volume 2 (1828), pages 9-26. For a discussion of the debate over

absorption, see KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], pages 21-24.

[159] TIEMANN, op. cit. [note 144], pages 116, 800.

[160] VICTOR-THEODORE JUNOD, _A Theoretical and Practical Treatise on Hemospasia_, translated by Mrs. E. Howley Palmer (London, 1879).

[161] HEINRICH STERN, _Theory and Practice of Bloodletting_ (New York: Rebman Co., 1915), pages 71-72.

[162] AUGUST BIER, _Hyperemia as a Therapeutic Agent_ (Chicago, 1905), page 21.

[163] WILLY MEYER and VICTOR SCHMIEDEN, _Bier's Hyperemic Treatment_, 2nd edition (Philadelphia, 1909).

[164] HALLER, op. cit. [note 88; see also note 72], page 585.

[165] GROSS, op. cit. [note 143], volume 2, page 906.

[166] Such a breast pump was illustrated by HEISTER (1719), op. cit. [note 17], plate 14. All glass breast pumps were probably more typical of the eighteenth than the nineteenth century. In the nineteenth century the glass tube was replaced by a flexible tube with a mouthpiece.

[167] For example, see THE J. DURBIN SURGICAL SUPPLY CO., _Standard Surgical Instruments_ (Denver, 1929), page 59.

[168] Data on the numbers of breast pumps patented was obtained from the files of the U.S. Patent Office in Arlington, Virginia.

[169] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 1179129. For other illustrations of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century patents for cupping devices, see HALLER, op. cit. [note 88].

[170] STERN, op. cit. [note 85], page 74.

[171] MABELLE S. WELSH, "'Cups for Colds': The Barber, the Surgeon and the Nurse," _The American Journal of Nursing_, volume 19 (1918-19), pages 763-766. See also HALLER, op. cit. [note 88], and J. EPSTEIN, "The Therapeutic Value of Cupping: Its Use and Abuse," _New York Medical Journal_, volume 112 (1920), pages 584-585.

[172] THORNDIKE, op. cit. [note 3], page 477. For bibliography on leeching, see BROCKBANK, op. cit. [note 88]; MERAT, "Sangsue," _Dictionnaire des sciences medicales_, volume 49 (1820), pages 520-541; G. CARLET AND EMILE BERTIN, "Sangsue," _Dictionnaire encyclopedique des sciences medicales_, 3rd series, volume 6 (1878), pages 660-681; and the _Index Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office_, U.S. Army.

[173] ALFRED STILLE AND JOHN M. MAISCH, _The National Dispensatory_, 2nd edition (Philadelphia, 1880), page 713; JAMES THACHER, _The American Dispensatory_, 2nd edition (Boston, 1813), page 230; C. LEWIS DIEHL, "Report on the Progress of Pharmacy," _Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association_, volume 25 (1876), page 205.

[174] W. H. SCHIEFFELIN & CO., _General Prices Current_ (New York, 1887), page 39.

[175] DIEHL, op. cit. [note 173]; JOHN C. HARTNETT, "The Care and Use of Medicinal Leeches in 19th Century Pharmacy and Therapeutics," _Pharmacy in History_, volume 14 (1972), page 133.

[176] Broussais offered the following explanation for the effectiveness of leeching. Congestion of blood vessels in a healthy person gives rise to a sympathetic irritation in the mucous surfaces of bodily orifices. Equilibrium may be restored naturally by hemorrhage through the nose. Without this release of blood, congestion builds up into an inflammation. Local bloodletting relieves the congestion when applied on a portion of the skin corresponding to the inflamed organ. Broussais's favorite remedy was the application of leeches to the stomach and head. For this purpose he ordered hundreds of leeches daily. See F.J.V. BROUSSAIS, _A Treatise on Physiology Applied & Pathology_, translated by John Bell and R. La Roche, 2nd American edition (Philadelphia, 1828), page 414, and Castiglioni, op. cit. [note 40], page 609.

[177] THORNDIKE, op. cit. [note 3], page 477. See also KARL-OTTO KUPPE, _Die Blutegel in der Aerztlichen Praxis_ (reprint, Stuttgart: Hippocrates-Verlag, 1955), pages 9-11.

[178] HARTNETT, op. cit. [note 175], page 132.

[179] JONATHAN OSBORNE, "Observations on Local Bloodletting, and on Some New Methods of Practicing It," _Dublin Journal of Medical and Chemical Science_, volume 3 (1833), pages 334-342.

[180] See, for example, MAISON CHARRIERE, ROBERT ET COLLIN, op. cit. [note 149], page 42 and plate 9.

[181] JOHN BERRY HAYCRAFT, "On the Coagulation of the Blood," 9 pages, extracted from _Proceedings of the Royal Society of London_, volume 231 (1884).

[182] THORNDIKE, op. cit. [note 3], page 477. MERAT, op. cit. [note 172], page 528, cited an extreme case in which a woman suffering from peritonitis was given a total of 250 leeches in 24 hours. She died soon after.

[183] STILLE AND MAISCH, op. cit. [note 173], page 715; THACHER, op. cit. [note 173], page 231.

[184] HARTNETT, op. cit. [note 175], page 132; J. K. CRELLIN, op. cit. [note 33], pages 127-134.

[185] ANDREW H. SMITH, "An Artificial Leech," _Medical Record_, volume 4 (1869-70), page 406.

[186] In addition to the references below, articles on artificial leeches include DR. MONTAIN, "Considerations therapeutiques sur l'emploi du pneumo-derme, nouvel instrument destine a remplacer les sangsues et les ventouses," _Bulletin General de therapeutique_, volume 11 (1836), pages 311-315; J. J. TWEED, "A Description of the Apparatus for Employing the Mechanical Leeches," _Medical Times_, volume 21 (1850), pages 36-37; and SAMUEL THEOBALD, "An Improved Method of Applying the Artificial Leech," _American Journal of Medical Science_, new series, volume 70 (1875), pages 139-142.

[187] SARLANDIERE, "Ventouse," _Dictionnaire des sciences medicales_,