Part 5

=CHLOROGALUM pomeridianum= (_Soap Plant_).--A distinct looking plant about 2 feet high, with blue-green leaves and spikes of whitish purple-veined flowers, that usually open in the afternoon during the summer months. It flourishes in ordinary soil, and may be increased by offsets from the old bulbs. The best time to plant is in autumn.

=COLCHICUM= (_Meadow Saffron_).--In the autumn, when the landscape looks more or less dreary, the Colchicums relieve the monotony with their bright appearance. The bulbs are peculiarly one-sided, and differ a good deal in size according to the species, so that they should be planted at various depths according to size. The best time for planting is July, or not later than August, and if massed in bold patches in the grass, flower-border, shrubbery, or rock-garden, the effect later on will be much more effective than if the bulbs were put in sparingly. A rich sandy loam will suit most kinds, but any good and well-drained garden soil will give satisfactory results. It may be remarked that most kinds produce their flowers without the leaves. The latter appear the following spring to elaborate food for the new bulbs, dying down during the summer. Colchicums are best propagated by offsets. Seeds may also be sown about midsummer when thoroughly ripe, and will produce flowering bulbs in five or six years (see p. 34). There are many kinds, the most popular being: _C. autumnale_, a British plant, popularly known as the "Autumn Crocus"--owing to the shape and bright purple colour of its cup-shaped blossoms, which appear from the end of August to November. There are many varieties of it such as _album_, white; with a double form; _maximum_, purple; _purpureum_, purple rose; and _striatum_, red striped with white. _C. Bivonæ_ has flowers chequered with white and purple. _C. Bornmülleri_, a fine species with rosy-lilac flowers. _C. byzantinum_ has pale rose blossoms. _C. giganteum_, flowers rosy, very large. _C. libanoticum_, white. _C. montanum_ produces its lilac-purple or whitish flowers in February and March. _C. Parkinsoni_ has white flowers distinctly veined and chequered with violet-purple. The flowers of _C. speciosum_, shown in Plate 33, fig. 118, appear in September and October, and vary from reddish or rose-purple to deep crimson-purple. _C. variegatum_ (a very old species also called _Parkinsoni_) has its rosy flowers beautifully chequered with violet purple.

=CRINUM.=--Most of the Crinums require the protection of a greenhouse or hothouse in our climate. The kinds mentioned below, however, may be grown in the open air in the milder parts of the country. The large and broad strap-shaped leaves, 2 to 4 feet long, more or less gracefully recurving from the long-necked bulbs, are in themselves a noble sight, but their beauty is considerably enhanced when the large, funnel-shaped blossoms are borne in clusters on the top of a stout, fleshy stalk. Given a rich and well-drained, loamy soil, warm-sheltered spots, and sufficient moisture during active growth, and the hardy Crinums usually flourish. They may be increased by offsets taken from the base of the large old bulbs; or by means of the large fleshy bulb-like seeds that are produced in favourable seasons. The seed needs only to be placed on the top of moist soil in a pot, and under the shelter of a greenhouse or cold frame will soon germinate in its own peculiar way. The best-known hardy Crinums are _C. Moorei_, a native of South Africa. It has large long-necked bulbs, broad bright-green leaves 2 to 3 feet long, and clusters of soft-pink flowers, each 6 inches or more across, on a scape 2 to 3 feet high (see Plate 30, fig. 109). _C. Powelli_, with a reddish wash down the centre of the petals, and its pure white variety _album_ (Plate 32, fig. 115) are also two very fine plants for the out-door garden. They are really forms, or hybrids perhaps, of the South African _S. longifolium_ (or _C. capense_), which has large white flowers with a central reddish stain on the outside of the petals. It is quite as hardy as the other kinds and may be treated in the same way.

=CROCOSMA aurea.=--This beautiful Iridaceous plant is perhaps better known as _Tritonia aurea_. It is a native of South Africa, and has fibrous-coated corms, narrow sword-shaped leaves, and brilliant orange-red starry blossoms borne on branched stems about 2 feet high, in August or September. It likes a rich sandy loam and leaf-soil and soon makes fine clumps in the milder parts of the kingdom. In cold districts and the north generally, the corms may be lifted in October or November, when the leaves have withered, and may be stored in sand or soil until spring. Then they may be replanted, any offsets from the older corms being placed in separate beds and grown on until large enough for flowering. As a pot plant for greenhouse decoration, the Crocosma is most useful. After potting in spring, the pots may be plunged (_i.e._, sunk up to the rims) in ashes or fibre, and plenty of water should be given during the summer months when the growth is active. When the flower-spikes appear the plants may be taken into the greenhouse or conservatory.

PLATE 17. LILIUM CROCEUM (67) ALLIUM MOLY (68) SCILLA PERUVIANA ALBA (69)

=CROCUS.=--The popularity of the Crocus is undoubted, but popular favour generally confines itself to the white, blue, lilac, purple, yellow, and striped varieties of _C. aureus_, the Old Dutch yellow Crocus, and _C. vernus_. These all flower from February to April, and when planted in hundreds and thousands in the borders or grass-land they are then indeed a glorious sight, especially if naturalised with Snowdrops, Leucojums, and Bulbocodiums. The individual blossoms do not last long, but they are thrown up so profusely from the roundish corms beneath, that they give a continuous glow for several weeks in early spring. The above all flourish in light sandy loam and leaf-soil. To secure the best results the corms should be planted about 3 inches deep in September or October. When possible, as in grass-land for example, the plants should not be disturbed for a few seasons, so they may increase as Nature intended. In this way they will produce a more striking picture each succeeding year, especially if they have had the advantage of a top-dressing with well-decayed manure in autumn. When the corms have to be lifted each year to make way in the borders for summer-flowering plants, the best time to take them up is when the foliage has begun to wither. This process is often hastened by twisting the narrow leaves and tying them into little bundles.

Apart from the ordinary spring-flowering Crocuses, _aureus_ and _vernus_ (a selection of which can be obtained from any bulb catalogue), there are several natural species which also flower in spring, and may be planted and grown exactly in the same way. Amongst these the best known are _alatavicus_, white and yellow; _Balansæ_, orange-yellow; _banaticus_, bright purple and white; _biflorus_, white to pale lavender, known as the "Cloth of Silver Crocus," of which there are many beautiful forms; _Biliotti_, purple; _carpetanus_, lilac to white; _chrysanthus_, orange-yellow, with several varieties; _dalmaticus_, lilac and yellow; _etruscus_, purple and yellow, striped; _Fleischeri_, white and yellow, veined purple; _Imperati_, lilac-purple, with deeper stripes; _Korolkowi_, yellow; _reticulatus_ or _variegatus_, white to deep lilac, veined purple; _stellaris_, orange; _suaveolens_, lilac and yellow, veined purple; _Susianus_ or _revolutus_, deep orange, known as the "Cloth of Gold Crocus"; _versicolor_, purple to white, veined purple; and _vitellinus_, orange.

=Autumn-Flowering Crocuses.=--Colchicums, and especially _C. autumnale_, are popularly known as "Autumn Crocuses." They belong, however, to the Lily family, and must not be confused with those species of Crocus proper which belong to the Iris family, and also flower during the autumn months, sometimes even as late as December, when the blossoms are often spoiled by the weather, unless protected with handlights or frames. At this period they are very useful, with the Colchicums and Sternbergias, for the decoration of grassy slopes and banks, and may be intermingled with them in places where they can remain undisturbed for some years.

The chief difference in the cultivation of Spring and Autumn Crocuses, is that the corms of the latter should be planted in July, or not later than August--in fact, at the same time as the Colchicums. The following are among the best Autumn Crocuses:--_Asturicus_, violet, purple; _Boryi_, white and yellow; _cancellatus_, white to purple, and lilac; _caspius_, white tinted rose; _Clusi_, pale purple and white; _hadriaticus_, white and purple; _iridiflorus_ or _byzantinus_, purple, lilac; _Karduchorum_, lilac, veined with purple; _longiflorus_, lilac, yellow, sweet-scented; _medius_, purple, veined, see Plate 33, fig. 117; _ochroleucus_, creamy-white, orange, see Plate 33, fig. 121; _pulchellus_, lavender-blue and yellow, veined; _Salzmanni_, lilac to white, veined; _sativus_, lilac, veined purple; the well-known "Saffron Crocus" of commerce, with several varieties; _Scharojani_, orange-yellow; _speciosus_, lilac, purple, with deeper veins, see Plate 33, fig. 122; and _zonatus_, rosy-lilac, veined purple.

All Crocuses may be easily increased by offsets, which may be detached when the corms are lifted. Seeds take about three years to produce flowering corms (see p. 34).

=DIERAMA= (=Sparaxis=) =pulcherrima.=--This is a charming South African plant with fibrous-coated corms, and long narrow sword-like leaves. It has beautiful funnel-shaped flowers, which droop from thread-like stalks about September and October, a period when they are sometimes injured by the bad weather. The blossoms, which are shown on Plate 31, fig. 112, are usually crimson in colour, but there also exist white, pale-red, and prettily-striped forms, all borne on stalks 3 to 6 feet high, and beautiful for cutting purposes. _D. pendula_, with deeply veined lilac flowers, is another species not so well known.

The plants cannot be considered hardy, except in the milder parts of the kingdom. In less favoured spots they may be planted in spring in warm sunny spots sheltered from cold winds, and if left in the ground in winter should be protected from cold rains and frosts with litter, bracken, lights, &c. A light sandy loam, with a little leaf-soil, will suit the plants best, and they may be increased by offsets.

=ERYTHRONIUM= (_Dog's Tooth Violet_).--These pretty plants of the Lily order have more or less oblong or cylindrical bulbs, sometimes with creeping rhizomes, and leaves more or less marbled or blotched or sometimes green. The 6-petalled blossoms are, more or less, drooping, but are usually conspicuous above the foliage and render the plants very attractive either in the rock-garden, flower-border, or grass-land. The plants like a moist sandy loam and leaf-soil, which, however, must be well drained so that the bulbs may not decay with the winter rains. Offsets are the easiest means of increasing the stock, and are best taken off after the flowers are over and the leaves have withered, _i.e._, about midsummer.

PLATE 18. CAMASSIA CUSICKI (70) LILIUM PYRENAICUM (71) ALLIUM ERDELII (72) IXIOLIRION PALLASI (73)

The Common Dog's Tooth Violet (_E. Dens-Canis_) is an old-world plant, and has been in cultivation many years. It has blue-green leaves, marbled with dull purple, and the flowers are of a soft rose or purple hue, although there are various shades (as shown on Plate 13, fig. 54), including a white one. There are now many other species and varieties in cultivation--all natives of temperate North America, and well worthy of a place in the garden. They all blossom from March to May, and vary in height from 3 to 12 inches. The following are the best known at present:--_Albidum_, white, tinged yellow, or wholly yellow in the variety _bracteatum_; _americanum_, golden yellow, tinged purple; _citrinum_, lemon yellow; _Dens-Canis_ (see Plate 13, figs. 54 and 55); _giganteum_, white, suffused with orange or yellow; _grandiflorum_, yellow; _Hartwegi_, creamy-white and orange; _Hendersoni_, rose to purple with yellow centre; _Howelli_, yellow and orange; _Johnstoni_, rosy-pink (see Plate 12, fig. 94); _montanum_, creamy-white; _propullans_, rose-purple; _purpurascens_, pale yellow tinged purple, or lilac in the variety _grandiflorum_; this species has sometimes about a dozen flowers on a scape; and _revolutum_, pink to rosy-purple, or white with a yellow centre in the variety _Bolanderi_ or _Smithi_.

=EUCOMIS punctata.=--This bold-looking plant is probably the best and most ornamental member of the genus. It has very large bulbs and tufts of gracefully spreading and recurved wavy leaves, bright shining green above, and densely spotted with purple beneath. The creamy-white or yellowish starry blossoms, with a conspicuous violet ovary in the centre, appear from July to September, and are packed close together on a stout purple spotted scape 1-1/2 to 2 feet high. Other species are _bicolor_, with unspotted leaves and greenish-yellow flowers; _nana_, which grows only about 9 inches high, has brownish-green blossoms; _undulata_, greenish-yellow ones; _regia_, white; and _pallidiflora_, with leaves over 2 feet long, and 4 inches or more broad, has greenish-white flowers.

They are all natives of South Africa, and may be grown in warm sheltered spots in the milder parts of the country. They like a rich and well-drained sandy loam, and if left undisturbed for a few years, will probably require protection in bleak localities from winter rains and frost. They may be increased by offsets. It takes four or five years to secure flowering bulbs from seeds.

=FERRARIA undulata.=--A distinct looking Iridaceous plant with tunicated bulbs, sword-like wavy leaves, and peculiar dull-purple flowers, each with six wavy segments spotted with purple, and appearing in March and April. This plant flourishes in well-drained sandy loam and leaf-soil, and may be considered fairly hardy in the milder parts of the kingdom. Increased by offsets.

=FRITILLARIA.=--There are fifty species or more belonging to this genus, but many of them, although highly interesting, are so dull in colour or small in blossom, that they are only likely to be met with in botanical collections. The common Crown Imperial (_F. imperialis_), shown in Plate 16, figs. 65 and 66, with its sturdy stems, 2 to 3 feet high, bright green wavy leaves, and bright yellow drooping blossoms, is probably the best known; but there are many forms of it in which the flowers vary in colour from yellow to orange and bright red. The Snake's Head (_F. Meleagris_) is another well-known species to be seen growing naturally in moist meadows in parts of England. Its beautiful white, rosy or purple blossoms (see Plate 8, fig. 33) droop from the stalks, 1 to 1-1/2 feet high in April and May, and are beautifully chequered with deeper coloured bands. For naturalising in the grass with Narcissi, Dog's Tooth Violets, &c., this is a very valuable plant. _F. Moggridgei_, a dwarf form of the purple, brown, and yellow _delphinensis_, is another good garden plant shown on Plate 8, fig. 31. The following kinds may be used for naturalising in the grass or for grouping in nooks of the rock-garden:--_Fusco-lutea_, _aurea_, _citrina_, _lusitanica_, _lutea_, _askabadensis_ (finely figured in "FLORA AND SYLVA,") _discolor_, _pallidiflora_, _pudica_, _Thunbergi_, _Whittalli_, all with yellow or greenish-yellow blossoms, and ranging from 6 to 12 inches high. To these may be added _F. recurva_ (Plate 8, fig. 34), a Californian species, about 1 foot high, and remarkable for its drooping bright orange-scarlet blossoms, the interior of which is yellow blotched with purple. _F. camtschatcensis_, the "Black Lily," has deep blackish-red flowers. It flourishes in moist sandy loam and peat.

_F. Walujewi_, with narrow tendril-tipped leaves, has silver-grey flowers suffused with purple brown, and spotted with red and white within (see Plate 8, fig. 32). To these may be added _armena_, dark purple; _Elwesi_, green and purple; _pyrenaica_, green and purple, spotted; _persica_ or _libanotica_, chocolate, purple and green; _latifolia_, purple, lilac, yellow, &c.

The Fritillarias have bulbs of various sizes, and many of them--notably those of _F. imperialis_--emit a very strong and disagreeable odour. They produce offsets freely in most cases, and in this way the stock may be increased. The best time for lifting and transplanting the bulbs is after the foliage has withered.

PLATE 19. ORNITHOGALUM PYRAMIDALE (74) BREVOORTIA IDA-MAIA (75) BRODIÆA LAXA (76) BRODIÆA IXIOIDES (77)

=GAGEA lutea.=--This British plant, with small roundish bulbs, and long narrow leaves, is called the "Yellow Star of Bethlehem" on account of its yellow starry flowers, with a green central line, appearing from March to May on stalks about 6 inches high. It grows in ordinary garden soil and may be increased by offsets.

=GALANTHUS= (_Snowdrop_).--The common British Snowdrop (_G. nivalis_) is an old time garden favourite, not only on account of the purity of its blossoms--almost rivalling the whiteness of the snow--but because they appear during the very dullest months of the year, often before Christmas, and lasting till the Crocuses, early Narcissi, Chionodoxas, Bulbocodiums, Leucojums, &c., come to keep them company. A few blooms are shown on Plate 2, fig. 8, not because it was necessary to tell the reader what a Snowdrop was like, but to record the general appearance of other Snowdrops that are now to be met with in cultivation. The most important of these are _Elwesi_, with its varieties _globosus_ and _robustus_, all of which have large flowers; _Fosteri_ has been called the "King of Snowdrops" on account of its fine leaves and flowers. Other fine kinds are _Imperati_, _latifolius_, and _plicatus_, the last named recognised by its long broad and plaited leaves. Indeed there are many other varieties--including double-flowered ones--but it is doubtful if the ordinary observer would see any great difference between them and the best forms of the common Snowdrop. They all have roundish bulbs--some larger than others, and offsets are freely produced from them. They flourish in the border or rock-garden in rich sandy soil and leaf-mould, but their natural dwelling place is in the grass, where they should be planted in hundreds and thousands and left to take care of themselves, as they are in many gardens in the kingdom.

=GALTONIA= (=Hyacinthus=) =candicans.=--A noble-looking South African plant, with large roundish bulbs and strap-shaped leaves over 2 feet long. The pure white sweet-scented blossoms (shown on Plate 20, fig. 78) appear during the summer months, 20 or 30 in a raceme, drooping from stout stalks about 4 feet high. =G. princeps= is somewhat similar but not so attractive in appearance, as its white flowers are faintly tinged with green. Both kinds flourish in good garden soil and should be planted in bold clumps for effect in the flower border, and in warm sunny spots, where they may remain undisturbed for several years, until it is necessary to give them more space, or to detach the offsets for increasing the stock.

=GLADIOLUS= (_Corn Flag_; _Sword Lily_).--There are several species of Gladiolus rarely seen outside botanic gardens. The florists' varieties, like _brenchleyensis_, _Colvillei_, _Childsi_, _gandavensis_, _Lemoinei_, and _nanceianus_, are much more popular owing to the brilliancy and beauty of their blossoms. _G. brenchleyensis_ (practically a form of _gandavensis_) is remarkable for its glowing scarlet flowers; _G. Childsi_ (raised from _gandavensis_ and _Saundersi_) attains a height of four or five feet, and has spikes of bloom often 2 feet or more long. The blossoms are 6 to 9 inches across, and possess many shades of purple, scarlet, crimson, salmon, white, pink, yellow, often beautifully mottled and blotched in the throat (Plate 28, fig. 105). _G. Colvillei_ (raised from _cardinalis_ and _tristis_) is an early-flowering plant about 2 feet high, with crimson purple and also pure white flowers--according to the variety. The form known as "The Bride" is the best white (Plate 21, fig. 81). Other early-flowering forms are shown in figs. 82 and 83. _G. gandavensis_ (raised from _cardinalis_ and _psittacinus_) forms a charming group as various in colour as the _Childsi_ forms, the individual flowers being variously striped and blotched with distinct colours. _G. Lemoinei_ (raised from _purpureo-auratus_ and _gandavensis_) is the origin of a beautiful number of hybrids, distinguished by having a large golden-yellow blotch on the lower segments, bordered with scarlet, crimson, purple, maroon, &c. (Plate 28, fig. 104). The colours are as numerous and as delicate as in the _Childsi_ and _gandavensis_ sections. The _nanceianus_ hybrids are remarkably fine plants, and are only comparable with those of the _Childsi_ group, although the blossoms are not quite so large. The colours vary from purple, claret, violet, carmine, orange, red, scarlet, violet, &c., and are all spotted in various ways (see Plate 28, fig. 103).

The kinds of Gladioli just mentioned may be grown to perfection in a well-drained loamy soil, which has been deeply dug and well manured the autumn previous to planting. From the beginning to the end of March is an excellent time to plant the corms or tubers, each one being inserted in a hole made with a stout dibber, or in a drill about 4 or 5 inches deep, and about a foot apart. Having covered the corms and made the soil fairly firm, little more is needed beyond keeping weeds down, until the flower spikes begin to show in July and August. Short stakes may then be supplied so as to keep the trusses upright. To secure extra fine blossoms the plants, when well-established, should be watered two or three times a week with liquid cow-manure to which a little soot and guano has been added. During hot dry summers especially, copious waterings should be given.

PLATE 20. GALTONIA CANDICANS (78) SISYRINCHIUM GRANDIFLORUM (79) BRODIÆA HOWELLI LILACINA (80)

When the flowers have faded, and the leaves begin to turn yellow, the corms may be taken up and carefully stored in a dry, airy, frost-proof place until the following March. New plants may be raised from the offsets, and also the spawn or cloves to be found at the base of the new corms. They should be detached and stored, and the following April may be sown like seeds in drills about two inches deep. The larger corms may also be carefully cut in two at planting time, the cut surfaces being dipped in powdered charcoal, soot, or freshly-slaked lime.

Where space will permit, the following natural species of Gladioli may also be grown:--_G. blandus_, 1 to 2 feet high, white, with red markings and a yellow tube; _G. byzantinus_, 2 feet, red, shaded with violet or purple; _G. dracocephalus_, 1 to 2-1/2 feet, soft yellow, striped and spotted with purple; _G. floribundus_, 1 foot, has flowers varying from white to flesh colour and deep red.

_G. oppositiflorus_ has white flowers, washed with rose or purple (Plate 23, fig. 87); _G. psittacinus_, 3 feet, rich scarlet, lined and spotted with yellow; _G. purpureo-auratus_, 3 to 4 feet, sulphur yellow, blotched with purple; and _G. Saundersi_, 2 to 3 feet, crimson or soft scarlet, spotted with pink and white. As they are all natives of South Africa they should be planted in warm sunny spots in March or April, and lifted the following autumn when growth has ceased.