volume 197, number 12 (September 1927), pages 437-477. For a detailed

account of ancient bloodletting, see RUDOLPH SIEGEL, "Galen's Concept of Bloodletting in Relation to His Ideas on Pulmonary and Peripheral Blood Flow and Blood Formation" (chapter 19 in volume 1 of _Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance_ edited by Allen Debus, New York: Science History Publications, 1973), pages 247-275.

[4] ROBERT MONTRAVILLE GREEN, "A Translation of Galen's Temperaments and Venesection" (manuscript, Yale Medical Library, New Haven, Connecticut), page 102.

[5] Ibid., page ii-iv.

[6] CELSUS, _De Medicina_, translated by W. G. Spencer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960), volume 1, book 2, page 155.

[7] HENRY E. SIGERIST, _A History of Medicine_ (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), volume II, pages 317-335.

[8] GREEN, op. cit. [note 4], page 105.

[9] PETER H. NIEBYL, "Galen, Van Helmont and Blood Letting," (chapter 21 in volume 2 of _Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance_ edited by Allen Debus, New York: Science History Publications, 1972); PETER NIEBYL, "Venesection and the Concept of the Foreign Body: A Historical Study in the Therapeutic Consequences of Humoral and Traumatic Consequences of Diseases" (doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1969), page 156.

[10] GREEN, op. cit. [note 4], page 171.

[11] Ibid., page 114.

[12] Ibid., page 173.

[13] Ibid., pages 174, 180.

[14] CELSUS, op. cit. [note 6], page 163.

[15] CHARLES H. TALBOT, _Medicine in Medieval England_ (London: Oldbourne, 1967), pages 127-131.

[16] CHARLES D. O'MALLEY, _Andreas Vesalius of Brussels 1514-1564_ (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), pages 66-67.

[17] See, for example, M. DAVID, _Recherches sur la maniere d'agir de la saignee et sur les effets qu'elle produit relativement a la partie ou on la fait_ (Paris, 1762), page iv.

[18] LORENZ HEISTER, _Chirurgie, in welcher alles, was zur wund artzney gehoeret ..._ (Nuremberg, 1719).

[19] GREEN, op. cit. [note 4], page 179.

[20] JOSEPH T. SMITH, SR., "An Historical Sketch of Bloodletting," _Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_, volume 21 (1910), page 312.

[21] MARSHALL HALL, _Observations on Bloodletting Founded upon Researches on the Morbid and Curative Effects of Loss of Blood_ (London, 1836), page 280.

[22] ROBLEY DUNGLISON, _Medical Lexicon--A Dictionary of Medical Science_ (Philadelphia, 1848), page 820.

[23] JAMES E. BOWMAN, "Blood," _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ (Chicago: William Benton, 1972), volume 34, pages 795-800.

[24] GREEN, op. cit. [note 4], page 187.

[25] KARL SUDHOFF, _Deutsche medizinische Inkunabeln_ (Leipzig, 1908); Studien zur Geschichte der Medizin heft 2/3. SIR WILLIAM OSLER, _Incunabula Medica: A Study of the Earliest Printed Medical Books, 1467-1480_ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1923).

[26] FRANCISCO GUERRA, "Medical Almanacs of the American Colonial Period," _Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences_, volume 16 (1961), pages 235-237. The number of veins illustrated in the vein man varied a great deal but became fewer after the seventeenth century.

[27] TALBOT, op. cit. [note 15], pages 127-131.

[28] GUERRA, op. cit. [note 26], pages 237; MARION BARBER STOWELL, _Early American Almanacs: The Colonial Weekday Bible_ (New York: Burt Franklin, 1977). The latter work contains numerous illustrations of "anatomies" from colonial almanacs.

[29] "Original Letters," General William F. Gordon to Thomas Walker Gilmar, 11 December 1832, _William and Mary Quarterly_, volume 21 (July 1912), page 67.

[30] TALBOT, op. cit. [note 15], pages 50, 51. For another view of the religious impact upon medieval medical and surgical practices, see JAMES J. WALSH, _The Popes and Science_ (New York: Fordham University Press, 1908), pages 167-198.

[31] THORNDIKE, op. cit. [note 3], page 477.

[32] MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA, _Don Quixote de la Mancha_, translated by Walter Starkie (New York: Mentor, 1963), pages 91, 92.

[33] CHARLES ALVERSON, "Surgeon Abel's Exotic Bleeding Bowls," _Prism_,