volume 1, plate I; BENJAMIN BELL, _A System of Surgery_, 7th edition

(Edinburgh, 1801), volume 3, plate 7.

[118] JOHN WEISS, _An Account of Inventions and Improvements in Surgical Instruments Made by John Weiss, 62, Strand_, 2nd edition (London, 1831), pages 12-13. A Mr. Fuller introduced a similar improvement, which Weiss claimed Fuller had pirated from him. The only difference between Weiss's Improved Scarificator and Fuller's Improved Scarificator was that the blades in Weiss's were arch shaped and those of Fuller's crescent shaped. The cupper, Knox, preferred the crescent blades because they gave a sharper cut. In any case, most nineteenth-century scarificators were made with crescent-shaped blades. On Fuller's scarificator, see BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], pages 99-100; and, SEERIG, op. cit. [note 111], pages 604-605 and plate 56.

[119] _Extract du Catalogue de la maison Charriere_ (Paris, 1843), page 30; KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], pages 39, 40.

[120] This statement is based on the perusal of a wide variety of nineteenth-century trade catalogs. See "List of Trade Catalogs Consulted."

[121] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page xii.

[122] Ibid., pages 14-15.

[123] HILLS, op. cit. [note 101], page 266.

[124] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], page 116.

[125] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], pages 53-64.

[126] Ibid., page 68.

[127] HERO OF ALEXANDRIA, _The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria_, translated by Bennet Woodcroft (London, 1851).

[128] GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume 2, page 565 and plate X.

[129] BRAMBILLA, op. cit. [note 106], page 42, mentioned but did not picture a cup with air pump. One of the earliest illustrations of a cup with pump is found in SAVIGNY, op. cit. [note 106], plate 7.

[130] MAPLESON, op. cit. [note 90], page 63.

[131] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 32.

[132] JOHN READ, _A Description of Read's Patent Syringe Pump_ (London, no date). See also JOHN READ, _An Appeal to the Medical Profession on the Utility of the Improved Patent Syringe_, 2nd edition (London, ca. 1825).

[133] WEISS, op. cit. [note 118], page 87; CHAS. TRUAX, GREENE & CO., _Price List of Physicians' Supplies_, 6th edition (Chicago, 1893), pages 989-1010.

[134] "Notice sur l'acupuncture et sur une nouvelle espece de ventouse armee de lancettes, inventee par A.-P. Demours," _Journal universal des sciences medicales_, volume 15 (1819), pages 107-113; BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], pages 73-81.

[135] THOMAS MACHELL, "Description of an Apparatus for Cupping, Dry Cupping, and Drawing the Breasts of Females; With some Observations Respecting Its Use," _London Medical and Physical Journal_, volume 42 (1819), pages 378-380; BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], pages 81-89.

[136] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], pages 92-93.

[137] ROBERT J. DODD, "Improved Cupping Apparatus," _The American Journal of the Medical Sciences_, new series, volume 7 (1844), page 510. See also patent specifications, U.S. patent 3537.

[138] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 68985.

[139] HILLS, op. cit. [note 101], page 261.

[140] GILLESPIE, op. cit. [note 93], page 29.

[141] FRANCES FOX, JR., "A Description of an Improved Cupping Glass, with Which from Five to Eight Ounces of Blood May Be Drawn, with Observations," _The Lancet_, volume 12 (1827), pages 238-239. KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], pages 36-37, recommended these glasses especially for use on young ladies who feared scars left by cupping. One of the "glass leeches" fixed below the level of the gown could draw all the blood necessary.

[142] See JOHN GORDON, "Remarks on the Present Practice of Cupping; With an Account of an Improved Cupping Glass," _The London Medical Repository_,