Chapter 45

Earl, derivation of title of, from the Danes, Edgar Atheling, son of Edward the Stranger, William the Conqueror’s friendship for, account of him, proclaimed King of England, William the Conqueror’s conduct to, efforts of Malcolm III. in his favor, renounces his claim to the crown of England, his subsequent career, his death and character, Edgar of Scotland restored to the throne, Edinburgh Castle captured from the English, Edith, wife of Edward the Confessor, character of, Edith of the Swan neck finds the body of Harold, Edith, daughter of Margaret of Scotland, marries Henry I., changes her name to Matilda or Maude, See Maude. Ediva, mother of Hereward, Edmund Ironside, his two sons, Edward the Confessor, son of Ethelred the Unready, his gentle nurture in Normandy, comes to his brother’s court in England, his character, &c., why called the Confessor, instance of his gentleness, his Norman propensities, visited by Duke William of Normandy, founds Westminster Abbey, death and burial there, his desire to leave his crown to William of Normandy, conversation with Harold on his death-bed, William the Conqueror’s friendship for, Henry III.’s devotion to, translation of his remains, Edward I., his marriage to Eleanor of Castile, his character, his conduct in taking the oath to the acts of Oxford, his robbery of the Templars, conduct at the siege of Northampton and the battle of Lees, delivers himself up to the Barons, his escape from Herford, rescues his father at the battle of Evesham, joins Louis IX. in the last Crusade, his embarkation, arrives at Acre, attempted assassination there, returns to England, his tomb in Westminster Abbey, Coronation of, his treatment of the Jews his laws, parliaments, prosperity of the kingdom in the early part of his reign, respect shown him on the continent, account of his daughters, deterioration of his character in his later years, death of his Queen Eleanor; claims to be Lord paramount of Scotland; the claim acknowledged; invades Scotland; deposes Balliol and gets himself acknowledged King; his rage against Wallace; wins the battle of Falkirk; cruelty to Wallace; duped by Philippe IV.; is distressed for funds; seizure of ecclesiastical property; imposes the “evil toll,”; marriage with Margaret of France; grants the right of taxation to his subjects; his vengeance on Abp. Winchelsea; rage at Bruce’s revolt; his vow against the Scots; arrives at Carlisle; cruelty to Bruce’s brothers; his last injunctions and death; his dread of Gaveston’s influence over his son. Edward II., appointed regent in his father’s absence; ceremony of his knighthood; his appearance and character; influence of friends over him; his inordinate attachment to Piers Gaveston; neglects his father’s injunctions respecting Scotland; his marriage to Isabel of France; the nobles demand Gaveston’s dismissal; his coronation; disputes with his nobles respecting Gaveston; his expedition against Bruce; his defeat at Bannockburn; his attachment to the Despensers; discontent of his subjects; his queen’s complaints against him; her invasion of England; his wanderings and capture; deposition; captivity and ill-treatment; his murder in Berkeley Castle; his monument in Gloucester Cathedral. Edward III., his march to the Border; account of his warfare there; his narrow escape from Douglas; causes Mortimer’s arrest and execution; his respectful conduct to Queen Isabel. Edward the Atheling, his infant son Edgar; his daughters; Edward, son of Edmund Ironside; his marriage; owned as Etheling. Edwin, grandson of Earl Leofric; enemy of Harold; submits to the conqueror; and is betrothed to his daughter Matilda; joins the Camp of Refuge; is killed in combat. Eghelemar, Bp. of Elmham. Eghelsie, Bp. of Selsey. Eghelwin. Bp. of Durham, joins the Camp of Refuge; dies in captivity. Egypt, crusade in, under William Longespée the Elder; under Louis IX.. Eleanor of Aquitaine, married to Henry II.; evils resulting from this; not the murderess of Fair Rosamond; kept in captivity by her husband; her dislike to Constance of Brittany; beseiged at Mirabeau by Prince Arthur; intercedes for Prince Arthur; dies of grief at Fontévraud. Eleanor of Castille, married to Edward I.; accompanies him to the Holy Land; sucks the poison from his wounds; her death; the crosses erected to her memory. Eleanor of Provence, married to Henry III.; vituperative ballads made on her; her unpopularity; her spirited conduct in the Barons’ war. Elgiva, William the Conqueror’s daughter, representation of, in the Bayeaux tapestry. Ely, Isle of, the Camp of Refuge established there. Emma, daughter of the Count of Paris, betrothed to Richard the Fearless. Emma, daughter of Richard the Fearless, wife of Ethelred the Unready and Knut; invites her sons to claim the throne of England. Emperors of the West, their influence on the election of Popes; deprived of this by the Lateran Council; their struggle to regain it. England, effects of the Danish conquest upon; sad state of, under William Rufus; granted to France by Pope Innocent III.; a fief of Rome; the laws of, adhered to by the Norman kings; ignored by Henry II., prosperity of, in the early part of Edward the First’s reign; increase of learning in; discontented state of, under Edward II.. Ermengarde, mother of St. Anselm. Espriota, wife of William Longsword. Estates, inquisition into, by Edward I.. Etheling, account of the family of; meaning of the term. Ethelred the Unready, husband of Emma, daughter of Richard the Fearless; father of Edward the Confessor. Eustace, Count de Mantes, events of his visit to Edward the Confessor. Eustace de Blois, son of Stephen; his excesses and death. Evesham, battle of. Evil Toll, the, imposed by Edward I.; opposition to, by the barons; results in the right of self-taxation. Exchequer, supposed derivation of. Eystein, son of Magnus, King of Norway; his discussion with his brother Sigurd; his conduct as King of Norway.

Fair Rosamond, history of. Falaise, William the Conqueror born at; Prince Arthur in captivity there. Falkirk, battle of. Fescamp, Abbey of, Richard the Fearless buried there. Fitzadhelm, William, Governor of Ireland. Fitzosborn, William, the chief friend of William the Conqueror; his counsel to William on Harold’s usurpation; his charge at Hastings. ---- Roger, imprisoned by William the Conqueror. Fitzpiers, Geoffrey, Grand Justiciary under King John. Fitz-Richard, Gilbert, his noble conduct. Fitzurse, Reginald, murderer of Becket; his arms. Fitzwalter, Lord, King John’s outrage upon; the Barons make him their general. Flambard, Ralph; made Bp. of Durham by William Rufus; his subsequent career. Flemings, the, settlement of, in Pembrokeshire. Folliott, Gilbert, Bp. of London, his disappointment at Becket’s promotion; supports the king against Becket; the pope’s reproof to him; his excommunication. Fontévraud, the burial-place of Henry II.; of Richard I. and Joan of Sicily; of Eleanor of Aquitaine. Forest laws, the grievance of, under William the Conqueror; their severity increased by William Rufus; mitigated by Magna Charta. Foulques I., le Roux, Count of Anjou. Foulques II., le Bon, Count of Anjou. Foulques III., Ferra, Count of Anjou; his violent crimes and penances. Foulques IV., le Réchin, Count of Anjou; events of his marriage with Bertrade. Foulques V., Count of Anjou; joins the crusade; becomes King of Jerusalem. Franks, the conversion of their early kings to Christianity. France, the Northmen in; becomes a kingdom. Franco, Abp., intercedes with the Northmen for Rouen; his influence over Rollo. Frederick II., struggle between, and Pope Innocent IV.; deposed by Council of Lyons. Frithric, Abbot of St. Alban’s, his opposition to William the Conqueror; joins the Camp of Refuge, and dies there.

Gael, the, a Keltic tribe. Gascony, seized by Philippe IV. Gastinois, countess de, accused of murdering her husband; vindicated by Ingelger. Gattorm, brother of St. Olaf, story of his childhood. Gaveston, Piers, account of; Edward of Caernarvon’s attachment to; banished by Edward I.; returns on the accession of Edward II.; his vanity and advancement; his affronts to the nobles; they demand his dismissal; the king obliged to banish him; his recall; union of nobles against him; his surrender; his mock trial and death. Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, his war and personal combat with Duke William. Geoffrey, Grisegonelle, Count of Anjou; legend of his name. Geoffrey Martel, Count of Anjou. Geoffrey, son of Foulques V., Count of Anjou. Geoffrey of Anjou, his appearance and character; married to Empress Maude; origin of his surname Plantagenet; death. Geoffrey le Barbu, Count of Touraine. Geoffrey, third son of Henry II., married to Constance of Brittany; rebels against his father; his death. Geoffrey of Lincoln, son of Fair Rosamond, his fidelity to his father; becomes Abp. of York and Chancellor; driven abroad by King John, and dies there. Geoffroi de la Tour and the lion. Gerbervi, Robert Courtheuse besieged by his father there. Germain, St., effect of his preaching in Wales. Gifford, Walter, Count of Longueville, besieges Arques. Gillow, makes known to Duke William the conspiracy against him. Gisèle, the wife of Rollo. Gisors, the elm of, conferences under; description of. Glanville, Ranulf de, Chancellor and Grand Justiciary to Henry II. Godfrey de Bouillon, his noble character; conduct of, at the siege of Antioch; at Jerusalem; chosen King of Jerusalem; dies, and is buried there. Godiva, Lady, probably date of the tradition of. Godstow, Fair Rosamond retires to. Godwin, Earl of Wessex; traditions respecting his origin; his services to Knut; has Harold Harefoot crowned king; his treachery to Alfred Atheling; policy toward Edward the Confessor; characters of his sons; is driven into exile; his reconciliation to Edward; death and character. Goodwin sands, origin of. Gourdon, Adam de, the outlaw. Gourdon, Bertrand de, cause of death of Richard I. Goutran, his accusation against the Countess de Gastinois; overcome by Ingelger. Gray, John de, elected Abp. of Canterbury; his election declared null by the Pope, refuses to acknowledge the Interdict; his advice to King John. Gregory VII., Pope, his struggle with Henry IV. of Germany. Grosteste, Robert, Bp. of Lincoln, history of; his contest with the Pope for the rights of the Church; his death. Gryffyth, King of Wales. Gualo, the Pope’s legate; takes charge of the minority of Henry III. Guerrin de Lire, abbot of Malmesbury. Guibert, the Antipope. Guimond of St. Leufroi, his noble rebuke of William the Conqueror. Gundred, doubts as to her being the daughter of William the Conqueror. Gundulf, Bp. of Rochester, his answer to William Rufus; supports Anselm against the King; warns Rufus against hunting in the New Forest. Guy of Burgundy, his conspiracy against William of Normandy. Guy of Flanders, treachery to, by Phillipe IV.; Edward I.’s alliance with; his death in prison. Gyda, wife of Earl Godwin. Gyrtha, his advice to his brother Harold; death at Hastings. Gytha, mother of Harold, her advice to her son.

Hainault, Sir John of, heads Queen Isabel’s invasion of England; accompanies Edward III. to the Border; marriage of Edward III. to his niece. Hako, grandson of Earl Godwin, hostage to William of Normandy. Halfdan, brother of St. Olaf, story of his childhood. Haro, supposed origin of the cry. Harold Bluetooth, his support of Richard the Fearless. Harold Hardrada, Tostig seeks his alliance against Harold of England; stories of his childhood, succeeds to the crown of Norway; accepts Tostig’s invitation to invade England; Killed at Stamford bridge. Harold Harefoot, crowned King of England. Harold Harfagre, King of Norway. Harold, son of Earl Godwin; his character; his popularity with the king and people; hopes to secure the crown, becomes prisoner to William of Normandy, his oath to assist him to the crown of England; conversation at the death-bed of Edward the Confessor, is crowned King of England, defeats Harold Hardrada at Stamford Bridge; marches south to oppose William of Normandy; his entrenchment at Heathfield; wounded in the battle of Hastings; his body found by Edith; his burial at Waltham, tradition of surviving the battle of Hastings, his proceedings with the Welsh. Harthaknut becomes King of England; revenges his brother’s wrongs; sends for his brother Edward from Normandy; his sudden death. Hasting the Sea-king at Rouen; his exploits; his interview with Rolf, settlement in France. Helie de la Flèche, conduct to, of William Rufus; his claim to the county of Maine. Helie de St. Saen, friend of Robert Courtheuse. Henry I., Beauclerc, fourth son of William the Conqueror; his interview with his father on his death-bed; ill-treated by his brothers; secures the crown on the death of William Rufus; suspicion that he murdered Rufus; his disputes with Anselm; marries Edith of Scotland; Robert Courtheuse renounces his English rights in his favor, invades Normandy; his misery at the shipwreck of his son; his great abilities and learning; marries Alice of Louvain; declares his daughter Maude his successor, marries her to Geoffrey Plantagenet; remorse of his latter years; his death. Henry II., Fitz-Empress, birth of; his training by the Earl of Gloucester; accession to the throne; marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine; large dominions, activity and appearance; his opposition to the privileges of the clergy; quarrels with Becket on this subject, condemns Becket to forfeit his property; his proceedings at the Council of Northampton; conferences with Becket at Montmirail and Montmartre; complication of the quarrel; submits to Becket, his hasty imprecation against Becket; his grief at Becket’s murder; conditions of his pardon, his penance at Becket’s tomb; invades Ireland; the native princes submit to him; his crimes, his marriage the root of his misfortunes, his family; rebellion of his sons; arrogance of his son Henry; his conduct to his queen; conference with his sons at Limoges; excites his son Richard to rebellion, last interview with Phillippe Auguste, grief at the treachery of his son John, his miserable death and burial, his proceedings in Brittany respecting Prince Arthur, ignores the Old English laws. Henry III., coronation of, made to agree to Magna Charta, his guardians during his minority, his character, foreign favourites at his court, his extravagance, poverty and rapacity, his dispute with Simon de Montfort, swears to keep the Great Charter, his dispute with the Barons, referred to Louis IX., his position after the battle of Lewes, his death. Henry VIII., his spoliation of Becket’s shrine. Henry I., of France, William of Normandy placed under his protection. Henry IV., of Germany, his struggle with Pope Gregory VII., appoints an antipope. Henry V., of Germany marries Matilda, daughter of Henry Beauclerc, strange stories about. Henry VI., of Germany, his conduct to Richard I.. Henry de Blois made Bp. of Winchester, besieged at Winchester by Maude, consecrates Becket Abp. of Canterbury, his generous support of Becket. Henry Plantagenet, eldest son of Henry II., his marriage with Margaret of France, coronation of, in his father’s lifetime, rebels against his father, his arrogance to his father, dispute with his brother Richard, his unhappy death. Henry, son of David I. of Scotland, his character. Hereward le Wake, parentage of, attacks the Normans on his estate, establishes the Camp of Refuge, his prowess and courage, his principal followers, attacked by William the Conqueror at the Camp of Refuge, his exploits there, makes peace with William, tradition of his love for Alftrude, his latter days and death, valued by William the Conqueror. Herluin, Count of Montreuil, the ally of William Longsword, suspected of causing his death, killed by the Danes. Hervé de Montmarais, his proceedings in Ireland. Hilary, Bp. of Chichester, supports Henry II. against Becket, his ex-communication. Hilda, mother of Rolf Ganger. Hildebrand frees the Pope from the subjection of the Emperor. See Gregory VII. Hildegarde, wife of Foulques III., Count of Anjou. Holy Land, the position of the Christians there at the last Crusade, its colonization by the Latins unsuccessful. Holy Roman Empire, the, its foundation, Charlemagne the first Emperor, its extent, France falls away from it. Hospitallers and Templars, their jealousy of each other, valor of the Hospitallers at the fall of the Acre, their settlement at the Isle of Rhodes. Houghton, Lord, his poem on the fate of the Templars. Howell Dha, the Lawgiver of Wales. Hugh the White, Count of Paris, his daughter betrothed to Richard the Fearless. Hugh the Wolf, Earl of Chester, his friendship for Anselm, retires to a monastery, his conduct as a Lord Marcher.

Ingelger, the legend of, becomes first Count of Anjou. Ingulf of Croyland, his recollections of Queen Edith. Innocent III., Pope, nominates Stephen Langton Abp. of Canterbury, places England under an interdict, annuls Magna Charta, interferes against the crown of England being given to Louis the Lion, his death. Innocent IV., Pope, his exactions on England, contests with Frederick II., his exactions on the clergy, interference with the English Church, quarrel with the English Barons respecting Church patronage, Bp. Grosteste opposes his encroachments, his death. Inquisition into estates by Edward I.. Interdict, the, of England, by Pope Innocent III.. Ireland, depredations of the pirates in, the slave-trade with, stopped by Bps. Wulstan and Lanfranc, confusion of its early history, its conversion to Christianity, inroads of the Northmen, Pope Adrian IV. grants it to Henry II., invaded by Strong bow, submission of, to Henry II., regulations for the Church, granted to John Lackland as his inheritance, invasion of, by Edward and Robert Bruce. Isabelle of Angoulème engaged to Hugh de Lusignan, marries King John, her contempt for her husband, marries Hugh de Lusignan, her reputation for sorcery. Isabel of France, her marriage to Edward II., her complaints against Gaveston, report of her aiding the escape of the younger Mortimer, complains to the King of France of her treatment; goes to the French court; her affection for Mortimer; invades England; her successes against her husband; her conduct with Mortimer; cruelty to the Earl of Kent; her pleading for Mortimer; despair at his execution; her death. Italian clergy thrust into the English Church; hatred of the English to these. Ivo de Grantmesnil, friend of Robert Courtheuse. Ivo Taillebois, Lord of Spalding; his overbearing conduct; his expeditions against Hereward; taken prisoner by him; his outrages on Croyland Abbey; banished by William Rufus.

Jerusalem, Robert the Magnificent at; emotion of the first Crusaders at beholding it; the slaughter there, at its capture from the infidels; King Richard’s grief at his inability to take it. Jews, the persecution of, under Henry III; their treatment by Edward I. Joan, sister of Richard I., Queen of Sicily, dispute with King Tancred about; takes charge of Berengaria; dies, and is buried with her brother. Joan of Acre, birth of; marriage of, to Gilbert de Clare; her second marriage to Ralph de Monthermer; character; her sudden death. John Lackland, Ireland given him as his inheritance; his unworthy conduct there; reason of his name; his father’s affection for him; turns traitor to his father; his conduct respecting Richard’s captivity; Richard’s generous pardon to him; bequeaths him the crown; his marriage to Isabelle of Angoulême; his promises respecting Prince Arthur; imprisons him at Falaise; his parley with him there and attempted cruelty; murders Prince Arthur; summoned by Philippe Auguste to answer for this; his French fiefs declared forfeit; conquered from him by Philippe; his Queen’s contempt for him; his dispute with the Pope about the election to the See of Canterbury; his reply to the threat of an interdict; excommunicated; deposed; his embassy to the Emir of Cordova; submission to the Pope; yields himself a vassal to Rome; his outrageous exactions; the Barons revolt against these; promises to grant the Great Charter; attempts to cajole the Barons; signs the Charter; his rage, and efforts to annul it; his war with the Barons; contest with Louis the Lion and the Barons; loss of his treasure at the Wash; his despair and death. Joinville, Sieur de, accompanies Louis IX. on his crusade; his bravery at Mansourah; is taken prisoner; opposes Louis’s second crusade; his notices of Louis IX. Joppa, the Crusaders at. Judith, wife of Earl Waltheof; her perfidy to her husband. Jumièges, Abbey of, restored by William Longsword.

Kelts, the history of. Kent, Edmund, Earl of, Queen Isabel’s treachery and cruelty to. Kent, the men of, their treaty with William the Conqueror. Kings lost in battle, legends of their survival. Kirkpatrick, his share in the murder of the Red Comyn. Knut, husband of Emma, daughter of Richard the Fearless; legends respecting his murder of Ulf.