volume II (1940), page 137.

[42] C.J.S. THOMPSON, _Guide to the Surgical Instruments and Objects in the Historical Series with Their History and Development_ (London: Taylor and Francis, 1929), page 40.

[43] JOHN STEWART MILNE, _Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times_ (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1970), reprint of 1907 edition, pages 32-35. A bronze knife of this type is illustrated in THEODOR MEYER-STEINEG, _Chirurgische Instrumente des Altertum_ (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1912), page iv, figure 9. The instrument was donated by Dr. Nylin of the Kardinska Institute in Stockholm, who used a lancet until 1940. Replicas of the early bronze medical instruments were sold in 1884 by Professor Francesco Scalzi of Rome. He exhibited 45 of them at the Exposition Universelle de Paris in 1878. He won an honorable mention award, "Collezione di Istrumenti Chirurgici de Roma Antica," 1884.

[44] S. HOLTH, "Greco-Roman and Arabic Bronze Instruments and Their Medico-Surgical Use," _Skriften utgit an Videnskapsselskapet I Kristrania_ (1919), page 1 (below). Holth lists the content of lead, tin, zinc, iron, copper, and cobalt found in a number of ancient bronze medical items in his collection, which formerly belonged to Baron Ustinov of Russia. These instruments were unearthed in Syria and Palestine from 1872 to 1890.

[45] An occasional curious item like the spring lancet on display in the Welch Medical Library of the Johns Hopkins University is an exception.

[46] MILNE, op cit. [note 43], pages 35-36.

[47] LAURENCE HEISTER, _A General System of Surgery in Three Parts_, translated into English (London, 1759), 7th edition, page 294.

[48] GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume III, page 558.

[49] G. GAUJOT and E. SPILLMAN, _Arsenal de la Chirurgie Contemporaine_ (Paris: J. B. Bailliere et fils, 1872), pages 274-276.

[50] MILNE, op. cit. [note 43], page 33.

[51] GARRISON, op. cit. [note 38], page 433.

[52] SIR WILLIAM FERGUSON, _Lectures on the Progress of Anatomy and Surgery during the Present Century_ (London: John Churchill & Sons, 1867), page 284.

[53] JAMES EWELL, _The Medical Companion_ (Philadelphia, 1816), pages 405, 406.

[54] For an illustration of incisions, see HEISTER, (1759), op. cit. [note 47].

[55] MILNE, op. cit. [note 43], page 36.

[56] GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume III, page 556.

[57] P. Hamonic describes an eighteenth-century Naples porcelain figure of a woman being bled that illustrates the elegant manner in which the operation was performed. P. HAMONIC, _La Chirurgie et la medecine d'autrefois d'apres une premiere serie d'instruments anciens renfermes dans mes collections_ (Paris: A. Maloine, ed., 1900), pages 91, 93.

[58] THOMAS DICKSON, _A Treatise on Bloodletting with an Introduction Recommending a Review of the Materia Medica_ (London, 1765), page 1.

[59] SIR D'ARCY POWER, editor, _British Medical Societies_ (London: The Medical Press Circular, 1939), page 23.

[60] Wakeley was a heretic wealthy doctor who led the campaign in Britain against the monopoly of surgical training and practice held by the Royal College of Surgeons of London. ALAN ARNOLD KLASS, _There's Gold in "Them Thar Pills"_ (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1975), pages 158-159.

[61] JOHN HARVEY POWELL, _Bring Out Your Dead_ (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949), page 123.

[62] See, e.g., RICHARD SHRYOCK, _Medicine and Society in America: 1660-1860_ (New York: New York University Press, 1960), pages 67, 111-112.

[63] JAMES T. FLEXNER, _George Washington: Anguish and Farewell_ (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972), pages 457-459.

[64] BARBARA DUNCUM, _The Development of Inhalation Anesthesia_ (The Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, Oxford University Press, 1947), page 195.

[65] HAMONIC, op. cit. [note 57], pages 95-96.

[66] DONALD D. SHIRA, "Phlebotomy Lancet," _Ohio State Medical Journal_,