CHAPTER XV

THE COLLAPSE OF THE EMPIRE

1035-1042

King Canute was dead, but the great king-thought that he lived for, the policy of his dynasty, their ambition to unite the Northern peoples in the old and new homes under one sceptre persisted after his death. Historians have generally believed that Canute had realised the impossibility of keeping long united the three crowns that he wore in his declining years, and had made preparation for a division of the empire among his three sons. In the year of his death one son is found in England, one in Denmark, and one in Norway; hence it is believed that like Charlemagne before him he had executed some sort of a partition, so as to secure something for each of the three. Such a conclusion, however, lacks the support of documentary authority and is based on a mistaken view of the situation in the empire in 1035.

We should remember in the first place that when Harthacanute and Sweyn received the royal title (in 1028 and 1030), Canute cannot have been more than thirty-five years old, and at that age rulers are not in the habit of transferring their dominions to mere boys. In the second place, these two sons were sent to the North, not to exercise an independent sovereignty, but to represent the royal authority that resided at Winchester. Finally, there is no evidence that Canute at any time intended to leave England or any other kingdom to his son Harold. The probabilities are that he hoped to make the empire a permanent creation; perhaps he expected it to become in time wholly Scandinavian, as it already was to a large extent, except in the comparatively small area of Wessex.

Canute's policy is revealed in the act at Nidaros, discussed in an earlier chapter, when in the presence of lords from all his realms, he led Harthacanute to the high seat and thus proclaimed him a king of his own rank. That Denmark was intended for the young King is undisputed. England was to be added later. The Encomiast tells as that when Harthacanute had grown up (evidently toward the close of Canute's reign) all England was bound by oath to the sovereignty of Harthacanute.[465] The early promise that Canute made to Queen Emma was apparently to be kept. Most likely, the loyalty that Godwin and other West Saxon magnates showed to the King's legitimate heir is to be explained, not by assuming a pro-Danish sentiment, but by this oath, surely taken in England, perhaps earlier at Nidaros.

The situation in Norway, however, made it difficult to carry out Canute's wishes. On the high seat in the Throndelaw sat Magnus the son of Saint Olaf. To be the son of a saint was a great asset in the middle ages; in addition Magnus had certain native qualities of the kingly type and soon developed into a great warrior. Knowing that war was inevitable, Magnus began hostilities and carried the warfare into Danish waters.[466] It was this difficulty that prevented Harthacanute from appearing promptly in England in the winter of 1035-1036, when Harold Harefoot was planning to seize the throne.

After the flight of her son Sweyn in the summer of 1035, Elgiva is almost lost to history. Apparently she retired to England, where she played the part of Queen-mother during the reign of her son Harold: in a will of Bishop Alfric we find the testator giving two marks of gold to King Harold and one mark to my lady.[467] As we do not find that the King had either wife or children the presumption is that the lady was his mother, the woman from Northampton.

We may then conjecture that the struggle for the English crown in the winter following Canute's death was at bottom a fight between the two women who bore Canute's children, each with a son to place in the high seat, each with a party devoted to her cause, each with a section of the country ready to follow her lead. Elgiva had her strength in the Danelaw; there were her kinsmen, and there her family had once been prominent. Queen Emma was strongest in the south; on her side were Earl Godwin and the housecarles.[468]

The sources that relate the events of these months are anything but satisfactory and their statements are sometimes vague or ambiguous. But it is clear that soon after the throne became vacant (thirteen days, if the Chronicler is accurate)[469] a meeting of the "wise men" was held at Oxford, the border city where Danes and Saxons had so frequently met in common assembly. At this meeting, as the _Chronicle_ has it, the northern magnates led by Leofric, Earl of Mercia, and supported by the Danes in London, "chose Harold to hold all England, him and his brother Harthacanute who was in Denmark." To this arrangement Godwin opposed all his influence and eloquence; but though he was supported by the lords of Wessex, "he was able to accomplish nothing." It was finally agreed that Queen Emma and the royal guard should continue to hold Wessex for Harthacanute.[470] The north was evidently turned over to Harold.

The decision reached at Oxford has been variously interpreted. At first glance it looks as if the kingdom was again divided along the line of the Thames valley. The statement of the Chronicler that Harold "was full King over all England" seems not to have been strictly contemporary but written after the King had seized the whole. What was done at Oxford was probably to establish an under-kingship of the sort that Canute had provided for Norway and Denmark. The overlordship of Harthacanute may have been recognised, but the administration was divided. This did not necessarily mean to the Scandinavian mind that the realm was divided; in the history of the North various forms of joint kingship are quite common.

For one year this arrangement was permitted to stand; but in 1037, Harold was taken to king over all England--the nation forsook Harthacanute because he tarried too long in Denmark.[471] Emma was driven from the land, perhaps to satisfy the jealousy of her rival Elgiva. The cause for the revolution of 1037 is unknown; but we may conjecture that intrigue was at work on both sides. Possibly the appearance of Emma's son Alfred in England the year before may have roused a sense of fear in the English mind and may have hastened the movement.

Sorrows now began to fall heavily upon England. In 1039, the Welsh made inroads and slew several of the Mercian lords. A "great wind" scattered destruction over the land. A remarkable mortality appeared among the bishops, four dying in 1038 and one more in 1039. The following year died Harold, whose unkingly and un-Christian behaviour was no doubt regarded as the cause of these calamities. He died at Oxford and was buried at Westminster. The same year Harthacanute joined his mother at Bruges, whither she had fled when exiled from England.[472]

It was neither listless choice nor lack of kinglike interest that had detained Harthacanute in Denmark; it was the danger that threatened from Norway. Hostilities seem to have begun in the spring of 1036 and to have continued for about two years. The war was finally closed with an agreement at the Brenn-isles near the mouth of the Gaut River in south-western Sweden. According to this the two young kings became sworn brothers, and it was stipulated that if the one should die leaving no heirs, the other should succeed him.[473] It was not so much of a treaty on the part of the kings as of the chief men of the kingdoms, as both peoples were evidently tiring of the warfare.

Perhaps that which most of all determined the Danes to seek peace was the news that Harold had seized the government of all England the previous year. This must have happened late in the year, as the Chronicler tells us that Queen Emma was driven out of England "without pity toward the stormy winter." In Norway there was no party that still favoured the Knytlings; the situation in England looked more favourable. Evidently Harthacanute's counsellors had concluded that his inherited rights in Britain should be claimed and defended.

Harthacanute came to Bruges with a small force only; but it was probably the plan to use Flanders as a base from which to descend upon England. Nothing seems to have been done in 1039, however, except, perhaps, to prepare for a campaign in the coming spring. But for this there was no need: before the winter was past, Harold lay dead at Oxford. History knows little about the fleet-footed Prince; but from what has been recorded we get the impression of a violent, ambitious youth, one to whom power was sweet and revenge sweeter. So far as we know, government in his day was poor both in state and church. Oxford, it seems, was his residential city.

After Harold's death messengers came from England to Bruges to summon Harthacanute. The succession was evidently not settled without some negotiations, for Harthacanute must have waited two months or more before he left Flanders. No doubt the chiefs who had placed his half-brother on the throne were unwilling to submit without guarantees; their behaviour had not been such as to render their future secure. Just before midsummer Harthacanute finally arrived in England with sixty ships; he was crowned probably on June 18th.[474] For two years he ruled the country but "he did nothing kinglike."[475] Partly as a punishment, perhaps, he made England pay for the expedition that he had just fitted out, and consequently forfeited what favour he had at the very beginning.

Harthacanute is described as a sickly youth, and a Norman historian assures us that on account of his ill-health he kept God before his mind and reflected much on the brevity of human life.[476] He seems to have been of a kindly disposition, as appears from his dealings with his half-brother Edward. His sudden death at a henchman's wedding is not to be attributed to excesses but to the ailment from which he suffered. But the drunken laugh of the bystanders[477] indicates that the world did not fully appreciate that with Harthacanute perished the dynasty of Gorm.

Three men now stood forth as possible candidates for the throne of Alfred: Magnus the Good, now King of Denmark and Norway, Harthacanute's heir by oath and adoption; Sweyn, the son of Canute's sister Estrid, his nearest male relative and the ranking member of the Danish house, a prince who was probably an Englishman by birth, and whose aunt was the wife of Earl Godwin; and Edward, later known as the Confessor, who strangely enough represented what national feeling there might be in England, though of such feeling he himself was probably guiltless. It may be remarked in passing that all these candidates were sons of men whom Canute had deeply wronged, men whom he had deprived of life or hounded to death.

There is no good evidence that Edward was ever formally elected King of England. Harthacanute died at Lambeth, only a few miles from London. "And before the King was buried all the folk chose Edward to be King in London," says one manuscript of the _Chronicle_. If this be true, there could have been no regular meeting of the magnates. The circumstances seem to have been somewhat in the nature of a revolution headed no doubt by the anti-Danish faction in London.

That Edward was enabled to retain the crown was due largely, we are told, to the efforts of Canute's two old friends, Earl Godwin and Bishop Lifing.[478] The situation was anything but simple. The election of Magnus would restore Canute's empire, but it might also mean English and Danish revolts. To elect Sweyn would mean war with Magnus, Sweyn claiming Denmark and Magnus England. At the time the Danish claimant was making most trouble, for Sweyn seems to have arrived in England soon after Edward was proclaimed. All that he secured, however, was the promise that he should be regarded as Edward's successor.[479] It was doubtless well known among the English lords that the new King was inclined to, and probably pledged to a celibate life. We do not know whether Englishmen were at this time informed of the ethelings in Hungary. To most men it must have seemed likely that Alfred's line would expire with Edward; under the circumstances Sweyn was the likeliest heir.

With the accession of Edward, the Empire of the North was definitely dissolved. Fundamentally it was based on the union of England and Denmark, a union that was now repudiated. Still, the hope of restoring it lingered for nearly half a century. Three times the kings of the North made plans to reconquer England, but in each instance circumstances made successful operations impossible. After the death of Magnus in 1047, the three old dynasties once more controlled their respective kingdoms, though in the case of both Denmark and Norway the direct lines had perished. The Danish high seat alone remained to the Knytlings, now represented by Sweyn, the son of Estrid and the violent Ulf for whose tragic death the nation had now atoned.

FOOTNOTES:

[465] _Encomium Emmæ_, ii., c. 19.

[466] Snorre, _Saga of Magnus the Good_, c. 6.

[467] Kemble, _Codex Diplomaticus_, No. 759.

[468] _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 1035.

[469] The _Chronicle_ (Ann. 1039 [1040]) states that Harold died March 17, 1040, and that he ruled four years and sixteen weeks. This would date his accession as November 25, 1035.

[470] _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 1036 [1035].

[471] _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 1037.

[472] _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 1039 [1040].

[473] Snorre, _Saga of Magnus the Good_, c. 6.

[474] Steenstrup, _Normannerne_, iii., 421.

[475] _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 1040.

[476] Duchesne, _Scriptores_, 179 (William of Poitiers).

[477] _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 1042.

[478] Florence of Worcester, _Chronicon_, i., 196-197.

[479] Adamus, _Gesta_, ii., c. 74.

APPENDICES

I.--CANUTE'S PROCLAMATION OF 1020[480]

1. Canute the King sends friendly greetings to his archbishops and suffragan bishops and to Thurkil the Earl and all his earls and to all his subjects in England, nobles and freemen, clerks and laymen.

2. And I make known to you that I will be a kind lord and loyal to the rights of the Church and to right secular law.

3. I have taken to heart the word and the writing that Archbishop Lifing brought from Rome from the Pope, that I should everywhere extol the praise of God, put away injustice, and promote full security and peace by the strength that God should give me.

4. Now I did not spare my treasures while unpeace was threatening to come upon you; with the help of God I have warded this off by the use of my treasures.

5. Then I was informed that there threatened us a danger that was greater than was well pleasing to us; and then I myself with the men who went with me departed for Denmark, whence came to you the greatest danger; and that I have with God's help forestalled, so that henceforth no unpeace shall come to you from that country, so long as you stand by me as the law commands, and my life lasts.

6. Now I give thanks to God Almighty for His aid and His mercy in that I have averted the great evil that threatened us; so that from thence we need fear no evil, but may hope for full aid and deliverance if need be.

7. Now I will that we all humbly thank Almighty God for the mercy that He has done to our help.

8. Now I command my archbishops and all my suffragan bishops that they take due care as to the rights of the Church, each one in the district that is committed to him; and also my ealdormen I command, that they help the bishops to the rights of the Church and to the rights of my kingship and to the behoof of all the people.

9. Should any one prove so rash, clerk or layman, Dane or Angle, as to violate the laws of the Church or the rights of my kingship, or any secular statute, and refuse to do penance according to the instruction of my bishops, or to desist from his evil, then I request Thurkil the Earl, yea, even command him, to bend the offender to right, if he is able to do so.

10. If he is not able, then will I that he with the strength of us both destroy him in the land or drive him out of the land, be he of high rank or low.

11. And I also command my reeves, by my friendship and by all that they own and by their own lives, that they everywhere govern my people justly and give right judgments by the witness of the shire bishop and do such mercy therein as the shire bishop thinks right and the community can allow.

12. And if any one harbour a thief or hinder the pursuit, he shall be liable to punishment equal to that of the thief, unless he shall clear himself before me with full purgation.

13. And I will that all the people, clerks and laymen, hold fast the laws of Edgar which all men have chosen and sworn to at Oxford;

14. for all the bishopssay that the Church demands a deep atonement for the breaking of oaths and pledges.

15. And they further teach us that we should with all our might and strength fervently seek, love, and worship the eternal merciful God and shun all unrighteousness, that is, slaying of kinsmen and murder, perjury, familiarity with witches and sorceresses, and adultery and incest.

16. And further, we command in the name of Almighty God and of all His saints, that no man be so bold as to marry a nun or a consecrated woman;

17. and if any one has done so, let him be an outlaw before God and excommunicated from all Christendom, and let him forfeit all his possessions to the King, unless he quickly desist from sin and do deep penance before God.

18. And further still we admonish all men to keep the Sunday festival with all their might and observe it from Saturday's noon to Monday's dawning; and let no man be so bold as to buy or sell or to seek any court on that holy day.

19. And let all men, poor and rich, seek their church and ask forgiveness for their sins and earnestly keep every ordained fast and gladly honour the saints, as the mass priest shall bid us,

20. that we may all be able and permitted, through the mercy of the everlasting God and the intercession of His saints, to share the joys of the heavenly kingdom and dwell with Him who liveth and reigneth for ever without end. Amen.

FOOTNOTES:

[480] Liebermann, _Gesetze der Angelsachsen_, i., 273-275. For an earlier translation see Stubbs, _Select Charters_, 75-76.

II.--CANUTE'S CHARTER OF 1027[481]

Canute, King of all England and Denmark and of the Norwegians and of part of the Slavic peoples,[482] to Ethelnoth the Metropolitan and Alfric of York, and to all bishops and primates, and to the whole nation of the English, both nobles and freemen, wishes health.

I make known to you that I have lately been to Rome, to pray for the redemption of my sins, and for the prosperity of the kingdoms and peoples subject to my rule. This journey I had long ago vowed to God, though, through affairs of state and other impediments, I had hitherto been unable to perform it; but now I humbly return thanks to God Almighty for having in my life granted to me to yearn after the blessed apostles, Peter and Paul, and every sacred place within and without the city of Rome, which I could learn of, and according to my desire, personally to venerate and adore. And this I have executed chiefly because I had learned from wise men that the holy apostle Peter had received from the Lord the great power of binding and loosing, and was key-bearer of the celestial kingdom; and I, therefore, deemed it extremely useful to desire his patronage before God.

Be it now known to you, that there was a great assembly of nobles at the Easter celebration, with the Lord Pope John, and the Emperor Conrad, to wit, all the princes of the nations from Mount Gargano to the nearest sea, who all received me honourably, and honoured me with magnificent presents. But I have been chiefly honoured by the Emperor with divers costly gifts, as well in golden and silver vessels as in mantles and vestments exceedingly precious.

I have therefore spoken with the Emperor and the Lord Pope, and the princes who were there, concerning the wants of all my people, both Angles and Danes, that a more equitable law and greater security might be granted to them in their journeys to Rome, and that they might not be hindered by so many barriers, nor harassed by unjust tolls; and the Emperor and King Rudolf, who has the greater number of those barriers in his dominions, have agreed to my demands; and all the princes have engaged by their edict, that my men, whether merchants or other travellers for objects of devotion, should go and return in security and peace, without any constraint of barriers or tolls.

I then complained to the Lord Pope, and said that it greatly displeased me, that from my archbishops such immense sums of money were exacted, when, according to usage, they visited the apostolic see to receive the pall; and it was agreed that such exactions should not thenceforth be made. And all that I have demanded for the benefit of my people from the Lord Pope, from the Emperor, from King Rudolf, and from the other princes, through whose territories our way lies to Rome, they have freely granted, and also confirmed their cessions by oath, with the witness of four archbishops and twenty bishops, and an innumerable multitude of dukes and nobles, who were present.

I therefore render great thanks to God Almighty that I have successfully accomplished all that I desired, as I had proposed in my mind, and satisfied to the utmost the wishes of my people. Now then, be it known to you, that I have vowed, as a suppliant, from henceforth to justify in all things my whole life to God, and to rule the kingdoms and peoples subjected to me justly and piously, to maintain equal justice among all; and if, through the intemperance of my youth, or through negligence, I have done aught hitherto contrary to what is just, I intend with the aid of God to amend all.

I therefore conjure and enjoin my counsellors, to whom I have intrusted the counsels of the kingdom, that from henceforth they in no wise, neither through fear of me nor favour to any powerful person, consent to, or suffer to increase any injustice in my whole kingdom; I enjoin also all sheriffs and reeves of my entire kingdom, as they would enjoy my friendship or their own security, that they use no unjust violence to any man, either rich or poor, but that every one, both noble and freeman, enjoy just law, from which let them in no way swerve, neither for equal favour, nor for any powerful person, nor for the sake of collecting money for me, for I have no need that money should be collected for me by iniquitous exactions.

I, therefore, wish it to be made known to you, that, returning by the same way that I departed, I am going to Denmark, for the purpose of settling, with the counsel of all the Danes, firm and lasting peace with those nations, which, had it been in their power, would have deprived us of our life and kingdoms; but were unable, God having deprived them of strength, who in His loving-kindness preserves us in our kingdoms and honour, and renders naught the power of our enemies. Having made peace with the nations round us, and regulated and tranquillised all our kingdom here in the East, so that on no side we may have to fear war or enmities, I propose this summer, as soon as I can have a number of ships ready, to proceed to England; but I have sent this letter beforehand, that all the people of my kingdom may rejoice at my prosperity; for, as you yourselves know, I have never shrunk from labouring, nor will I shrink therefrom, for the necessary benefit of all my people.

I therefore conjure all my bishops and ealdormen, by the fealty which they owe to me and to God, so to order that, before I come to England, the debts of all, which we owe according to the old law, be paid; to wit, plough-alms, and a tithe of animals brought forth during the year, and the pence which ye owe to Saint Peter at Rome, both from the cities and villages; and in the middle of August, a tithe of fruits, and at the feast of Saint Martin, the first-fruits of things sown, to the church of the parish, in which each one dwells, which is in English called church-scot. If, when I come, these and others are not paid, he who is in fault shall be punished by the royal power severely and without any remission. Farewell.

FOOTNOTES:

[481] This translation (with slight changes) is that of Benjamin Thorpe: Lappenberg, _History of England_, ii., 212-215.

[482] The original has Swedes; but see above p. 152. The statement that Canute was King of the Norwegians is doubtless an addition by the chronicler; Norway was not conquered before 1028.

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_Liber Vitæ: Register and Martyrology of New Minster and Hyde Abbey_, ed. W. de Gray Birch. London, 1892. (Hampshire Record Society.)

_Lives of Edward the Confessor_, ed. H.R. Luard. London, 1858. Rolls Series, No. 3.

MALMESBURY, WILLIAM OF, _De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum Libri Quinque_, ed. N.E.S.A. Hamilton. London, 1870. Rolls Series, No. 52.

----_De Gestis Regum Anglorum Libri Quinque_, ed. William Stubbs. 2 vols. London, 1887-1889. Rolls Series, No. 90.

MANITIUS, M., _Deutsche Geschichte unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern_. Stuttgart, 1889. (Bibliothek deutscher Geschichte.)

_Memorials of Saint Edmund's Abbey_, ed. Thomas Arnold. 3 vols. London, 1890-1896. Rolls Series, No. 96.

MERSEBURG, THIETMAR OF, _Chronicon_, ed. J.M. Lappenberg. Hanover, 1839. (Mon. Ger. Hist., Scriptores, iii.)

MIGNE, J.P., _Patrologiæ Cursus Completus_. Series Latina. 221 vols. Paris, 1844-1864. Vol. cxli. contains the sermons of Adémar and the letters of Fulbert.

MONTELIUS, OSCAR, _Kulturgeschichte Schwedens von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum elften Jahrhundert nach Christus_. Leipsic, 1906. An excellent account of Northern antiquity based largely on archæological evidence.

MORRIS, WILLIAM A., _The Frankpledge System_. New York, 1910. (Harvard Historical Series, xiv.)

MUNCH, P.A., _Det norske Folks Historie_. 8 vols. Christiania, 1852-1863.

Napier, A.S., and Stevenson, W.H. (editors), _The Crawford Collection of Early Charters and Documents_. Oxford, 1895.

_Olafs Saga hins Helga_. Edited by R. Keyser and C.R. Unger. Christiania, 1849. A saga of Saint Olaf; largely legendary.

OLRIK, AXEL, _Nardisk Aandsliv i Vikingetid og tidlig Middelalder_. Copenhagen, 1907. An excellent popular discussion of mediæval culture in Scandinavia.

OMAN, C.W.C., _England Before the Norman Conquest_. New York, 1910. (Oman, _History of England in Seven Volumes_, i.)

_Origines Islandicæ_. Edited by Gudbrand Vigfusson and F. York Powell. 2 vols. Oxford, 1905.

PALGRAVE, FRANCIS, _History of Normandy and England_. 4 vols. London, 1851-1864.

PARIS, MATTHEW, _Chronica Majora_, ed. H.R. Luard. 7 vols. London, 1872-1883. Rolls Series, No. 57.

Pertz, G.H., et al. (editors), _Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Scriptores_. 30 vols. Hanover, 1826-1896.

POITIERS, WILLIAM OF, _Gesta Willelmi Ducis Normannorum et Regis Angliæ_, ed. André Duchesne. Paris, 1619. (Hist. Norm. Scriptores.)

POLLOCK, F., and MAITLAND, F.W., _The History of the English Law Before the Time of Edward I_. 2 vols. Cambridge, 1895.

RAMSAY, J.H., _The Foundations of England_. 2 vols. London, 1898.

RAOUL GLABER, _Les cinq livres de ses histoires_, ed. M. Prou. Paris, 1886. (Collection de Textes, No. I.)

_Saga Book of the Viking Club_, vi., part i. London. January, 1909.

_Saga Olafs Konungs ens Helga_. Edited by P.A. Munch and C.R. Unger. Christiania, 1853. The so-called "Historical Saga" of Saint Olaf.

ST. JOHN, JAMES A., _History of the Four Conquests of England_. 2 vols. London, 1862. Extremely uncritical.

SAXO GRAMMATICUS, _Gesta Danorum_, ed. A. Holder. Strasburg, 1886.

SCHÜCK, HENRIK, _Studier i nordisk Litteratur- och Religions-historia._ 2 vols. Stockholm, 1904.

SNORRE. See Sturlason.

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STEENSTRUP, JOHANNES C.H.R., et al., _Danmarks Riges Historie_. 6 vols. Copenhagen, 1896-1906. The great co-operative history of Denmark. Vol. i. is by Steenstrup.

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STEPHENS, GEORGE, _The Old-Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England_. 4 vols. London and Copenhagen, 1866-1901. Of great value for the inscriptions that the author has collected and reproduced; the interpretations, however, are not always reliable. Vol. iv. is by S.O.M. Söderberg and J.S.F. Stephens.

STUBBS, WILLIAM, _Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum_. Oxford, 1897.

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Wharton, Henry (editor), _Anglia Sacra_. 2 vols. London, 1691.

WIMMER, LUDVIG F.A., _De danske Runemindesmærker_. 4 vols. Copenhagen, 1895-1908.

----_Die Runenschrift_. Übersetzt von Dr. F. Holthausen. Berlin, 1887.

WIPO, _Vita Chuonradi Regis_. Hanover, 1854. (Mon. Ger. Hist., Scriptores, xi.)

WORCESTER, FLORENCE OF, _Chronicon ex Chronicis_, ed. Benjamin Thorpe. 2 vols. London, 1848-1849. (Eng. Hist. Soc.)

WORSAAE, J.J.A., _Minder out de Danske og Nordmændene i England, Skotland, og Irland_. Copenhagen, 1851. Translation: _An Account of the Danes and Norwegians in England, Scotland, and Ireland_. London, 1852.

INDEX

A

Abingdon, monastery of; Adam of Bremen cited; Adémar de Chabannes cited; Agdir, district in southern Norway; Alain, Duke of Brittany; Aldgyth, wife of Edmund Ironside; Alfiva; _see_ Elgiva Alfred, King of England; Alfred, son of Ethelred; Alfric, Archbishop of York; Alfric, Bishop; Alfric, English ealdorman; Alfric, ealdorman, and naval commander; Alfric, old English author; Algar, English magnate; Ali, housecarle; Almar Darling, English magnate; Alphabet, runic; Alphege, Archbishop; Alstad Stone, the; America, discovery of; Andover; _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_ cited; Anglo-Saxon kingdom; Anglo-Saxon legal system, the; Anglo-Saxon literature; Anses, the, old Northern divinities; Anund Jacob, King of Sweden; Aquitaine; Arne, Norwegian magnate; Arngrim, magnate in the Danelaw; Arnungs, Norwegian noble family; Art, Celtic and Northern; Asbjörn, Norwegian warrior; Ashington, battle of; dedication at; Asia Minor; Aslak Erlingsson, Norwegian chieftain; Attila; Avon River; Aylesford;

B

Bamberg; Bark-isle; Barwick, Swedish harbour; Benedict, Pope; _Beowulf_; Bergen; Bergljot, sister of Earl Erik; Bernhard, Bishop in Norway; Bernhard, Bishop in Scania; Bernicia, old English kingdom; Bersi, Norse traveller; Bessin, the, district in Normandy; Birca, old Swedish town; _Bison_, the, St. Olaf's longship; Bjarkamál, old Norse poem; Bjarne, scald; Bjor, warrior; Björn, King Olaf's spokesman; Bleking, district in modern Sweden; Bohemia; Boleslav, Duke and King of Poland; Books, old English; Brage, old Norse divinity; Bremen; Brenn-isles, the, agreement of; Brentford, skirmish at; Bristol; British Isles, the, Scandinavians in; commerce of; inscriptions in; Brittany; Bruges; Brunhild, saga heroine; Buckinghamshire; Bugge, Alexander, Norse historian, cited; Bugge, Sophus, Norse philologist, cited; Burgundy; Burhwold, Bishop; Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex; Byzantium;

C

Caithness;

Canonisation, of St. Dunstan;

Canterbury, city and see of; siege of;

Canute the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway: inheritance of; ancestry of; fostered by Thurkil the Tall; joins in King Sweyn's attack on England; in charge of the camp at Garrisborough; succeeds to the English pretensions of Sweyn; is driven out of England; renews the attack; methods of warfare of; marches into northern England; is recognised as king in the south; lays siege to London; pillages Mercia and East Anglia; wins the victory at Ashington; treats with Edmund Ironside; is recognised as king of all England; difficulties of, in 1016 and 1017; early English policy of; chief counsellors of; royal residence of; rewards his Scandinavian followers; re-organises the English earldoms; attempts to establish a new aristocracy in England; shows his preference for Northmen and distrust of the Saxons; executes rebellious nobles; sends Edmund's sons to Poland; marries Queen Emma; organises his guard of housecarles; suppresses piracy on the English shores; develops new policy of reconciliation; becomes king of Denmark; issues Proclamation of 1020; has difficulties with Scotland; agrees to the cession of Lothian; journeys to Denmark of; exiles Thurkil the Tall; extent of empire of; makes an expedition to Wendland; Slavic possessions of; enters into alliance with the Emperor; acquires the Mark of Sleswick; ecclesiastical policy of; legislation of; baptism of; benefactions of; consecrates church at Ashington; rebuilds the shrine of St. Edmund's; honours the English saints; translates the relics of St. Alphege; provides bishops for the Danish church; enters into relations with the see of Hamburg-Bremen; plans to seize Norway; conspires with the Norwegian rebels; sends an embassy to King Olaf; Scotch possessions of; diplomacy of; sends an embassy to Sweden; bribes the Norse leaders; makes war on Norway and Sweden; trapped at Holy River; orders the murder of Ulf; loves dice and chess; atones for the murder; makes a pilgrimage to Rome; assists at the imperial coronation; presents complaints at the Lateran synod; Charter of; honoured by Pope and Emperor; conquers Norway; receives the submission of the Scotch king; submission of the Norsemen to; chosen king at the Ere-thing; holds an imperial assembly at Nidaros; announces his imperial policy; secures the allegiance of the Norse chiefs; returns to Denmark and England; gives the leadership in Norway to Kalf Arnesson; plans to depose Earl Hakon; relations with Normandy; is Emperor of the North; position in Europe of; vassal states of, 259; appoints Harthacanute his successor; court and household of; official appointments of; continental relations of; sends embassies to Aquitaine; forms an alliance with the Church; relations of, with papacy; episcopal appointments of; is friendly to the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen; is hostile toward heathen practices; provides for Christian education; secular laws of; reputation of, as a lawgiver; financial legislation of; Norse legislation of; provides coinage for Denmark; patronises scalds and copyists; is interested in material improvements; loses Norway to Magnus Olafsson; probable plans of (1035); last illness and death of; children of; personality of; character of; legends about; English (ecclesiastical) view of; Norse (scaldic) view of; as ruler and statesman; plans of, for the future of his empire; _Canute's Praise_; Carham, battle of; Celts, influence of, in old Northern culture; Chabannes, Adémar de, _see_ Adémar Charlemagne; Charter, Canute's; Chartres; Chess games; Chester; Christiania Firth; Christianity, introduced into Denmark; introduced into Norway; progress of, in the North; Celtic; influence of, on old Northern poetry and art; Church, English, relations of, with Canute; Canute's message to; legislation for; Church dues; Cirencester; Cities, Scandinavian; Clontarf, battle of; Coinage; Coins, English and Danish; Coldstream; Cologne; Commerce, Scandinavian; Conrad II, Emperor; _Consiliatio Cnuti_; Cork; Coronation, imperial; Corvey, Widukind of, _see_ Widukind Cotentin, district in Normandy; Court at Winchester; Court poetry, old Norse; Coventry; Crediton; Cricklade; Cross, the, of Winchester; Croyland, abbey of; Culture, old Northern; Cynewulf, old English poet;

D

Danegeld; Danelaw, established by the vikings; extent of; importance of, in English history; Scandinavian elements in; spared by Sweyn and Canute; heathendom in; administrative areas in; cities in; supports Elgiva; other mention of; Danes, become Christians; interested in Wendland; as colonisers; as merchants; as vikings; kill St. Alphege; attack London; proclaim Canute king; in England; rule of, in England; preferred by Canute for important offices; show opposition to Canute; in Norway; other mention of; Danework; Deerhurst, agreement of; monastery of; Deira, old English kingdom; Denmark, extent of; imperial ambitions of; hegemony of; invasion of England from; Harold king of; return of Canute and the viking chiefs to; Canute king of; return of the host to; Canute's journeys to; importance of union of, with England; extended to the Eider; progress of Christianity in; viceroys of; rebellion in; Harthacanute king of; expansion of, into Slavic lands; institutional development of; cities in; Magnus king of; claimed by Sweyn Ulfsson; union of, with England dissolved; other mention of; _see_ Danes, Canute, and Scandinavia Derby; Devon; Dol, castle of; Domesday Book; Dorchester; Dorset; Dragon ship, _see_ Ships Drammen Firth; Dublin; Duduc, Bishop; Düna River; Durham;

E

Eadric, Mercian Earl, slays Sigeferth and Morcar; Earl of Mercia; jealous disposition of; deserts to Canute; in the battle of Sherstone; makes peace with Edmund; quarrels with Edmund; plays the traitor at Ashington; suspected of causing Edmund's death; position of, in Canute's councils; Ethelred's son-in-law; executed; Eadulf Cudel, Northumbrian Earl; Eagmargach, _see_ Jehmarc Eanham, assembly of; Earl, office of; Earldoms in England; East Anglia; Eddic poems; Edgar, King of England; Edith, wife of Thurkil; Edmund Ironside, English King, marries Aldgyth; assumes leadership in the Danelaw; harries the western shires; with the army in London; is chosen king; raises the south-west; fights at Penselwood, Sherstone, and Brentford; raises Wessex; attacks the Danes at Otford; quarrels with Eadric; defeated at Ashington; retires to the Severn Valley; makes terms and enters into fraternal relations with Canute; death of; career and character of; sons of; buried at Glastonbury; Edmund, son of Edmund Ironside; Edward, son of Ethelred; Edwy, son of Ethelred; Eglaf, _see_ Eilif Eider River; Eikunda-sound; Eilif, viking chief and Earl in England; Einar Thongshaker, Norse magnate, guardian of Earl Hakon; defeated at the Nesses; in opposition to King Olaf; accepts the rule of Canute; disappointed in his ambitions; leads in the revolt of the Norsemen; Eindrid, son of Einar; Elbe River; Elfhelm, ealdorman; Elfward, Abbot, Canute's cousin; Elfwine, Bishop; Elfwine, king's priest and Bishop; Elgiva, Canute's mistress; at Jomburg; in Norway; opposes the canonisation of St. Olaf; unpopular in Norway: withdraws to England: later activities of: Elmham: Ely, monastery of: Emma, Queen of England, marries Ethelred: retires to Normandy: marries Canute: character of: makes a gift to St. Edmund's: assists at the translation of St. Alphege: intrigues of: difficulties of, after Canute's death: death of: other mention of; Empire, the; Empire of the North; extent of; decline of; capital of; institutional systems in; civilisation of; Canute's plans for the future of; collapse of; Encomiast, Canute's biographer, cited; England, Scandinavian settlements in; vikings in; Danish conquest of; part of, friendly to Danes; revolts against Canute; is attacked by Canute; civil strife in; exhaustion of; divided at Deerhurst; Canute king of; Danish rule in; reorganised by Canute; church of, in Canute's day; debt of Northern churches to; Norwegian conspirators in; threatened with Norman invasion; heathendom in; institutional influence of Scandinavians in; Northern scalds in; Harold Harefoot king of; Harthacanute king of; other mention of; Ere-thing, the; Eric, King of Denmark; Eric Bloodax, King of Norway; sons of; Eric Hakonsson, Earl in Norway and England, fights at Hjörunga Bay; marries Canute's sister; fights at Swald; Earl in Norway; summoned to assist Canute in England; Earl of Northumbria; raids Mercia; character of; death of; other mention of; Eric the Victorious, King of Sweden; _Eric's Praise_, the; Erling, son of Earl Hakon; Erling Skjalgsson, power and influence of; in Canute's service; death of; sons of; Essex; Esthonians; Estrid, Canute's sister; Ethelmer, ealdorman; Ethelnoth the Good, Archbishop of Canterbury; Ethelred the Ill-counselled, King of England, accession and inheritance of; character of; treats with the vikings; attacks the Northmen in Cumberland and Man; marries Emma of Normandy; orders massacre of St. Brice's day; prepares a fleet; resists Sweyn; flees to Normandy; is recalled and expels Canute; objects to Edmund's marriage; illness and death of; sons and daughters of; legislation of; Ethelric, Bishop; Ethelstan, King of England; Ethelward, English noble; Ethelwerd, Earl; Ethics of Norse heathendom; Evesham, monastery of; Exeter; Exeter Codex;

F

Faroe Islands; Fenlands, the; Ferm, English; Festivals; Fife; Finnvid Found; "Five Boroughs," the; "Five hide system," the; Flanders; Fleet (described); _see_ Ship Florence of Worcester, cited; Forest laws; Forth, Firth of; France; Frankpledge; Franks; Frey, old Northern divinity; Friesen, Otto von, Swedish runologist, cited; Frigg, old Northern goddess; Fulbert, Bishop; Funen, Danish Island; "Fyrd," the; Fyris River, battle of;

G

Gainsborough, Danish camp at; Garth, the royal; Gaul; Gaut River; Gaulland; Gemot, at Eanham; at London; recalls Ethelred; at Oxford; elects Edmund; other, elects Canute; at Cirencester; at Winchester; Gerbrand, Bishop; Germans in South Jutland; in Slavic lands; influence of, on Northern culture; Germany; Gillingham; Gisela, Empress; Giski, Isle of; Glastonbury; Gleeman; Gloucestershire; Godebald, Bishop of Scania; Godescalc, Slavic prince; Godric, English Earl; Godwin, Ealdorman; Godwin, Earl of Wessex, early history of; important position of; accompanies Canute on his expeditions to the east; supports Harthacanute against Harold; secures the crown for Edward; Gokstad, ship found at; Gorm, King of Denmark; Gotland; Greenland; Greenwich; Grimkell, Norse bishop; Gudrun, saga heroine; Gunhild, Canute's daughter; Gunhild, Canute's niece; Gunhild, Canute's sister; Gunhild, Harold Bluetooth's Queen; Gunhild, Harold Bluetooth's daughter; Gunhild, Sweyn's Queen, Canute's mother; Gunnor, Emma's mother; Gunvor, Norwegian woman; Gyrith, Harold Bluetooth's Queen; _see_ Gunhild Gytha, Canute's sister;

H

Hakon the Bad, Earl of Norway; Hakon Ericsson, Earl in Norway; driven out by Olaf the Stout; Earl in England; viceroy in Norway; recalled by Canute; death of; Hakon the Good, King of Norway; Hakon of Stangeby; Hakon, viking prince; Hall, old Northern; Halldor the Unchristian, scald, cited; Hällestad Stone, the; Hallfred Troublousscald cited; Hamburg-Bremen, see of; Hampshire; Harek of Tjotta, Norwegian magnate; Harold, Earl, son of Godwin; Harold, Earl, son of Thurkil the Tall; Harold Bluetooth, King of Denmark; Harold Fairhair, King of Norway; Harold Grayfell, Norwegian King; Harold Harefoot, Canute's son; King of England; death of; character of; Harold Sweynsson, King of Denmark, Canute's brother; Harthacanute, Canute's son, present at the translation of St. Alphege; regent and King of Denmark; King of England; compact of, with Magnus; probably chosen to succeed Canute; death of; character of; Hastings, battle of; Hawking; "Head Ransom," the, old Norse poem; Heathby, Danish city; Heathendom in England; among the Slavs; in the North; Canute's legislation against; Hebrides Islands; Helgi, saga hero; Heming, Thurkil the Tall's brother; Heming, Thurkil's grandson; Henry I, King of France; Henry II, Emperor; Henry III, Emperor; Henry the Fowler, King of Germany; Henry of Huntingdon cited; Heorot; "Here," the, viking host; Hereford; Heroic poetry, old Northern; Hildebrand; Hjörunga Bay, battle of; Holy River, battle of, 167; Holy Trinity, Church of the; Home, Scandinavian; Hönen, runic monument at; Honour, Northern ideas of; Hordaland, district in Norway; Hornel-mount, the; Hostages; House, old Northern; Housecarles, Canute's; Hugo, Norman commander at Exeter; Humber River; Hungary; _Hude Register_;

I

Iceland; India; Industrial arts, Northern; Inscriptions, _see_ Runic inscriptions _Instituta Cnuti_; Ireland, Scandinavians in; Irish Sea, viking rendezvous; cities near; Italy; Ivar White, Canute's housecarle;

J

Jæderen, district in Norway; Jehmarc, vassal of Canute; Jelling, royal residence in Jutland; Jelling Stones, runic monuments; Jemteland, district in Sweden; Jersey, Island of; Jewelry, old Northern; John XIX, Pope; Jom, _see_ Jomburg Jomburg, city and stronghold in Wendland; Jomvikings, attack Sweden and Norway; take part in the battle of Swald; attack England; enter English service; hostle to the Danish kings; saga of; tactics of; organisation of; Julin, _see_ Jomburg Jumièges, William of, _see_ William Jumneta, _see_ Jomburg Justiciar, Norman official; Jutland (and Jutes);

K

Kalf Arnesson, Norwegian magnate; Kent; Kingscrag, city in modern Sweden; King's Delf; Kingship, joint; Knytlingasaga; Knytlings, dynasty of Canute; Kurisches Haff.

L

Lakenheath; Lambert, Canute's Christian name; Lambeth; Lateran synod (1027); Law, Scandinavian ideas of; "Laws of Edward," the; "Lay of Righ," the, old Northern poem; Legislation, English; Leicester; Leif the Lucky, Icelandic explorer; Leofric, Earl of Mercia; Leofwine, Earl of Mercia; Lethra (Leire); Libentius, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen; _Liber Vitæ_; see _Hyde Register_ Liebermann, F., German historian, cited; Liffey River; Lifing, Archbishop; Lifing, Bishop of Crediton; Lime Firth; Limerick; Lincoln; Lindsey; Lister, district in Norway; "Lithsmen's Song," the, old Norse poem; Lithuanians; Lombardy; London, resists the Danes; thingmen in; sieges of; held by Canute; opposes translation of St. Alphege; supports Harold Harefoot; accepts Edward; London Bridge broken by Olaf the Stout; _Long Serpent_, the, Olaf Trygvesson's longship; Longships, _see_ Ships Lorraine; Lothian, ceded to the Scotch; Louis the Pious, Emperor; Lund, Scanian see;

M

Macbeth; Maelar, Lake; Mælbeathe, Canute's vassal; Magnus Olafsson, King of Norway and Denmark; Malcolm, King of Scotland; Maldon, battle of; Malmesbury; Malmesbury, William of, _see_ William Man, Isle of; Manna, Sweyn's housecarle; Marriage in Canute's day; laws relating to; Matthew Paris, English chronicler, cited; Medway River; Mercia, old English kingdom; Merseburg, Thietmar of, _see_ Thietmar Midlands, the; Mieczislav, Duke of Poland; Mieczislav, King of Poland; Mints; Miracles attributed to St. Olaf; Mistiwi; Monasticism, in Denmark; in Norway; Moneyers in Denmark; Moray Firth; Morcar, magnate in the Danelaw; Munch, P.A., Norse historian, cited; "Murdrum fine".

N

Naples, Northmen in; Navarre; Navy, English; Naze, the; Nesses, the; New Minster, Winchester; Niard; _see_ Njord Nid River; Nidaros, capital of Norway; "Nithing name,"; Njord; _see_ Niard Norfolk; Norman conquest, effect of, on old English literature; hastened by Canute's conquest; Norman officials in the Northern churches; Normandy, foundation of; as a viking rendezvous; Ethelred's relations with; Canute's relations with; ethelings in; famine in; North, the; Northampton; Northman, Mercian noble; Northmen, Norsemen, Norwegians, the, at war with the Danes; in the Scandinavian colonies; in rebellion against Earl Hakon; defeated in Ireland; as earls and officials in England; religion of; oppose King Olaf; accept the rule of Canute; at Canute's court; oppose Elgiva and Sweyn; civilisation of; commerce of; canonise St. Olaf; repudiate Canute's kingship; _see_ Norway Northumbria; Norway, controlled by the Danes; attacked by the Jomvikings; Olaf Trygvesson king of; Eric and Sweyn, earls in; Olaf the Stout king of; missionary operations in; at war with Denmark; dissatisfaction in; bribery in; Canute king of; Hakon viceroy of; Elgiva and Sweyn regents of; rebellious movements in; Canute's legislation for; cities and commerce of; Magnus Olafsson king of; other mention of; _see also_ Northmen Nottingham; Novgorod.

O

Odderness Stone, runic monument; Odense; Oder River; Odo, Count of Chartres; Olaf, King of Sweden; Olaf Haroldsson (the Stout), King of Norway, viking activities of; in English and Norman service; baptism of; returns to Norway and seizes Earl Hakon; wins a victory at the Nesses; King of Norway; missionary activities of; opposition to; character of; purposes of; defies Canute; forms an alliance with the Swedish king; raises the host of Norway and harries the Danish coast; traps Canute at Holy River; retreat to Norway; loses his kingdom to Canute; deserted by his chiefs; tries to resume his rule; flees to Russia; is recalled to Norway; falls at Stiklestead; miracles attributed to; canonisation and worship of; and his scalds; other mention of; Olaf Trygvesson, King of Norway, early life of; viking activities of; becomes a Christian; King of Norway; wooes Sigrid the Haughty; marries Thyra; falls at Swald; missionary work of; founder of Nidaros; Old Minster, Winchester; Olney, compact of; Olvi of Egg, Norwegian magnate; Omens; Ordeal; Orkney Islands; Ornamentation, styles of; Orwell River; Osbern, biographer of St. Alphege, cited; Oslo Firth; Otford, skirmish at; Ottar the Swart, scald, cited; Otto the Great, Emperor; Ottos, dynasty of the; Oxford.

P

Palace, royal; Pallig, ealdorman; Pallium, cost of the; Palna Toki, archer and viking; Papacy, state of; Paris, Matthew, _see_ Matthew Penal laws in England; Penselwood, battle of; Pentland Firth; Peterborough; Peter's pence; "Pictured rocks"; Pilgrims, complaints of the; Piræus; Poetry, old Northern; Poland; Pomerania; Pope; Poppo, Danish clerk; "Praise lays"; Proclamation of 1020, Canute's; Prussia;

Q

_Quadripartitus_; Quedlingburg;

R

Ragnarok myth; Ramsey, abbey of; Ramsund rock, pictures on the; Ranig, Scandinavian Earl in England; Raven banner, the; Reginbert, Bishop of Funen; Religion, old Northern; origin of; divinities of; ethics o; ritual and sacrifices of; festivals of; Repingdon; Reric, Danish city in Wendland; Rhine River; Rhone River; Richard of Cirencester, chronicler, cited; Richard, Duke of Normandy; Ridings in Yorkshire; Riga; Righ, old Northern divinity; Ringmere, battle of; Ring-realm, district in Norway; Rings, Scandinavian; Ringsted, Danish city; Robert, Archbishop of Rouen; Robert, King of France; Robert the Devil, Duke of Normandy; Roeskild, capital of Denmark; Roeskild Firth; Rogaland, district in Norway; Rolf, founder of Normandy; Rome; Rouen; Route of the Danes to the west; Rudolf, Bishop in Norway; Rudolf, King of Burgundy; Rügen, Island of; "Rune-masters"; Runes; Runic art, _see_ Art Runic inscriptions; Russia;

S

Sacrifices, old Northern; Saga materials in old Northern poetry; St. Alphege, _see_ Alphege St. Ansgar, missionary to the North; St. Benet Hulme, monastery of; St. Bertin, monastery of; St. Brice; St. Brice's day, massacre of; St. Clemens, church of; St. Cuthbert; St. Dunstan; St. Edith; St. Edmund; St. Felix; St. Frideswide, church of; St. Henry, _see_ Henry II St. Mary Devon, church of, 175 St. Olaf, _see_ Olaf Haroldsson St. Omer; St. Paul; St. Paul's, church of; St. Peter; St. Stephen, _see_ Stephen St. Thomas; St. Vincent; St. Wistan; Saints; Salop; Sandefjord, town in Norway; Sandwich; Santslaue (Santslave), Canute's sister; _see_ Svantoslava Sarpsborg, city in Norway; Saxo, Danish chronicler, cited; Saxony; Scalds; Scandinavia; Scandinavian colonies; Scania; Schlei, inlet in Sleswick; Scone; Scotland; Secular laws of Canute; Seine River; Semland; "Seven Boroughs," the, _see_ "Five Boroughs" Severn Valley; Shaftesbury; Shakespeare; Sheppey, Danish camp at; Sherburne; Sherstone, battle of; Shetland Islands; Shield, legendary Danish king; Shieldings, legendary Danish dynasty; Ship as numerical term; Ships, Scandinavian _Short Serpent_, the, longship; "Shrine Song," the, old Norse poem; Sibyl, the, of the Eddas; "Sibyl's Prophecy," the, old Northern poem; _see_ Voluspá Sigeferth, magnate in the Danelaw; Sigfrid, Bishop in Norway; Sigfried; Sighvat the Scald cited; Sigrid, wife of Kalf Arnesson; Sigrid the Haughty, Canute's stepmother; Sigrun, saga heroine, 293 Sigurd, Bishop, _see_ Sigfrid Sigurd, Earl Hakon's court bishop; Sigurd, Norwegian earl; Sigurd, saga hero, _see_ Sigfried Sigvaldi, Earl at Jomburg; Simeon of Durham, English chronicler, cited,; Siric, Archbishop of Canterbury; Siward, Abbot of Abingdon; Siward the Strong, Earl of Northumbria; Skartha, Danish housecarle; Skene, W.F., Scotch historian, cited; Skiringshall, city in Norway; Skjalg Erlingsson, Norwegian chief; Skogul Tosti, _see_ Tosti Slavic lands and peoples; Sleswick; Slesswick, massacre at; Snorre, Icelandic historian, cited; Sogn Firth; Soli, Erling's garth; Sönder Vissing, runic monument at; "Song of the High One," the, old Northern poem; Sortilege in the old Northern religion; Sound, the; Southampton; South Jutland; Southwark; Spain; Spey River; Stadt, Cape; Staffordshire; Staller, Scandinavian official; Stamford; Stangeberg, battle of; Stavanger; Steenstrup, J.C.H.R., Danish historian, cited; Stenkyrka Stone, pictured rock; Stephen, King of Hungary; Stigand, Anglo-Danish priest; Stiklestead, battle of; Stockholm; Stord, battle of; Storm, Gustav, Norwegian historian, cited; Strathclyde; "Stretch Song," the, old Northern poem; Styrbjörn, Earl at Jomburg; Suffolk; Surety, old English; Sussex; Svantoslava; _see_ Santslaue Sveno, Danish chronicler, cited; Swald, battle of; Swart, lord of the fire-world; Sweden; Swelchie, the, of Pentland Firth; Sweyn, son of Canute and Elgiva; Earl in Wendland; regent in Denmark; regent in Norway; flees to Denmark; death of; Sweyn, Danish housecarle; Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, in rebellion against his father; King of Denmark; plans of; viking activities of; family of; attacks King Olaf and acquires part of Norway; has designs on England; conquers England; death of; character and personality of; Sweyn Hakonsson, Norwegian Earl; Sweyn Ulfsson, King of Denmark, Canute's nephew;

T

Tavistock, abbey of; Tees River; Thames River and valley; Thanet, Isle of; Thegns, king's; Thetford; Thietmar of Merseburg, German chronicler, cited; Thingmen, Danish mercenaries in England; Thor, old Northern divinity; Thor the Dog, Norwegian magnate; Thora, Arne's wife; Thorarin Praise-tongue, scald; Thord, thingman; Thoretus, Earl in England; Thorgils Sprakaleg, Swedish magnate; Thorir, Norwegian chief; Throndelaw, district in Norway; Throndhjem; _see_ Nidaros Thrym, viking; Thurbrand, Uhtred's banesman; Thurgot, Danish warrior; Thurkil, son of Nafena, chief in the Danelaw; Thurkil Mareshead; Thurkil Nefja; _see_ Thurkil, son of Nafena Thurkil the Tall, viking chief, Canute's foster father; leads Jomvikings in England; chief of the viking mercenaries in England; deserts to Canute; fights at Penselwood and Sherstone; fights at Ashington; Canute's chief counsellor and viceroy in England; Earl of East Anglia; marries Ethelred's daughter; exiled from England; reconciled to Canute; viceroy in Denmark; Thurkil, grandson of Thurkil the Tall; Thyra, Queen of Denmark; Thyra, Queen of Norway, Canute's aunt; Tithing; Tjängvide Stone, pictured rock; Tjotta, Isle of; Toki, _see_ Palna Toki Tosti, Swedish viking; Tova, Queen of Denmark; Treene River; Trent River; Trygve, Norwegian pretender; Tunsberg, city in Norway; Tweed River.

U

Uhtred, Earl of Northumbria; Ulf, Canute's brother-in-law, one of Canute's generals; Earl in England; Earl in Jomburg; viceroy in Denmark; treason of; rescues Canute at Holy River; murder of; character of; Ulf, Swedish viking; Ulfkellsland; Ulfketel, Earl of East Anglia; Ulfrun, Elgiva's mother; Unwan, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen; Uplands, the, district in Norway; Uppland, region in Sweden; Upsala, Swedish sanctuary at;

V Vandals; Varangians, Scandinavian guard at Byzantium; Vercelli Book, the; Viborg, Danish sanctuary at; Vikings, the; Vineland; Vistula River; Volsungs, the, saga heroes; Voluspá; _see_ Sibyl's Prophecy

W

Wales; Walhalla; Wallingford; Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria; Wapentake; Warwick; Waterford; Watling Street; Wayland Smith, saga hero; Wendland; _see_ Slavic lands Wessex, expansion of; attacked and plundered by the Danes; submits to Canute; given to Edmund at Deerhurst; Danegeld levied in; under Canute's rule; retains Saxon character; supports claims of Harthacanute; Westminster; Wexford; Wick, the, district in Norway; Wicklow; Widukind, of Corvey, chronicler, cited; Wight, Isle of; Wiht, Wihtland, _see_ Witland William, Bishop of Roeskild; William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy; William the Great, Duke of Aquitaine; William of Jumièges, Norman chronicler; William of Malmesbury, Norman-English historian, cited; Wiltshire; Wimmer, Ludvig, Danish runologist, cited; Winchester, capital of England; Canute's residential city; see of; Canute's gifts to monasteries of; scalds at the court of; Canute buried in; other mention of; Wisby; _Witenagemot_; _see_ Gemot Witigern, Slavic prince; Witland; Woden, old Northern divinity; Wollin, island and village near the mouth of the Oder; Worcester, Florence of, _see_ Florence Worcestershire; Worsaae, J.J.A., Danish antiquarian, cited; Writing, runic; Wrytsleof, Slavic prince; _see_ Witigern; Wulfstan, Archbishop of York; Wulfstan, English traveller; Wyrtgeorn, _see_ Witigern.

Y

Yggdrasil, mythical ash tree; York; Yule festival, old Northern.

Z

Zealand, 6, 190, 213, 215, 220.

End of Project Gutenberg's Canute the Great, by Laurence Marcellus Larson