Chapter 22
character is due to the effects of not one but many factors in the germ-cell.
In addition to these fundamentals, there are numerous extensions and corollaries, some of them of a highly speculative nature. The reader who is interested in pursuing the subject farther must turn to one of the text-books on Mendelism.
In plant-breeding a good deal of progress has been made in the exact study of Mendelian heredity; in animal breeding, somewhat less; in human heredity, very little. The reason is obvious: that experiments can not be made in man, and students must depend on the results of such matings as they can find; that only a very few offspring result from each mating; and that generations are so long that no one observer can have more than a few under his eyes. These difficulties make Mendelian research in man a very slow and uncertain matter.
Altogether, it is probable that something like a hundred characters in man have been pointed out as inherited in Mendelian fashion. A large part of these are pathological conditions or rare abnormalities.
But the present writers can not accept most of these cases. It has been pointed out in Chapter V that there are good reasons for doubting that feeble-mindedness is inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion, although it is widely accepted as such. We can not help feeling that in most cases heredity in man is being made to appear much simpler than it really is; and that particularly in mental characters, analysis of traits has by no means reached the bottom.
If we were asked to make out a list of characters, as to the Mendelian inheritance of which there could be little doubt, we would hardly be able to go farther than the following:
The sex-linked characters (one kind of color-blindness, hemophilia, one kind of night-blindness, atrophy of the optic nerve, and a few other rare abnormalities).
Albinism. This appears to be a recessive, but probably involves multiple allelomorphs in man, as in other animals.
Brachydactyly, apparently a dominant. This is so much cited in text-books on Mendelism that the student might think it is a common character. As a fact, it is extremely rare, being found in only a few families. The similar trait of orthodactyly or symphalangism, which likewise appears to be a good Mendelian dominant, seems to exist in only one family. Traits like these, which are easily defined and occur very rarely, make up a large part of the cases of probably Mendelian heredity. They are little more than curiosities, their rarity and abnormal nature depriving them of evolutionary significance other than to demonstrate that Mendelian heredity does operate in man.
White blaze in the hair or, as it might better be called to show its resemblance to the trait found in other mammals, piebaldism. A rather rare dominant.[204]
Huntington's Chorea, which usually appears to be a good dominant, although the last investigators (Muncey and Davenport) found some unconformable cases.
A few abnormalities, such as a premature graying of the hair (one family cited by K. Pearson) are well enough attested to be admitted. Many others, such as baldness, are probably Mendelian but not yet sufficiently supported by evidence.
None of these characters, it will be observed, is of much significance eugenically. If the exact manner of inheritance of some of the more important mental and physical traits were known, it would be of value. But it is not a prerequisite for eugenic action. Enough is known for a working program.
To sum up: the features in the modern view of heredity, which the reader must keep in mind, are the following:
1. That the various characters which make up the physical constitution of any individual plant or animal are due to the action (concurrently with the environment, of course) of what are called, for convenience, factors, separable hypothetical units in the germ-plasm, capable of independent transmission.
2. That each visible character is due to the coöperative action of an indefinitely large number of factors; conversely, that each of these factors affects an indefinitely large number of characters.
APPENDIX E
USEFUL WORKS OF REFERENCE
The most complete bibliography is that published by the State Board of Charities of the State of New York (_Eugenics and Social Welfare Bulletin_ No. III, pp. 130, Albany, 1913).
An interesting historical review of eugenics, with critical comments on the literature and a bibliography of 100 titles, was published by A. E. Hamilton in the _Pedagogical Seminary_, Vol. XXI, pp. 28-61, March, 1914.
Much of the important literature of eugenics has been mentioned in footnotes. For convenience, a few of the books which are likely to be most useful to the student are here listed:
GENETICS AND EUGENICS, by W. E. Castle. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1916.
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEN, by Edwin G. Conklin. Princeton University Press, 1915.
HEREDITY IN RELATION TO EUGENICS, by C. B. Davenport, Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1911.
ESSAYS IN EUGENICS, by Francis Galton. Eugenics Education Society, London, 1909.
BEING WELL-BORN, by Michael F. Guyer. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1916.
THE SOCIAL DIRECTION OF HUMAN EVOLUTION, by W. E. Kellicott. New York, 1911.
THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF SOCIETY, by Carl Kelsey. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1916.
EUGENICS, by Edward Schuster. Collins' Clear Type Press, London and Glasgow, 1913.
HEREDITY, by J. Arthur Thompson. Edinburgh, 1908.
GENETICS, by Herbert E. Walter. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1913.
AN INTRODUCTION TO EUGENICS, by W. C. D. Whetham and C. D. Whetham. Macmillan and Co., London, 1912.
HEREDITY AND SOCIETY, by W. C. D. Whetham and C. D. Whetham. Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1912.
THE FAMILY AND THE NATION, by W. C. D. Whetham and C. D. Whetham. Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1909.
The publications of the Galton Laboratory of National Eugenics, University of London, directed by Karl Pearson, and of the Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y., directed by C. B. Davenport, furnish a constantly increasing amount of original material on heredity.
The principal periodicals are the _Journal of Heredity_ (organ of the American Genetic Association), 511 Eleventh St., N. W., Washington, D. C. (monthly); and the _Eugenics Review_ (organ of the Eugenics Education Society), Kingsway House, Kingsway, W. C., London (quarterly). These periodicals are sent free to members of the respective societies. Membership in the American organization is $2 a year, in the English 1 guinea a year, associate membership 5 shillings a year.
APPENDIX F
GLOSSARY
ACQUIRED CHARACTER, a modification of a germinal trait after cell fusion. It is difficult to draw a line between characters that are acquired and those that are inborn. The idea involved is as follows: in a standard environment, a given factor in the germ-plasm will develop into a trait which varies not very widely about a certain mean. The mean of this trait is taken as representing the germinal trait in its typical condition. But if the environment be not standard, if it be considerably changed, the trait will develop a variation far from the mean of that trait in the species. Thus an American, whose skin in the standard environment of the United States would be blonde, may under the environment of Cuba develop into a brunette. Such a wide variation from the mean thus caused is called an acquired character; it is usually impressed on the organism after the germinal trait has reached a full, typical development.
ALLELOMORPH (one another form), one of a pair of factors which are alternative to each other in Mendelian inheritance. Instead of a single pair, there may be a group of "multiple allelomorphs," each member being alternative to every other member of the group.
ALLELOMORPHISM, a relation between two or more factors, such that two which are present in one zygote do not both enter into the same gamete, but are separated into sister gametes.
BIOMETRY (life measure), the study of biology by statistical methods.
BRACHYDACTYLY (short-finger), a condition in which the bones, particularly of the fingers and toes, fail to grow to their normal length. In well-marked cases one of these is a reduction from three phalanges or joints to two.
CHARACTER (a contraction of "characteristic"), a term which is used, often rather vaguely, to designate any function, feature, or organ of the body or mind.
CHROMOSOME (color body, so called from its affinity for certain stains), a body of peculiar protoplasm, in the nucleus of the cell. Each species has its own characteristic number; the cells of the human body contain 24 chromosomes each.
CONGENITAL (with birth), present at birth. The term fails to distinguish between traits which are actually inherited, and modifications acquired during prenatal life. In the interest of clear thinking its use should be avoided so far as possible.
CORRELATION (together relation), a relation between two variables in a certain population, such that for every variation of one, there is a corresponding variation of the other. Mathematically, two correlated variables are thus mutually dependent. But a correlation is merely a statistical description of a particular case, and in some other population the same two variables might be correlated in a different way, other influences being at work on them.
CYTOLOGY (cell word), the study of the cell, the constituent unit of organisms.
DETERMINER (completely end), an element or condition in a germ-cell, supposed to be essential to the development of a particular quality, feature, or manner of reaction of the organism which arises from that germ-cell. The word is gradually falling into disuse, and "factor" taking its place.
DOMINANCE (mastery), in Mendelian hybrids the capacity of a character which is derived from only one of two generating gametes to develop to an extent nearly or quite equal to that exhibited by an individual which has derived the same character from both of the generating gametes. In the absence of dominance the given character of the hybrid usually presents a "blend" or intermediate condition between the two parents.
DYSGENIC (bad origin), tending to impair the racial qualities of future generations; the opposite of eugenic.
ENDOGAMY (within mating), a custom of some primitive peoples, in compliance with which a man must choose his wife from his own group (clan, gens, tribe, etc.).
EUGENIC (good origin), tending to improve the racial qualities of future generations, either physical or mental.
EUTHENIC (good thriving), tending to produce beneficial acquired characters or better conditions for people to live in, but not tending (except incidentally and indirectly) to produce people who can hand on the improvement by heredity.
EVOLUTION (unroll), ORGANIC, the progressive change of living forms, usually associated with the development of complex from simple forms.
EXOGAMY (out mating), a custom of primitive peoples which requires a man to choose a wife from some other group (clan, gens, tribe, etc.) than his own.
FACTOR (maker), a name given to the hypothetical _something_, the independently inheritable element in the germ-cell, whose presence is necessary to the development of a certain inherited character or characters or contributes with other factors to the development of a character. "Gene" and "determiner" are sometimes used as synonyms of factor.
FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS, a condition in which mental development is retarded or incomplete. It is a relative term, since an individual who would be feeble-minded in one society might be normal or even bright in another. The customary criterion is the inability of the individual, because of mental defect existing from an early age, to compete on equal terms with his normal fellows, or to manage himself or his affairs with ordinary prudence. American students usually distinguish three grades of mental defect: Idiots are those who are unable to take care of themselves, even to the extent of guarding against common physical dangers or satisfying physical needs. Their mentality does not progress beyond that of a normal two-year-old child. Imbeciles can care for themselves after a fashion, but are unable to earn their living. Their mental ages range from three to seven years, inclusive. Morons, who correspond to the common acceptation of the term feeble-minded, "can under proper direction become more or less self-supporting but they are as a rule incapable of undertaking affairs which demand judgment or involve unrestricted competition with normal individuals. Their intelligence ranges with that of normal children from seven to twelve years of age." There is necessarily a considerable borderline, but any adult whose intelligence is beyond that of the normal twelve-year-old child is usually considered to be not feeble-minded.
GAMETE (mate), a mature germ-cell; in animals an ovum or spermatozoön.
GENETICS (origins), for a long time meant the study of evolution by experimental breeding and was often synonomous with Mendelism. It is gradually returning to its broader, original meaning of the study of variation and heredity, that is, the origin of the individual's traits. This broader meaning is preferable.
GERMINAL (sprig), due to something present in the germ-cell. A trait is germinal when its basis is inherited,--as eye color,--and when it develops with nothing more than the standard environment; remaining relatively constant from one generation to another, except as influenced by reproduction.
GERM-PLASM (sprig form), mature germ-cells and the living material from which they are produced.
HÆMOPHILIA (blood love), an inability of the blood to clot. It thus becomes impossible to stop the flow of blood from a cut, and one who has inherited hæmophilia usually dies sooner or later from hæmorrhage.
HEREDITY (heirship), is usually considered from the outside, when it may properly be defined as organic resemblance based on descent, or the correlation between relatives. But a better definition, based on the results of genetics, looks at it as a mechanism, not as an external appearance. From this point of view, heredity may be said to be "the persistence of certain cell-constituents (in the germ-cells) through an unending number of cell-divisions."
HETEROZYGOTE (different yolk), a zygotic individual which contains both members of an allelomorphic pair.
HOMOZYGOTE (same yolk), an individual which contains only one member of an allelomorphic pair, but contains that in duplicate, having received it from both parents. A homozygous individual, having been formed by the union of like gametes, in turn regularly produces gametes of only one kind with respect to any given factor, thus giving rise to offspring which are, in this regard, like the parents; in other words, homozygotes regularly "breed true." An individual may be a homozygote with respect to one factor and a heterozygote with respect to another.
HORMONES (chain), the secretions of various internal glands, which are carried in the blood and have an important specific influence on the growth and functioning of various parts of the body. Their exact nature is not yet understood.
INBORN usually means germinal, as applied to a trait, and it is so used in this book. Strictly speaking, however, any trait which appears in a child at birth might be called inborn, and some writers, particularly medical men, thus refer to traits acquired in prenatal life. Because of this ambiguity the word should be carefully defined when used, or avoided.
INHERENT (in stick), as used in this book, is synonymous with germinal.
INDUCTION (in lead), a change brought about in the germ-plasm with the effect of temporarily modifying the characters of an individual produced from that germ-plasm; but not of changing in a definite and permanent way any such germ-plasm and therefore any individual inherited traits.
INNATE (inborn), synonymous with inborn.
LATENT (lie hidden), a term applied to traits or characters whose factors exist in the germ-plasm of an individual, but which are not visible in his body.
LAW, in natural science means a concise and comprehensive description of an observed uniform sequence of events. It is thus quite different from the law of jurists, who mean a rule laid down for the guidance of an intelligent being, by an intelligent being having power over him.
MENDELISM, a collection of laws of heredity (see Appendix D) so-called after the discoverer of the first of them to become known; also the analytical study of heredity with a view to learning the constitution of the germ-cells of animals and plants.
MENDELIZE, to follow Mendel's laws of inheritance.
MORES (customs), the approved customs or unwritten laws of a people; the conventions of society; popular usage or folk-ways which are reputable.
MUTATION (change), has now two accepted meanings: (1) a profound change in the germ-plasm of an organism such as will produce numerous changes in its progeny; and (2) a discontinuous heritable change in a Mendelian factor. It is used in the first sense by De Vries and other "mutationists" and in the second sense by Morgan and other Mendelists; confusion has arisen from failure to note the difference in usage.
NORMAL CURVE, the curve of distribution of variations of something whose variations are due to a multiplicity of causes acting nearly equally in both directions. It is characterized by having more individuals of a mediocre degree and progressively fewer above and below this mode.
NUCLEUS (little nut), a central, highly-organized part of every living cell, which seems to play a directive rôle in cell-development and contains, among other things, the chromosomes.
PATENT (lie open), a term applied to traits which are manifestly represented in the body as well as the germ-plasm of an individual. The converse of "latent."
PROBABILITY CURVE, the same as normal curve. Also called a Gaussian curve.
PROTOPLASM (first form), "the physical basis of life"; a chemical compound or probably an emulsion of numerous compounds. It contains proteins which differ slightly in many species of organism. It contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and various salts, but is so complex as to defy exhaustive analysis.
PSYCHIATRY (soul healing), the study of diseases of the mind.
RECESSIVE (draw back), the converse of dominant; applied to one of a pair of contrasted Mendelian characters which can not appear in the presence of the other.
REGRESSION (back go), the average variation of one variable for a unit variation of a correlated variable.
SEGREGATION (aside flock), (1) as used in eugenics means the policy of isolating feeble-minded and other anti-social individuals from the normal population into institutions, colonies, etc., where the two sexes are kept apart. (2) The term is also used technically in genetics, to refer to the discontinuity of the variation of characteristics resulting from the independent distribution of factors before or at the time of formation of the gametes.
SELECTION (apart pick), the choice (for perpetuation by reproduction) from a mixed population, of the individuals possessing in common a certain character or a certain degree of some character. Two kinds of selection may be distinguished: (1) natural selection, in which choice is made automatically by the failure to reproduce (through death or some other cause) of the individuals who are not "fit" to pass the tests of the environment (vitality, disease resistance, speed, success in mating, or what not); and (2) artificial selection, in which the choice is made consciously by man, as a livestock breeder.
SEX-LIMITED, a term applied to traits which differ in the two sexes, because influenced by the hormones of the reproductive glands. Example, the beard.
SEX-LINKED, a term applied to traits which are connected with sex _accidentally_ and not physiologically in development. The current explanation is that such traits happen to be in the same chromosome as the determiner of maleness or femaleness, as the case may be. Color-blindness is the classical example in man.
SEXUAL SELECTION, the conscious or unconscious preference by individuals of one sex, or by that sex as a whole, for individuals of the other sex who possess some particular attribute or attributes in a degree above or below the average of their sex. If the deviation of the chosen character is in the same direction (plus or minus) as in the chooser, the mating is called assortative; if in one direction independent of the characteristic of the chooser, it is called preferential.
SOMA (body), the body as distinguished from the germ-plasm. From this point of view every individual consists of only two parts,--germ-plasm and soma or somatoplasm.
TRAIT, a term used by geneticists as a synonym of "character."
UNIT-CHARACTER, in Mendelian heredity a character or alternative difference of any kind, which is apparently not capable of subdivision in heredity, but is inherited as a whole, and which is capable of becoming associated in new combinations with other characters. The term is now going out of use, as it makes for clearer thinking about heredity to fix the attention on the factors of the germ-cells instead of on the characters of the adult.
VARIATION, a deviation in the size, shape, or other feature of a character or trait, from the mean or average of that character in the species.
VESTIGIAL (footstep), a term applied to a character which at some time in the evolutionary history of the species possessed importance, or functioned fully, but which has now lost its importance or its original use, so that it remains a mere souvenir of the past, in a degenerated condition. Example, the muscles which move a man's ears.
ZYGOTE (yolk), the fertilized egg-cell; the united cell formed by the union of the ovum and spermatozoön after fertilization.
ZYMOTIC, caused by a microörganism,--a term applied to diseases. Example, tuberculosis.
INDEX
A
Abderholden, E., 422
Acquired character, 437
Administrative aspects, 194
Adult mortality, 345
Afghans, 321
Africa, 290, 291
Agriculture, 307
Aguinaldo, E., 314
Aims of eugenics, 152
Alabama, 187, 202, 296
Alaska, 187
Albinism, 433
Alcohol, 44, 48, 49, 130
Alcoholism, 213, 302
Aleurone, 104
Allelomorphism, 437
Allelomorphs, 108, 427, 437
Alpine Type, 427
America, 432
American Breeders Assn., 154, 194
American Breeders Magazine, 154
American Prison Assn., 182
American Genetic Assn., 154, 277
American stock, 258, 424
Americans, 427, 428
American-Chinese Marriages, 313
Amherst College, 255, 266
Amoy, 315
Ancestral Inheritance Law, 112
Anglian, 426
Anglo-Saxon, 426
Anthropological Soc. of Denmark, 155
Apartment houses, 377
Appearance, 219, 221
Appropriate opportunity, 366
Arabs, 230, 280
Argentina, 326
Aristocracy, 362
Aristodemocracy, 362
Aristotle, 32
Arizona, 187
Arkansas, 241
Armenians, 299, 302, 427
Army, American, 83
Arnold, M., 394
Arsenic, 63
Art, 96
Asiatic immigration, 311
Asiatic Turkey, 299
Assortative mating, 126, 211
Athenians, 133
Atrophy of optic nerve, 433
Atwater, W. O., 422
Austria, 137, 155
Australian, 129
Australian marriages, 222
Automobile, effect of 377
B
Baby saving campaign, 408
Bachelors, tax on, 353
Back to the farm movement, 355
Backward children, 188
Bahama Islands, 203
Baker, O. E., 6
Baltzly, A., 327
Banker, H. J., 267, 245
Banns, 197
Barrington, A., 13
Batz, 207
Baur, E., 104
Bean and Mall, 285
Beans, Fig. 13.
Beeton, M., 144, 404, 408, 411
Beggars, 302
Belgium, 138, 155, 324
Bell, A. G., 144, 183, 226, 345, 347, 350, 402, 407, 411
Bentham, J., 165
Berlin, 140
Bermuda, 205
Bertholet, E., 57
Bertillon, J., 140
Besant, A., 269
Better babies movement, 155
Bezzola, D., 56
Billings, W. C., 313
Binet tests, 287
Biometric method, 31
Biometry, 437
Birth control, 269
Bisexual societies, 234
Bismarck, von, O. E. L., 422
Blakeslee, A. F., Figs. 2, 3, 13, 14
Blascoe, F., 282
Bleeders, 38
Blind, 156
Blindness, 32
Blücher, von G. L., 321
Blumer, J. C., 244
Boas, F., 41, 282, 283
Boer War, 321
Boer-Hottentot mulattoes, 300
Body-plasm, 27
Bohemians, 311, 427
Boston, Mass., 261, 182
Boveri, T., 27
Brachybioty, 409
Brachycephalic heads, 427
Brachydactyly, 433, 437, Fig. 17
Bradlaugh, C., 269
Brazil, 325
Breton race, 273
Bridges, C. B., 101
Brigham Young College, 219
British, 427
British Columbia, 305
British Indian immigration, 312
Bruce, H. A., 23
Bryn Mawr College, 240, 263
Burris, W. P., 97
C
Cæsar, J., 179, 207
Caffeine, 45
California, 172, 192
California University, 100
Cambridge graduates, 428
Cambridge, Mass., 261
Cape Cod, 206
Carnegie Institution of Washington, 154
Carnegie, Margaret Morrison, School, 278
Carpenter, E., 379
Carver, T. N., 305, 367
Castle, C. S., 243
Castle, W. E., 87, 100, 105, 108, 300, 419, 435, Fig. 20
Catlin, G., 130
Cattell, J. McK., 20, 21, 268, 269
Cavour, C. B., 19
Celibacy, 173
Celtic, 41
Celto-Slav Type, 427
Central Europe, 427
Ceylon, 129
Character, 219, 221, 437
Charm and taboo, 395
Chastity, 251, 386
Chicago, Ill., 182, 261
Chicks, 47
Child bearing, Effect of, 346
Child Labor, 368
Childless wives, 268
Child mortality, 403, 407
Children surviving per capita, 267
China, 20, 137, 274
Chinese, 315, 397, Fig. 5
Chinese immigration, 321
Chorea, Huntingdon's, 109, 433
Christianity, 171, 394
Chromosomes, 87, 431, 437
Church acquaintances, 234
Civic Club (Pittsburgh, Penn.), 371
Civil War, 268, 301, 321, 326, 402
Cleopatra, 207
Climate, 42
Cobb, M. V., 96
Co-education, 267, 383
Coefficient of correlation, 212
Coercive means, 184
Cold Spring Harbor, 100
Coldness, 251
Cole, L. J., 45, 51, 63, Fig. 7
Collateral inheritance, 404
College women, 241
Collins, G. N., 104
Colonial ancestry, 426
Colony plan, 188
Color line, 280
Color-blindness, 109, 433
Columbus, C., 132
Columbia, District of, 187
Columbus, Ohio, 261
Columbia University, 10, 41, 100, 278
Combemale, 44
Compulsory education, 369
Confederate Army, 323
Congenital, 438
Conklin, E. G., 435
Connecticut, 76, 128, 192, 261, 326
Connecticut Agricultural College, 82, Fig. 14
Consanguinity, 207
Conscription, 319
Continuity of germ-plasm, 29
Controlled association tests, 288
Cook, O. F., 356
Corn, Fig. 2
Cornell Medical College, 45
Correlation, 13, 212, 438
Cost of clothing, 274
Cost of domestic labor, 275
Cost of food, 274
Cost of medical attention, 275
Courtis, S. A., 77
Cousins, 202
Criminals, 158, 182, 192
Croatians, 427
Crum, Frederick S., 259
Cushing, H., 102
Cynical attitude, 249
Cytology, 438
D
Danes, 426
Dalmatians, 311
Dance acquaintances, 234
Dark family, 168
Darwin, C., 20, 21, 25, 68, 69, 117, 134, 147, 151, 174, 208, 214, 334
Darwinism, 214
Davenport, C. B., 66, 154, 159, 182, 202, 205, 208, 246, 338, 341, 342, 348, 349, 433, 435
Davies, Maria Thompson, 235
Deaf, 157
Deafness, 32, 154
Declaration of Independence, 75
Declining birth rate, 237, 256, 268, 400
Defective germ-plasm, 194
Defectives, 302
Definition of eugenics, 147, 152
Degenerate persons, 193
Delaware, 187
Delayed marriage, 217
Delinquents, 302
Demme, R., 56
Democracy, 360
Denmark, 137
Dependents, 302
Desirability of Restrictive Eugenics, 167
Destitute classes, 214
Determiners, 432, 438
Differences among men, 75
Diffloth, P., 222
Diseases, 38
Disease resistance, 402
Disposition, 219, 221
Distribution, 307
District of Columbia, 187
Divorce, 201
Dolichocephalic heads, 427
Doll, E. A., 421
Dominance, 438
Dominant, 433
Dress, 219, 221
Drinkwater, 342
Drosophila, 101
Drug fiends, 193
Drunkenness, 389
Dublin, L. I., 400
Dubois, P., 23, 24
DuBois, W. E. B., 295
Duncan, J. M., 247
Duncan, F. N., 102, Fig. 17
Dugdale, R. L., 159
Durant scholarship, 262
Dyer family, 206
Dynamic evolution, 421
Dynamic of manhood, 223
Dysgenic, definition of, 438
Dysgenic types, 176
E
Earle, E. L., 94
Early marriages, 247
Eastern Europe, 427
East, E. M., 104
East north central states, 358
East south central states, 358
Ebbinghaus tests, 288
Economic determinism, 365
Economic equality of sexes, 380
Economic status, 250
Economic standing of parents, 370
Edinburgh, 57
Education, 219, 221
Education, compulsory, 368
Education and race suicide, 253
Edwards, J., 161
Egypt, 206
Egyptian, 285, Fig. 6
Elderton, E. M., 10, 55, 57, 60, 122, 153, 413
Elderton, W. P., 124
Elevation of standards, 277
Ellis, H., 96, 224, 379
Ellis Island, 302, 303, 427
Emancipation of women, 364
Emerson, R. A., 104
Endogamy, 222, 438
England, 15, 16, 121, 122, 138, 237, 381, 427, 432
English, 259, 311, 321, 426, 427, 428
Epilepsy, 58, 79
Epileptics, 193, 302
Eskimo, 49, 127
Estabrook, A. H., 143, 159, 168
Equalitarianism, 362
Equality, 229
Equality of opportunity, 366
Equal pay for equal work, 380
Essence of Mendelism, 429
Eugenic aspect of specific reforms, 352
Eugenic laws, 191
Eugenic marriages, 352
Eugenics and euthenics, 438
Eugenics Education Society, 153
Eugenics movement, 147
Eugenics registry, 350
Eugenics Record Office, 153, 194, 202, 348, 349, 436
Eugenics Review, 436
Eugenics and social welfare, Bulletin, 435
Euthenics, 155, 415, 416, 417, 438
Euthenics, eugenics and, 402
Eye, 59
Evolution, 438
Exogamy, 22, 438
F
Facial attractiveness, 215
Fairchild, H. P., 308
Family alignment, 229
Faraday, M., 334
Farrabee, W. C., 132
Fecundal selection, 137
Feebly inhibited, 182
Feeble minded, 157, 172, 302
Feeble-mindedness, 71, 176
Féré, C. S., 44
Fernandez brothers, 314
Ferguson, G. O., Jr., 287, 288
Fertility, relative, 247
Filipinos, 315
Financial aspect, 173
Financial success, 219
Finger prints, Fig. 25
Finger tip, Figs. 21, 22
Finns, 299, 302, 311
Fishberg, M., 126
Florida, 187
Foot, Egyptian, Fig. 6
Foreign-born, 238
Formal social functions, 236
Foster, M., 29
France, 138, 155, 206, 237
Franco-Prussian war, 321
Franklin, B., 230
Frederick the Great, 19
Fredericksburg, Va., 288
Freiburg, University, of, 125
French-Canadians, 259
French revolution, 18
Freud, S., 213
G
Gallichan, W., 252
Galton, Eugenics Laboratory, 153, 349
Galton, F., V, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 89, 90, 95, 99, 110, 111, 112, 113, 147, 148, 151, 152, 162, 222, 228, 230, 247, 342, 435
Galton Laboratory of National Eugenics, 269, 436
Galton-Pearson law, 113, 114
Gamete, 439
Garibaldi, G., 19
Garrison, W. L., 295, 296
Genealogical Record Office, 402, 405, 407, 409, 411, 412
Genealogy and eugenics, 329, 439
Genesis, 64
Genetics, 340, 439
Genius, hereditary, 151
George, F. O., 234
Georgia, 187
Geographical distribution, 261
German, 35, 259, 280, 311
German society for race hygiene, 163
Germany, 20, 137, 155, 299, 360
Germinal, 439
Germ-plasm, 25, 429, 440
Ghetto, 305
Gifted families, 213
Gillette, J. M., 356, 358, 359
Gilman, C. P., 378
Gilmore, C. F., 136, 216, 227
Gini, C., 344, 346
Giotto, 342
Gochuico, Ricardo, 315
Goddard, H. H., 71, 105, 108, 160, 176, 188
Gonorrhea, 63
Goodrich, M. T., 333
Goring, C., 124, 214
Grant, Madison, 301, 420
Grant, U. S., 374
Great Britain, 130, 232
Great race, 426
Great war, ix, 298, 327
Greek idea of eugenics, 150
Greek slaves, 284
Greeks, 299, 302, 321, 427
Greenwood lake, 233
Growth of eugenics, 147
Gruber von, and Rubin, 204
Guatemala Indians, 356
Guinea pigs, 45, 419
Gulick, J. T., 134
Gulick, L. H., 223
Gulick, S. L., 311, 313
Gustavus Adolphus, 19
Guyer, M. F., 194, 435
H
Habitual criminal, 194
Hair, white blaze in, 433
Haiti, 284, 289
Hall, G. S., 225
Hall of Fame, 17, 19
Hamilton, A. E., 278, 433, 435
Hankins, F. H., 237
Hanks Family, 333
Hap, L., 314
Hapaa, 131
Harrison, Mrs. E. H., 154
Harris, J. A., 100, 211, 404
Hart, H. H., 186
Hartford, Conn., 261
Harvard University, 87, 245, 246, 266
Health, 219, 221
Heape, W., 419
Hebrews, 41, 302
Hebrews, East European, 299
Hebrews, Russian, 302
Heller, L. L. 64
Helsingfors, 54
Hemophilia, 38, 40, 433
Hereditary genius, 16, 151
Hereditary, 440
Heredity, laws of, 99
Heredity, talent and genius, 151
Heron, D., 14, 15, 140, 153
Herzegovinians, 311
Heterozygote, 440
Heterozygous, 427, 433
Hewes, A., 240
Hibbs, H. H., Jr., 411
Hickory Family, 168
Higher education, 276
Hill folk, 168
Hill, J. A., 268
Hindus, 305
Hitchcock, C. H., 333
Hodge, 44
Hoffman, F. L., 128, 259
Holland, 137, 143, 155
Hollingworth, H. L., 342
Home acquaintances, 234
Homo sapiens, 300
Homozygote, 440
Homozygous, 427
Hooker, J., 68
Hopetown, 203
Hormones, 440
Horsley, V., 55
Housekeeping, 219, 221
Housing, 376
Howard, A., 104
Howard, G., 104
Howard University, 388
Hrdlicka, A., 285, 424, 426, 427, 428
Huguenots, 424, 427
Humanistic religion, 396
Humanitarian aspect, 171
Hungary, 155, 302
Hunter, W., 69
Huntington, E., 42
Huntington's Chorea, 180
Huxley, J. L., 3
Hyde Family, 346, 411
I
Idiots, 188, 302
Illegitimacy, 325
Illegitimate children, 208, 386
Illinois, 172, 208
Illinois, University of, 244
Ilocano, 315
Imbeciles, 188
Immigration, 298
Immigration Commission, 304, 310
Immortality, 29
Improvement of sexual selection, 211
Inborn, definition of, 440
Inborn characters, 32
Income Tax, 353
Increasing the marriage rate of the superior, 237
Indiana, 172, 179, 208
Indian, American, 49, 130
Individualism, 253
Induction, 440
Infant mortality, 121, 413
Infant mortality movement, 414
Infusorian, 26
Inherent, 440
Inheritance of mental capacities, 84
Inheritance Tax, 353
Innate, 441
Inkowa Camp, 233
Inquiries into human faculty, 5, 152
Insane, 15, 302
Insanity, 178
Institut Solvay, 155
Intelligence, 106
Intermarriage, 206
International Eugenics Congress, 155
International Eugenics Society, 155
Iowa, 208
Isabella, Queen of Spain, 19
Ishmael Family, 168
Islam, 284
Italian, 41, 259, 299, 302, 308, 311
Italians, Southern, 304
Italy, 19, 137
Ireland, 299
Irish, 41, 259, 311, 427
J
Jacob, 64
Jamaica, 289
James, W., 51, 327
Japan, 137
Japanese, 127
Japanese immigration, 312
Jefferson, T., 75
Jefferson Reformatory, 191
Jena, Battle of, 321
Jenks, A. E., 295, 314
Jenks, J. W., 308
Jennings, H. S., 105
Jesus, 396
Jews, 52, 133, 284, 304
Jewish eugenics, 394
Jewish race, 358
Johnson, E. H., 282
Johnson, R. H., vi, 117
Johnstone, E. R., 188
Jones, E., 213
Jordan, D. S., 323, 326
Jordan, H. E., 323
Journal of Heredity, 154, 436
Judaism, 394
Juke family, 143, 159, 168, 169
K
Kafirs, 285
Kaiser of Germany, 204
Kallikak Family, 160
Kansas, 172, 194, 208
Kansas City, Mo., 261
Kansas State Agrigultural College, 244
Kechuka Camp, 435
Kellogg, V., 215, 321, 318
Kelsey, C., 435
Kentucky, 172
Keys, F. M., Fig. 1
Key, W. E., 168
Knopf, S. A., 127
Kornhauser, A. W., 370
Kuczynski, R. R., 260
L
Laban, 64
Laitinen, T., 54, 55
Lamarck, J. B., 37
Lamarckian, 35
Lamarckian Theory, 421
Lamarckism, 37
Late marriages, 218
Latent, 441
Lauck, W. J., 308
Laughlin, H. H., 341
Law, 441
Laws, eugenic, 196
Laws of heredity, 99
Lead, 57, 63, Fig. 7
League to enforce peace, 328
Lechoco, F., 314
Legal aspects, 194
Legislative aspects, 194
Leipzig, 321
Lethal chamber, 184
Lethal selection, 145
Levantines, 299
Lewin, G. R. L., 62
Lim, B., 314
Lincoln, A., 20, 333
Lincoln, T., 333
Lithuanians, 311
Living wage, 375
Loeb, J., 379
Lombroso, C., 179, 182
London, 140, 141
Longevity, 403
Longfellow, H. E., 153
Lorenz, O., 330
Loscin and Lascin, 314
Louisiana, 187, 296
Lunatics, 193
Lutz, F. E., Fig. 16
Luzon, 315
Lynn, Mass., 261
M
Macedonia, 326
MacNicholl, T. A., 55, 56
Madonnas, 397
Magyars, 299, 302, 427
Maine, 172
Maine, University of, 47
Mairet, 44
Maize, 104
Malaria, 63
Malayans, 315
Mall, Bean &, 285
Malone, Widow, 204
Malthus, 117, 134, 145, 151
Mamelukes, 284
Management, 221
Manchester, 57
Mann, Mrs. Horace, 153
Marks, school, 216
Marriage laws, 196
Marriage rate, 237
Marshall, Gov. Thomas R., 191
Martha's Vineyard, 154
Maryland, 206
Massachusetts, 123, 241, 255, 259, 260, 261, 295, 326
Mass. Agricultural College, 255
Mass. State Prison, 182
Maternal impression, 64
Maternity, 221
Mayo, M. J., 286
Mean American man, 425
Mechanism of inheritance, 431
Mecklin, J. M., 280, 281, 283
Medical colleges, 246
Mediterranean, 49, 52
Mediterranean race, 280, 357
Melting pot, 424, 428
Mendel, G., 427
Mendelian units, 105
Mendelism, 430, 441
Mendelism, essence of, 427
Mendelssohn, F. B., 96
Mental capacities, inheritance of, 84
Mental measurements, 75
Mesocephalic heads, 427
Mestizos, 314
Methodist clergymen, 270
Methods of restriction, 184
Metis, Spanish, 314
Meyerbeer, G., 96
Mice, 45
Michigan, 172, 194
Middle Atlantic states, 358
Middletown, Conn., 192
Military celibacy, 320
Miller, K., 388
Mill, J. S., 165, 174
Milton, J., 21
Minimum wage, 374
Minnesota, 172, 202
Miscegenation, 209, 291
Missouri, 208, 288
Modesty, 251
Modification of the germ-plasm, 25
Mohammed, 179
Money, 229
Monogamy, 222, 387
Moody, L., 153
Moral equivalent of war, 27
Moral perverts, 193
Moravians, 311
Mores, 222, 441
Morgan, A., 233
Morgan, T. H., 4, 100, 101
Mormon Church, 273
Moron, 188
Mothers' pensions, 375, 376
Mother's age, influence of, 347
Motivated ethics, 394
Mountain states, 358
Mount Holyoke College, 240, 263
Movement, eugenic, 147
Mozambique, 129
Mulatto, 288
Muller, H. J., 101, Fig. 19
Multiple factors, 104
Muncey, E. B., 433
Murphey, H. D., 242
Music, 96
Mutation, 441
Mutilations, 38
Myopia, 13, 59
McDonald, A., 286
N
Nam Family, 143, 168
Naples, 303
Napoleon, 18, 179, 321
Nashville, Tenn., 261
Nasmyth, G., 322
National army, 319
National association for the advancement of colored people, 294, 295
National committee for mental hygiene, 172
Native whites, 238
Natural inheritance, 152
Natural selection, 148
Nature, 1
Nearing, S., 261
Nebraska, 208
Negroes, 238, 280
Negro women, 387
Nevada, 187, 192, 296
New England, 260, 265, 274, 291, 358, 426
New Hampshire, 208
New Haven, Conn., 261
New Jersey, 179, 193, 202
New Mexico, 187
Newport News, Va., 288
Newsholme A., 140, 141
New York, 11, 77, 172, 182, 186, 193, 233, 282, 286
New world, 324
Nice, 45, 47
Nicolin, 45
Night-blindness, 109, 433
Nilsson-Ehle, H., 104
Nobility, 118
Nordic, 426
Nordic race, 280, 301, 357
Normal curve, 441
Normal school girls, 262
Norman conquest, 338
Normandy, 338
North Carolina, 326
North Dakota, 193
North European, 426
North Italians, 427
Northern United States, 326
Norway, 137
Norwich, Conn., 192
Novikov, J., 322
Nucleus, 441
Nurture, 1
O
Oberlin college, 244
Occupation, diseases of, 62
Odin, A., 258
Ohio, 172
Ohio State University, 244
Oklahoma, 202, 208
Oliver, T., 62
Oregon, 208
Organization of industry, 307
Oriental immigration, 313
Origin of eugenics, 147
Orthodactyly, 101, 102, 384, 433
Ovarian transplantation, 419
Ovize, 44
P
Pacific, 358
Paget parish, Bermuda, 205
Paine, J. H., Figs. 16, 21
Paraguay, 325
Parents of great men, 423
Paris, 140, 155
Parker, G., 233
Parole, 209
Partial segregation, 250
Past performance, 342
Passing of the great race, 426
Pasteur, L., 333, 334
Patent, definition of, 441
Paternity, 219
Paul, C., 63
Paupers, 157, 302
Pearl, R., 47, 48, 99, 423
Pearson, K., 10, 12, 55, 56, 57, 60, 85, 93, 99, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 134, 143, 144, 153, 212, 215, 224, 227, 231, 232, 344, 348, 349, 368, 404, 408, 409, 411, 413, 428, 433
Pedagogical celibacy, 390
Peerage, 232
Pennsylvania, 167, 187, 202, 208
Pennsylvania Dutch, 424
Pennsylvania, feeble-minded citizens of, 168
Pennsylvania, University of, 132
Penrose, C. A., 203
Perrin, 372
Percy, H., Fig. 19
Perry, S. J., 124
Persians, 321
Perversion, 248
Pessimism, 247
Peters, I. L., 226
Phi Beta Kappa, 241, 262
Philanthropy, 33
Philippine islands, 313
Philippines, 324
Phillips, B. A., 287
Phillips, J. C., 245, 267, 419
Phthisis, 126
Physical care of the infant, 278
Physical culture, 219
Physico-chemical effects, 38
Piang, Datto, 314
Piebaldism, 103, 433, Fig. 20
Pike, F. H., 3
Pikipitanges, 132
Pilgrim fathers, 424
Piney folk, 168
Pitcairn islanders, 300
Pittsburgh, 138
Pittsburgh, University of, 234
Pituitary gland, 103
Plato, 150
Ploetz, A., 118, 119, 408, 409, 410
Plymouth, England, 118
Poisons, racial, 48, 61, 63, Fig. 7
Poles, 259, 299, 427
Polygamy, 387
Polynesians, 127, 129
Pope, E. G., 124
Popenoe, C. H., 78
Popenoe, P., vi, 244, 245, 270, 402, 423
Population, Malthusian, 151
Portland, Ore., 261
Portuguese, 299, 302
Possible improvement of the human breed, etc., 152
Poulton, E. B., 43
Powys, A. O., 272, 346
Pragmatic school, 352
Preferential mating, 214
Pre-natal care, 70
Pre-natal culture, 70
Pre-natal influence, 64
Pre-natal life, 155
Princeton college, 249
Probability curve, 78, 80, 441
Proctor fellowship, 249
Production, 307
Professional classes, 232
Professor's families, 228
Progressive changes, 39
Prohibited degrees of marriage, 222
Prohibition, 389
Propaganda, eugenic, 195
Prophylaxis, 252
Prostitution, 251
Protestant Christianity, 274
Protoplasm, 442
Prussia, 121, 321
Pseudo-celibacy, 248
Psychiatry, 442
Psychopathic inferiority, 302
Ptolemies, 206
Public charities association, 168
Punishment, 192
Punitive purpose, 192
Puritan, 298
Pyle, W. H., 287
Q
Quadruplets, Fig. I
Quaker families, 118, 144
Quakers, English, 411
R
Rabaud, E., 73
Rabbits, 45
Race betterment conference, first, 1
Race suicide, 257
Racial poisons, 48, 61, 63, 338, Fig. 7
Radot, R. V., 333
Rapists, 193
Recessive, 433, 442
Reconstruction period, 325
Redfield, C. L., 40, 421, 422, 423
Refraction, 59
Regression, 112, 442
Reid, G. A., 50, 125, 129
Religion and eugenics, 393
Remote ancestors, 338
Research fellowship, 153
Reserve, 251
Restriction, methods of, 184
Restrictive eugenics, 175, 184
Retrogression, 42
Revolutionary war, 426
Reward and punishment, 395
Rhode Island, 261
Rice, J. M., 95
Richmond, Va., 288
Riis, J., 1
Roman catholic church, 273
Roman republic, 284
Rome custodial asylum, 186
Roosevelt, T., 308
Ross, E. A., X, 301
Roumanians, 299, 311, 427
Round-headed type, 427
Rousseau, J. J., 75
Royal families, 17, 20, 118, 410
Rubin, von Gruber and, 204
Ruskin, 342
Russell Sage Foundation, 186
Russia, 137, 302, 325
Russian Jews, 427
Russians, 259, 302, 311, 427
Russo-Hebrew, 302
Russo-Japanese war, 321
Ruthenians, 311
S
Sacerdotal celibacy, 222
St. Louis, 154
St. Paul, public schools of, 372
Salpingectomy, 185
San Domingo, 289
Save the babies propaganda, 273, 412
Saxon, 426
Scandinavia, 299
Scandinavian, 311
Schönberg, Berlin, 382
School acquaintance, 234
Schuster, E., 93, 153, 435
Scope of eugenics, 152
Scotch, 259, 311
Scotland, 237
Scrub, 229
Seashore, C. E., 343
Segregation, 88, 185, 430, 442
Selection, 442
Selection, natural, 148
Selective conscription, 320
Self-repression, 251
Sewall, S. E., 153
Sex determination, 347
Sex equality, 379
Sex ethics, 252
Sex histories, 252
Sex hygiene movement, 385
Sex hygienists, 154
Sex-limited, 442
Sex-linked, 442
Sex-linked characters, 433
Sexual perverts, 193
Sexual selection, 136, 215, 262, 325, 442
Sexual variety, 247
Shepherd's purse, 104
Shinn, M. W., 243
Short-fingerness, 102
Shorthorn cattle, 423
Short-sightedness, 12
Shull, G. H., 104
Sibs, 202
Sidis, B., 86
Simpson, Q. V., Fig. 20
Single tax, 353
Sing Sing, 182
Sixty family, 168
Slavs, 299, 304
Smith's island, 206
Smith, M. R., 241, 265
Snow, E. C., 121, 413
Social status, 229
Socialism, 362
Solvay Institut, 155
Soma, 443
Somerset parish, Bermuda, 205
South Atlantic, 358
South Carolina, 187
South Dakota, 208, 296
South Italians, 427
South Slavs, 302
Southern United States, 291, 325
Southwestern state normal school, 217
Spain, 19, 137
Spanish, 324
Spanish conquest, 131
Spanish wells, 203
Spartans, 171
Spencer, H., 33, 34, 35, 41, 136, 165, 348
Spermatozoa, 45
Spirochæte, 62
Sprague, R. J., 240, 253, 255, 262
Standards of education, 275
Stanford University, 245
Starch, D., 21
State Board of Charities of New York, 435
Station for Experimental Evolution, 100
Sterilization, 185
Stetson, G. R., 286
Stevenson, R. L., 131, 301
Stiles, C. W., 291
Stockard, C. R., 44, 45, 47
Strong, A. C., 287
Stuart line, 19
Sturge, M. D., 55
Sturtevant, A. H., 101
Subordination of women, 362
Substitution tests, 288
Superficial characteristics, 227
Superior, marriage rate of, 237
Superiority of eldest, 344
Sweden, 138, 155
Swedes, 259
Switzerland, 56, 138, 155
Symphalangism, 433, Fig. 17
Syphilis, 63
Syphilitics, 193
Syracuse University, 245
Syrians, 299, 302
T
Taboo, 222, 297
Tail-male line, 331
Talent, hereditary, 151
Tarbell, I. M., 333
Tasmania, 131, 132
Taxation, 352
Taylor, J. H., Figs. 22, 25
Telegony, 73
Ten commandments, 394
Tennessee, 187
Terman, L. M., 106
Teutonic, 426
Teutonic nations, 52
Texas, 202
Theism, 398
Theistic religion, 395
Theognis of Megara, 150
Therapeutic, 192
Thirty Years' war, 326
Thompson, J. A., 29, 34, 435
Thorndike, E. L., 10, 11, 21, 76, 79, 90, 91, 373
Threadworn, 7
Tobacco, 45, 63
Todde, C., 45
Trades unionism, 388
Training school of Vineland, N. J., 188
Trait, 443
Transmissibility, 38
Tropical fevers, 133
Tropics, 35
Truro, 206
Tuberculosis, 57, 124, 199, 302
Turkey, 137
Turkish, 311
Turner, J. M. W., 68, 342
Turpitude, moral, 194
Twins, 90, Figs. 24, 25
U
Unfitness, 121
Unit-character, 443
United States, 16, 24, 137, 155, 289, 291, 407
U. S. public health service, 303
University of London, 153
University of Pittsburgh, 216
Unlike, marriage of, 212
Uruguay, 325
Use and disuse, 38
Useful works of reference, 435
Utah, 187, 208
Uterine infection, 38
V
Vagrants, 302
Variation, 443
Variate difference correlation, 121
Vasectomy, 184
Vassar College, 240
Vedder, E. B., 387
Veblen, T., 228
Venereal diseases, 248, 251
Venereal infection, 386
Vermont, 326
Vestigial, 443
Victor Emmanuel, 19
Villard, O. G., 294
Vineland, N. J., 71
Vineyard, Martha's, 154
Virginia, 326
Vision, 59
Vocational guidance, 371
Vocational training, 371
Voisin, 206
Volta bureau, 154
W
Wales, 122, 138
Wallin, J. E. W., 188
Walter, H. E., 435
War, 318
Warne, F. J., 304
Washington, 192, 208
Washington, D. C., 154, 233, 261, 286
Washington, G., 337
Washington Seminary, 242
Weakness, matings involving, 200
Webb, S., 269
Wedgewood, E., 208
Weismann, A., 25, 26, 44, 431
Weldon, W. F. R., 99, 118
Wellesley College, 235, 239, 242, 262, 263
Wellesley scholarships, 262
Welsh, 259, 311
West, B., 342
West, J., 132
West north central states, 358
West south central states, 358
West Virginia, 187
Westergaard, H., 57
Wheat, 104
Whetham, W. C. D., 435, 436
White slavery, 193
Whitman, C. O., 348
Who's Who, 246
Willcox, W. F., 269
Williams, W., 303
William the Conqueror, 338
William of Occam, 93
William of Orange, 19
William the Silent, 19
Wilson, J. A., 13
Wilson, W., 310
Wisconsin, 172, 194
Wisconsin, University of, 45, 63, 244
Woman suffrage, 380
Woman's colleges, 383
Woods, A. W., 334
Woods, E. B., 372, 373
Woods, F. A., 3, 17, 18, 19, 89, 144, 260, 327, 341, 373
Wright, L. E., 314
Wright, S., vi., 433
Y
Yale College, 245, 265, 266
Yerkes, R. M., 87, 88
Young Men's Christian Association, 155, 235, 336
Young Peoples Society of Christian Endeavor, 234
Young Women's Christian Association, 235
Yule, G. U., 144
Z
Zero Family, 168
Zygote, 26, 443
Zymotic, 443
Zulus, 284
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES
[1] See Woods, Frederick Adams, "Laws of Diminishing Environmental Influences," _Popular Science Monthly_, April, 1910, pp. 313-336; Huxley, J. S., _The Individual in the Animal Kingdom_, Cambridge and New York, 1912. Pike, F. H., and Scott, E. L., "The Significance of Certain Internal Conditions of the Organism in Organic Evolution," _American Naturalist_, Vol. XLIX, pp. 321-359, June, 1915.
[2] There is one line of experiment which is simple and striking enough to deserve mention--namely, ovarian transplantation. A description of this is given in Appendix A.
[3] Galton, Francis, _Inquiries into Human Faculty_, 1907 edition, pp. 153-173. This volume of Galton's, which was first published in 1883, has been reissued in Everyman's Library, and should be read by all eugenists.
[4] What is said here refers to positive correlations, which are the only kind involved in this problem. Correlations may also be negative, lying between 0 and -1; for instance, if we measured the correlation between a man's lack of appetite and the time that had elapsed since his last meal, we would have to express it by a negative fraction, the minus sign showing that the greater his satiety, the less would be the time since his repast. The best introduction to correlations is Elderton's _Primer of Statistics_ (London, 1912).
[5] Dr. Thorndike's careful measurements showed that it is impossible to draw a hard and fast line between identical twins and ordinary twins. There is no question as to the existence of the two kinds, but the ordinary twins may happen to be so nearly alike as to resemble identical twins. Accordingly, mere appearance is not a safe criterion of the identity of twins. His researches were published in the _Archives of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods_, No. 1, New York, 1905.
[6] _A First Study of the Inheritance of Vision and the Relative Influence of Heredity and Environment on Sight._ By Amy Barrington and Karl Pearson. Eugenics Laboratory (London), Memoir Series V.
[7] Dr. James Alexander Wilson, assistant surgeon of the Opthalmic Institute, Glasgow, published an analysis of 1,500 cases of myopia in the _British Medical Journal_, p. 395, August 29, 1914. His methods are not above criticism, and too much importance should not be attached to his results, which show that in 58% of the cases heredity can be credited with the myopia of the patient. In 12% of the cases it was due to inflammation of the cornea (keratitis) while in the remaining 30% no hereditary influence could be proved, but various reasons made him feel certain that in many cases it existed. The distribution of myopia by trades and professions among his patients is suggestive: 65% of the cases among school children showed myopic heredity; 63% among housewives and domestic servants; 68% among shop and factory works; 60% among clerks and typists; 60% among laborers and miners. If environment really played an active part, one would not expect to find this similarity in percentages between laborers and clerks, between housewives and schoolteachers, etc.
[8] _The Influence of Unfavourable Home Environment and Defective Physique on the Intelligence of School Children._ By David Heron. Eugenics Laboratory (London), Memoir Series No. VIII.
[9] _Hereditary Genius; an Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences._ London, 1869.
[10] Woods, Frederick Adams, "Heredity and the Hall of Fame," _Popular Science Monthly_, May, 1913.
[11] Woods, Frederick Adams, _Mental and Moral Heredity in Royalty_, New York, 1906. See also "Sovereigns and the Supposed Influence of Opportunity," _Science_, n. s., XXXIX, No. 1016, pp. 902-905, June 19, 1914, where Dr. Woods answers some criticisms of his work.
[12] _Educational Psychology_, Vol. III, p. 306. Starch's results are also quoted from Thorndike.
[13] Jean Baptiste Lamarck, a French naturalist, born in 1744, was one of the pioneers in the philosophical study of evolution. The theory (published in 1809) for which he is best known is as follows: "Changes in the animal's surroundings are responded to by changes in its habits." "Any particular habit involves the regular use of some organs and the disuse of others. Those organs which are used will be developed and strengthened, those not used diminished and weakened, and the changes so produced will be transmitted to the offspring, and thus progressive development of particular organs will go on from generation to generation." His classical example is the neck of the giraffe, which he supposes to be long because, for generation after generation, the animals stretched their necks in order to get the highest leaves from the trees.
[14] Boas, F., _Changes in Body Form of Descendants of Immigrants_, 1911.
[15] _Civilization and Climate._ By Ellsworth Huntington, Yale University Press, 1916.
[16] _American Naturalist_, L., pp. 65-89, 144-178, Feb. and Mar., 1916.
[17] _Proc. Am. Philos. Soc._ LV, pp. 243-259, 1916.
[18] Dr. Reid is the author who has most effectively called attention to this relation between alcohol and natural selection. Those interested will find a full treatment in his books, _The Present Evolution of Man_, _The Laws of Heredity_, and _The Principles of Heredity_.
[19] _Principles of Psychology_, ii, p. 543.
[20] Leon J. Cole points out that this may be due in considerable part to less voluntary restriction of offspring on the part of those who are often under the influence of alcohol.
[21] For a review of the statistical problems involved, see Karl Pearson. An attempt to correct some of the misstatements made by Sir Victor Horsley, F. R. S., F. R. C. S., and Mary D. Sturge, M. D., in their criticisms of the Galton Laboratory Memoir: _First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism_, etc.; and Professor Pearson's various popular lectures, also _A Second Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Intelligence of Offspring_. By Karl Pearson and Ethel M. Elderton. Eugenics Laboratory Memoir Series XIII.
[22] _A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Intelligence of Offspring._ By Ethel M. Elderton and Karl Pearson. Eugenics Laboratory Memoir Series X. Harald Westergaard, who reëxamined the Elderton-Pearson data, concludes that considerable importance is to be attached to the selective action of alcohol, the weaklings in the alcoholic families having been weeded out early in life.
[23] Prohibition would have some _indirect_ eugenic effects, which will be discussed in Chapter XVIII.
[24] Chapter XXX, verses 31-43. A knowledge of the pedigree of Laban's cattle would undoubtedly explain where the stripes came from. It is interesting to note how this idea persists: a correspondent has recently sent an account of seven striped lambs born after their mothers had seen a striped skunk. The actual explanation is doubtless that suggested by Heller in the _Journal of Heredity_, VI, 480 (October, 1915), that a stripe is part of the ancestral coat pattern of the sheep, and appears from time to time because of reversion.
[25] Such a skin affection, known as icthyosis, xerosis or xeroderma, is usually due to heredity. Davenport says it "is especially apt to be found in families in which consanguineous marriages occur and this fact, together with the pedigrees [which he studied], suggests that it is due to the absence of some factor that controls the process of cornification of the skin. On this hypothesis a normal person who belongs to an affected family may marry into a normal family with impunity, but cousin marriages are to be avoided." See Davenport, C. B., _Heredity in Relation to Eugenics_, p. 134. New York, 1911.
[26] Its eugenics is to be effected through the mental exertion of mothers. And we have lately been in correspondence with a western attorney who is endeavoring to form an association of persons who will agree to be the parents of "willed" children. By this means, he has calculated (and sends a chart to prove it) that it will require only four generations to produce the Superman.
[27] _Life and Letters of Charles Darwin_, Vol. I, p. 302, New York, 1897. The letter is dated 1844.
[28] Goddard, H. H., _Feeble-mindedness_, p. 359. New York, the Macmillan Company, 1914.
[29] For a review of the evidence consult an article on "Telegony" by Dr. Etienne Rabaud in the _Journal of Heredity_, Vol. V, No. 9, pp. 389-400; September, 1914.
[30] It will be recalled that the coefficient of correlation measures the resemblance between two variables on a scale between 0 and-1 or +1. If the correlation is zero, there is no constant relation; if it is unity, any change in one must result in a determinate change in the other; if it is 0.5, it means that when one of the variables deviates from the mean of its class by a given amount, the other variable will deviate from the mean of its class by 50% of that amount (each deviation being measured in terms of the variability of its own class, in order that they may be properly comparable.)
[31] Sidis, Boris, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., "Neurosis and Eugenics," _Medical Review of_ _Reviews_, Vol. XXI, No. 10, pp. 587-594, New York, October, 1915. A psychologist who writes of "some miraculous germ-plasm (chromatin) with wonderful dominant 'units' (Chromosomes)" is hardly a competent critic of the facts of heredity.
[32] In a letter to the _Journal of Heredity_, under date of August 4, 1916.
[33] Galton, Francis, _Inquiries into Human Faculty_, p. 167, London, 1907.
[34] Woods, Frederick Adams, _Heredity in Royalty_, New York, 1906.
[35] _Op. cit._, pp. 170-171.
[36] Thorndike, E. L., "Measurements of Twins," _Arch. of Philos., Psych. and Sci. Methods_, No. 1, New York, 1905; summarized in his _Educational Psychology_, Vol. III, pp. 247-251, New York, 1914. Measured on a scale where 1 = identity, he found that twins showed a resemblance to each other of about .75, while ordinary brothers of about the same age resembled each other to the extent of about .50 only. The resemblance was approximately the same in both physical and mental traits.
[37] The quotations in this and the following paragraph are from _Thorndike's Educational Psychology_, pp. 304-305, Vol. III.
[38] _Biometrika_, Vol. III, p. 156.
[39] "William of Occam's Razor" is the canon of logic which declares that it is unwise to seek for several causes of an effect, if a single cause is adequate to account for it.
[40] Schuster, Edgar, _Eugenics_, pp. 150-163, London, 1913.
[41] _Educational Psychology_ (1914), Vol. III, p. 235.
[42] Cobb, Margaret V., _Journal of Educational Psychology_, viii, pp. 1-20, Jan., 1917.
[43] This is not true of the small English school of biometrists, founded by Sir Francis Galton, W. F. R. Weldon and Karl Pearson, and now led by the latter. It has throughout denied or minified Mendelian results, and depended on the treatment of inheritance by a study of correlations. With the progress of Mendelian research, biometric methods must be supplemented with pedigree studies. In human heredity, on the other hand, because of the great difficulties attendant upon an application of Mendelian methods, the biometric mode of attack is still the most useful, and has been largely used in the present book. It has been often supposed that the methods of the two schools (biometry and Mendelism) are antagonistic. They are rather supplementary, each being valuable in cases where the other is less applicable. See Pearl, Raymond, _Modes of Research in Genetics_, p. 182, New York, 1915
[44] Few people realize what large numbers of plants and animals have been bred for experimental purposes during the last decade; W. E. Castle of Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Mass., has bred not less than 45,000 rats. In the study of a single character, the endosperm of maize, nearly 100,000 pedigreed seeds have been examined by different students. Workers at the University of California have tabulated more than 10,000 measurements on flower size alone, in tobacco hybrids. T. H. Morgan and his associates at Columbia University have bred and studied more than half a million fruit flies, and J. Arthur Harris has handled more than 600,000 bean-plants at the Carnegie Institution's Station for Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. While facts of human heredity, and of inheritance in large mammals generally, are often grounded on scanty evidence, it must not be thought that the fundamental generalizations of heredity are based on insufficient data.
[45] For a brief account of Mendelism, see Appendix D.
[46] Of course these factors are not of equal importance; some of them produce large changes and some, as far as can be told, are of minor significance. The factors, moreover, undergo large changes from time to time, thus producing mutations; and it is probable small changes as well, the evidence for which requires greater refinements of method than is usual among those using the pedigree method.
[47] _A Critique of the Theory of Evolution_, by Thomas Hunt Morgan, professor of experimental zoölogy in Columbia University. Princeton University Press, 1916. This book gives the best popular account of the studies of heredity in Drosophila. The advanced student will find _The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity_ (New York, 1915), by Morgan, Sturtevant, Müller, and Bridges, indispensable, but it is beyond the comprehension of most beginners.
[48] "On the Inheritance of Some Characters in Wheat," A. and G. Howard, _Mem. Dep. of Agr. India_, V: 1-46, 1912. This careful and important work has never received the recognition it deserves, apparently because few geneticists have seen it. While the multiple factors in wheat seem to be different, those reported by East and Shull appear to be merely duplicates.
[49] "The Nature of Mendelian Units." By G. N. Collins, _Journal of Heredity_, V: 425 ff., Oct., 1914.
[50] Dr. Castle, reviewing Dr. Goddard's work (_Journal of Abnormal Psychology_, Aug.-Sept., 1915) concludes that feeble-mindedness is to be explained as a case of multiple allelomorphs. The evidence is inadequate to prove this, and proof would be, in fact, almost impossible, because of the difficulty of determining just what the segregation ratios are.
[51] In strict accuracy, the law of ancestral inheritance must be described as giving means of determining the probable deviation of any individual from the mean of his own generation, when the deviations of some or all of his ancestry from the types of their respective generations are known. It presupposes (1) no assortative mating, (2) no inbreeding and (3) no selection. Galton's own formula, which supposed that the parents contributed 1/2, the grandparents 1/4, the great-grandparents 1/8, the next generation 1/16, and so on, is of value now only historically, or to illustrate to a layman the fact that he inherits from his whole ancestry, not from his parents alone.
[52] Johnson, Roswell H., "The Malthusian Principle and Natural Selection," _American Naturalist_, XLVI (1912), pp. 372-376.
[53] Karl Pearson, _The Groundwork of Eugenics_, p. 25, London, 1912.
[54] "Let _p_ be the chance of death from a random, not a constitutional source, then 1-_p_ is the chance of a selective death in a parent and 1-_p_ again of a selective death in the case of an offspring, then
(1-_p_)^2 must equal about 1/3, = .36, more exactly 'therefore' 1-_p_ = .6 and _p_ = .40. In other words, 60% of the deaths _are selective_."
[55] _Archiv f. Rassen-u. Gesellschafts Biologie_, VI (1909), pp. 33-43.
[56] Snow, E. C., _On the Intensity of Natural Selection in Man_, London, 1911.
[57] _Biometrika_, Vol. X, pp. 488-506, London, May, 1915.
[58] Pearson, Karl, _Tuberculosis, Heredity and Environment_, London, 1912. Among the most careful contributions to the problem of tuberculosis are those of Charles Goring (_On the Inheritance of the Diathesis of Phthisis and Insanity_, London, 1910), Ernest G. Pope (_A Second Study of the Statistics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis_, London, Dulau & Co.), and W. P. Elderton and S. J. Perry (_A Third Study of the Statistics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. The Mortality of the Tuberculous and Sanatorium Treatment_), London, 1909. See also our discussion in