Chapter 23

[59] While most physicians lay too great stress on the factor of infection, this mistake is by no means universal. Maurice Fishberg, for example (quoted in the _Medical Review of Reviews_, XXII, 8, August, 1916) states: "For many years the writer was physician to a charitable society, having under his care annually 800 to 1,000 consumptives who lived in poverty and want, in overcrowded tenements, having all opportunities to infect their consorts; in fact most of the consumptives shared their bed with their healthy consorts. Still, very few cases were met with in which tuberculosis was found in both the husband and wife. Widows, whose husbands died from phthisis, were only rarely seen to develop the disease."

[60] In 9th Trans. of _American Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis_, p. 117.

[61] _Geographical and Historical Pathology_ (New Sydenham Society, 1883), Vol. III, p. 266.

[62] Reid, G. Archdall, _The Present Evolution of Man_, and _The Laws of Heredity_.

[63] _In the South Seas,_ p. 27; quoted by G. Archdall Reid, _The Principles of Heredity_ (New York, 1905), p. 183. Dr. Reid has discussed the rôle of disease and alcohol on the modern evolution of man more fully than any other writer.

[64] See, for example, John West's _History of Tasmania_, Vol. II, Launceston, Tasmania, 1852.

[65] See Hollingworth, H. L., _Vocational Psychology_, p. 170, New York, 1916.

[66] Net increase here refers only to the first year of life, and was computed by deducting the deaths under one year, in a ward, from the number of births in the same ward for the same year. For details of this study of the Pittsburgh vital statistics, see the _Journal of Heredity_, Vol. VIII, pp. 178-183 (April, 1917).

[67] Quoted from Newsholme and Stevenson, _The Decline of Human Fertility_, London, 1906.

[68] Heron, David, _On the Relation of Fertility in Man to Social Status_, London, 1906. The account is quoted from Schuster, Edgar, _Eugenics_, pp. 220-221, London, 1913.

[69] _Ztschft. f. Sozialwissenschaft,_ VII (1904), pp. 1 ff.

[70] Two of the best known of these tribes are the "Jukes" and "Nams." "An analysis of the figures of the Jukes in regard to the birth-rate shows that of a total of 403 married Juke women, 330 reproduced one or more children and 73 were barren. The average fecundity, counting those who are barren, is 3.526 children per female. The 330 women having children have an average fecundity of 4.306 as compared with that of 4.025, based on 120 reproducing women in the Nam family."--Estabrook, A. H., _The Jukes in 1915_, p. 51, Washington, Carnegie Institution, 1916.

[71] Woods, Frederick Adams, _Heredity in Royalty_, New York, 1906.

[72] Beeton, Miss M., Yule, G.U., and Pearson, Karl, _On the Correlation between Duration of Life and the Number of Offspring_, Proc. R. S. London, 67 (1900), pp. 159-171. The material consisted of English and American Quaker families. Dr. Bell's work is based on old American families, and has not yet been published.

[73] The entire field of race betterment and social improvement is divided between _eugenics_, which considers only germinal or heritable changes in the race; and _euthenics_, which deals with improvement in the individual, and in his environment. Of course, no sharp line can be drawn between the two spheres, each one having many indirect effects on the other. It is important to note, however, that any change in the individual during his prenatal life is euthenic, not eugenic. Therefore, contrary to the popular idea of the case, the "Better Babies" movement, the agitation for proper care of expectant mothers, and the like, are not _directly_ a part of eugenics. The moment of conception is the point at which eugenics gives place to euthenics. Eugenics is therefore the _fundamental_ method of human progress, euthenics the _secondary_ one; their relations will be further considered in the last chapter of this book.

[74] The clan has now reached its ninth generation and its present status has been exhaustively studied by A. H. Estabrook (_The Jukes in 1915_: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1916). He enumerates 2,820 individuals, of whom half are still living. In the early 80's they left their original home and are now scattered all over the country. The change in environment has enabled some of them to rise to a higher level, but on the whole, says C. B. Davenport in a preface to Estabrook's book, they "still show the same feeble-mindedness, indolence, licentiousness and dishonesty, even when not handicapped by the associations of their bad family name and despite the fact of being surrounded by better social conditions." Estabrook says the clan might have been exterminated by preventing the reproduction of its members, and that the nation would thereby have saved about $2,500,000. It is interesting to note that "out of approximately 600 living feeble-minded and epileptic Jukes, there are only three now in custodial care."

[75] Key, Dr. Wilhelmina E., _Feeble-minded Citizens in Pennsylvania_, pp. 11, 12, Philadelphia, Public Charities Assn., 1915.

[76] The most recent extensive study of this point is A. H. Estabrook's _The Jukes in 1915_ (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1916). The Jukes migrated from their original home, in the mountains of New York, a generation ago, and are now scattered all over the country. Estabrook tried to learn, at first hand, whether they had improved as the result of new environments, and free from the handicap of their name, which for their new neighbors had no bad associations. In general, his findings seem to warrant the conclusion that a changed environment in itself was of little benefit. Such improvement as occurred in the tribe was rather due to marriage with better stock; marriages of this kind were made more possible by the new environment, but the tendency to assortative mating restricted them. It is further to be noted that while such marriages may be good for the Juke family, they are bad for the nation as a whole, because they tend to scatter anti-social traits.

[77] Key, _op. cit._, p. 7.

[78] Figures furnished (September, 1917) by the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 50 Union Square, New York City.

[79] This applies even to such an acute thinker as John Stuart Mill, whose ideas were formed in the pre-Darwinian epoch, and whose works must now be accepted with great reserve. Darwin was quite right in saying, "The ignoring of all transmitted mental qualities will, as it seems to me, be hereafter judged as a most serious blemish in the works of Mr. Mill." (_Descent of Man_, p. _98_.) A quotation from the _Principles of Political Economy_ (Vol. 1, p. 389) will give an idea of Mr. Mill's point of view: "Of all the vulgar methods of escaping from the effects of social and moral influences on the mind, the most vulgar is that of attributing diversities of conduct and character to inherent natural differences"!

[80] _Feeble-mindedness, its Causes and Consequences._ By H. H. Goddard, director of the Research Laboratory of the Training School at Vineland, New Jersey, for feeble-minded boys and girls. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1914.

[81] Probably the word now covers a congeries of defects, some of which may be non-germinal. Epilepsy is so very generally found associated with various other congenital defects, that action should not be delayed.

[82] Goddard, H. H., _Feeble-Mindedness_, pp. 14-16.

[83] See the recent studies of C. B. Davenport, particularly _The Feebly Inhibited_, Washington, Carnegie Institution, 1915.

[84] In this connection diagnosis is naturally of the utmost importance. The recent action of Chicago, New York, Boston, and other cities, in establishing psychological clinics for the examination of offenders is a great step in advance. These clinics should be attached to the police department, as in New York, not merely to the courts, and should pass on offenders before, not after, trial and commitment.

[85] As a result of psychiatric study of the inmates of Sing Sing in 1916, it was said that two-thirds of them showed some mental defect. Examination of 100 convicts selected at random in the Massachusetts State Prison showed that 29% were feeble-minded and 11% borderline cases. The highest percentage of mental defectives was found among criminals serving sentence for murder in the second degree, manslaughter, burglary and robbery. (Rossy, C. S., in _State Board of Insanity Bull._, Boston, Nov., 1915). Paul M. Bowers told the 1916 meeting of the American Prison Association of his study of 100 recidivists, each of whom had been convicted not fewer than four times. Of these 12 were insane, 23 feeble-minded and 10 epileptic, and in each case Dr. Bowers said the mental defect bore a direct causal relation to the crime committed. Such studies argue for the need of a little elementary biology in the administration of justice.

[86] For a sane and cautious discussion of the subject see Wallin, J. E. W., "A Program for the State Care of the Feeble-Minded and Epileptic," _School and Society_, IV, pp. 724-731, New York, Nov. 11, 1916.

[87] Johnstone, E. R., "Waste Land Plus Waste Humanity," _Training School Bulletin_, XI, pp. 60-63, Vineland, N. J., June, 1914.

[88] "Report of the Committee on the Sterilization of Criminals," _Journal of the Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology_, September, 1916. Of the operations mentioned, 634 are said to have been performed on insane persons and one on a criminal.

[89] Guyer, M. F., Wisconsin Eugenics Legislation. Trans. Amer. Asso. Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality, 1917, pp. 92-97.

[90] Eugenics Record Office, Bulletin No. 10 A, _The Scope of the Committee's Work_, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I., Feb., 1914; No. 10 B, _The Legal, Legislative and Administrative Aspects of Sterilization_, same date.

[91] Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 9: _State Laws Limiting Marriage Selection Examined in the Light of Eugenics_. Cold Spring Harbor, L. I., June, 1913.

[92] Penrose, Clement A., _Sanitary Conditions in the Bahama Islands_, Geographical Society of Baltimore, 1905.

[93] See von. Gruber and Rüdin, _Fortpflanzung, Vererbung, Rassenhygiene_, p. 169, München, 1911.

[94] Davenport, Charles B., _Heredity in Relation to Eugenics_, pp. 184 ff., New York, 1911.

[95] Harris, J. Arthur, "Assortative Mating in Man," _Popular Science Monthly_, LXXX, pp. 476-493, May, 1912. The most important studies on the subject are cited by Dr. Harris.

[96] An interesting and critical treatment of sexual selection is given by Vernon L. Kellogg in _Darwinism To-day_, pp. 106-128 (New York, 1908). Darwin's own discussion (_The Descent of Man_) is still very well worth reading, if the reader is on his guard. The best general treatment of the theory of sexual selection, especially as it applies to man, is in chapter XI of Karl Pearson's _Grammar of Science_ (2d ed., London, 1900).

[97] Diffloth, Paul, _Le Fin de L'Enigme_, Paris, 1907.

[98] The best popular yet scientific treatment of the subject we have seen is _The Dynamic of Manhood_, a book recently written by Luther H. Gulick for the Young Men's Christian Association (New York, The Association Press, 1917).

[99] The sympathy which we mentioned as the beginning of the hypothetical love affair does lead to a partial identity of will, it is true; but there is often too little in common between the man and woman to make this identity at all complete. As Karl Pearson points out, it is almost essential to a successful marriage that two people have sympathy with each other's aims and a considerable degree of similarity in habits. If such a bond is lacking, the bond of sympathy aroused by some trivial circumstance will not be sufficient to keep the marriage from shipwreck. The occasional altruism of young men who marry inferior girls because they "feel sorry for them" is not praiseworthy.

[100] Ellis, Havelock, _The Task of Social Hygiene_, pp. 208-209, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1912.

[101] G. Stanley Hall (_Adolescence_, II, 113) found the following points, in order, specified as most admired in the other sex by young men and women in their teens: eyes, hair, stature and size, feet, eyebrows, complexion, cheeks, form of head, throat, ears, chin, hands, neck, nose. The voice was highly specialized and much preferred. The principal dislikes, in order, were: prominent or deep-set eyes, fullness of neck, ears that stand out, eyebrows that meet, broad and long feet, high cheek-bones, light eyes, large nose, small stature, long neck or teeth, bushy brows, pimples, red hair. An interesting study of some of the trivial traits of manner which may be handicaps in sexual selection is published by Iva Lowther Peters in the _Pedagogical Seminary_, XXIII, No. 4, pp. 550-570, Dec., 1916.

[102] It has been suggested that the same goal would be reached if a young man before marriage would take out a life insurance policy in the name of his bride. The suggestion has many good points.

[103] The correlation between fecundity and longevity which Karl Pearson has demonstrated gives longevity another great advantage as a standard in sexual selection. See _Proc. Royal Soc. London_, Vol. 67, p. 159.

[104] It is objected that if the long-lived marry each other, the short-lived will also marry each other and thus the race will gain no more than it loses. The reply to this is that the short-lived will marry in fewer numbers, as some of them die prematurely; that they will have fewer children; and that these children in turn will tend to die young. Thus the short-lived strains will gradually run out, while the long-lived strains are disseminated.

[105] Hankins, F. H., "The Declining Birth-Rate," _Journal of Heredity_, V, pp. 36-39, August, 1914.

[106] Smith, Mary Roberts, "Statistics of College and Non-college Women," Quarterly Pubs. of the _American Statistical Assn._, VII, p. 1 ff., 1900.

[107] "Statistics of Eminent Women," _Pop. Sci. Mo._, June, 1913.

[108] "Marriage of College Women," _Century Magazine_, Oct., 1895.

[109] Blumer, J. O., in _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, p. 217, May, 1917.

[110] The statistics of this and the following middle west universities were presented by Paul Popenoe in the _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 43-45.

[111] _Harvard Graduates' Magazine_, XXV, No. 97, pp. 25-34, September, 1916.

[112] Popenoe, Paul, "Stanford's Marriage-Rate," _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, p. 170-173.

[113] Banker, Howard J., "Co-education and Eugenics," _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 208-214, May, 1917.

[114] _Eugenics: Twelve University Lectures_, p. 9, New York, 1914.

[115] Cf. Gould, Miriam C., "The Psychological Influence upon Adolescent Girls of the Knowledge of Prostitution and Venereal Disease," _Social Hygiene_, Vol. II, pp. 191-207, April, 1916. This interesting and important study of the reactions of 50 girls reveals that present methods or indifference to the need of reasonable methods of teaching sex-hygiene are responsible for "a large percentage of harmful results, such as conditions bordering on neurasthenia, melancholia, pessimism and sex antagonism."

[116] Gallichan, Walter M., _The Great Unmarried_, New York, 1916.

[117] Sprague, Robert J., "Education and Race Suicide," _Journal of Heredity_, Vol. VI, pp. 158 ff., April, 1915. Many of the statistics of women's colleges, cited in the first part of this chapter, are from Dr. Sprague's paper.

[118] Odin calculated that 16% of the eminent men of France had at least one relative who was in some way eminent; that 22% of the men of real talent had such relation; and that among the geniuses the percentage rose to 40. There are thus two chances out of five that a man of genius will have an eminent relative; for a man picked at random from the population the chance is one in several thousand. See Odin, A., _La Genése des Grands Hommes_, Vol. I, p. 432 and Vol. II, Tableau xii, Lausanne, 1895.

[119] Crum, Frederick S., "The Decadence of the Native American Stock," _Quarterly Pubs. Am. Statistical Assn._, XIV, n. s. 107, pp. 215-223, Sept., 1914.

[120] Kuczynski, R. R., _Quarterly Journ. of Economics_, Nov. 1901, and Feb., 1902.

[121] Nearing, Scott, "The Younger Generation of American Genius," _The Scientific Monthly_, II, pp. 48-61, Jan., 1916. "Geographical Distribution of American Genius," _Popular Science Monthly_, II, August, 1914.

[122] In the chapter on Sexual Selection it was shown that the Normal School girls who stood highest in their classes married earliest. This may seem a contradiction of the Wellesley marriage rates in this table. The explanation probably is that while mental superiority is itself attractive in a mate, there are interferences built up in the collegiate life.

[123] Banker, Howard J., "Co-education and Eugenics," _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 208-214, May, 1917.

[124] Hill, Joseph A., "Comparative Fecundity of Women of Native and Foreign Parentage," _Quarterly Pubs. Amer. Statistical Assn._, XIII, 583-604.

[125] See Willcox, W. F., "Fewer Births and Deaths: What Do They Mean?" _Journal of Heredity_, VII, pp. 119-128, March, 1916.

[126] The data are published in full by Paul Popenoe in the _Journal of Heredity_, October, 1917. It must be noted that, in spite of their small salaries, the Methodist clergymen marry earlier and have more children than do other men of equal education and social status, such as the Harvard and Yale graduates. This difference in marriage and birth-rate is doubtless to be credited in part to their inherent nature and in part to the action of religious idealism. It confirms the belief of eugenists that even under present economic circumstances the birth-rate of the superior classes might be raised appreciably by a campaign of eugenic education.

[127] For an official statement of the attitude of the birth-rate of the Mormon church, see _Journal of Heredity_, VII, pp. 450-451, Oct., 1916.

[128] Mecklin, John M., _Democracy and Race Friction, a Study in Social Ethics_, New York, 1914. p. 147.

[129] It would be more accurate to say the Nordic race. Other white races have not uniformly shown this discrimination. The Mediterranean race in particular has never manifested the same amount of race feeling. The Arabs have tended to receive the Negro almost on terms of equality, partly on religious grounds; it seems probable that the decadence of the Arabs is largely due to their miscegenation.

[130] Mecklin, _op. cit._, p. 147.

[131] Blascoer, Frances, _Colored School Children in New York_, Public Education Association of the City of New York, 1915. The preface, from which the quotation is taken, is by Eleanor Hope Johnson, chairman of the committee on hygiene of school children.

[132] Mecklin, _op. cit._, p. 32.

[133] The Negro's contribution has perhaps been most noteworthy in music. This does not necessarily show advanced evolution; August Weismann long ago pointed out that music is a primitive accomplishment. For an outline of what the Negro race has achieved, particularly in America, see the _Negro Year Book_, Tuskegee Institute, Ala.

[134] _Social Problems; Their Treatment, Past, Present and Future_, p. 8, London, 1912.

[135] Stetson, G. R., "Memory Tests on Black and White Children," _Psych. Rev._, 1897, p. 285. See also MacDonald, A., in _Rep. U. S. Comm. of Educ.,_ 1897-98.

[136] Mayo, M. J., "The Mental Capacity of the American Negro," _Arch. of Psych._, No. 28.

[137] Phillips, B. A., "Retardation in the Elementary Schools of Philadelphia," _Psych. Clinic_, VI, pp. 79-90; "The Binet Tests Applied to Colored Children," _ibid._, VIII, pp. 190-196.

[138] Strong, A. C., _Ped. Sem._, XX, pp. 485-515.

[139] Pyle, W. H., "The Mind of the Negro Child," _School and Society_, I, pp. 357-360.

[140] Ferguson, G. O., Jr., "The Psychology of the Negro," _Arch. of Psych._ No. 36, April, 1916.

[141] Though the Negro is not assimilable, he is here to stay; he should therefore be helped to develop along his own lines. It is desirable not to subject him to too severe a competition with whites; yet such competition, acting as a stimulus, is probably responsible for part of his rapid progress during the last century, a progress which would not have been possible in a country where Negroes competed only with each other. The best way to temper competition is by differentiation of function, but this principle should not be carried to the extent of pocketing the Negro in blind-alley occupations where development is impossible. As mental tests show him to be less suited to literary education than are the whites, it seems likely that agriculture offers the best field for him.

[142] This letter, and much of the data regarding the legal status of Negro-white amalgamation, are from an article by Albert Ernest Jenks in the _Am. Journ. Sociology_, XXI, 5, pp. 666-679, March, 1916.

[143] A recent readable account of the races of the world is Madison Grant's _The Passing of the Great Race_ (New York, 1916).

[144] _The Old World in the New._ By E. A. Ross, professor of Sociology in the University of Wisconsin, New York, 1914.

[145] Cf. Stevenson, Robert Louis, _The Amateur Emigrant_.

[146] Interview with W. Williams, former commissioner of immigration, in the _New York Herald_, April 13, 1912.

[147] Of the total number of inmates of insane asylums of the entire U. S. of Jan. 1, 1910, 28.8% were whites of foreign birth, and of the persons admitted to such institutions during the year 1910, 25.5% were of this class. Of the total population of the United States in 1910 the foreign-born whites constituted 14.5%. Special report on the insane, Census of 1910 (pub. 1914).

[148] _The Tide of Immigration._ By Frank Julian Warne, special expert on foreign-born population, 13th U. S. Census, New York, 1916.

[149] _Essays in Social Justice._ By Thomas Nixon Carver, professor of Political Economy in Harvard University, Cambridge, 1915.

[150] Fairchild's and Jenks' opinions are quoted from Warne, Chapter XVI.

[151] _America and the Orient: A Constructive Policy_, by Rev. Sidney L. Gulick, Methodist Book Concern. The _American Japanese Problem: a Study of the Racial Relations of the East and West_, New York, Scribner's.

[152] _Oriental Immigration._ By W. C. Billings, surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service; Chief Medical Officer, Immigration Service; Angel Island (San Francisco), Calif., _Journal of Heredity_, Vol. VI (1915), pp. 462-467.

[153] _Assimilation in the Philippines, etc._ By Albert Ernest Jenks, professor of anthropology in the University of Minnesota. _American Journal of Sociology_, Vol. XIX (1914), p. 783.

[154] Students of the inheritance of mental and moral traits may be interested to note that while the ordinary Chinese mestizo in the Philippines is a man of probity, who has the high regard of his European business associates, the Ilocanos, supposed descendants of pirates, are considered rather tricky and dishonest.

[155] An important study of this subject was published by Professor Vernon L. Kellogg in _Social Hygiene_ (New York), Dec, 1914.

[156] Nasmyth, George, _Social Progress and the Darwinian Theory_, p. 146, New York, 1916. While his book is too partisan, his Chapter III is well worth reading by those who want to avoid the gross blunders which militarists and many biologists have made in applying Darwinism to social progress; it is based on the work of Professor J. Novikov of the University of Odessa. See also _Headquarters Nights_ by Vernon Kellogg.

[157] Jordan, D. S., and Jordan, H. E., _War's Aftermath_, Boston, 1915.

[158] Jordan, David Starr, _War and the Breed_, p. 164. Boston, 1915. Chancellor Jordan has long been the foremost exponent of the dysgenic significance of war, and this book gives an excellent summary of the problem from his point of view.

[159] See Woods, Frederick Adams, and Baltzly, Alexander, _Is War Diminishing_? New York, 1916.

[160] See an interesting series of five articles in _The American Hebrew_, Jan and Feb., 1917.

[161] _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 277-283, June, 1917.

[162] _The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln_, New York, 1896. For the Emancipator's maternal line see _Nancy Hanks_, by Caroline Hanks Hitchcock. New York, 1899.

[163] _The Life of Pasteur_ by his son-in-law, René Vallery Radot, should be read by every student of biology.

[164] Hollingworth, H. L., _Vocational Psychology_, pp. 212-213, New York, 1916.

[165] Sir Francis Galton and C. B. Davenport have called attention to the probable inheritance of artistic ability and lately H. Drinkwater (_Journal of Genetics_, July, 1916), has attempted to prove that it is due to a Mendelian unit. The evidence alleged is inadequate to prove that the trait is inherited in any particular way, but the pedigrees cited by these three investigators, and the boyhood histories of such artists as Benjamin West, Giotto, Ruskin and Turner, indicate that an hereditary basis exists.

[166] The difficulty about accepting such traits as this is that they are almost impossible of exact definition. The long teaching experience of Mrs. Evelyn Fletcher-Copp (_Journal of Heredity_, VII, 297-305, July, 1916) suggests that any child of ordinary ability can and will compose music if properly taught, but of course in different degree.

[167] Seashore, C. E., in _Psychol. Monogs,_ XIII, No. 1, pp. 21-60, Dec., 1910. See also Fletcher-Copp, _ubi sup._ Mrs. Copp declares that the gift of "positive pitch" or "absolute pitch," i. e., the ability to name any sound that is heard, "may be acquired, speaking very conservatively, by 80% of normal children," if they begin at an early age. It may be that this discrepancy with Seashore's careful laboratory tests is due to the fact that the pupils and teachers trained by Mrs. Copp are a selected lot, to start with.

[168] The contributions on this subject are very widely scattered through periodical literature. The most important is Karl Pearson's memoir (1914), reviewed in the _Journal of Heredity_, VI, pp. 332-336, July, 1915. See also Gini, Corrado, "The Superiority of the Eldest," _Journal of Heredity_, VI, 37-39, Jan., 1915.

[169] _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 299-302, July, 1917.

[170] _Biometrika_, IV, pp. 233-286, London, 1905.

[171] See, for example, _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 394-396, September, 1917. A large body of evidence from European sources, bearing on the relation between various characters of the offspring, and the age of the parents, was brought together by Corrado Gini in Vol. II, _Problems in Eugenics_ (London, 1913).

[172] Davenport, Charles B., "The Personality, Heredity and Work of Charles Otis Whitman," _American Naturalist_, LI, pp. 5-30, Jan., 1917.

[173] Gillette, John M., _Constructive Rural Sociology_, p. 89, New York, 1916.

[174] Cook, O. F., "Eugenics and Agriculture," _Journal of Heredity_, VII, pp. 249-254, June, 1916.

[175] Gillette, John M., "A Study in Social Dynamics: A Statistical Determination of the Rate of Natural Increase and of the Factors Accounting for the Increase of Population in the United States," _Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association,_ n. s. 116, Vol. XV, pp. 345-380, December, 1916.

[176] The popular demand for "equality of opportunity" is, if taken literally, absurd, in the light of the provable inequality of abilities. What is wanted is more correctly defined as an equal consideration of all with an _appropriate_ opportunity for each based on his demonstrated capacities.

[177] _Essays in Social Justice._ By Thomas Nixon Carver, Harvard University Press, 1915, pp. 168-169.

[178] Answering the question "How Much is a Man Worth?" Professor Carver states the following axioms:

"The value of a man equals his production minus his consumption."

"His economic success equals his acquisition minus his consumption."

"When his acquisition equals his production then his economic success equals his value."

"It is the duty of the state to make each man's acquisition equal his production. That is justice."

Of course, "production" is here used in a broad sense, to mean the real social value of the services rendered, and not merely the present exchange value of the services, or the goods produced.

[179] Kornhauser, A. W., "Economic Standing of Parents and the Intelligence of their Children," _Jour. of Educ. Psychology_, Vol. IX., pp. 159-164, March, 1918.

[180] The coefficient of contingency is similar in significance to the coefficient of correlation, with which readers have already become familiar. Miss Perrin's study is in _Biometrika_, III (1904), pp. 467-469.

[181] "The Social Waste of Unguided Personal Ability." By Erville B. Woods, _American Journal of Sociology_, XIX (1913), pp. 358-369.

[182] See also "Eugenics: With Special Reference to Intellect and Character," by E. L. Thorndike. In _Eugenics: Twelve University Lectures_, pp. 319-342, New York, 1914.

[183] See U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau Publication, No. 7, "Laws Relating to Mothers' Pensions in the United States, Denmark and New Zealand," Washington, 1914.

[184] _American Journal of Sociology_, Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 96-103, July, 1914.

[185] According to Captain (now Lt. Col.) E. B. Vedder of the Medical Corps, U. S. A., 50% of the Negroes of the class applying for enlistment in the army are syphilitic. He believes that the amount of infection among Negro women is about the same. (_Therapeutic Gazette_, May 15, 1916.) Venereal disease must, then, play a much more important part than is generally supposed, in cutting down the birth-rate of the Negro race, but it would of course be a mistake to suppose that an abnormally low birth-rate among Negroes is always to be explained on this ground. Professor Kelly Miller points out (_Scientific Monthly_, June, 1917) that the birth-rate among college professors at Howard University, the leading Negro institution for higher education, is only 0.7 of a child and that the completed families will hardly have more than two children. He attributes this to (1) the long period of education required of Negro "intellectuals", (2) the high standard of living required of them, and (3) the unwillingness of some of them to bring children into the world, because of the feeling that these children would suffer from race prejudice.

[186] One can not draw a hard and fast distinction between reason and instinct in this way, nor deny to animals all ability to reason. We have simplified the case to make it more graphic. The fact that higher animals may have mental processes corresponding to some of those we call reason in man does not impair the validity of our generalization, for the present purpose.

[187] See _Jewish Eugenics and Other Essays_, By Rabbi Max Reichler, New York, Bloch Publishing Co., 1916.

[188] Dublin, Louis I., "Significance of the Declining Birth Rate," _Congressional Record_, Jan. 11, 1918.

[189] At the request of Alexander Graham Bell, founder and director of the Genealogical Record Office, Paul Popenoe made an examination and report on these records in the fall of 1916. Thanks are due to Dr. Bell for permitting the use in this chapter of two portions of the investigation.

[190] Beeton, Mary, and Karl Pearson, _Biometrika_ I, p. 60. The actual correlation varies with the age and sex: the following are the results:

COLLATERAL INHERITANCE

Elder adult brother and younger adult brother .2290 ± .0194 Adult brother and adult brother .2853 ± .0196 Minor brother and minor brother .1026 ± .0294 Adult brother and minor brother -.0262 ± .0246 Elder adult sister and younger adult sister .3464 ± .0183 Adult sister and adult sister .3322 ± .0185 Minor sister and minor sister .1748 ± .0307 Adult sister and minor sister -.0260 ± .0291 Adult brother and adult sister .2319 ± .0145 Minor brother and minor sister .1435 ± .0251 Adult brother and minor sister -.0062 ± .0349 Adult sister and minor brother -.0274 ± .0238

[191] The method used is the ingenious one devised by J. Arthur Harris (_Biometrika_ IX, p. 461). The probable error is based on n=100.

[192] A. Ploetz, "Lebensdauer der Eltern und Kindersterblichkeit," _Archiv für Rassen-u Gesellschafts-Biologie_, VI (1909), pp. 33-43.

[193] Or it may be supposed that the environment is so good as to make a non-selective death less likely, and therefore such deaths as do occur must more frequently be selective.

[194] Hibbs, Henry H., Jr., _Infant Mortality: Its Relation to Social and Industrial Conditions_, New York, 1916.

[195] See Castle, W. E., _Heredity_, pp. 30-32, New York, 1911.

[196] Doll, E. A., "Education and Inheritance," _Journal of Education_, Feb. 1, 1917.

[197] Atwater's celebrated experiments proved that all the energy (food) which goes into an animal can be accounted for in the output of heat or work. They are conveniently summarized in Abderhalden's _Text-book of Physiological Chemistry_, p. 335.

[198] In this connection see farther Raymond Pearl's review of Mr. Redfield's "Dynamic Evolution" (_Journal of Heredity_) VI, p. 254, and Paul Popenoe's review, "The Parents of Great Men," _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 400-408.

[199] See Dr. Hrdlicka's communication to the XIXth International Congress of Americanists, Dec. 28, 1915 (the proceedings were published at Washington, in March, 1917); or an account in the _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 98 ff., March, 1917.

[200] Cf. Grant, Madison, _The Passing of the Great Race_p. 74 (New York, 1916): "One often hears the statement made that native Americans of Colonial ancestry are of mixed ethnic origin. This is not true. At the time of the Revolutionary War the settlers in the 13 colonies were not only purely Nordic, but also purely Teutonic, a very large majority being Anglo-Saxon in the most limited meaning of that term. The New England settlers in particular came from those counties in England where the blood was almost purely Saxon, Anglian, and Dane."

[201] Comprising Armenians, Croatians, English, Greeks, Russian Jews, Irish, South Italians, North Italians, Magyars, Poles, Rumanians and Russians, 500 individuals in all.

[202] English data from K. Pearson, _Biometrika_ V, p. 124.

[203] Pearson (_ubi supra_) measured 12-year-old English school children, and found the average cephalic index for 2298 boys to be 78.88, with [Greek: s] = 3.2, for 2188 girls 78.43, with [Greek: s] = 3.9. It is not proper to compare adolescents with adults, however.

[204] Sewall Wright has pointed out (_Journal of Heredity_, VIII, p. 376) that the white blaze in the hair can not be finally classed as dominant or recessive until the progeny of _two_ affected persons have been seen. All matings so far studied have been between an affected person and a normal. It may be that the white blaze (or piebaldism) represents merely a heterozygous condition, and that the trait is really a recessive. The same argument applies to brachydactyly.

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