110

_Cape cart_, 278

Capua, 28

_Caricature History of the Georges_, 198 n.

Carinthia, 121

Carlyle, Thomas, 207, 209

_carpentum_, 31, 33, 34

_carretta_, 50

carriage, early use of the word, 45; early English carriage described, 47; Chinese, 38, 107; Dacian, 37

_Carriage Builder’s and Harness Maker’s Art Journal_, 72, 158

carriage-match, 188

_carriole_, 35, 69, 140, 224

_carroccio_, 50 n.

_carroch_ (_caroch_, _carroach_, _carroche_), 64, 80, 83

_carrosse_, 69; _carosse à cinq sous_, 136 _et seq._

_carruca_, 32, 34; _carruca argentata_, 35; _carruca domestoria_, 35

_carrus_, 32 n.; _carrus stabularius_, 32 n.

cart, 24, 81, 82, 247; early English cart described, 45

Castlemaine, Earl of, 123, 124; Countess of, 140 n.

_cathedra_, 37

Catherine of Aragon, 54

Catton, coach-painter, 188

Cecil, Lady, 76

Cenis, Mont, 104

Centlivre, Mrs., 160

_chaer._ See _chare_

_chair, sedan_, 85 _et seq._; introduced into England, 87; hackney chairs established, 87, 91; characteristics of chairmen, 96, 102; appearance, 99-101; at Bath, 104; persist at Edinburgh, 106; regulations, 106; Eastern chairs, 107; mentioned, 123, 148, 166, 173, 221, 222

_chair, one-horse._ See _chaise_

_chairs-and-chairmen_, 198

_chaise_, 140, 141, 147, 148, 155, 156, 170, 171, 175, 196; French chaise described, 147, 148; _chaise à porteur_, 99; _chaise de poste_, 170

Chamberlayne, William, 135

Chambers, Sir William, 185, 186, 260

Chapman, John, 250

_char._ See _chare_

_char-à-banc_, 273

_char-à-cote_, 224

_chare (car)_, 46, 49, 50, 52, 54, 69

_charette (chariette)_, 49, 50, 62, 67

_chariot_, Hittite, 21, 23; Egyptian, 20, 22; Assyrian, 22, 24, 39; Persian, 23, 38-40; Grecian, 24 _et seq._; Lydian, 26; British, 29, 30; mentioned, 49, 54, 55, 97, 111, 120 _et seq._, 141, 144; Col. Blunt’s chariots, 115 _et seq._; Spanish, 121; Mr. Povey’s, 126; Sir Richard Bulkeley’s, 142; _chariot à L’anglaise_, 147; the Darnley chariot, 150 _et seq._; advertisements of, 157; George IV’s, 207; cost of, 210; Hobson’s chariots, 232; also mentioned, 148, 150, 153, 161, 171, 175, 200, 206, 210, 221, 229, 234, 251, 270, 271, 276

_chariotee_, 236

Charles of Anjou, 50 —— I, 86, 90, 91, 111, 123 —— II, 55, 61, 140 n., 148 —— V, 86 —— VII, of France, 64 —— XII, 154

_chasse marée_, 159

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 49

Cheapside, 150, 192 n.

_cheas_, 162

Chicago, 275

Chiesa, Philip de, 118

Child, Josiah, 198

Chili, 20

China, 38, 79, 107

Cicero, 30, 32

Cipriani, 113, 188, 260

_cisium_, 31, 32 n., 139; _cisiarii_, 31

Clanwilliam, Earl of, 233

_clarence_, 271, 272; _Surrey clarence_, 271

Claudius, the Emperor, 36

Cleveland, John, 114

_Clinker, Humphrey_, 103

_coach_, introduction of, 56 _et seq._; women forbidden their use, 57; Taylor’s opinion of, 59; first coach-and-six, 61; definition of, 62; where first made, 62; derivation of the word, 63; similar to _couch_, 63; first English coaches only carts, 64; appearance of early coaches, 66; how evolved from the waggon, 66; a sixteenth-century coach described, 67; oldest coach in existence, 68; introduction into England, 69; first “hollow, turning coach” for Queen Elizabeth, 71; her Dutch coach, 72; Earl of Rutland’s coach, 77, 78; coach compared with cart, 81; Taylor’s ride in, 84; hackney coaches, 88, 165, 201, 241 _et seq._; proclamations concerning, 90, 125; early French coach, 111; size of English coaches, 111; oldest coaches with solid doors, 119; Roman coaches, 123; overturning of, 142; early Georgian coaches, 148; Turkish, 152; Russian, 153, 154; Venetian, 159; patent coaches, 166, 217, 218; Spanish, 170; “frictionless” coach, 190; Baskerville’s, 191; Lord Chancellor’s Irish coach, 206, 207, 258; reasons for overcrowding, 215; nineteenth-century coach, 229; Victorian, 261

Coach and Coach Harness Makers’ Company, 143

_Coach and Sedan pleasantly disputing_, 63, 92 _et seq._

_coachee_, 222

_Coaches, The History of_, 24 n.

coal-carriage, 192

Coates, “Romeo,” 213

Coburg, 67, 68

Cockburn, Lord, 106

_cochio_, 50 n.

Colley, 199

Colman, J., 198

Commander, Mr., 127

_Conference between ... chariot ... and ... chair, A_, 97

Congreve, William, 201

Connecticut, 221

Consort, Prince, 272

Constantine, 32 n.

Constantinople, 29

_Conveyancing_, 248

Cooper, Fenimore, 105

Cooper, J. C., coach-designer, 266

_corbillard_, 111

_correo real_, 170

_cottri_, 63

Cotzi. See Kotzee

_couch_. See _coach_

_coucou_, 169

_coupé_, 155, 230, 270

Courtney, C. B., 277

Covent Garden, 104

Coventry, Sir William, 132

_covinus_, 30

Cow Lane, 129

crane-neck perches, 119

Craven, 57

Creed, Mrs., 130

Crenan, Marquis de, 136

Croal, Thomas, 84, 101, 118 n., 143, 236, 240

Cromwell, Oliver, 112-114

Crooch, John, 92

Croune, Dr., 117

Croydon, 270

Cruikshank, George, 246

C-spring, 119

Cuba, 140, 236

Cuchey, Cambridge carrier, 63

Cumberland, George, Earl of, 59; Henry Clifford, Earl of, 57

_Curialia Miscellanea_, 91 n.

_curricle_, 199, 213, 214, 222, 234, 242, 276, 277; _curricle tribus_, 252

_currus_, 29; _currus arcuatus_, 33; _currus falcatus_, 40 n.

_curtin coach_, 159

Curtius, 39, 40

Cyprus, 39

Darnley, Lord, 150

Dashour, 24

Davenant, Sir William, 123

Davies, David, 233, 245, 251

decoration of carriages, 139

Defoe, Daniel, 102 n.

Delaney, Mrs., 159

Delavel, Sir Francis, 196, 237

_demi-landau_, 210

_dennet_, 235; the Misses, 235

Dertford, 77

_désobligeante_, 141, 172

Dessein, M., 172

_Devil is an Ass, The_, 80

Devonshire, Duke of, 259

Diana of Poitiers, 69

Dickens, Charles, 234, 242, 244, 246, 247

_diligence_, 148, 168; _diligence de ville_, 219. See also _mail-coach_

Diomed, 26

_dioropha_, 271

δίφρος. See ἅρμα

Dockwra, William, 166

_dog-cart_, 235, 257, 275, 276, 278

dogs used as beasts of burden, 110

Don, Lady, 106

Dorchester, 280

Dover, 218

_Down-Hall_, 156

_drag_, 262, 263

Drake, Sir Francis, 59

_driving-coach_, 229

_droitzschka_ (_drosky_), 224, 233

Dublin, 142, 238, 239

Duncombe, Sir Saunders, 87, 91

Dunkirk, 110

_duobus_, 249

Dupin, 99

_Early Carriages and Roads_, 50 n.

_Early Use of Carriages in England_, 54

_Eastward Hoe_, 75, 79

Echoes of the Streets, 103 n.

Edgeworth, Dr. Lovell, 205

Edgware, 57

Edinburgh, 90, 102, 103, 106, 144, 206

_Edinburgh Almanac, The_, 106

Edward III, 43, 48

Edward VI, 70

Edward VII, 259

effeminacy and carriages, 44, 56 _et seq._

Eglinton, Earl of, 188

Egypt, 23, 24, 46

_Egypt, A History of_, 21 n.

Eleanor, the Lady, 48

elephant carriage, 239, 240

Elgin, Earl of, 108; Elgin marbles, 26

Elizabeth, Queen, 71-73, 83, 86, 174

Elliott, Obadiah, 205, 214, 227, 228 n., 234

elliptic springs, 205

_English Pleasure Carriages_, 19 n., 227

_English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages_, 43 n.

_Entertainment at Rutland House, First Day’s_, 123

equirotal carriages, 237

Erichthonius, 36

_Eridge cart_, 270 n.

Ermengarde, the Lady, 51

_essedum_, 29-31; _essedum deauratum_, 30

Essex, Robert, Earl of, 59; Countess of, 77

Eugene, Prince, 160

Evelyn, John, 87, 109, 111, 115, 116, 125, 126, 142

_Expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land, of Henry, Earl of Derby_, 51

_Fantail gig_, 236

Farnese, Duke Edward, 123

Felton, William, 204, 207, 210, 213, 227

Ferrara, 69; Duchess of, 69

Ferrers, Earl, 53

Fersen, Count, 208, 209

_fiacre_, 90

Fielding, Sir John, 201, 203

Finsbury, 92, 235

Flanders, 51, 209; Flemish mares and carriages, 52, 63, 83

_Flandres, Anciennes Chroniques de_, 50

Fleet Street, 164

Florence, 23, 140

_fly_, 265

Ford, Sir Richard, 129

Ford, William, 201

Forde, coachbuilder, 279

_four-in-hand_, 229, 262

Four-in-Hand Driving Club, 262

“four-wheeler,” 89

France, 43, 62, 76, 90, 94, 121, 139, 140, 148, 151, 165, 168, 171, 172, 177, 189, 196, 198, 219, 230

Frankfort, 65

Frederick, Duke of Saxony, 67

Frederick III, the Emperor, 65 n.

Friola, 51

Froissart, Sir John, 49, 53

_galera_, 169

Gauden, Sir D., 129

Gaul, 31

Gautier, Théophile, 170

Gay, John, 60, 98, 102, 150

_Gazetteer, The_, 172 n.

General Highways Act, the first, 70

_Gentleman Dancing Master, The_, 127

_Gentleman’s Magazine_, 174, 176, 180, 193

George I, 159

George III, 185, 186, 188, 207

George IV, 211, 212, 267

George V, 185

Germany, 35, 66, 68, 76, 118, 147, 219, 226, 273

_gharry_, 40

Ghent, 110

Gibbon, Edward, 28, 29

_gig_, 107, 139-141, 144, 199, 213, 214, 221, 224, 235-237, 245, 275-277; primitive form of, 31

_Gigg, Sir Gregory_, 199

Gilbey, Sir Walter, Bart., 50, 54, 113, 117, 251, 259, 262, 269-272, 277, 278, 280

Gild of the Holy Cross, 42

Gillray, James, 211, 213, 220

Ginzrot, von, 39, 66

Glasgow, 144, 256

glass for coaches and chairs, 104, 109, 111, 120, 121, 131, 135, 154

glass-coach, 119, 121, 185, 207

Godalming, 149

Godelak, Walter, 43

_gondola_, 169, 216, 252

_governess cart_, 279

Gozzadini, Count, 67, 123, 140

Grammont, Chevalier de, 140 n.

_Grand Concern of England, The_, 136

Gray, Thomas, 147, 148

Gray’s-inn-lane, 197

Green, John, 165, 166

Greenwich, 253, 254

Gregory X, Pope, 50

Gresham College, 116

Griffin, Will, 127

Grosvenor Square, 197, 241 n.

Gurney, Sir Goldsmith, 255, 256

_Hackney_, 88, 121, 127; derivation of the word, 88 n.

Hamburg, 226

Hamilton, Duke of, 211

hammercloth, 158, 206, 229, 271

Hanning, Mr., 255

Hansom, Aloysius, 250, 251

_hansom-cab_, 89, 99, 192 n., 250 _et seq._, 279, 280, 282; _Floyd hansom_, 279; _four-wheeled hansom_, 280

Harborough, 176

Harper, Charles, 120, 135 n., 215 n., 218, 261

Harrow, 57; Harrow School, 57

Harvey, Mr., 249, 252

Harwich, 55, 190

Hastings, J., 22 n.

Hatchett, coachbuilder, 258

Hatton House, 77

Haussez, Baron D’, 241 n.

Heathcote, Sir Gilbert, 188

Heliogabalus, 82

“hell-cart,” 81

Hengrave, 76

Henry IV, 51

Henry VI, 54

Henry VII, 96

Henry of Navarre, 84; his widow, 54

Herodotus, 27

Hesiod, 28

Hewer, Will, 131, 133

Hicks, Sir Elias, 92

Hieronymus, 27

Hinckley, 250

_History of Great Britain_, 61 n.

_History of Inventions_, 65

_History of Locomotion_, 62

Hobson, Samuel, 232

Hoby, Sir Thomas, 76

Hodges, coachmaster, 157, 158

Hoefnagle, 72

Hogarth, 64

Holborn, 132, 197, 264

Holcroft, Thomas, 226

Holinshed, 54

Holland, 68, 71, 156, 226

Holland & Holland, 261

Holloway, 247

Hood, Thomas, 248, 256

Hook, Theodore, 235

Hooke, Dr. Robert, 116, 117

Hooper, G. N., 276

Hopkinson, Luke, 264, 265

Hopkynson, Edward, 71

_Horse and Carriage Oracle, The_, 231

Hungary, 37, 51, 63-66, 68

Hunt, Leigh, 162, 206, 210, 214, 219, 242

Hutton, Catherine, 192

Hutton, William, 191

Hyde Park, 112, 115, 122, 155, 156

_hwakeaou_, 108

_idol-car_, Persian, 39

Indian carriages, early, 40

Ingleby, Colonel, 112

Ipswich, 73

Ireland, 143, 206, 214, 220, 238, 239, 281

_Irish car_, 281

Isabella of Spain, 170

isinglass, or talc, used for windows, 92

Islington, 92

Italy, 31, 32, 33 n., 35, 62, 110, 123, 172, 196, 235

Jacob, 21, 46

Jacobs, Joseph, coachbuilder, 157, 184

James I, 87

Japan, 108

_jaunting car_, Irish, 239

Jervis, John, coachman, 239

_jin-rick-shaw_, 99, 108

John, Elector of Saxony, 68

John, King, 53

Johnson, Samuel, 162, 171, 219