volume 35 (1961), page 2.

[76] MARTIN KAUFMANN, _Homeopathy in America_ (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971), pages 1-14. Other references on the decline of bloodletting include: LEON S. BRYAN, JR., "Blood-letting in American Medicine, 1830-1892," _Bulletin of the History of Medicine_, volume 38 (1964), pages 516-529; B. M. RANDOLPH, op. cit. [note 74], pages 177-182; JAMES POLK MORRIS, "The Decline of Bleeding in America, 1830-1865" (manuscript, Institute for the Medical Humanities, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas), 11 pages.

[77] HENRY I. BOWDITCH, _Venesection, Its Abuse Formerly--Its Neglect at the Present Day_ (Boston: David Clapp & Son, 1872), pages 5, 6.

[78] W. MITCHELL CLARKE, "On the History of Bleeding, and Its Disuse in Modern Practice," _The British Medical Journal_ (July 1875), page 67.

[79] HENRY LAFLEUR, "Venesection in Cardiac and Arterial Disease," _The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_, volume 2 (1891), pages 112-114.

[80] See, for example, JOHN REID, _"Bleeding," Essays on Hypochondriasis and Other Nervous Affections_ (London, 1821), essay 22 page 334.

[81] AUSTIN FLINT, _A Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Medicine_, 3rd edition (Philadelphia, 1868), page 150.

[82] MARTIN DUKE, "Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease, Polychthenic and Phlebotomy--Rediscovered," _Rhode Island Medical Journal_, volume 48 (1965), page 477.

[83] SAMUEL LEVINE, Editorial, "Phlebotomy, An Ancient Procedure Turning Modern?," _Journal of the American Medical Association_ (January 26, 1963), page 280.

[84] GEORGE BURCH and N. P. DEPASQUALE, "Phlebotomy Use in Patients with Erythrocytosis and Ischemic Heart Disease," _Archives of Internal Medicine_, volume 3 (June 1963), pages 687-695. See also GEORGE BURCH and N. P. DEPASQUALE, "Hematocrit, Viscosity and Coronary Blood Flow," _Diseases of the Chest_, volume 48 (September 1965), pages 225-232.

[85] HEINRICH STERN, "A Venepuncture Trocar (Stern's Trocar)," _Medical Record_ (December 1905), pages 1043, 1044.

[86] DELAVAN V. HOLMAN, "Venesection, Before Harvey and After," _Bulletin New York Academy of Medicine_, volume 31 (September 1955), pages 662, 664.

[87] SAMUEL BAYFIELD, _A Treatise on Practical Cupping_ (London, 1823), page 11.

[88] CELSUS, _De Medicina_, op. cit. [note 6], page 169. For bibliography on cupping, see WILLIAM BROCKBANK, _Ancient Therapeutic Arts_ (London: William Heinemann, 1954); JOHN HALLER, "The Glass Leech: Wet and Dry Cupping Practices in the Nineteenth Century," _New York State Journal of Medicine_ (1973), pages 583-592; BROCHIN, "Ventouses," _Dictionnaire encyclopedique des sciences medicales_, series 5, volume 2 (1886), pages 750-752; and, the _Index Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, U.S. Army_.

[89] HIPPOCRATES, _Aphorisms_, V, page 50.

[90] THOMAS MAPLESON, _A Treatise on the Art of Cupping_ (London, 1813), opposite page 1.

[91] GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume 3, page 151.

[92] CHARLES COURY, "Saignees, ventouses et cauterisations dans le medecine orientale a l'epoque de la Renaissance," _Histoire de la medecine_, volume 11 (November-December 1961), pages 9-23.

[93] W. A. GILLESPIE, "Remarks on the Operation of Cupping, and the Instruments Best Adapted to Country Practice," _Boston Medical and Surgical Journal_, volume 10 (1834), page 28.

[94] Letter from Rev. Robert Richards to Dr. Sami Hamarneh, 1 September 1966 (Division of Medical Sciences, Museum of History and Technology).

[95] On ancient cups, see CELSUS, op. cit. [note 6], pages 165-167; MILNE, op. cit. [note 43], pages 101-105 and plates; and BROCKBANK, op. cit. [note 88], pages 65-72. The Institute of the History of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, has several metal cups dating from about A.D. 100.

[96] CASTIGLIONI, op. cit. [note 40], page 380.

[97] PIERRE DIONIS, _Cours d'operations de chirurgie demonstrees au Jardin Royal_ (Paris, 1708), page 584.

[98] RENE JACQUES CROISSANTE DE GARENGEOT, _Nouveau Traite des Instrumens de Chirurgie les plus utiles_ (The Hague, 1725), page 342.

[99] DIONIS, op. cit. [note 97], page 585.

[100] MAPLESON, op. cit. [note 90], pages 27-28. See also GEORGE FREDERICK KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 29.

[101] MAPLESON, op. cit. [note 90]; BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87]; KNOX, op. cit. [note 2]; and MONSON HILLS, "A Short Treatise on the Operation of Cupping," _Boston Medical and Surgical Journal_, volume 9 (1834), pages 261-273.

[102] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page vi.

[103] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], page 125.

[104] DIONIS, op. cit. [note 97], page 587 and figure 57 on page 583.

[105] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 33.

[106] JOHN H. SAVIGNY, _A Collection of Engravings representing the Most Modern and Approved Instruments Used in the Practice of Surgery_ (London, 1798), plate 7. For the earlier grease lamp, see J. A. BRAMBILLA, _Instrumentarium Chirurgicum Viennense oder Wiennerliche Chirurgische Instrumenten Sammlung_ (Vienna, 1780), plate 2.

[107] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], page 123; KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 33; HILLS, op. cit. [note 101], page 263.

[108] See DIONIS, op. cit. [note 97], page 587 and figure 58 on page 583; and LAURENCE HEISTER, op. cit. [note 47], page 329 and plate 12. The parallel incisions were described in antiquity by Oribasius (ca. A.D. 360), the most important medical author after Galen and the friend of the emperor Julian. See GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume 3, page 563.

[109] AMBROISE PARE, _The Collected Works of Ambroise Pare_, translated by Thomas Johnson (London, 1634). Reprint edition (Pound Ridge, New York: Milford House, 1968), page 446. The drawing first appeared in Pare's treatise "Methode de traiter des playes de la teste" in 1561.

[110] PAULUS AEGINETA, _Medicinae Totius enchiridion_ (Basileae, 1541), page 460.

[111] ALBERT WILHELM HERMANN SEERIG, _Armamentarium chirurgicum oder moeglichst vollstaendige Sammlung von Abbildungen und Beschreibung Chirurgischer Instrument alterer und neuerer Zeit_ (Breslau, 1838), page 598.

[112] JACQUES DELECHEMPS, _Chirurgie Francoise Recueillie_ (Lyon, 1564, page 174); HELLKIAH CROOKE. _Micrographia: A Description of the Body of Men ... with an Explanation of the Fashion and Use of Three & Fifty Instruments of Chirurgy_ (London, 1631).

[113] GARENGEOT, op. cit. [note 98], pages 347, 351.

[114] HEISTER (1719), op. cit. [note 18], page 329. Lorenz Heister _... Chirurgie ..._ (Nuremberg, 1719) includes the same picture of the scarificator as the 1759 English translation.

[115] HEISTER (1759), op. cit. [note 47], page 330.

[116] See BRAMBILLA, op. cit. [note 106], plate 2; DENIS DIDEROT, _Dictionnaire risonne des sciences, arts et metiers. Recueil des planches_ (Lausanne and Berne, 1780), volume 2, plate 23; and BENJAMIN BELL, _A System of Surgery_, 5th edition (Edinburgh, 1791), volume 1, plate 5.

[117] JAMES LATTA, _A Practical System of Surgery_ (Edinburgh, 1795),