Part 7

sinurat nagsisinurat CONTINUATIVE casurat nacacasurát ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL cagsurat nacacagsurát RELATIVE POTENTIAL isusúrat náisusurat ABSOLUTE APTATIVE ipagsusúrat náipagsusurat RELATIVE APTATIVE pagpasurát nápasurát ABSOLUTE PERMISSIVE papagsúrat napapagsurát RELATIVE PERMISSIVE papágsurat pinasusurát ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVE papagsurát pinapagsurát RELATIVE IMPERATIVE susúrat nasusúrat IMPREMEDITATIVE suratsúrat nasuratsúrat ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVE suratsurát nágsusuratsúrat RELATIVE DIMINUTIVE suratsurát násuratsurát ABSOLUTE REPETITIVE suratsurát nagsusuratsurát RELATIVE REPETITIVE pasuratsúrat nagpapasuratsurat RECIPROCATE

From the original root “hadì,” we have

pacahádi napacaháhì IMITATIVE

From the original root “buság,” we have

pagticabusag náticabusag ABSOLUTE GRADUAL pagticabusag nagtiticabusag RELATIVE GRADUAL

From the original root “sayáo,” we have

sayáo nagsasayáo FIGURATIVE

As it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision absolute and relative of these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.

The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfix in and it expresses persistence of the action. As

nagtitinóoc an batà (the child is crying persistently)

The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefix paca or pacag (absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. As

dirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí (he cannot write, because does not maaram know how to) dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò (he cannot write, because he is in buhat busy)

The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefix i or ipag (absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; As

náilalacat na hiyá han ac (he was about to depart when I met pag-abotá him) naipagsusurat acó ha imo (I was intending to write you)

When the absolute optative bears the particle ca, it expresses then proximate passivity, as

naicahorológ an bung̃a (the fruit is about to fall)

The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefix pagpa or papag (absolute and relative) and it means leave or abandonment. As

diri hiya napaútang hin (he does not lend any money; literally: he salapí does not permit any money to be lent)

When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. As

mapa Manila camí (we shall go to Manila) napahorón hi Juan (John went to the farm)

The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefix papag and the interfix in. As

pinacacadto ca (you are ordered to go there) pinapagtoón camo (you are commanded to study)

The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. As

náyayácan ca lá (you talk inconsiderately)

The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun. [101] As

nagtatanomtanom cami hin camote (we are cultivating a little camote)

The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.

The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,[101] when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the preceding consonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. As

magtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá (I shall cultivate hemp again) macarocánhi acó buás (I shall come again to-morrow)

The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that the reciprocate uses the prefix pa. It means a mutual action. As

nagpapasuratsurat camí (we are writing to each other)

It is also formed by the prefixes pag and ig, and the affix an. As “pagquítáan (to meet), iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.

The imitative is formed by the prefix paca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As

hiyá napacamaáram (he pretends to be learned) hiyá napacacatsilà (he affects to be a Spaniard)

The gradual is determined by the prefix pagtica, and means an action by degrees. As

nagtiticapasò inin adlao (the day is becoming hotter) nagtiticalamrag an bulan (the moon is becoming brighter)

The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. As

nagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han (he jumps as if he was dancing, on caol-ol account of the pain he feels)

DIRECT PASSIVE

CONTINUATIVE VERB

Conjugational root: sinúrat

Infinitive: present and gerund: pagsinurata s; pagpinanuráta p. Indicative: Present: guinsisinúrat s; guinpipinanúrat p. Past: guinsinúrat s; guinpinanurat p. Future: pagsisinuraton s; pagpipinanuraton p. Imperative: pagsinuráta s; pagpinanuráta p. Subjunctive: pagsinuraton s; pagpinanuraton p.

ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL

Conjugational root: hisurát

Infinitive: paghisurát s; panhisurát p. Indicative: Present: nahasusurát Past: nahasurát Future: mahasusurát Imperative: (no imperative) Subjunctive: mahasurát.

RELATIVE POTENTIAL

Conjugational root: hisurát

Infinitive: paghisurát s; panhisurát p. Indicative: Present: nahapapagsurát s; nanhihisurát p. Past: nahapagsurát s; nanhisurát p. Future: mahapapagsurát s; manhihisurát p. Imperative: (no imperative) Subjunctive: mahapagsurát s; manhisurát p.

ABSOLUTE OPTATIVE

Conjugational root: isusurat

Infinitive: pag-isusurata s; pag-ipanunurata p. Indicative: Present: guin-iisusurat Past: guin-isusurat. Future: pag-iisusuraton. Imperative: pagisusurata Subjunctive: pag-isusuráton.

RELATIVE OPTATIVE

Conjugational root: isusúrat

Infinitive: pag-ipagsusurata s; pag-ipanunuráta p. Indicative: Present: guin-iipagsusurat, s; guin-iipanunurat. Past: guin-ipagsusurat s; guin-ipanunurat. Future: pag-iipagsusuráton s; pag-iipanunuraton. Imperative: pag-ipagsusurata Subjunctive: pag-ipagsusuraton. (The permissive verbs have no passive)

ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVE

Infinitive: papagsuratán s; papanuratán p. Indicative: Present: ipinasusurat. Past: ipinasurat. Future: ipasusurat. Imperative: ipasurát. Subjunctive: ipasurát.

RELATIVE IMPERATIVE

Conjugational root: pasurát

Infinitive: papagsuratán, s; papanuratán, p. Indicative: Present: ipinápagsurát, s; ipinápanurát, p. Past: ipinapagsurát, s; ipinapanurát, p. Future: ipápagsurát, s; ipápanurát, p. Imperative: ipapagsurát, s; ipapanurát, p. Subjunctive: ipapagsurát, s; ipapanurát, p.

IMPREMEDITATIVE

Conjugational root: susuráta

Infinitive: pagsusuráta, s; panunuráta, p. Indicative: Present: sinususurat. Past: sinusurát. Future: sususuráton. Imperative: susuráta. Subjunctive: susuráton.

ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVE

Conjugational root: sinuratsúrat

Infinitive: pagsuratsuráta, s; panuratsuráta, p. Indicative: Present: sinusuratsúrat, Past: sinuratsúrat. Future: susuratsuraton. Imperative: suratsurata. Subjunctive: suratsuráton.

RELATIVE DIMINUTIVE

Conjugational root: guinsuratsúrat

Infinitive: pagsuratsuratá, s; panuratsúrata, p. Indicative: Present: guinsusuratsurat, s; pinanunuratsurat, p. Past: guinsuratsurat, s; pinanuratsurat, p. Future: pagsusuratsuraton, s; panunuratsuratón, p. Imperative: pagsuratsuráta, s; panuratsuráta, p. Subjunctive: pasuratsuraton, s; panusatsuráton, p

(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)

(The reciprocate have no passive)

(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)

INDIRECT PASSIVE

The indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfix in is used.

The potential have no indirect passive.

The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73 et seq.), as to the affixes.

The imperative have no indirect passive.

The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.

The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78 et seq) as to the affixes.

INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.

The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.

The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.

NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.

DEPRECATIVE VERBS

There are verbs used in a depreciative tone. Examples.

for cáon (to eat) ásoc, lámon, etc. ,, lacát (to walk) laág ,, yacán (to talk) yaquimbot, etc.

These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily.

ADVERBS

The adverbs are of the following classes:

ADVERBS OF PLACE

DIIN (where),—BISAN DIIN (wherever, anywhere),—DIDI (here, nearer to the speaker then to the listener),—DINHI (here),—DIDÂ (there, nearer to the listener than to the speaker),—DIDTO (there),—HARANI (near),—HARAYÒ (far).

ADVERBS OF TIME

CACAN-O (when, past),—SAN-O (when, future),—BISAN CACAN-O (whenever, past),—BISANSAN-O (whenever, future),—NIYÁN (now),—CANINA (before, short time ago, in the same day),—CAGAB’I (last night),—CACOLÓP (yesterday),—CASANGAB’I (the night before last),—CASANGCOLOP (the day before yesterday),—CASANGYADTO (the day previous to the day before yesterday),—ANAY (before, anciently),—UNINA (after, in the same day),—BUAS (to-morrow),—ISANGBUÁS (the day after to-morrow),—ISANGYÁDTO (the day following the day after to-morrow),—CANONAY (always),—DAYÓ-DAY (persistently),—LAYON (soon),—DÁYON (immediately),—HADTO (then, before),—NG̃ANÌ, CUN (when, whenever),—NAMAN (again),—LIUAT (again),—PA (yet),—NA (already),—AGSOB (frequently),—DANAY (sometimes),—NGÁHAO (then).

ADVERBS OF DEGREE

CAPIN, LABIS, LAPÁS (more),—ORÓG (most),—URAÚRA (excessively),—TUMAN (a little scarcely).

ABVERBS OF MANNER

AMO, ASYA (so, thus),—ONAN-O (how),—MAN (also),—COLAÓNG, COLASÓT, COLANTOY (for example, for instance).

ADVERBS OF DOUBT

ADÂ, MAHAMOC, MASAGNI, MAHARANI, CADUÁS TING̃ALI, BANG̃IN, SABALI (probably, perhaps),—BAGÁ (as).

ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION

OO (yes),—MANGUD (indeed),—CAIYA, UGA, CAY UGÂ, GUI-HÁPON (of course).

ADVERBS OF NEGATION

DIRI (no),—UARAY (no, past),—AYAO (no, future).

ADVERBS OF CAUSE

CAY (because),—TUNG̃ÚD (because).

OBSERVATIONS 1. Many adjectives and phrases are employed as adverbs, as

igbao (above) niyán ng̃a adlao (to-day) damò (much) etc.

2. Some of the adverbs are frequently contracted, as those composed of “bisan” which is contracted into “bis.” Examples:

bisan diín contracted bis diín guihapon ,, guiháp.

3. The adverbs have diminutive, comparative and superlative. As

from harani, haraníay, haroharaní, guihaharanií; etc.

PREPOSITIONS

HA (to, from, over, under),—TIPA (against, towards),—TUNG̃UD (for),—PATI, UPOD (with),—GAUÁS (without),—CAN (of, to),—TICANG, GUICAN (from, since),—TUBTUB (up to, till, until),—TALIUAN (after),—LÁBUT (except).

CONJUNCTIONS

The conjunctions are of the following classes:

COPULATIVE

UG, NG̃AN (and),—MAN (also),—NG̃A (that).

DISJUNCTIVE

O, CUN, [102] BA (or).

ADVERSATIVE

CUNDÌ (but),—SABALI, UGARING (but, though), CUN, NGANÌ (if),—BISAN (even, though),—BACAY (as),—CUNTÀ (which bears the idea of past or future desire: it may frequently be translated in English with the phrase: “if possible”).

CONDITIONAL

CUN NG̃ANÌ, ABI, [103] UGARING (if).

CAUSAL

CAY, TUNGUD, BACAY, SANGLIT, CAY (inasmuch, because).

FINAL

BASI (in order to),—BANGIN (lest).

CONTINUATIVE

TACAY (then),—BUSA (therefore),—TARA (then).

INTERJECTIONS

Admiration: ¡a!, ¡ay!, ¡báá!, ¡abaá!, ¡baadao!, ¡abaadao! ¡pastilan!, ¡pauican!, ¡pauísac!, ¡palipac!, ipalísac!, ¡pauiday!, ¡aguimpauican!, ¡aguimpastilan!, ¡aguimpauisac!, ¡aguimpali, pac!, ¡aguimpalisac!, ¡aguimpauiday!, ¡pascalan!, ¡bongansiso!, !odoy!, ¡alágad!, ¡alagad dao!, ¡an ac pa!, ¡ito ngahao!, etc.

Pain and sorrow: ¡ay!, ¡ayhay!, ¡aguí!, ¡aroy!, ¡óhoy!, ¡pastilan!, etc.

Attention: ¡óho!, ¡ohondá!, ¡tabí!, ¡oy!, ¡acay! ¡hacay!, ¡solibangco!, etc.

Insistence: ¡gad!, ¡daó!, ¡uga!, ¡lugá!, ¡ugaring!, ¡lugaring!, ¡caiyá!, ¡pudó!, ¡haromámay!, etc.

Reprobation: ¡diri!, ¡uaráy!, ¡ayao!, ¡hulát!, ¡bodó!, ¡buró!, etc.

Surprise: ¡ay!, ¡an!, ¡alágad!, ¡ús!, ¡balitao!, ¡bayá!, etc. [104]

Pity: ¡cairó!, ¡in tauo!, ¡pastilán!, ¡odóg!, ¡baadao!, ¡aguí!, etc.

Desire: ¡cunta!, ¡upayda!, ¡unta!, ¡mangad pa!, ¡ihinaotpa!, ¡tubangan pa la!, etc.

Joy: ¡ay!, ¡ahay!, ¡upayda!, ¡salamat!, ¡ta!, etc.

Aversion: ¡á!, ¡aguí!, ¡ambot!, ¡sabá!, etc.

Invitation: ¡cadí!, ¡taná!, ¡halá!, etc.

Self-correction: ¡au!, ¡ay!, ¡sapayán!

Suspension: cuan.... inín.... ¡hulat!, ¡niyan!, etc.

Despair: ¡sahó!, etc.

Gratitude: ¡salamat!, ¡Dyos mag báyad!, ¡Dyos mag sugá!, etc.

SYNTAX

SUBJECTIVE RELATION

The subject of a verb may be either a noun or its equivalent, namely a pronoun, a verb in the infinitive mood, or an entire phrase. As

An Dyos macagagáhum (God is omnipotent) Acó nagsusurát (I write) An paguaon maopay (The meal is good; literally: the eating is good) An guinquiquinauanglan ta ámo an (what we need is union). pag-orosa

PREDICATIVE RELATION

The verb agree with its subject in person and number. As

panurát quitá (let us write) magsurát hiyá (let him or her write)

ATTRIBUTIVE RELATION

The nouns and their equivalents may be modified by substantives, adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, possessive pronouns, and participles. Except in cases of possessive pronouns, relative ng̃a is placed between the noun or its equivalents, and the modifying word. As

batá ng̃a sorogóon (the young servant; literally: the boy servant) an sangcay ng̃a macpay (the good friend) iní ng̃a baláy (this house) an acon amáy (my father) hinigugma nga iróy (loved mother)

NOTE.—When the pronoun “adton” and its inflections are equivalent to “deceased”, “late”, the particle ng̃a is not employed. As

adton Pedro (the late Peter)

The article also modifies the noun and its equivalents, in that it limits them. The articles always precede the word or words to which they refer. As is seen before (page 9) the personal article is always employed before the proper nouns, except in the vocative case. As

an lang̃it (the heaven, or the sky) hi Eudong (Peter)

The definite article is sometimes used before proper nouns, and frequently before the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The indefinite article is sometimes employed before the possessive pronouns. The personal article is sometimes used before the personal pronouns, except the third person. As

an Dyos (God) an iní ng̃a batà (this boy) an amon búngto (our town) macanhi in acon sangcay (a friend of mine will come) hi camó ng̃an hi acó (you and I)

COMPLEMENTARY RELATION

The object of the verb is always in the objective case determined by the corresponding article, or by a preposition. As

hi Pedro nagbabasa han surat (Peter reads the letter) hirá nang̃atúrog ha sacayán (they sleep on the boat) hi Tomás naruruyag hin pagcanhi (Thomas wishes to come; literally: Thomas wishes a coming) mácadto acó ha Abúyog (I shall go to Abuyog).

The object of the verb to be is in the nominative case. As

an imo bahín, amo iní (your part is this) an táuo mamarátyon (the man is mortal)

ADVERBIAL RELATION

The adverbs and the adverbial phrases modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. As

“dánay” acó cumádto (I go there sometimes) nabasa ng̃ani acó, nábasa “man” hiyá (If I read, he reads also).

The adverbs are generally placed next to the word that they modify, some before the said word as “agsob” (frequently), “dánay” (sometimes), “masócot” (often), “macatalagsa” (seldom), etc., and other after the said word as “pa” (yet), “na” (already), “man” (also), “gud” (precisely), etc., and some before or after the said word as “lugúd” (on the contrary), etc.

REPRESENTATIVE RELATION

The important Bisayan word that expresses representative relations is the relative pronoun nga, which is invariable.

an batá nga tinmauag ha acon (the boy who called me) an cabatáan ng̃a tinmawag ha acon (the boys who called me)

As to cases, we have seen (page 52) that this relative nga never refers to the object of the verb. The sentences in the English and other languages, where the corresponding relative pronoun relates to the object of the verb and where consequently the said relative is in the objective case, are expressed in Bisayan in passive voice which is the most used in this tongue. [105] Thus, if we wish to say

the boy whom I called

we should say

an bata ng̃a tinauag co

which literally is: the boy who was called by me.

The personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns agree in person and number with their antecedents or the word or words that they represent. There is no agreement in gender because the pronouns have no gender.

CONNECTIVE RELATIONS

The prepositions join the nouns, their equivalents, or the pronouns to some other word. They place in the objective case the word that depends on them.

The most important preposition in, Bisayan is ha, which is equivalent to nearly all of the prepositions of other languages. Examples:

He saw me— hiyá quinmitá ha acon He wrote to me— hiyá nagsurát ha acon I come to Tacloban— nacanhi acó ha Tacloban I come from Palo— ticang acó ha Palô I pass by your house— linmabáy acó ha iyo baláy He is in the room— aadto niyá ha solód etc.

ABSOLUTE AND INDEPENDENT CONSTRUCTIONS

Absolute and independent constructions take place in Bisayan with vocatives, and interjections.

Vocatives, as

Pedro, ng̃a niya, cadí dao (Peter, he said, come, please)

Interjection, as

Pastilan, caloóyi gad acó (oh!, have pity of me)

Some independent phrases are connected with the rest of the thought by the adverb man, as

naabot camí, natutunod man (when we arrived, the sun set; an adlao literally: we arrived, the sun also set).

SYNTAX OF VERBS

THE INFINITIVE. The present has the construction of the noun, as

an pag-arám hin maopay ámo an (to learn well is the duty of a catungdánan han batà boy).

The gerund expresses the idea of past when preceded by the particle han, contraction of the preposition ha and the article an, as

han pagsírang han adlao, nagmamatá (when the sun raised, I was na acó already awake).

The past participle has the construction of an adjective, as

binilangò ng̃a táuo (prisoner; literally: an imprisoned man)

INDICATIVE. Besides its ordinary use, its present is frequently employed with the particle cuntà, to express the idea of an interrupted or intended action. As

cun uaráy ca cánhi, nalacát cunta (If you had not come, I would have acó gone)

SUBJUNCTIVE. It being used in a subordinate propositions, it is always constructed with the conjunctions ng̃a (thato), cun, ng̃anì (if), cuntà (if possible).

Ng̃a and cun always precede the verb; ng̃anì and cunta when used for the subjunctive, is always placed after the verb. As

caruyag co ng̃a cumanhi ca buas (I wish you to come to-morrow; literally: I wish that you may come to-morrow). [106] cun lumabay hi Juan, tanága. (If John passes by, call him) lumabáy ng̃anì hi Juan taúaga. lumabáy cuntà hi Juan (God grant that John passes).

NOTE.—The subjunctive form is frequently constructed with the modal adverbs and adjectives and then such combinations have the construction of an adjective. As

táuo ng̃a maopay sumurat (a good writer: literally; a man who writes well) macosóg sumáog ng̃a carabao (a strong dragger carabao) etc.

ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS

The adjectives and verbs are always preferably employed, whenever possible, at the beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence.

Examples:

maópay ng̃a táuo (good man) nagsusurát acó (I write) etc.

VIOLATIONS OF GOOD USE

BARBARISMS

The most frequent violation of good use of the Bisayan tongue is the Barbarism.

It is committed by using foreign words, and foreign constructions.

FOREIGN WORDS

Many foreign words have been and are being introduced in the Bisayan conversations and writings. Must of such words are being adopted, not because they are necessary, but simply thru affectation and love of innovation, thus attempting against the purity of Bisayan. Some of the words introduced however are necessary as they have no corresponding word in Bisayan.

FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYAN

SPANISH WORDS