Part 4

dudoy [57] duday tutoy tutay idoy iday intoy inday mano mana manoy manáy manong manang [58] tío tía [59], etc.

NUMBER

The plural is determined by the particle mga or by those for collectives as formerly seen [60], or by the interfix g among the adjectives. Examples:

of táuo (man) “mg̃a táuo,” or “catauóhan” (men), of dacò (large), dagcò (large, plural). of matam-is (sweet), magtam-is (sweet, plural), of hatáas (high), hagtáas (high, plural).

When the noun is preceded by numeral adjectives, the singular keeps its form, as

usá ca táuo (one man), napulò ca tauo (ten men), usá ng̃a baláy (one house), calim’an ng̃a baláy (fifty houses).

Some adjectives do not admit the interfix g, for euphonical reason, as

of hubyà (lazy), mg̃a hubya, not húgbyà, etc.

CASE.

There is no inflection for Bisayan nouns to distinguish their different cases, as in Greek and Latin. The cases are determined by the prepositions and by variable parts of speech preceding the noun.

IMPORTANT OBSERVATION.

There are great many Bisayan nouns composed of the same letters, but which have different meanings according to the accent they bear. Of these are the following:

anáy (she-hog), ánay (before) apó (grandson or ápò (a thing fully grand-daughter), introduced) áyao (distributive ayáo (no, imperative) possession), bábà (mouth), babá (to carry a thing on the back) babáye (woman), babayé (female not person) baga (red-hot coal or bága (lung), bagá (like) wood), bálay (turn), baláy (house) bálod (a kind of dove), balód (wave) bálos (return), balós (revenge) bánus (abundant, thick), banús (to scrub) bárang̃ (an amulet), baráng (knot)

bayáo (brother-in-law), báyao (to lift up) bucád (flower), búcad (to dig up) búhat (work), buhát (to raise) buhi (alive), buhi (losse) buláo (yellow), búlao (to provoke a stranger) búrong [61] (fog), buróng (to throw) busà (reprimand), búsà (therefore) cóbal (thread), cobál (corn, callosity) comót (sinked), cómot (quick) dósol (pain of the dosól (despective form of stomack), “cáon”, to eat) hóron (to pass the night), horón (farm) igo, (just), igô (to be hit) lága (flame), lagà (cooked) láya (a net for fishing), layà (to wither), layâ (withered) laláqui (man), lalaquí (male, not person) látos (reaching, latós (to whip) overtaking), lúya (weakness), luyà (lime), luyâ (restlessness), luy-a (ginger) muláy (play), múlay (to teach) obós (low), óbos (to exhaust) usá or usâ (one), úsa (to marvel) úpa (reward), upá (rice chaff) pátag (plane), patág (a kind of basket) píli (a tree so called), pilì (to select) pálad (palm), palád (a fish) pusò (flower of banana), pusô (rice especially cooked) pusâ (pounded), pusà (to wash the feet) púto (a dainty so called), pútò (partition), putó (last son or daughter) sábot (agreement), sabót (filement or to understand) sácay, (passenger or sacáy (to embark) companion on a boat), sócot (frequent), socót (to collect)

súso (teat), susò (thickset), susô (a mollusk so called) tíao (joke), tiáo (maniac) tíma (finished), timá (uneven) túba (a plant so called), tubâ (wine from cocoanut or nipa) tubó (sugar-cane), túbò (to grow), etc.

TRANSPOSITION OF ACCENTS.

The accent of a word frequently changes its place upon its transformation.

In the diminutives formed by repetition of the root or by the affix ay, the acute accent is always placed upon the penult. As

from baláy, balaybálay ,, saróual, sarouálay ,, balóto, balotóhay.

The grave accent of the root is preserved; and its angular accent becomes grave, which is preserved in its repetition. As

from dacò, dacòdácò ,, bohô (hole), bohòbóhò (little hole).

When the primitive has the acute accent on its penult, said accent is transferred to the last syllable of the original primitive, the repeated primitive following the preceding rules. As.

from dáhon, dahóndáhon ,, cáhoy, cahoycáhoy ,, halípot, halipótay ,, maópáy, maopay-ópay ,, hatáas, hataastáas

In the figuratives, the same rules are followed; and when the interfix ro is employed, the primitive generally loses its acute accent which is placed upon the penult of the figurative. As

from sacayán, sarosacáyan.

In the verbal nouns, it is a general rule that when the verb root has its acute accent on its penult, its verbals have said accent trasplaced to their last syllables, and viceversa, as

from sarát, (to write), from bása (to read) parasúrat parabasá tigsúrat tigbasá magsusúrat magbarasá susurátan barasahán susuráton barasahón masúrat mabasá isusúrat, ibarasá;

except when the transformative particle is ma meaning desirableness, in which case the acute accent is always on the last syllable; and also in case of the particle hi, where the accent is always put on the penult. As

masuratsurát, himása.

In case where the penult, of the verb root is necessarily long, as when its vowel is followed by more than one consonant, and when the last syllable of the root is pronounced independently from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then the original acute accent of the root is preserved on the penult of the verbal. As

from cánhi (to come), dól-ong (to bear, to accompany) paracánhi paradól-ong tigcánhi tigdól-ong cumaránhi domoról-ong caranhían dorol-óngan caranhíon dorol-óngon macanhíon madol-óngon icaránhi idoról-ong hang̃aránhi hinonól-ong

In the derivatives, when the accent is on the penult of the primitive, it is also placed on the penult of the derivative; and when the accent is on the last syllable of the primitive, it is also put on the last syllable of the derivative, as

from áram, maáram bayáu, mabaráyau púsod, himósod búua, buuáon tubác, tubacón.

It must be noted that we refer to the acute accent. It sometimes happens that the last syllable of the primitive has angular accent, in which case such accent is discomposed, the grave being kept and the acute being transposed to the penult of the derivative, as

from salâ, saláan,

where the a of the penult really bears two accents, angular and grave, the angular not being employed for the reason that is it not necessary, as the last two aa are pronounced separately [62], and because it is not proper, as the angular accent is only used at the endings of the words. [63]

In the derivatives formed with taga, or tag, or maqui the accent of the root is not changed. As

from bódo, (salted fish), tagabódo baláy (house), tagbaláy calámay (dark sugar) maquicalámay

The comparatives formed with, the interfix ro, have always the accent on the last syllable no matter where it was in the primitive. As

from halábà (long), harohalabâ uguis (white), urouguís.

The superlatives formed with the prefix gui and the affix i always have the accent on the penult, without regarding where it was in the primitive. As

from halárum (deep), guihahalarúmi matahúm (beautiful), guimamatahúmi

The collectives follow the way in which their primitives are accented, so, if their, primitives have the accent on the penult, they have it on the penult, and when the primitives have the accent on the last syllable they also have it on their last syllables. As

from bátà (child), cabatáan baláy (house), cabalayán.

It must be observed also that there are nouns which, thru phonetical variations, have more than one forms. Of such words are the following:

báchò, bíchò (groaning) bándoc, búndac (kick) guipic, guipác (broken) guisî, gusî, quisî, cusî (sagged) Panalaron, Palanaron, Planaron (one of the suburbs of the town of Tacloban), [64] piló, lopí (fold) quíróg, coróg (trembling) quirógpos, corógpos (surtout) sitsit, sutsut (whistle) taclap, taplac (blanket), etc.

There are also words composed of the same letters but sounding differently and having different meanings thereby, on account of the separation with which some of their syllables are pronounced. As

bágo (a tree), bag-o (new) lauay (saliva), lau-ay (repugnance) tagóc (resin), tág-oc (inarticulate voice). bágang (an insect), bág-ang (grinder) bútol (bulky), bút-ol (throat) bulánon (moony), bul’ánon (from Bohol), etc.

PRONOUNS

There are four classes: personal, demonstrative, possessive, and relative.

PERSONAL.

They are the following:

SINGULAR PLURAL

Acó (I) Quitá, camí (we) [65] Icáo, ca, [66] (thou, you) Camó (you) Hiyá, or siyá [67] (he or she) Hirá, or sirá (they)

DECLENSION

The cases are four; nominative, genitive, objective, and vocative.

First person.—Singular.

Nominative.— Acó (I) Genitive.— Nácon, [68] ácon, co (of, by me) Objective.— Ha ácon, dácon [69] (to, for, in, at, on, upon, over, under, etc. me)

Plural.

Nominative,— Camí—quitá. [70] (we) Genitive.— Nímon, ámon—aaton, aton, ta (of, by us) Objective.— Ha ámon, dámon—ha áton, dáton (to, for, etc. us)

Second person.—Singular.

Nominative.— Icáo, ca (thou, you) Genitive.— Nimo, imo, mo (of, by thee, or you) Objective.— Ha imo, dimo (to, for, etc. thee, or you) Vocative.— Icao (thou, or you)

Plural.

Nominative.— Camó (you) Genitive.— Niyo, iyo (of, by you) Objective.— Ha iyo, díyo (to, for, etc. you) Vocative.— Camó (you)

Third person—Singular.

Nominative.— Hiyá (he, or she) Genitive.— Niya, iya (of, by him, or her) Objective.— Ha iya, díya (to, for, etc. him or her) Vocative— Hiyá (He, or she).

Plural.

Nominative— Hirá (They) Genitive— Nira, ira (of, by them) Objective— Ha ira, dira (to, for etc., them) Vocative— Hirá (they).

DEMONSTRATIVE.

They have the same forms both for the singular and plural, as follows:

adí (this, these, nearer to the speaker than to the listener) ini (this, these) itó (that, those, nearer to the speaker than to the listener, corresponding to the Spanish “ese, esa, eso, esos, esas”) adto (that, those, far from both the speaker and the listener, and corresponding to the Spanish “aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas”).

When used before the nouns, they have the particle nga after them; said particle being frequently contracted with the pronun. As

adí ng̃a, contracted adín, iní ng̃a, contracted inín, itó ng̃a, contracted itón, ádto ng̃a, contracted ádton.

The form itón sometimes takes again the particle ng̃a. So it is said itón ng̃a batâ (that boy or girl).

Adí, adto in some places have their variants yadi, yadto.

In plural, the particle mga is placed after the preceding combinations;

They have two cases: subjective and objective.

DECLENSION.

Adí.—Singular

Subjective— Adí, adí ng̃a, adín (this) Objective— Hadí, hadí ng̃a, hadín, or hadin mg̃a (of, etc. this)

Plural.

Subjective— Adí, adi ng̃a mg̃a, adín mg̃a (these) Objective— Hadí, hadi ng̃a mg̃a, hadín, or (of, etc., these). hadin mg̃a

Iní.—Singular

Subjective— Iní, iní ng̃a, inín (this) Objective— Hiní, hiní ng̃a, hinín (of, etc., this)

Plural.

Subjective— Iní, ini ng̃a mg̃a, inín mg̃a (these) Objective,— Hiní, hini ng̃a mg̃a, hinin mg̃a (of, etc., these).

Itó.—Singular.

Subjective.— Itó, itó ng̃a, itón, itón ng̃a (that) Objective— Hitó, hitó ng̃a, hitón, hitón, ng̃a (of, etc. that)

Plural.

Subjective.— Itó, itó ng̃a mg̃a, itón mg̃a, itón (those) ng̃a mg̃a Objective.— Hitó, hitó ng̃a mg̃a, hitón mg̃a, (of, etc., those) hitón ng̃a mg̃a

Adto.—Singular.

Subjective.— Adto, adto ng̃a, adton (that) Objective.— Hadto, hadto ng̃a, hadton (of, etc., that)

Plural.

Subjective.— Adto, adto ng̃a mg̃a, adton mg̃a (those) Objective.— Hadto, hadto ng̃a mg̃a, hadton mg̃a (of, etc., those)

The forms adton and hadton are frequently used instead of itón, hitón when the object referred to is very close to the listener. Itón is sometimes replaced by the forms hadto and haton. Examples:

mopáy adtón hiní (that one is better than this) condî darodacô iní hadton (but this is larger than that) say co hatón (I prefer that one).

POSSESSIVE.

They are the following:

SINGULAR PLURAL acon, co (my, mine) aton, ta, amon (our, ours) imo, mo (thy, thine, your, yours) iyo (your, yours) iya (his or her) ira (their)

The forms co, mo, ta are used only after the nouns.

The same distinction exists between aton and amon, as between quitá and camí. [71]

They have also two cases: subjective, and objective.

DECLENSION.

Acon.—Singular.

Subjective.— Acon, co (my, mine) Objective.— Ha acon, han acon (of, etc., my)

Plural.

Subjective.— Aton, ta, amon (our, ours) Objective.— Ha aton, han aton, ha amon, han amon (of, etc., our)

Imo.—Singular.

Subjective.— Imo, mo (thy, thine, your, yours) Objective.— Ha imo, han imo (of, etc., your, thy)

Plural.

Subjective.— Iyo (your, yours) Objective.— Ha iyo, han iyo (of, etc., your)

Iya—Singular.

Subjective— Iya (his, her, hers) Objective.— Ha iya, han iya (of, etc., his, her)

Plural.

Subjective.— Ira (their) Objective.— Ha ira, han ira (of, etc., their)

These plurals refer to the subjects possessing. The plural referring to the objects possessed, is formed in each case by using the particle mg̃a, as

Acon mg̃a cabogtóan (my brothers or sisters) Iyo mg̃a láuas (your bodies) Ira mg̃a cabalayán (their houses)

RELATIVE

They are as follows:

Ng̃a (that, which) anó (what) bisan anó (whatever) hín’o or sin’o [72] (who) bisan hin’o or bisan sin’o (whoever) háin (which) bisan háin (whichever)

These pronouns, except hin’o and bisan hin’o have no inflection for cases.

NG̃A.

This relative always refers to the subject of the verb. It never relates to the complement. So the sentence:

“the house that Peter builds is big”,

cannot be translated literally into Bisayan. It is expressed by passive voice. Thus:

“an baláy ng̃a guintitindog ni Pedro, dacô”;

literally “the house that is being built by Peter is big”, And this:

“the book which you gave me yesterday”

is translated:

“an basahón ng̃a ihinátag mo ha acon cacolóp”;

literally “the book which was given by you to me yesterday”

This pronoun is indispensable when a substantive is qualified by an adjective, as

maópay ng̃a táuo (good man,) not maúpay táuo, bucad ng̃a mahamót (fragrant flower) not bucád mahamot [73]

It differs from the conjunction ng̃a (that) in that the pronoun always refers to a noun, never to a verb.

NOTE.—This particle ng̃a expresses in some instances the idea of “saying,” “question,” “answer,” etc., as when we say:

Ng̃a ni Pedro: “tágui acó hin salapí.” Dáyon batón ni Juan, ng̃a niya: “uaray co salapí.”

Peter said: “give me money.” John immediately replied by saying: “I have no money.”

Pacanhía hi Guillermo. Ng̃a natón [74] “guinquiquína hang̃lan ca didto.”

Make Guillermo come. Tell him: “you are needed there.”

When applied to the third person it is frequently combined with the particle laóng̃ as:

Násiring̃ hi Pedro, ng̃alaóng̃: “magtotoón aco.”

Peter said: “I shall study”.

This special idea conveyed by the word ng̃a seems to show in other instances in the Bisayan tongue, as when it is said depreciatively:

¡Ca damò hin im ng̃ang̃a!

How many things you ask or talk!

where the doubled ng̃a means request or talking.

ANÓ.

This pronoun has the same use as the English what, except when the latter is used as an objective relative, in which case the said English pronoun is translated by the article an. As when it is said:

“What you need is patience, not science,” which is translated:

An guinquiquinahang̃lan mo an pag-ílob, dirì hibaró.

BISAN ANÓ.

Bisan ano means “anything” or “whatever.” Examples:

Whatever you do I’ll know it.

Bisan ano in buháton mo, hisasabotán co.

Give me anything eatable.

Tágui aco hin bisan anó ng̃a hacaraón.

It is frequently replaced by ano lâ, or anoano lâ. Ex.:

Anything you may desire, I’ll give you.

Ano lâ ng̃a caruyágon mo, ihahatag co ha imo.

You wish to see everything.

Anoano lâ buót mo hiquit’an.

When it is preceded by an article, it means “which,” as

Which horse do you like?

¿An anó ng̃a cabayo in buót mo?

HIN’O

This relative is only used in the interrogative phrases. It is not employed as the English “who” when this relative serves as “that”. So this phrase

“that person who talks is my brother” is translated: “itón tauo ng̃a nagyayácan, acon bugto,” not “itón tauo hin’o nagyayácan, etc.”

It has two cases: subjective and objective.

DECLENSION

SINGULAR PLURAL

Subjective— Hin’o (who) Hirá hin’o (who) Objective— Canáy, can (of, etc. Canda canáy (of, etc., canáy whom whose) whom, whose)

BISAN HIN’O

Bisan hin’o means “whoever” or “anyone”. Example:

Whoever is there, let him come.

Bisan hin’o in adâ, pacanhía.

Anyone knows him.

Bisan hin’o náquilála ha iya.

It also has two cases: subjective and objective.

DECLENSION.

SINGULAR PLURAL Subjective.— Bisan hin’o (whoever) Bisan hirá (whoever) hin’o Objective.— Bisan canáy (of, etc., Bisan canda (of etc., whomever) canáy whoever)

HAIN.

Hain means “which.” Examples:

Which of these hats is yours? ¿Háin hiní ng̃a mg̃a calò in imo?

Similarly to “ano,” the pronoun “háin” is only used in the interrogative forms, never as ng̃a (that). So the phrase

“the book which you saw”

is translated

“an basahón ng̃a imo quinità”

(literally: the book that was seen by you), and not

“an basahon háin icao quinmità.”

BISAN HÁIN.

It is equivalent to the English “whichever,” Examples:

Whichever of those books satisfies me.

Didâ hitó ng̃a mga basahón bisan háin maopay co.

NOTE.—These relatives hain and bisan háin must not be confounded with the adverbs of the same form, háin (where) and bisan háin (wherever). The former refer only to nouns, the latter to verbs.

CONTRACTIONS.

The pronouns are frequently contracted as follows:

acó, ácon, to ac nácon ,, nac dácon ,, dac camí ,, cam quitá ,, quit námon ,, nam ámon ,, am náton ,, nat áton ,, at dámon ,, dam dáton ,, dat icáo ,, ic nímo ,, nim imo ,, im dimo ,, dim camó ,, cam adi ,, ad iní ,, in itó ,, it adín ,, ad itón ,, it hadí ,, had hadín ,, had hiní ,, hin hinín ,, hin hitó ,, hit hitón ,, hit hatón ,, hat ácon ,, ac áton ,, at ámon ,, am imo ,, ini bisan anó ,, bis ano bisan háin ,, bis hain

VERBS

The verbs may be grouped in the following classes:

As to their conjugation: active, passive, negative, interrogative, suppletory, impersonal, defective.

As to their inflections: primitive, and progressive.

The Active verb represents the subject as acting, as:

acó násugò (I order).

The Passive verb represents the subject as being acted upon, as: