LETTER XLVI.

_ORISMOLOGY, OR EXPLANATION OF TERMS._

It was by the language of _terms_ that he invented and employed, as well as by his system and methods of arrangement, that Linné smoothed the way to the study of Natural History;--having therefore led you through a large portion of the _flowery_ fields of the Science of Entomology, I must now conduct you into that _arid_ but not barren or unprofitable region. To enable you to understand descriptions of insects, or to describe them yourself, you must have a knowledge of the _technical_ language by which their parts and characters are expressed. Much of this you already know from the definitions of external parts, furnished in a former letter[1074]: I shall now give you a more full and general explanation of terms, adding many new ones for unnoticed characters, that may be conveniently employed.

The science of terms, which I shall call _Orismology_[1075], may be divided into _two_ branches--_General_ Orismology, and _Partial_ Orismology; the first containing _general_ definitions, and the last those relating to _particular_ parts and organs.

A. GENERAL ORISMOLOGY.

I. SUBSTANCE.

1. MEMBRANOUS (_Membranacea_). A fine, thin, transparent substance. A _Membrane_.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Hymenoptera_ and _Diptera_.

2. PERGAMENEOUS (_Pergamenea_). A thin, tough, and less transparent substance, somewhat resembling _parchment_.--Ex. The _Tegmina_ of the _Orthoptera_[1076].

3. CORIACEOUS (_Coriacea_). A thicker, flexible substance, resembling _leather_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Telephorus_ and the _Malacodermi_.

4. CORNEOUS (_Cornea_). A hard inflexible substance resembling _horn_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lucanus Cervus_ and many other _Coleoptera_.

5. CRUSTACEOUS (_Crustacea_). A rigid calcareous substance.--Ex. The _Shell_ of a _Lobster_ or _Crab_.

6. CALLOUS (_Callosa_). A substance without pores, harder than the surrounding matter, and usually elevated above it.--Ex. Elevated parts of the _Collar_ in _Nomada_. (_Mon. Ap. Angl._ Apis * b.)[1077] Spots on the _elytra_ of _Stenocorus_ (_Tylostagmus_ K. MS.) _bimaculatus_ and affinities.

7. CARTILAGINEOUS (_Cartilaginea_). A gristly substance between bone and ligament.--Ex. The _Tongue_ of many _Hymenoptera_.

8. SUBEREOUS (_Suberea_). A soft elastic substance somewhat resembling _cork_[1078]. The _galls_ of some species of _Cynips_ when mature approach to this substance.

9. SPONGIOSE (_Spongiosa_). A soft elastic substance resembling _sponge_.--Ex. The _Pulvilli_ of _Thanasimus_, _Buprestis_, &c.

10. LIGNEOUS (_Lignosa_). A hard unelastic substance like _wood_.--Ex. _Galls_ of some species of _Cynips_.

11. CARNOSE (_Carnosa_). A soft, _fleshy_ substance.--Ex. _Caterpillars_ and _Grubs_.

12. TUBULOSE (_Tubulosa_). When the interior is _hollow_ or empty.

13. SOLID (_Solida_). When the interior is _full_.

II. RESISTANCE.

1. RIGID (_Rigida_). Hard, which does not bend or yield to pressure.--Ex. The weevils (_Rhyncophora_).

2. FLEXILE (_Flexilis_). Which easily bends, or yields to pressure without breaking.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Telephorus_.

3. SOFT (_Mollis_). Flexile and retaining the marks of pressure.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Meloe_.

III. DENSITY.

1. FOLIACEOUS (_Foliacea_). Very thin and depressed, scarcely thicker than a leaf.--Ex. _Aradus corticalis_ and _Coreus paradoxus_.

2. DEPRESSED (_Depressa_). When the _vertical_ section is shorter than the _transverse_.--Ex. _Trogosita mauritanica_.

3. COMPRESSED (_Compressa_). When the _transverse_ section is shorter than the _vertical_.--Ex. _Centrotus cornutus_: _Abdomen_ in _Cynips_.

4. PLUMP (_Pinguis_). Naturally and proportionably plump.--Ex. _Thylacites_, &c. Most of the _Cicadæ_.

5. OBESE (_Obesa_). Unnaturally enlarged and distended, as if from disease or too much food. Ex. _Chrysomela Polygoni_ ♀, _Galeruca Tanaceti_ ♀, _Brachycerus_.

6. VENTRICOSE (_Ventricosa_). Bellying out as if filled with air.--Ex. _Pneumora_.

IV. PROPORTION.

1. THICK (_Crassa_). Disproportionably thick throughout.--Ex. _Copris_.

2. INCRASSATE (_Incrassata_). Disproportionably thick in part.--Ex. _Base_ of the _Abdomen_ of _Æshna_ and many _Libellulina_. PLATE IX. FIG. 9.

3. SLENDER (_Tenuis_). Disproportionably slender throughout.--Ex. _Lixus paraplecticus_.

4. ATTENUATE (_Attenuata_). Disproportionably slender in part.--Ex. _Tail_ of _Scorpio_, _Raphidia_ ♂, &c.

5. BROAD (_Lata_). Disproportionably broad throughout.

6. DILATATE (_Dilatata_). Disproportionably broad in part.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lycus fasciatus_, &c. PLATE XIII. FIG. 20.

7. NARROW (_Angusta_). Disproportionably narrow throughout.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Agrion_.

8. ANGUSTATE (_Angustata_). Disproportionably narrow in part.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Sitaris humeralis_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 19.

9. LONG (_Longa_). Disproportionably long throughout.--Ex. _Scolopendra_.

10. ELONGATE (_Elongata_). Disproportionably long in part.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Libellulina_.

11. SHORT (_Brevis_). Disproportionably short throughout.--Ex. _Copris_.

12. ABBREVIATE (_Abbreviata_). Disproportionably short in part.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Staphylinidæ_, _Atractocerus_, &c.

V. FIGURE[1079].

1. CIRCULAR (_Circularis_). Having the diameter every way equal. PLATE XXIX. FIG. 16, 17.

2. ROTUNDATE (_Rotundata_). Rounded at the angles or sides. PLATE XXIX. FIG. 19.

3. OVAL (_Ovalis_). Having the _longitudinal_ diameter _twice_ the length of the _transverse_, and the ends circumscribed by equal segments of a circle. PLATE XX. FIG. 6.

4. ELLIPTIC (_Elliptica_). Oval, but having the _longitudinal_ diameter _more_ than _twice_ the length of the _transverse_. PLATE XX. FIG. 19.

5. OBLONG (_Oblonga_). Having the _longitudinal_ diameter _more_ than _twice_ the length of the _transverse_, and the ends varying, or rounded. PLATE XX. FIG. 3, 9.

6. OVATE (_Ovata_). Oval, but having the ends circumscribed by unequal segments of circles. PLATE XX. FIG. 12, 13.

7. CORDATE (_Cordata_). Heart-shaped. Ovate or subovate and hollowed out at the base, without posterior angles. PLATE IX. FIG. 22.

8. SAGITTATE (_Sagittata_). Arrow-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base with posterior angles. PLATE XXVII. FIG. 41. _w´´´_.

9. HASTATE (_Hastata_). Halberd-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base and sides with the posterior angles spreading.--Ex. _Horn_ of the _prothorax_ of _Dynastes hastatus_. _Postfurca_ in many _Coleoptera_. PLATE XXII. FIG. 5. _b_ †.

10. TRIANGULAR; QUADRANGULAR; QUINQUANGULAR; SEXANGULAR (_Triangula_; _Quadrangula_; _Quinquangula_; _Sexangula_). Having _three_, _four_, _five_, or _six_ angles.

11. TURBINATE (_Turbinata_). Top-shaped, triangular with curved sides. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18.

12. ENSATE (_Ensata_). Gradually tapering till it ends in a point.--Ex. _Ovipositor_ of _Acrida viridissima_. PLATE XV. FIG. 19.

13. LANCEOLATE (_Lanceolata_). Oblong and gradually tapering towards each extremity.--Ex. The _Cerci_ in _Blatta_. PLATE XV. FIG. 23. _Q´´_.

14. SIGMOIDAL (_Sigmoidea_). S-shaped. Lanceolate and concave on one side at the base, and on the other at the apex.--Ex. _Ovipositor_ of _Cimbex_, PLATE XV. FIG. 21. _H´´_.

15. CUNEATE (_Cuneata_). Wedge-shaped. Having the _longitudinal_ diameter exceeding the _transverse_, and narrowing gradually downwards. PLATE X. FIG. 11.

16. ACINACICATE (_Acinacicata_). Falchion-shaped. Curved with the apex truncate, and growing gradually wider towards the end.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Ophion_, _Fœnus_, and other _Ichneumonidæ_[1080].

17. LUNULATE (_Lunulata_). Crescent-shaped. Curved with both ends acute, like the moon in her first quarter.--Ex. _Last_ joint of the _labial palpi_ of _Oxyporus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4. _a._

18. FALCATE (_Falcata_). Sickle-shaped. Curved with the apex acute.--Ex. _Ovipositor_ of _Acrida varia_. _Antennæ_ of _Atractocerus_. PLATE XI. FIG. 8.

19. LINEAR (_Linearis_). Narrow and of the same width throughout.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Pterophorus monodactylus_.

20. ARCUATE (_Arcuata_). Linear and bent like a bow.--Ex. _Rostrum_ of _Balaninus Nucum_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 12.

21. CULTRATE (_Cultrata_). Coulter-shaped. Straight on one side and curved on the other.--Ex. _Ovipositor_ of some _Saw-flies_. _Under-wing_ of many _Ichneumonidæ_.

22. SPATULATE (_Spatulata_). Spatula-shaped. Broader and rounded at the _apex_, linear and narrow at the _base_.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Ichneumon amictorius_ Panz.

23. CLEPSYDRATE (_Clepsydrata_). Hour-glass-shaped. Broader at the base and apex--Ex. The _Prosternum_ of many Capricorn beetles.

24. CLAVATE (_Clavata_). Club-shaped. Linear at the _base_, but towards the _apex_ growing gradually broader. PLATE XI. FIG. 4.

25. QUADRATE (_Quadrata_). Square. Quadrilateral with the sides _equal_ and the angles _right_ angles.

26. RHOMBOID (_Rhomboidea_). Quadrilateral with the sides equal, but with two opposite angles _acute_, and two _obtuse_. PLATE XXVII. FIG. 62. _t´´_.

27. TRAPEZATE (_Trapezata_). Quadrilateral with the _four_ sides unequal, and none of them perfectly parallel. PLATE XIV. FIG. 4.

28. TRAPEZOID (_Trapezoidea_). Quadrilateral, with _two_ sides unequal and parallel[1081]. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 34. b´.

29. PARALLELOGRAMICAL (_Parallelogramica_). Quadrilateral, with _all_ the angles right angles, and _all_ the sides parallel, but two longer than the others.

VI. FORM[1082].

1. SPHERICAL (_Sphærica_). The shape of a _globe_. A body whose diameter every way is equal. PLATE XX. FIG. 5.

2. ORBICULATE (_Orbiculata_). A depressed globe, whose _horizontal_ section is circular, and _vertical_ oval. PLATE XX. FIG. 10, 11.

3. LENTICULAR (_Lenticularis_). Lens-shaped. Whose _horizontal_ section is circular, and _vertical_ lanceolate.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Cynips aptera_.

4. OVALIFORM (_Ovaliformis_). Whose _longitudinal_ section is oval, and _transverse_ circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 6.

5. ELLIPSOID (_Ellipsoidea_). Whose _longitudinal_ section is elliptical, and _transverse_ circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 19.

6. OVIFORM (_Oviformis_). Whose _longitudinal_ section is ovate, and _transverse_ circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 12, 13.

7. CUCUMIFORM (_Cucumiformis_). Cucumber-shaped. Whose _longitudinal_ section is oblong, and _transverse_ circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 18, excluding the _neck_.

8. CORDIFORM (_Cordiformis_). Oviform and hollowed out at the base without posterior angles. PLATE IX. FIG. 22.

9. CONICAL (_Conica_). Whose _vertical_ section is triangular, and _horizontal_ circular.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Cœlioxys conica_ (_Apis_ * * b. K.). PLATE XX. FIG. 7.

10. TURBINIFORM (_Turbiniformis_). Whose _vertical_ section is turbinate, and _horizontal_ circular.--Ex. _Joints_ of _antennæ_ of _Aleochara socialis_, and many others of that genus.

11. PYRAMIDAL (_Pyramidalis_). Whose _vertical_ section is triangular, and _horizontal_ quadrangular.

12. CUNEIFORM (_Cuneiformis_). Whose _vertical_ section is cuneate, and _horizontal_ parallelogramical.

13. TRIQUETROUS (_Triquetra_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are equilateral triangles. PLATE XI. FIG. 6.

14. ENSIFORM (_Ensiformis_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are _acute_-angled triangles gradually _diminishing_ in diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in a _straight_ line. PLATE XI. FIG. 7.

15. ACINACIFORM (_Acinaciformis_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are _acute_-angled triangles gradually _increasing_ in diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in a _curved_ line.

16. CULTRIFORM (_Cultriformis_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are equal acute-angled triangles, or a three-sided body with two equal sides large and the third small.

17. DELTOID (_Deltoidea_). Short with the horizontal section triangular and decreasing in diameter towards the base.--Ex. _Apex_ of the _posterior tibia_ in _Copris lunaris_.

18. TRIGONAL; TETRAGONAL; PENTAGONAL; HEXAGONAL; POLYGONAL (_Trigona_; _Tetragona_; _Pentagona_; _Hexagona_; _Polygona_). Whose horizontal section is triangular; quadrangular; quinquangular; sexangular; multiangular.

19. TRIEDRAL; TETRAEDRAL; PENTAEDRAL; HEXAEDRAL; POLYEDRAL (_Triedra_; _Tetraedra_; _Pentaedra_; _Hexaedra_; _Polyedra_). That hath _three_ sides; _four_ sides; _five_ sides; _six_ sides; _many_ sides.

20. PRISMOIDAL (_Prismoidalis_). Having more than _four_ sides and whose _horizontal_ section is a polygon[1083]. PLATE VI. FIG. 13. _a, b,_ d´.

21. TRAPEZIFORM (_Trapeziformis_). Whose _horizontal_ section is a _Trapezium_.

22. TRAPEZOIDIFORM (_Trapezoidiformis_). Whose _horizontal_ section is trapezoid.

23. RHOMBIFORM (_Rhombiformis_). Whose _horizontal_ section is rhomboidal. PLATE VIII. FIG. 11.

24. TWO-EDGED (_Anceps_). Whose _horizontal_ section is lanceolate.

25. CYLINDRICAL (_Cylindrica_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are all equal circles. PLATE XXI. FIG. 4.

26. FUSIFORM (_Fusiformis_). Spindle-shaped. Whose _vertical_ section is lanceolate or lineari-lanceolate, and _horizontal_ circular. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 12.

27. COLUMNAR (_Teres_). Whose _vertical_ section is cuneate, and _horizontal_ circular. PLATE XVI. FIG. 2, 3.

28. CLAVIFORM (_Claviformis_). Whose _vertical_ section is clavate, and _horizontal_ circular. PLATE XI. XII. FIG. 4.

29. CUBICAL (_Cubica_). _Six_-sided, with sides quadrate.

30. PARALLELOPIPEDOUS (_Parallelopipeda_). _Six_-sided, with _four_ parallelogramical and _two_ quadrate sides.

31. PYRIFORM (_Pyriformis_). Pear-shaped. Whose _vertical_ section is spatulate, and _horizontal_ circular.--Ex. _Apion_, &c.

32. INFUNDIBULIFORM (_Infundibuliformis_). Funnel-shaped. Whose _horizontal_ sections are circular, at first equal and then progressively larger and larger. PLATE XXII. FIG. 12. c.

33. FORNICATE (_Fornicata_). Convex above and concave beneath. PLATE XIII. FIG. 18. _a._

34. COARCTATE (_Coarctata_). When the diameter of the _middle_ is less than that of the _ends_.--Ex. _Posterior thigh_ of _Locusta_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.

35. CALCEOLIFORM (_Calceoliformis_). Oblong, and somewhat coarctate in the middle.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Chelonus_.

36. LAGENIFORM (_Lageniformis_). Bellying out and then ending in a narrow neck, something like a _bottle_.--Ex. _Sperm-reservoir_ attached to the oviduct in _Pontia_. PLATE XXX. FIG. 12. _d._

37. CONSTRICT (_Constricta_). Suddenly and disproportionably smaller at one end. PLATE XXII. FIG. 15.

38. LUNIFORM (_Luniformis_). Whose longitudinal section is lunate. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4.

39. NODOSE (_Nodosa_). Having one or more knobs or swellings. PLATE XII. FIG. 5.

40. GENICULATE (_Geniculata_). Bent so as to form a knee or angle. PLATE XII. FIG. 7.

VII. SUPERFICIES.

i. PARTS.

1. DISK (_Discus_). The middle of a surface.

2. LIMB (_Limbus_). The circumference.

3. MARGIN (_Margo_). The extreme sides.

4. APEX (_Apex_). The summit.

5. BASE (_Basis_). The bottom.

6. SUPINE SURFACE (_Pagina superior_). The _upper_ surface.

7. PRONE SURFACE (_Pagina inferior_). The _under_ surface.

ii. ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION.

1. NAVICULAR (_Navicularis_). When two sides meet and form an angle like the _outer_ bottom of a _boat_.--Ex. _Notonecta glauca_.

2. CONVEX (_Convexa_). An elevation the arc of which _is_ the segment of a circle.--Ex. _Upper_ Surface of the body of most _Coleoptera_.

3. GIBBOUS (_Gibba_). An elevation the arc of which is _not_ the segment of a circle[1084].--Ex. _Shoulders_ of the _elytra_ of _Prionus coriarius_, and of many other _Coleoptera_.

4. PLANE (_Plana_). Flat. When the disk is not higher than the limb, nor the limb than the disk.

5. CONCAVE (_Concava_). A depression the arc of which _is_ the segment of a circle.

6. EXCAVATE (_Excavata_). A depression the arc of which is _not_ the segment of a circle.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Sinodendrum cylindricum_.

iii. SCULPTURE.

1. EQUATE[1085] (_Æquata_). Without _larger_ partial elevations or depressions.

2. SMOOTH (_Lævis_). Without _smaller_ partial elevations or depressions.

3. LEVIGATE (_Lævigata_). Without _any_ partial elevations or depressions.

4. PORE (_Porus_). A minute impression that _perforates_ the substance.

5. POROSE (_Porosa_). Beset with many pores.--Ex. _Elytra_ of most _Apions_.

6. A POINT (_Punctum_). A minute impression upon the surface, but _not perforating_ it.

7. PUNCTATE (_Punctata_). Beset with many points.--Ex. Impression on the _Head_ and _Prothorax_ of _Phyllopertha Horticola_, &c.

8. VARIOLE (_Variola_). A shallow impression like a mark of the small-pox.

9. VARIOLOUS (_Variolosa_). Beset with many varioles.--Ex. _Scarabæus variolosus_.

10. UMBILICATE (_Umbilicata_). When a variole, tubercle, granule, &c. has a _depression_ in its centre.--Ex. _Thorax_ of _Pachygaster scabrosus_.

11. FOVEOLET (_Foveola_). A roundish and rather deep depression, larger than a variole.

12. FOVEOLATE (_Foveolata_). Having one or more foveolets.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Geotrupes stercorarius_.

13. FOSSULET (_Fossula_). A somewhat long and narrow depression.

14. FOSSULATE (_Fossulata_). Having one or more fossulets.--Ex. _Oxytelus rugosus_, &c.

15. UNEQUAL (_Inæqualis_). Having very slight and indeterminate excavations.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Silpha thoracica_, _Cerambyx moschatus_, &c.

16. LACUNOSE (_Lacunosa_). Having a few scattered, irregular, broadish but shallow excavations.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Donacia vittata_, _Sagittariæ_, &c.

17. RIMOSE (_Rimosa_). Chinky, resembling the bark of a tree. Having numerous minute, narrow and nearly parallel excavations, which run into each other.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Colymbetes adspersus_ ♀, and _Cybister Rœselii_.

18. UNDOSE (_Undosa_). Having undulating nearly parallel broader depressions which run into each other, and resemble the sand of the sea-shore when left by the tide.--Ex. _Cymatodes_[1086] _undosus_ K. MS.

19. VERMICULATE (_Vermiculata_). Having tortuous excavations as if eaten by worms.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Colymbetes Hybneri_ and _transversalis_.

20. RETICULOSE (_Reticulosa_). Having a number of minute impressed lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Cybister Rœselii_.

21. ACUDUCTED (_Acuducta_). Scratched across very finely as if with the point of a needle or pin.--Ex. _Colymbetes acuductus_.

22. STRIATE (_Striata_). Having rather _slightly_ impressed longitudinal parallel lines.--Ex. _Amara communis_, &c.

23. SULCATE (_Sulcata_). Having _deeper_ impressed longitudinal parallel lines.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_ ♀.

24. CLATHROSE (_Clathrosa_). When strias or furrows cross each other at right angles.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Micropeplus porcatus_.

25. RIVOSE (_Rivosa_). When furrows do not run in a parallel direction and are rather sinuate.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Elophorus stagnalis_, &c.

26. INTERSTICE (_Interstitium_). The space between elevations and depressions running in lines.

27. INTERVAL (_Intervallum_). The space between irregular and scattered elevations and depressions.

28. COMPLANATE (_Complanata_). A convex or irregular surface having a plane slight depression.--Ex. _Sides_ of the _Prothorax_ of _Prionus cervicornis_.

29. CANALICULATE (_Canaliculata_). Having a longitudinal impressed line or channel.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Geotrupes_, _Broscus cephalotes_, &c.

30. CARINATE (_Carinata_). Having a longitudinal elevated line.--Ex. _Rostrum_ of _Curculio nebulosus_. _Bicarinate_, _Tricarinate_, &c., having _two_ or _three_ such lines.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Silpha recta_.

31. CRISTATE (_Cristata_). Having one or two very elevated lines usually crenate.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Pterophylla laurifolia_.

32. PORCATE (_Porcata_). Having several parallel elevated longitudinal ridges.--Ex. _Onthophilus striatus_.

33. COSTATE (_Costata_). Having several broad elevated lines.--Ex. _Brachinus bimaculatus_, &c.

34. CLATHRATE (_Clathrata_). Having several elevated lines which cross each other at right angles.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Micropeplus porcatus_.

35. RETICULATE (_Reticulata_). Having many small elevated lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.--Ex. _Lycus reticulatus_. _Wings_ of the _Libellulina_.

36. RUGOSE (_Rugosa_). Wrinkled. Intricate with approximating elevations and depressions whose direction is indeterminate.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Prionus coriarius_.

37. CICATRICOSE (_Cicatricosa_). Having elevated spots of a different colour from the rest of the surface, resembling _scars_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Ptomaphila lachrymosa_ K. MS[1087].

38. EMBOSSED (_Cælata_). Having several plane tracts of a different shape higher than the rest of the surface.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Prionus damicornis_, _maxillosus_, &c.

39. GIBBOSE (_Gibbosa_). Having one or more large elevations.--Ex. _Sides_ of the _Prothorax_ of _Brachycerus barbarus_.

40. TUBERCLE (_Tuberculum_). A pimple-like knob.

41. _Tuberculate_ (_Tuberculata_). Having several tubercles.--Ex. _Apoderus gemmatus_. _Base_ of _Prothorax_ of _Cerambyx moschatus_.

42. VERRUCA. A small flattish wart-like prominence.

43. VERRUCOSE (_Verrucosa_). Having several _verrucæ_.--Ex. _Pimelia muricata_.

44. MURICATE (_Muricata_). Armed with sharp thick, but not close, elevated points like a _Murex_.--Ex. _Bronchus Tribulus_, _quadridens_[1088], &c.

45. ECHINATE (_Echinata_). Armed with sharp spines like a hedgehog or _Echinus_.--Ex. _Hispa atra_.

46. RUGGED (_Salebrosa_). When a surface is rough with mucros, spines and tubercles intermixed.--Ex. Numerous species of _Bronchus_.

47. GRANULE (_Granulum_). A very minute elevation.

48. GRANULATE (_Granulata_). Beset with many granules like _shagreen_.--Ex. _Otiorhynchus sulcatus_. _Prothorax_ of _Copris Molossus_.

49. SCABROUS (_Scabra_). Rough to the touch from granules scarcely visible.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Otiorhynchus Ligustici_.

50. PAPILLULE (_Papillula_). A tubercle or variole with an elevation in its centre.

51. PAPILLULATE (_Papillulata_). Beset with many papillules.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Dynastes Hercules_ ♀.

52. CATENULATE (_Catenulata_). Having a series of elevated oblong tubercles resembling a _chain_.--Ex. _Carabus catenulatus_.

53. SPHERULATE (_Sphærulata_). Having one or more rows of minute tubercles.--Ex. _Trox lutosus_, _Limnius tuberculatus_.

54. CONSUTE (_Consuta_). Having very minute elevations in a series at some distance from each other, of a different colour from the rest of the surface, and somewhat resembling _stitching_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Oryctes Sylvanus_ (_Cœlosis_ K. MS.).

55. INTRICATE (_Intricata_). When depressions or elevations so run into each other as to be difficult to trace.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Carabus intricatus_.

56. CORRUGATE (_Corrugata_). When a surface rises and falls in parallel angles more or less acute.--Ex. _Front_ of _Nothiophilus aquaticus_.

57. OBLITERATE (_Obliterata_). Applied to impressions and elevations when almost effaced. #/

iv. CLOTHING.

a. GENERAL.

1. SCUTATE (_Scutata_). Covered with large flat scales.--Ex. _Machilis polypoda_.

2. SQUAMOSE (_Squamosa_). Covered with minute scales.--Ex. _Lepidoptera_.

3. PULVERULENT (_Pulverulenta_). Covered with very minute powder-like scales.--Ex. _Ceutorhynchus Sisymbrii_.

4. POLLINOSE (_Pollinosa_). Covered with a loose mealy and often yellow powder resembling the _pollen_ of flowers.--Ex. _Lixus paraplecticus_.

5. FARINOSE (_Farinosa_). Covered with a fixed mealy powder resembling _flour_.--Ex. _Spots_ on the _Elytra_ of _Cetonia aurata_, _variegata_, &c.

6. LUTOSE (_Lutosa_). Covered with a powdery substance resembling _mud_ or dirt, which _easily rubs off_.--Ex. _Trox lutosus_.

7. RORULENT (_Rorulenta_). Covered like a plum with a bloom which may be rubbed off.--Ex. _Peltis limbata_.

8. STUPEOUS (_Stupea_). Covered with long loose scales resembling _tow_.--Ex. The _Palpi_ of _Lepidoptera_. _Antennæ_ of some _Diptera_. PLATE XII. FIG. 23.

9. PILOSE (_Pilosa_). Covered with long distinct flexible hairs.--Ex. _Thorax_ of _Vespa Crabro_.

10. VILLOSE (_Villosa_). Covered with soft flexible hairs thickly set.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Amphimalla solstitialis_.

11. LANATE (_Lanata_). Covered with fine, very long, flexible and rather curling hairs like _wool_.--Ex. _Melolontha lanigera_ F.

12. LANUGINOSE (_Lanuginosa_). Covered with longish very soft fine down.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Trichius fasciatus_. _Thorax_ and _base_ of the _Abdomen_ of _Megachile circumcincta_ (_Apis_ **. c. 2. α K.).

13. HIRSUTE (_Hirsuta_). Covered with long stiffish hairs very thickly set.--Ex. _Bombus_.

14. PLUMULOSE (_Plumulosa_). When the hairs branch out laterally like feathers.--Ex. _Hair_ on the _base_ of the _Maxilla_ of _Eucera_ (_Apis_ ** d. 1. K.).

15. HAIRY (_Hirta_). Covered with short stiffish sub-distinct hairs.--Ex. Genus _Lagria_.

16. TOMENTOSE (_Tomentosa_). Covered with short interwoven inconspicuous hairs.--Ex. _Acanthocinus Ædilis_.

17. PUBESCENT (_Pubescens_). Covered with very fine decumbent short hairs.--Ex. _Harpalus ruficornis_, &c.

18. STUPULOSE (_Stupulosa_). Covered with coarse decumbent hairs.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Melolontha vulgaris_.

19. VELUTINOUS (_Velutina_). Covered with very thick-set upright short hairs or pile, resembling _velvet_.--Ex. _Trombidium holosericeum_. _Scutellum_ of _Staphylinus hybridus_.

20. HOLOSERICEOUS (_Holosericea_). Covered with thick-set shining short decumbent hairs, resembling _satin_[1089].--Ex. _Under side_ of the body of _Elophorus stagnalis_, _Argyroneta aquatica_, &c.

21. SETOSE (_Setosa_). Bristly. Sprinkled with stiff scattered hairs like bristles.--Ex. _Echinomyia grossa_.

22. SETULOSE (_Setulosa_). Setose with the bristles truncated.--Ex. _Thylacites setosus_.

23. HISPID (_Hispida_). Rough from minute spines, or very stiff rigid bristles.--Ex. _Hispa atra._ _Phoberus horridus_, &c.

24. ROUGH (_Aspera_). Rough from pubescence in general.

25. BALD (_Calva_). A part of a surface with little or no hair, when the rest of it is very hairy.--Ex. _Vertex_ of _Melitta_ and _Apis_ Kirby.

26. GLABROUS (_Glabra_). Without any hair or pubescence.

27. LUBRICOUS (_Lubrica_). Slippery as if lubricated.--Ex. _Dynastes Centaurus_.

b. PARTIAL.

1. CIRRUS (_Cirrus_). A lock of curling hair.

2. CIRROSE (_Cirrosa_). Having one or more _cirri_.--Ex. _Antennæ_ of _Acanthocinus araneiformis_.

3. FASCICULE (_Fasciculus_). A bundle of thick-set hairs often converging at the apex. PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. _c._

4. FASCICULATE (_Fasciculata_). Having one or more fascicules.--Ex. Catenulated lines in the _Elytra_ of _Trox arenosus_. _Buprestis fascicularis_.

5. PENICIL (_Penicillus_). A small bundle of diverging hairs. PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. _a._

6. PENICILLATE (_Penicillata_). Having one or more penicils.--Ex. _Larva_ of _Orgyia antiqua_.

7. VERRICULE (_Verriculum_). A thick-set tuft of parallel hairs. PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. _b._

8. VERRICULATE (_Verriculata_). Having one or more verricules.--Ex. _Larva_ of _Dasychira pudibunda_. _Under side_ of _Abdomen_ of _Megachile_ ♀. (_Apis_ **. c. 2. α. K.).

9. BARBATE (_Barbata_). When any part is clothed with longer hairs, resembling a _beard_.--Ex. _Anus_ of _Macroglossa stellatarum_. _Antennæ_ of _Cerambyx Ammiralis_ L. PLATE XII. FIG. 26.

10. CILIATE (_Ciliata_). When the margin is fringed with a row of _parallel_ hairs.--Ex. The _base_ and _apex_ of the _Prothorax_ of _Lucanus Cervus_.

11. FIMBRIATE (_Fimbriata_). When a part is terminated by hairs or bristles that are not parallel.--Ex. _Anus_ of many _Andrenæ_[1090]. (_Melitta_ **. c. K.).

12. COMATE (_Comata_). When very long flexible hairs thickly cover a space in the upper surface.

13. CRINITE (_Crinita_). When very long hairs thinly cover any space.

14. JUBATE (_Jubata_). Having long pendent hairs in a continued series.--Ex. _Intermediate Legs_ of _Anthophora pilipes_ (_Apis_ **. d. 2. α. K.).

15. FURRED (_Pellita_). When shorter decumbent hairs thickly cover any space, as in the _Bombyces dorso cristato_ L.

v. COLOUR.

1. NIVEOUS (_Niveus_). The pure unblended white of snow.--Ex. _Arctia chrysorhea_.

2. WHITE (_Albus_). White less intense than niveous. The colour of _chalk_.--Ex. _Spilosoma mendica_ ♀.

3. LACTEOUS (_Lacteus_). White with a slight tint of blue. The colour of _milk_.--Ex. _Minoa lactearia_.

4. CREAM-COLOURED (_Lactifloreus_). White with a proportion of yellow.--Ex. Pale part of the _Primary wings_ of _Euprepia Caja_.

5. FLESH-COLOURED (_Carneus_). White tinted with red. The colour of young and healthy _flesh_.--Ex. _Secondary wings_ of _Sphinx Ligustri_.

6. HOARY (_Incanus_). White with a small proportion of black. The colour of a _gray head_. N.B. _This term is usually confined to_ pubescence.--Ex. _Curculio sulcirostris_.

7. CINEREOUS (_Cinereus_). White with a shade of brown.--Ex. _Sitona diffinis_, _Dasychira pudibunda_.

8. GRISEOUS (_Griseus_). White mottled with black or brown.--Ex. _Curculio nebulosus_.

9. YELLOW (_Flavus_). Pure yellow.--Ex. _Bands_ on the _Abdomen_ of _Nomada_ (_Apis_ *. b. K.), _Crabro_, &c.

10. STRAW-COLOURED (_Stramineus_). Pale yellow with a very faint tint of blue.--Ex. _Ennomos cratægata_.

11. SULPHUREOUS (_Sulphureus_). Yellow with a tint of green. The colour of _brimstone_.--Ex. _Gonepteryx Rhamni_ ♂.

12. LUTEOUS (_Luteus_). Deep yellow with a tint of red. The colour of the _yolk_ of an _egg_.--Ex. _Primary wings_ of _Colias Edusa_.

13. ORANGE (_Aurantius_). Equal parts of red and yellow.--Ex. _Apex_ of _Wings_ of _Pontia Cardamines_.

14. SAFFRON-COLOURED (_Croceus_). The colour of _saffron_.--Ex. Yellow in the _Elytra_ of _Trichius fasciatus_.

15. MINIATOUS (_Miniatus_). The colour of _red lead_.--Ex. _Secondary wings_ of _Euprepia Caja_.

16. FULGID (_Fulgidus_). A bright fiery red.--Ex. _Lycæna Virgaureæ_ and _Hippothoe_.

17. RUFOUS (_Rufus_). A pale red.--Ex. _Apion frumentarium_.

18. TESTACEOUS (_Testaceus_). The colour of a _tile_, a dull red.--Ex. _Chrysomela Populi_.

19. SCARLET (_Coccineus_). A bright pale red.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Pyrochroa coccinea_.

20. RED (_Ruber_). Pure red.--Ex. _Under Wings_ of _Hypercampa Dominula_.

21. SANGUINEOUS (_Sanguineus_). Red with a tint of black. The colour of _blood_.--Ex. _Spots_ in _Chilocorus Cacti_, and _Prothorax_ of _Locusta morbillosa_.

22. ROSE-COLOURED (_Roseus_). Colour of the _rose_.--Ex. _Parts_ of the _Wings_ and _Body_ of _Deilephila Elpenor_.

23. CRIMSON (_Puniceus_). A bright red with a tint of blue.--Ex. _Base_ of the _Under Wings_ of _Catocala Sponsa_.

24. PURPLE (_Purpureus_). Equal parts of blue and red.--Ex. _Sagra purpurea_. _Vitta_ on the _Elytra_ of _Donacia fasciata_.

25. VIOLET (_Violaceus_). Blue with some red. The colour of _Viola odorata_.--Ex. _Chrysomela Goettingensis_, _Abdomen_ of _Geotrupes vernalis_.

26. LILAC (_Lilacinus_). Colour of the flowers of the lilac.--Ex. Part of the _Iris_ of the _Ocellus_, in the _Wings_ of _Vanessa Io_.

27. BLUE (_Cyaneus_). Pure blue. Colour of _Centaurea Cyanus_.--Ex. _Disk_ of the _Wings_ of _Papilio Ulysses_. _Callidium violaceum._

28. AZURE (_Azureus_). A paler and more brilliant blue.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Morpho Menelaus_, _Telemachus_, &c.

29. SKY-BLUE (_Cæruleus_). A paler blue. The colour of the _sky_.--Ex. _Polyommatus Adonis_.

30. CÆSIOUS (_Cæsius_). Very pale blue with a little black. The colour of _blue eyes_.--Ex. _Under side_ of the _Wings_ of _Polyommatus Argiolus_.

31. GREEN (_Viridis_). Equal parts of blue and yellow.--Ex. _Cicindela campestris_.

32. ÆRUGINOUS (_Æruginosus_). Green with a blue tint. The colour of the _rust of copper_, _verdigris_.--Ex. _Polydrosus Cnides_.

33. PRASINOUS (_Prasinus_). Green with a mixture of yellow. The colour of the leaves of _leeks_ or _onions_.--Ex. _Pentatoma prasina_. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Thecla Rubi_.

34. GLAUCOUS (_Glaucus_). Pale blueish green. Sea green.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Dynastes Hercules_, _Alcides_, _Tityus_, &c.

35. MOUSE-COLOURED (_Murinus_). Black with a small proportion of yellow. The colour of the common _mouse_.--Ex. _Base_ of the _abdominal segments_ of _Cossus ligniperda_.

36. LURID (_Luridus_). Yellow with some mixture of brown. Dirty yellow.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Aphodius luridus_ and _nigrosulcatus_.

37. LIVID (_Lividus_). A pale purplish brown. The colour of a _bruise_.--Ex. _Berosus luridus_.

38. TAWNY (_Fulvus_). A pale dirty orange.--Ex. The _pale_ parts of the _Wings_ of _Hipparchia Pamphilus_.

39. FAWN-COLOURED (_Cervinus_). A reddish brown.--Ex. _Lasiocampa Rubi_.

40. OLIVE (_Olivaceus_). A brownish green. The colour of _olives_.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_.

41. FUSCOUS (_Fuscus_). A dull brown.--Ex. _Hipparchia Semele_. _Prionus scabricornis_.

42. FERRUGINOUS (_Ferrugineus_). A yellowish brown with some red. The colour of the _rust of iron_.--Ex. _Base_ of _Under Wings_ of _Smerinthus Populi_. _Gastropacha quercifolia_.

43. CINNAMON-COLOURED (_Cinnamomeus_). A yellowish brown. The colour of _cinnamon_.--Ex. _Prionus cinnamomeus_.

44. BROWN (_Brunneus_). Pure brown.--Ex. _Dark_ parts in the _Primary Wings_ of _Euprepia Caja_.

45. BAY (_Badius_). Bright red brown of the _chestnut_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Melolontha vulgaris_ when the hairs are rubbed off.

46. CHESTNUT (_Castaneus_). Colour of the _dark_ part of the chestnut.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lucanus Cervus_.

47. PICEOUS (_Piceus_). Shining reddish black. The colour of _pitch_.--Ex. _Prionus coriarius_.

48. FULIGINOUS (_Fuliginosus_). The opaque black of _soot_.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Lithosia rubricollis_.

49. BLACK (_Niger_). A dull black with some brown.--Ex. _Pachygaster niger_.

50. ATROUS (_Ater_). Pure black of the deepest tint.--Ex. _Liparus anglicanus_.

vi. SPLENDOUR.

a. GEMMEOUS.

1. MARGARITACEOUS (_Margaritaceus_). Glossy, white with changeable tints of purple, green, and blue. The splendour of _pearls_.--Ex. The _drums_ in _Cicada capensis_.

2. OPALINE (_Opalinus_). A blueish white reflecting the prismatic colours. The splendour of the _opal_.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Notonecta glauca_ and some _Nepæ_.

3. CRYSTALLINE (_Crystallinus_). The white splendour of _crystal_ or glass.--Ex. _Stemmata_ of many _Hymenoptera_, &c.

4. TOPAZINE (_Topazinus_). The yellow splendour of the _topaz_.--Ex. Many _Stemmata_ of _Hymenoptera_, and _Eyes_ of _Spiders_.

5. RUBINEOUS (_Rubineus_). The red splendour of the _ruby_.

6. SMARAGDINE (_Smaragdinus_). The green splendour of the _emerald_.

7. AMETHYSTINE (_Amethystinus_). The purple splendour of the _amethyst_.

b. METALLIC.

1. ARGENT (_Argenteus_). The splendour of _silver_.--Ex. The _spots_ on the _under side_ of the _Wings_ in _Argynnis Lathonia_, &c.

2. GOLDEN (_Aureus_). The splendour of _gold_.--Ex. _Entimus imperialis_. _Spot_ in the _Wings_ of _Plusia Festucæ_.

3. ORICHALCEOUS (_Orichalceus_). A splendour intermediate between that of _gold_ and _brass_.--Ex. _Upper Wings_ of _Plusia Chrysitis_.

4. ÆNEOUS (_Æneus_). The splendour of _brass_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Carabus clathratus_.

5. CUPREOUS (_Cupreus_). The reddening splendour of _copper_.--Ex. _Carabus nitens_.

6. CHALYBEOUS (_Chalybeus_). The blue splendour of _steel_ case-hardened, or of the mainspring of a watch.--Ex. _Helops chalybeus_. _Legs_ of _Lithosia Quadra_.

7. PLUMBEOUS (_Plumbeus_). The colour of _lead_.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Clytra dentata_?

8. INAURATE (_Inauratus_). When striæ or other _impressed_ parts have a metallic splendour.--Ex. _Margin_ of _Prothorax_ and _Elytra_ of _Carabus violaceus_. _Striæ_ of _Elytra_ &c. of _Phanæus Mimas_.

9. DEAURATE (_Deauratus_). A metallic hue which looks as if the gilding was worn off.--Ex. _Donacia ænea_, &c.

c. BOMBYCINE.

1. SERICEOUS (_Sericeus_). The splendour of _silk_.--Ex. _Cryptocephalus sericeus_.

2. TRAMOSERICEOUS (_Tramosericeus_). The splendour of _satin_.--Ex. _Chlamys Bacca_, _monstrosa_, &c.

d. REFLECTED.

1. RESPLENDENT (_Splendens_). Reflecting the light intensely.--Ex. The _Head_ and _Thorax_ of _Philonthus splendens_, _æneus_, _politus_, &c.

2. SHINING (_Nitidus_). Reflecting the light, but less intensely.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_.

3. PRUINOSE (_Pruinosus_). When the splendour of the surface is somewhat obscured by the appearance of a bloom upon it like that of a plum, but which _cannot be rubbed off_[1091].--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Serica ruricola_ and _brunnea_.

4. OBSCURE (_Obscurus_). A surface which reflects the light but little.--Ex. _Pælobius Hermanni_.

5, OPAQUE (_Opacus_). A surface which does not reflect the light at all.--Ex. _Trox sabulosus_, _arenarius_. _Silpha opaca_.

vii. TRANSPARENCE.

1. HYALINE (_Hyalina_). The clear transparency of glass.--Ex. The _Wings_ of many _Neuroptera_, _Hymenoptera_, and _Diptera_.

2. DIAPHANOUS (_Diaphana_). Transparent, but less purely than hyaline. Semitransparent.--Ex. The _Wings_ of many _Coleoptera_.

3. ADIAPHANOUS (_Adiaphana_). Which does not transmit the light at all.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Coleoptera_.

viii. PAINTING.

1. ATOM (_Atomus_). A very minute dot.

2. IRRORATE (_Irrorata_). Sprinkled with atoms, as the earth with dew.--Ex. _Onthophagus Vacca_. _Papilio Paris._

3. GUTTA (_Gutta_[1092]). A roundish dot intermediate in size between an _atom_ and a _macula_.

4. GUTTATE (_Guttata_). Sprinkled with _guttæ_.--Ex. _Coccinella_.

5. MACULA (_Macula_). A larger indeterminately shaped spot.

6. MACULATE (_Maculata_). Painted with such spots.--Ex. _Abraxas grossulariata_.

7. LITURA (_Litura_). An indeterminate spot growing paler at one end, as if daubed or blotted.

8. LITURATE (_Liturata_). A surface painted with one or more such spots.--Ex. _Aphodius conflagratus_.

9. PLAGA (_Plaga_). A long and large spot.--Ex. _Aphodius plagiatus_.

10. ISLET (_Insula_). A spot of a different colour, included in a plaga or macula.--Ex. The _Ocelli_ in the _Primary Wings_ of _Hipparchia Semele_. A _spot_ in the _middle fascia_ of the _under side_ of the _Primary Wing_ in _Papilio Podalirius_.

11. CREPERA (_Crepera_). A gleam of paler colour upon a dark ground.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Dytiscus marginalis_.

12. SHADOW (_Umbra_). A slight shade, not easily perceptible upon a paler ground.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Acanthocinus Ædilis_. _Wings_ of _Plutella asperella_.

13. SIGNATURES (_Signaturæ_). Markings upon a surface resembling in some degree letters and characters.

14. SIGNATE (_Signatus_). Marked with signatures.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Acrocinus longimanus_.

15. INSCRIBED (_Inscriptus_). When the surface is marked with the resemblance of a letter of any language.--Ex. _Plusia Gamma_. _Vanessa C. album_.

16. HIEROGLYPHIC (_Hieroglyphicus_). Painted with characters somewhat resembling hieroglyphics.--Ex. _Acrocinus longimanus_. _Schizorhina Australasiæ_.

17. ANNULET (_Annulus_). A ring-shaped spot.--Ex. _Cyclophora omicronaria_, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _o._

18. LUNULET (_Lunula_). A small crescent-shaped spot.--Ex. _Marginal spots_ above and below the _Secondary Wings_ in _Melitæa Artemis_, &c.

19. RENICULUS (_Reniculus_). A small kidney-shaped spot.--Ex. _Upper Wings_ of _Mamestra Persicaria_.

20. OCELLUS (_Ocellus_). An eye-like spot in the _Wings_ of many _Lepidoptera_, consisting of annuli of different colours, inclosing a central spot or pupil.

a. PUPIL (_Pupilla_). The central spot of the ocellus. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _t._ An ocellus is called bipupillate, tripupillate, &c., when there are two, three, &c. of these spots.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Hipparchia Tithonus_, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _p._

_a._ HASTATE PUPIL (_Pupilla hastata_). When the pupil is a halberd-shaped spot.--Ex. _Pupil_ of _Ocellus_ of _Aglia Tau_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _k._

_b._ SUFFULTED PUPIL (_Pupilla suffulta_). When the pupil shades into another colour.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Vanessa Io_.

b. IRIS (_Iris_). The circle which incloses the pupil. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _u._

c. ATMOSPHERE (_Atmosphæra_). The _exterior_ circle of the ocellus. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _v._

21. BLIND OCELLUS (_Ocellus cæcus_). An ocellus without the pupil.--Ex. _Hipparchia Davus_.

22. SPURIOUS OCELLUS (_Ocellus spurius_). A circular spot without any defined iris or pupil.--Ex. _Spot_ in the _Disk_ of the _Primary Wings_ of _Colias Helice_.

23. SIMPLE OCELLUS (_Ocellus simplex_). When the ocellus consists only of iris and pupil.--Ex. _Ocelli_ on the _under side_ of _Primary Wings_ of _Hipparchia Semele_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _t, n, u._

24. COMPOUND OCELLUS (_Ocellus complexus_). When the ocellus consists of three or more circles.--Ex. _Saturnia Spini_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _l._

25. NICTITANT OCELLUS (_Ocellus nictitans_). When the ocellus includes a lunular spot of a different colour.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Morpho Perseus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _m._

26. FENESTRATE OCELLUS (_Ocellus fenestratus_). When an ocellus has a transparent spot.--Ex. _Attacus Paphia_ and _Cytherea_.

27. DIOPTRATE OCELLUS (_Ocellus dioptratus_). A fenestrate ocellus divided by a transverse line.--Ex. _Attacus Polyphemus_.

28. DOUBLE OCELLUS (_Ocellus geminatus_). When two ocelli are included in the same circle or spot.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Secondary Wing_ of _Morpho Perseus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _r, v._

29. TWIN OCELLUS (_Ocellus didymus_). When such ocelli join each other.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Secondary Wing_ of _Hipparchia Hyperanthus_.

30. SESQUIALTEROUS OCELLUS (_Ocellus sesquialterus_). An ocellus with a smaller near it, called also _Sesquiocellus_.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Secondary Wing_ of _Colias Edusa_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _q._

31. SUPERCILIUM (_Supercilium_). An arched line resembling an eyebrow, which sometimes surmounts an eyelet.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Secondary Wing_ of _Morpho Achilles_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _i._

32. NEBULOSE (_Nebulosus_). Painted with colour irregularly darker and lighter, so as to exhibit some resemblance of _clouds_.--Ex. _Curculio sulcirostris_, _nebulosus_; _Catocala nupta_.

33. TESTUDINARIOUS (_Testudinarius_). Painted with red, black and yellow, like tortoise-shell.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Aphodius testudinarius_.

34. CONSPERSE (_Conspersus_). Thickly sprinkled with minute irregular dots often confluent.--Ex. _Biston Betularia_.

35. ACHATINE (_Achatinus_). Painted with various concentric, curved, or parallel lines, resembling the veining of an agate.--Ex. _Cossus labyrinthicus_. _Cerura vinula_.

36. USTULATE (_Ustulata_). So marked with brown as to have the appearance of being _scorched_.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Ennomos dolabraria_.

37. MARMORATE (_Marmorata_). So painted with streaks, veins, and clouds, as to resemble _marble_.--Ex. _Under side_ of the _Wings_ of _Vanessa Io_. _Marmarina marmorata_.

38. TESSELLATE (_Tessellata_). Painted in checquerwork.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Sarcophaga carnaria_ and _Musca maculata_.

39. FASCIA (_Fascia_). A broad transverse band.

a. PYRAMIDATE FASCIA (_Fascia pyramidata_). A band which juts out into an angle on one side.--Ex. _Wing_ of _Apatura Iris_. _Argynnis Paphia._ PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _h_.

b. MACULAR FASCIA (_Fascia macularis_). A band consisting of distinct spots.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Abraxas grossulariata_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _b._

c. ARTICULATE FASCIA (_Fascia articulata_). A band consisting of contiguous spots.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Melitæa Dictynna_. _Upper side_ of _Primary Wing_ of _Morpho Menelaus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _a._

d. DIMIDIATE FASCIA (_Fascia dimidiata_). A band traversing only _half_ the wing.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Papilio Turnus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _f._

e. ABBREVIATE FASCIA (_Fascia abbreviata_). A band traversing _less_ than _half_ the wing.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Papilio Podalirius_, _Ajax_, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _g._

f. SESQUIALTEROUS FASCIA (_Fascia sesquialtera_). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and either the primary or secondary by another.--Ex. _Endromis versicolor_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _d, c._

g. SESQUITERTIOUS FASCIA (_Fascia sesquitertia_). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and more than half of either the primary or secondary by another; or, when a wing or elytrum contains a band and the third of a band.--Ex. _Tortrix Avellana_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _d, e._

40. STRIGA (_Striga_). A narrow transverse streak.

41. STRIGOSE (_Strigosa_). Painted with several such streaks.--Ex. _Ennomos prunaria_.

42. LINE (_Linea_). A narrow _longitudinal_ stripe.

43. LINEATE (_Lineata_). Painted with several such stripes. N.B. If with two, we say _bilineata_, with three, _trilineata_, &c.--Ex. _Elater lineatus_.

44. VITTA (_Vitta_). A broad longitudinal stripe.

45. VITTATE (_Vittata_). Painted with several such stripes.--Ex. _Chrysomela fastuosa_, _cerealis_, &c.

46. UNDULATE (_Undulata_). When fasciæ, strigæ, lines, &c. curve into alternate sinuses resembling the rise and fall of waves.

47. SINUATO-UNDULATE (_Sinuato-Undulata_). When the sinuses are obtuse.--Ex. _Boarmia repandaria_.

48. ANGULOSO-UNDULATE (_Anguloso-Undulata_). When they go in a zigzag direction, or with alternate acute sinuses.--Ex. _Acidalia undulata_.

49. RADIATE (_Radiata_). When a dot, spot, &c. appear to send forth rays.--Ex. The large blue _area_ common to all the _Wings_ of _Papilio Ulysses_.

50. VENOSE (_Venosa_). Painted with lines that branch like veins.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Pontia Napi_.

51. CANCELLATE (_Cancellata_). Painted with transverse lines crossing longitudinal ones at right angles.--Ex. _Macaria clathrata_.

52. AREOLATE (_Areolata_). Painted with lines which intersect each other in various directions, so as to exhibit the appearance of net-work.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Tetanocera marginata_ and _Cossus ligniperda_.

53. LIMBATE (_Limbata_). When the disk is surrounded by a margin of a different colour.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_.

54. ARMILLATE (_Armillata_). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by a _broad_ ring of a different colour.--Ex. _Posterior Tibia_ of _Prosopis annulata_ (_Melitta_ * b. K.).

55. ANNULATE (_Annulata_). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by a _narrow_ ring of a different colour.--Ex. _Antennæ_ of many _Ichneumons_.

56. CINGULATE (_Cingulata_). When the abdomen or the trunk is wholly surrounded by one or more belts of a different colour.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of many _Nomadæ_ (_Apis_ *. b. K.).

57. DECOLORATE (_Decolor_). When the colour appears to be discharged from any part.--Ex. _Margin_ of the _Abdominal_ segments in _Stelis punctulatissima_ Latr. (_Apis_ ** _c._ 1. β. K.).

58. UNICOLORATE (_Unicolor_). When a surface is of one colour.

59. CONCOLORATE (_Concolor_). Of the same colour with another part. If speaking of _Lepidoptera_, when the upper and under sides of the wings are of the same colour.--Ex. _Hesperia Linea_, _Paniscus_.

60. DISCOLORATE (_Discolor_). Of a different colour from another part. When the upper and under sides of the wings of _Lepidoptera_ are of a different colour.--Ex. _Polyommatus Corydon_, _Argiolus_, &c.

61. VERSICOLORATE (_Versicolor_). When a surface changes its colour as the light varies.--Ex. _Apatura Iris_ ♂.

62. IRIDESCENT (_Iricolor_). When a surface reflects the colours of the rainbow.--Ex. _Mesothorax_ of _Xylocopa iricolor_. _Wings_ of _Hymenoptera_, &c.

63. INFUSCATE (_Infuscata_). When a colour is darkened by the superinduction of a brownish shade or cloud.--Ex. _Apex_ of the _Upper Wings_ of _Cossus ligniperda_.

ix. DISTINCTION.

1. DISTINCT (_Distincta_). When spots, puncta, granules, &c. do not touch or run into each other, but are completely separate.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Lycæna Hippothoe_.

2. ORDINATE (_Ordinata_). When spots, puncta, &c. are placed in _rows_. Thus we say ordinato-punctate, ordinato-maculate, &c.--Ex. _Spots_ on the _Abdomen_ of _Spilosoma lubricipeda_, _erminea_, &c.

3. CONTIGUOUS (_Contigua_). When spots, &c. are so near that they almost or altogether touch each other.--Ex. _Spots_ in the _margin_ of the _Wings_ of _Argynnis Aglaia_.

4. CONFLUENT (_Confluens_). When spots, &c. run into each other.--Ex. _Apex_ of the _Primary Wings_ and _Under side_ of the _Secondary_ in _Pontia Daplidice_.

5. OBLITERATE (_Obliterata_). When the borders of spots fade into the general ground-colour; and when elevations and depressions, &c. are so little raised or sunk from the general surface, as to be almost erased.--Ex. _Streak_ in the _Wings_ of _Hipparchus papilionarius_, &c. _Striæ_ in the _Elytra_ of _Sphodrus leucophthalmus_.

6. OBSOLETE (_Obsoleta_). When a spot, tubercle, punctum, &c. is scarcely discoverable. Ex. _Lycæna Hippothoe_ ♂ and ♀.--N.B. _This term is often employed where one sex, kindred species, or genera, want, or nearly so, a character which is conspicuous in the other sex, or in the species or genus to which they are most closely allied._

7. GEMINOUS (_Gemina_). When there is a pair of spots, tubercles, puncta, &c.--Ex. _Head_ of one sex of _Dorcus parallelopipedus_. _Upper Wings_ of _Odenestis potatoria_.

8. DIDYMOUS (_Didyma_). When this pair of spots, &c. touch or are confluent.--Ex. _Spots_ in _Elytra_ of _Tylostagmus quadrimaculatus_.

9. CONNIVENT (_Connivens_). The meeting of two lines so as to form an angle.--Ex. _Streaks_ on the _Under side_ of _Secondary Wings_ of _Thecla Pruni_.

10. COMMON (_Communis_). Common to two. When a spot for instance is partly on one elytrum and partly on the other.--Ex. _Coccinella septempunctata_.

VIII. MARGIN.

1. CRISP (_Crispa_). When the _Limb_ is disproportionably larger than the _Disk_, so as to render the margin uneven with irregular rises and falls.

2. UNDULATE (_Undulata_). When the surface rises and falls obtusely, not in angles.--Ex. _Margin_ of _Wings_ of _Hipparchia Semele_.

3. CORRUGATE (_Corrugata_). When the surface rises and falls acutely in angles.--Ex. _Acidalia luteata_, &c.

4. PLICATE (_Plicata_). Longitudinally or transversely folded; or so impressed with striæ as to have that appearance.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Staphylinus_.

5. DILATATE (_Dilatata_). Dilated disproportionably with respect to the Disk.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Necrophorus_.

6. FILATE (_Filata_). When the _edge_ is separated by a channel, often producing a very slender threadlike margin.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Choleva_.

7. INCRASSATE (_Incrassata_). When the margin is disproportionably thick.--Ex. Mr. Marsham's Family of _Chrysomela_ "thorace utrinque incrassato."

8. INTIRE (_Integra_). When the margin has neither teeth, serratures, nor other incisions.

9. CHANNEL (_Canalis_). An impressed line more or less wide, which attends the edges, and is usually produced by its reflexion.

10. EDGE (_Acies_). The extreme termination of the margin.

IX. TERMINATION.

1. SUMMIT (_Fastigium_). The tip or extreme termination of the upper part.

2. APEX (_Apex_). The top or upper termination of any part.

3. BOTTOM (_Fundus_). The extreme termination of the lower part.

4. BASE (_Basis_). The lower termination of any part.

5. ACUTE (_Acuta_). Terminating in an acute angle. PLATE XV. FIG. 17.

6. OBTUSE (_Obtusa_). Terminating bluntly, but within the segment of a circle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. f.

7. ROTUNDATE (_Rotundata_). Terminating in the segment of a circle.--PLATE VI. FIG. 1. e.

8. TRUNCATE (_Truncata_). Terminating in a transverse line. PLATE XIII. FIG. 5. a´´´.

9. PREMORSE (_Præmorsa_). Terminating in an irregular truncate apex, as if bitten off.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lebia_, _Dromia_, _Lomechusa_, &c.

10. RETUSE (_Retusa_). Terminating in an obtuse sinus.--Ex. _Back_ part of the _Head_ in _Cimbex_.

11. EMARGINATE (_Emarginata_). When the end has an obtuse notch taken out.--Ex. _Nose_ of _Pedinus arenosus_.

12. EXSCINDED (_Excisa_). When the end has an angular notch taken out.--Ex. _Nose_ of _Opatrum sabulosum_.

13. PRODUCTED (_Producta_). Disproportionably long.

14. MUCRONATE (_Mucronata_). Terminating suddenly in a strong point.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lixus paraplecticus_. _Abdomen_ of _Sirex Gigas_ ♀.

15. ACUMINATE (_Acuminata_). Terminating gradually in a sharp point.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Sirex Juvencus_ ♀.

16. APICULATE (_Apiculata_). Terminating suddenly in a small filiform truncate apex.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Thelyphonus_.

17. CUSPIDATE (_Cuspidata_). Terminating in a long setiform point.--Ex. _Tail_ of _Scorpio_.

X. INCISION.

1. INCISED (_Incisa_). Cut into equal marginal segments.

2. CLEFT (_Fissa_). Cut into equal and deep segments, but not reaching the base. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3. _a._

a. BIFID (_Bifida_). Cut into _two_ segments.

b. TRIFID (_Trifida_). Cut into _three_.

c. QUADRIFID (_Quadrifida_). Cut into _four_.

d. MULTIFID (_Multifida_). Cut into _more_ than _four_.

3. LACINIATE (_Laciniata_). Cut into unequal, irregular, and deep segments.

4. SQUARROSE (_Squarrosa_). Cut into laciniæ that are elevated above the plane of the surface.

5. PARTITE (_Partita_). Divided to the base. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3. _b._

a. BIPARTITE (_Bipartita_). Divided thus into _two_ parts.

b. TRIPARTITE (_Tripartita_). Divided into _three_ parts.

c. QUADRIPARTITE (_Quadripartita_). Divided into _four_ parts.

d. MULTIPARTITE (_Multipartita_). Divided into _more_ than _four_ parts.

6. LOBATE (_Lobata_). Divided to the middle into parts with convex margins, which recede from each other.--Ex. _Acanthia paradoxa_. _Bilobate_, with _two_ lobes. _Trilobate_, with _three_ lobes, &c.

7. CRUCIATE (_Cruciata_). Divided to the middle into four opposite arms, the angles being either four right ones, or two obtuse and two acute.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of many _Locustæ_.

8. SINUATE (_Sinuata_). Having large curved breaks in the margin resembling bays. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1.

9. EROSE (_Erosa_). Sinuate, with the sinuses cut out into smaller irregular notches as if gnawed.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Vanessa C. album_.

10. CRENATE (_Crenata_). Cut into segments of small circles.

11. SERRATE (_Serrata_). Cut into teeth like a saw, with teeth whose sides are unequal.--Ex. _External margin_ near the _Apex_ of the _Elytra_ of many species of _Buprestis_.

12. DENTATE (_Dentata_). Cut into teeth, with teeth whose sides are equal or nearly so.--Ex. The _Wings_ of many _Butterflies_.

13. REPAND (_Repanda_). Cut into very slight sinuations, so as to run in a serpentine direction. PLATE XXII. FIG. 11. _s._

XI. RAMIFICATION.

1. DICHOTOMOUS (_Dichotoma_). Dividing regularly in pairs.

2. FURCATE (_Furcata_). Dividing into two. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11.

3. RAMOSE (_Ramosa_). Furnished with lateral branches. PLATE XI. FIG. 18.

4. DECUSSATE (_Decussata_). Sending forth lateral branches which alternately cross each other.

5. DIVARICATE (_Divaricata_). Standing out very wide.

XII. DIVISION.

1. SEGMENT (_Segmentum_). The great inosculating joints of the body.

2. JOINT (_Articulus_). The joints of a limb or member.

3. INCISURE (_Incisura_). A deep incision between the segments, when they recede from each other.

4. SUTURE (_Sutura_). The line of separation of any two parts of a crust which are connected only by membrane or ligament, but do not inosculate.

a. SPURIOUS SUTURE (_Sutura spuria_). An impressed line in any part of a body, which resembles a suture, but does not really divide the crust.

XIII. DIRECTION.

1. LONGITUDINAL (_Longitudinalis_). Running lengthwise.

2. TRANSVERSE (_Transversa_). Running across: when the longitudinal line is cut through at _right_ angles.

3. OBLIQUE (_Obliqua_). Running sideways. When the longitudinal line is cut through at _acute_ angles.

4. HORIZONTAL (_Horizontalis_). Parallel with the horizon.

5. ERECT (_Erecta_). Nearly perpendicular.

6. VERTICAL (_Verticalis_). Perpendicular.

7. SLOPING (_Declivis_). A gentle descent.

8. DESCENDING (_Descendens_). A steeper descent.

9. ACCLIVOUS (_Acclivis_). A gentle ascent.

10. ASCENDING (_Ascendens_). A steeper ascent.

11. RECLINED (_Reclinata_). Leaning towards any thing as if to repose upon it.

12. RECUMBENT (_Recumbens_). Leaning or reposing upon any thing.

13. REFLEXED (_Reflexa_). Bent back or upwards.

14. INFLEXED (_Inflexa_). Bent inwards.

15. RECURVED (_Recurva_). Curving outwards.

16. INCURVED (_Incurva_). Curving inwards.

17. REVOLUTE (_Revoluta_). Rolled outwards.

18. INVOLUTE (_Involuta_). Rolled inwards.

19. FORWARDS (_Antrorsum_).

20. BACKWARDS (_Retrorsum_).

21. UPWARDS (_Sursum_).

22. DOWNWARDS (_Deorsum_).

23. OUTWARDS (_Extrorsum_).

24. INWARDS (_Introrsum_).

25. STRAIGHT (_Recta_).

26. PORRECT (_Porrecta_). Reaching forth horizontally as if to meet something advancing.

27. BROKEN (_Fracta_). Bent with an elbow, as if broken.

28. CONVERGING (_Convergens_). Tending to one point from different parts.

29. DIVERGING (_Divergens_). Tending to different parts from one point.

XIV. SITUATION.

1. OBVERSE (_Obversa_). When an object is viewed with its _head_ towards you.

2. REVERSE (_Reversa_). When an object is viewed with its _anus_ towards you.

3. RESUPINE (_Resupina_). When an object lies upon its back.

4. PRONE (_Prona_). When an object lies upon its belly.

XV. CONNEXION.

1. COLLIGATE (_Colligata_). Adhering, or so fixed to any part as to have no separate motion of its own.

2. FREE (_Libera_). Having a motion independent of that of the part to which it is affixed.

3. CONNATE (_Connata_). When parts that are usually separated, are, as it were, soldered together, though distinguished by a suture.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Gibbium_.

4. COALITE (_Coalita_). When parts usually separate are distinguished neither by incisure, segment, nor suture.--Ex. _Trunk_ in _Mutilla_.

5. DISTINCT (_Distincta_). When parts are separated from each other by a _suture_.--Ex. Parts of the _Trunk_ in _Coleoptera_, &c.

6. DISTANT (_Distans_). When they are separated by an _incisure_.--Ex. _Head_, _Trunk_, and _Abdomen_, in _Hymenoptera_.

7. INOSCULATING (_Inosculans_). When one part is inserted into the cavity of another.--Ex. _Head_ in _Buprestis_.

8. SUSPENDED (_Suspensa_). When one part is joined to another by a ligature, without being inserted in it.--Ex. _Legs_ of _Orthoptera_. #/

XVI. ARMS.

1. TOOTH (_Dens_). A short flattish process, somewhat resembling a _tooth_.

2. HORN (_Cornu_). A longer process, resembling a _horn_.

a. LAMINATE HORN (_Cornu laminatum_). A horn dilated at its base into a flat plate.--Ex. _Onthophagus nutans_.

b. NODDING HORN (_Cornu nutans_). When a horn bends forwards.--Ex. _Onthophagus nutans_.

3. SPINE (_Spina_). A fine, long, rigid, pointed process.--Ex. Those on _Elytra_ of many _Hispæ_, and the _Posterior Tibiæ_ of _Locusta_.

4. MUCRO (_Mucro_). A short, stout, sharp-pointed process.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lixus paraplecticus_.

5. SPUR (_Calcar_). A spine that is not a process of the crust, but is implanted in it.--Ex. Those on the lower side of the _Tibiæ_ of _Acrida_.

XVII. APPENDAGES.

1. AURICLE (_Auricula_). An appendage resembling an ear.--Ex. _Thorax_ of _Ledra aurita_.

2. CARUNCLE (_Caruncula_). Having fleshy excrescences somewhat resembling the caruncles of birds.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Malachius_.

XVIII. MOTION.

1. VERTICAL (_Verticalis_). When it is up and down.

2. HORIZONTAL (_Horizontalis_). When it is from side to side.

3. COMPOUND (_Composita_). When a part is capable of both vertical and horizontal motion.

4. VERSATILE (_Versatilis_). When it moves partly round as if upon a pivot.--Ex. Head of _Hymenoptera_ and _Diptera_.

5. VIBRATILE (_Vibratilis_). When there is a constant oscillation of any part.--Ex. Antennæ of the _Chalcidites_. Legs of _Tipula_ when reposing.

6. ROTATORY (_Rotatoria_). When a body or a part of it turns wholly round, or describes a circle.--Ex. _Ants_ and _Moths_ in a certain _disease_[1093].

XIX. SCENT.

1. ACID (_Acidus_). A pungent acid scent.--Ex. Many _Formicæ_.

2. MOSCHATE (_Moschatus_). A scent of _musk_.

3. ALLIACEOUS (_Alliaceus_). A scent of _garlic_.--Ex. Some _Andrenæ_.

4. CIMICINE (_Cimicinus_). A scent like that of the Bed-bug.--Ex. _Cimex_.

5. ROSACEOUS (_Rosaceus_). A scent of _roses_.--Ex. _Cerambyx moschatus_.

6. AROMATIC (_Aromaticus_). A pungent scent of spices.--Ex. _Oxytelus rugosus_.

7. BALM-SCENTED (_Melissæus_).--Ex. The species of _Prosopis_ (_Apis_ *. b. K.).

8. SWEET-SCENTED (_Odoratus_). An undefined sweet scent.--Ex. _Philonthus suaveolens_.

9. FETID (_Fœtidus_). A disagreeable scent.--Ex. _Goerius olens_. _Chrysopa Perla_. #/

_GENERAL RULES._

In the above tables no notice is taken of diminutives, compounds, and similar terms, because it seemed best, with respect to these, to lay down only some general rules which may include the whole.

RULE I.

Terms in English ending in _cle_, _ule_, or _let_, and which in Latin add _lus_, _la_, or _lum_, to a word, _diminish_ its sense. As, Denti_cle_, a little tooth; Set_ule_, a little bristle; Eye_let_, a small eye: Denticu_lus_, a little dens; Guttu_la_, a little gutta; Punctu_lum_, a little punctum. N.B. Where length or breadth are concerned, the diminutive implies a diminution in the length of the predicate. As, Lineo_la_, Lineo_let_, a short line; Strio_la_, Strio_let_, a short stria; Fascio_la_, Fascio_let_, a short fascia.

RULE II.

The preposition _sub_ prefixed to any word _reduces_ the sense of it. As, _Sub_punctate, not fully punctate; _Sub_hirsute, not fully hirsute, &c.

RULE III.

The termination _culus_ in Latin words added to a comparative implies the state of the object comparatively. As, Convexius_culus_, rather convex than not; Majus_culus_, rather large than not. This is usually denoted in English by the termination _ish_, or the adverb _rather_; as, larg_ish_, _rather_ large, &c.

RULE IV.

The participle present used instead of the adjective implies a _tendency_ to the quality expressed by it. As, _Cinerascens_, cinerascent, tending to cinereous, &c.

RULE V.

The preposition _ob_ prefixed to a term reverses it. As, _Ob_conical, _Ob_cordate, a conical or heart-shaped body, of which the narrowest part is the base.

RULE VI.

In compound terms the _last_ member indicates the _preponderating_ character. For instance, when it is said of a body that it is _nigro-æneous_, it means that the æneous tint prevails: but if, _vice versâ_, it is termed _æneo-nigrous_, the black tint is predominant.--N.B. In Sculpture the terms punctato-striate, or punctato-sulcate, signify that striæ or furrows are drawn with puncta in them.

_Exception_ 1.

Some compound terms only indicate the union of two characters in one subject. As, when we say of wings that they are cruciato-incumbent, we mean both that they cross each other and are incumbent upon the body.

_Exception_ 2.

Compound terms are sometimes employed very conveniently to restrict the application of a character to particular circumstances. As, when we say hirsuto-cinereous, we mean that the hirsuties only of a body is cinereous.

RULE VII.

When the term ordinary (_ordinarius_) is added either to terms expressing impressed puncta, lines, spots, &c., it signifies that such puncta, lines, or spots are common to a particular section in any genus or tribe. As, the impressed lateral puncta on the thorax of _Scarabæidæ_; the lateral furrows and dorsal channel in the ground beetles (_Eutrech_in_a_), and the spots in the primary wings of _Xylina Polyodon_ and affinities[1094].

_SYMBOLS._

Male ♂. Female ♀. Neuter ⫯. Egg θ. Larva ⊕. Pupa ☽. Imago ⊙. Head △. Trunk □. Abdomen ▽[1095].

B. PARTIAL ORISMOLOGY.

I. BODY (_CORPUS_).

1. DISJUNCT (_Disjunctum_). When head, trunk, and abdomen are separated by a _deep_ incisure.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_. PLATE IV. FIG. 2, 3, 5.

2. COMPACT (_Compactum_). When head, trunk, and abdomen are _not_ separated by a _deep_ incisure, but inosculate in each other.--Ex. _Buprestis_, _Elater_, and many other _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_, and _Hemiptera_.

3. BISECT (_Bisectum_). When the head and trunk are not separated by a suture, so that the insect consists only of _two_ pieces.--Ex. _Araneidea_. PLATE V. FIG. 4.

4. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When neither head, trunk, nor abdomen are separated by any incisure or suture.--Ex. Many _Acari_ L., _Phalangium_, &c.

5. MULTISECT (_Multisectum_). When an insect appears to have no distinct trunk and abdomen, but is divided into numerous segments.--Ex. _Scolopendra_; _Iulus_, &c. PLATE V. FIG. 6.

6. CYMBIFORM (_Cymbiforme_). When the margin of the thorax and elytra are recurved so as to give a body the resemblance of the inside of a _boat_.--Ex. _Heleus_, _Cossyphus_.

II. HEAD (_CAPUT_).

i. DIRECTION.

1. PROMINENT (_Prominens_). When the head is in the horizontal line, and forms no angle with the trunk.--Ex. _Carabus_. PLATE I. FIG. 1.

2. PORRECTED (_Porrectum_). When the head is prominent and elongate.--Ex. _Cychrus_.

3. NUTANT (_Nutans_). When the head forms downwards an _obtuse_ angle with the horizontal line, or trunk.--Ex. _Harpalus_.

4. CERNUOUS (_Cernuum_). When the head forms downwards a _right_ angle with the trunk.--Ex. Most _Gryllina_ and _Locustina_.

5. INFLEXED (_Inflexum_). When the head forms inwards an _acute_ angle with the trunk.--Ex. _Blatta_. PLATE II. FIG. 3.

6. TURRETED (_Turritum_). When the head is producted into a kind of columnar recurved turret or rostrum, in the sides of which, towards the end, the eyes are fixed.--Ex. _Truxalis_. #/

ii. INSERTION.

1. RETRACTED (_Retractum_). When the head is wholly withdrawn within the trunk.--Ex. _Parnus_.

2. INTRUDED (_Intrusum_). When the head is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.--Ex. _Melasis_.

3. INSERTED (_Insertum_). When the head is partly withdrawn within the trunk.--Ex. _Buprestis_.

4. EXSERTED (_Exsertum_). When the head is quite disengaged from the trunk.--Ex. _Tenebrio_, _Blaps_.

5. AMPLECTED (_Amplexum_). When the head is received into a sinus of the thorax.--Ex. _Hister_.

6. RECONDITE (_Reconditum_). When the head is _wholly_ covered and sheltered by the shield of the thorax.--Ex. _Cassida_, _Lampyris_.

7. SEMIRECONDITE (_Semireconditum_). When the head is _half_ covered by the shield of the thorax.--Ex. _Silpha_, _Cyphon_.

8. RETRACTILE (_Retractile_). When an insect can at pleasure exsert its head, or withdraw it within the trunk.--Ex. _Hister_, _Larva_ of _Lampyris_.

9. VERSATILE (_Versatile_). When the head can turn nearly round.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_.

10. PEDUNCULATE (_Pedunculatum_). When the head is constricted behind into a distinct neck.--Ex. _Apoderus Coryli_, &c.

11. SESSILE (_Sessile_). When the head does not move in the socket of the trunk, but is attached to it by a kind of ligament.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_.

iii. TERMINATION.

1. CLYPEATE (_Clypeatum_). When the _Nasus_, _Genæ_, &c. are dilated so as to shelter and overshadow the mouth.--Ex. _Scarabæus_, _Copris_, &c. PLATE XIII. FIG. 14.

2. CAPISTRATE (_Capistratum_). When the anterior part of the head is attenuated and subelongated into a kind of _flat rostrum_ or muzzle.--Ex. _Nitidula_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 13.

3. ROSTRATE (_Rostratum_). When the anterior part of the head is elongated and attenuated into a _cylindrical_ or _many-sided rostrum_ or beak.--Ex. The weevils (_Rhyncophora_). PLATE XIII. FIG. 12.

4. BUCCATE (_Buccatum_). When the _Nasus_ and anterior part of the head are inflated.--Ex. _Conops_ and other _Diptera_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 16.

iv. APPENDAGES.

1. UMBRACULATE (_Umbraculatum_). When there is upon the head an umbrella-shaped process.--Ex. _Gryllus umbraculatus_.

2. LYCHNIDIATE (_Lychnidiatum_). When the _Vertex_, _Frons_, and _Postnasus_ are porrected so as to form a kind of _rostrum_ which gives light in the night.--Ex. _Fulgora_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 15.

v. MOUTH (_OS_).

1. TERMINAL (_Terminale_). When the mouth terminates the head.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c.

2. PRONE (_Pronum_). When the mouth is wholly under the head.--Ex. _Truxalis_, _Proscopia_.

3. PERFECT (_Perfectum_). When the mouth is furnished with all the _Trophi_. Viz. _Labrum_; _Labium_; _Mandibulæ_; _Maxillæ_; _Maxillary_ and _Labial Palpi_; and _Tongue_.--Ex. The _Masticating_ Orders.

a. FEEDERS RETRACTED (_Trophi retracti_). When, in a perfect mouth, the _Trophi_ are not capable of being much pushed out or drawn in.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_, &c.

b. FEEDERS RETRACTILE (_Trophi retractiles_). When, in a perfect mouth, the _Trophi_ can be considerably pushed forth or drawn in.--Ex. _Stenus_, _Apis_, &c.

4. IMPERFECT (_Imperfectum_). When the mouth wants any of the _Trophi_, or they exist in it only as rudiments.--Ex. The _Suctorious_ Orders.

5. ELABRATE (_Elabratum_). When an imperfect mouth has _Mandibulæ_, _Maxillæ_, _Labium_, and _Maxillary Palpi_, or what perform their office, but no _Labrum_.--Ex. _Araneidea_.

6. EMANDIBULATE (_Emandibulatum_). When an imperfect mouth has all the _Trophi_ but the _Mandibulæ_.--Ex. _Trichoptera_.

7. BIPALPATE (_Bipalpatum_). When an imperfect mouth has only either _Labial_ or _Maxillary Palpi_.--Ex. _Tabanus_, &c.

8. EXPALPATE (_Expalpatum_). When an imperfect mouth has no _Palpi_.--Ex. _Hemiptera_.

9. STOMAPODOUS (_Stomapodum_). When the _Legs_ and _Sternum_ act the part of _Maxillæ_, _Labium_, and _Palpi_.--Ex. _Araneidea_, _Scolopendra_, &c.

a. UPPER LIP (_Labrum_).

1. WHISKERED (_Mystacinum_). When the upper lip is furnished with whiskers (_Mystax_), or bearded.--Ex. _Creophilus hirtus_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 30.

b. UPPER JAWS (_Mandibulæ_).

1. CHELATE (_Chelatæ_). When the upper jaws are furnished at the end with a _chela_ or thumb.--Ex. _Scorpio_, _Phalangium_.

2. UNGUICULATE (_Unguiculatæ_). When they are armed with a moveable _claw_.--Ex. _Araneidea_. PLATE VII. FIG. 10. c´.

3. BURIED (_Sepultæ_). When they are covered and quite concealed by the upper lip.--Ex. _Colliuris_.

4. OPEN (_Apertæ_). When they are _not_ quite concealed by the upper lip.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_.

5. TOOTHLESS (_Edentulæ_). When they are _not_ armed with teeth.--Ex. _Apogonia gemellata_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 22.

6. TOOTHED (_Dentatæ_). When they are armed with teeth.--Ex. _Cicindela_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 19.

7. SUCTORIOUS (_Suctoriæ_). When they have an orifice by which they imbibe their food.--Ex. _Larva_ of _Dytiscus_, _Myrmeleon_, &c. PLATE XIII. FIG. 6.

c. UNDER JAWS (_Maxillæ_).

1. SIMPLE (_Simplices_). When the under jaws have but one lobe.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_. PLATE VII. FIG. 2, 3. d´.

2. COMPOUND (_Compositæ_). When they have more than one lobe.--Ex. _Staphylinus_ and many other _Coleoptera_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 9, 10. d´´´. e´´´.

3. ADNATE (_Adnatæ_). When they adhere to the lower lip through their whole length.--Ex. _Trichoptera_. PLATE VII. FIG. 1. d´.

4. ADHERENT (_Adhærentes_). When they adhere to it only at their base.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, _Hymenoptera_, &c. PLATE VI. VII. FIG. 3. d´.

5. SPINOSE (_Spinosæ_). When they are armed at the apex with _spines_.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE VI. FIG. 12. f´´´.

6. DENTATE (_Dentatæ_). When they are armed with _teeth_.--Ex. _Melolonthidæ_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 15. g´´.

7. PECTUNCULATE (_Pectunculatæ_). When the stipes below the feeler has a row of minute spines set like the teeth of a comb.--Ex. _Apis_[1096].

8. DISENGAGED (_Liberæ_). When they do not adhere to the lower lip at all, or are only connected by membrane or ligaments.--Ex. _Apis_, &c. PLATE VII. FIG. 3. d´.

9. MANDIBULIFORM (_Mandibuliformes_). When they are hard and horny and shaped like the upper jaws.--Ex. _Melolonthidæ_, _Anoplognathidæ_, &c. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 13, 15.

10. UNGUICULATE (_Unguiculatæ_). When they terminate in a moveable claw.--Ex. _Cicindela_.

d. FEELERS (_Palpi_).

1. MANIFORM (_Maniformes_). When they are chelate or furnished with a finger and thumb.--Ex. _Scorpio_, _Chelifer_. PLATE XV. FIG. 7.

2. PEDIFORM (_Pediformes_). When they resemble the _legs_ either in structure or use.--Ex. _Araneidea_, _Acarina_. PLATE VII. FIG. 10. h´´.

3. ANTENNIFORM (_Antenniformes_). When they are very long resembling _antennæ_.--Ex. _Hydrophilus_, _Bryaxis_, _Culex_ ♂.

4. UNGUICULATE (_Unguiculati_). When they are armed with a claw at the end.--Ex. _Gonyleptes_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 1.

5. SECURIFORM (_Securiformes_). When the last joint of the feeler is triangular, and the preceding joint is connected with the vertex of the triangle.--Ex. _Cleridæ_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 2. _a._

6. LUNULATE (_Lunulati_). When the last joint is shaped like a half-moon or crescent.--Ex. _Oxyporus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4. _a._

7. FASCICULATE (_Fasciculati_). When the feeler terminates in a bunch of very slender laminæ.--Ex. _Lymexylon flavipes_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 3.

8. LAMELLATE (_Lamellati_). When the last joint is divided into transverse lamellæ.--Ex. _Atractocerus_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 1.

9. INFLATED (_Inflati_). When the last joint of the feeler is very large and tumid.--Ex. _Araneidea_ ♂. PLATE XIII. FIG. 3.

10. APPENDICULATE (_Appendiculati_). When from one of the joints there issues an accessory joint or appendage.--Ex. _Atractocerus_, _Trombidium_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 1. _a._ PLATE XXIII. FIG. 13. _a._

11. MAMMILLATE (_Mammillati_). When the last joint is very short, smaller than the preceding one, and retractile within it.--Ex. _Pæderus_[1097].

12. SUBULATE (_Subulati_). When the last joint is short, and vastly smaller than the preceding one.--Ex. _Bembidium_, _Aleochara_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 7.

13. FUSIFORM (_Fusiformes_). When the two last joints are conical, and the base of the cones forms the point of union.--Ex. _Trechus_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 8.

14. HETEROMORPHOUS (_Heteromorphi_). When the two intermediate joints are vastly larger than the first and the last.--Ex. _Cerocoma_ ♂. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 2.

e. TONGUE (_Lingua_).

1. LINGUIFORM (_Linguiformis_). When the tongue is quite distinct from the labium, usually retracted within the mouth, short and shaped something like a vertebrate tongue.--Ex. _Gryllina_, _Libellulina_. PLATE VI. FIG. 6, 12. e´.

2. LIGULIFORM (_Liguliformis_). When it emerges from the labium, is short, flat, and not concealed within the mouth.--Ex. _Vespa_ and many _Hymenoptera_. PLATE VII. FIG. 2. e'.

3. TUBULOSE (_Tubulosa_). When it emerges from the labium, is long and tubular, and capable of inflation.--Ex. _Apis_. PLATE VII. FIG. 3. e´.

4. SETIFORM (_Setiformis_). A short minute sharp tongue discoverable between the _scalpella_ of a _promuscis_.--Ex. _Cimex_ L. PLATE VII. FIG. 14. e´.

5. PALATIFORM (_Palatiformis_). When the tongue forms the inner surface of the _Labium_, but is not separate from it.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_.

vi. NOSE (_NASUS_).

1. INCLUDED (_Inclusus_). When the nose is included between the two sides of the _Postnasus_ which run towards the upper lip.--Ex. _Geocorisæ_.

2. VAULTED (_Fornicatus_). When the nose is elevated, convex and hollow underneath.--Ex. _Vespa_.

vii. CANTHUS.

1. ENTERING (_Intrans_). When the _Canthus_ takes a little angle or sinus out of the eye.--EX. The _Capricorn beetles_, _Mylabris_. PLATE VI. FIG. 1. h´.

2. CLEAVING (_Findens_). When the _Canthus_ cleaves the eye half through or more.--Ex. The _Petalocerous beetles_.

3. DIVIDING (_Dividens_). When the _Canthus_ passes right through the eye and divides it into two.--Ex. _Gyrinus_, _Tetraopes_.[1098] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 36.

4. SEPTIFORM (_Septiformis_). When the _Canthus_ forms an elevated ridge or _septum_.--Ex. Many _Petalocerous beetles_.

viii. EYES (_OCULI_).

1. SIMPLE (_Simplices_). Eyes which do not consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.--Ex. _Araneidæ_, _Scorpio_, _Phalangium_. PLATE VII. FIG. 9. h.

_a._ SCATTERED (_Sparsi_). When simple eyes are separate from each other and not arranged in a certain order.--Ex. Eyes of _Caterpillars_, and some _Scolopendræ_.

_b._ ORDINATE (_Ordinati_). When simple eyes are arranged in a certain order.--Ex. _Araneidea_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 37.

_c._ CONGLOMERATE (_Conglomerati_). When a number of simple eyes are collected together so as to exhibit the appearance of a compound one.--Ex. _Iulus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 11.

_d._ DORSAL (_Dorsales_). When they are placed on the back.--Ex. _Phalangium_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 43. h.

2. COMPOUND (_Compositi_). Eyes which consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.--Ex. All the _Winged Orders_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 10. and XXVI. FIG. 38-42. h.

_a._ SESSILE (_Sessiles_). Eyes that do not sit upon a footstalk.--Ex. _Most insects_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 40, 41.

α. SUPERIOR (_Superiores_). When they are placed in the _upper_ part of the head.--Ex. _Libellulina_.

β. LATERAL (_Laterales_). When they are placed in the _side_ of the head.--Ex. _Apis_.

γ. INFERIOR (_Inferiores_). When they are placed in the _lower_ side of the head.--Ex. The _lower_ pair in _Gyrinus_.

δ. POSTERIOR (_Posteriores_). When placed in the _posterior_ part of the head.--Ex. _Locusta_.

ε. ANTERIOR (_Anteriores_). When placed in the _anterior_ part of the head.--Ex. _Crabro_, _Goerius olens_, &c.

ζ. MEDIAL (_Medii_). When placed in the _middle_ part of the head.--Ex. _Harpalus_, &c.

η. BELTING (_Cingentes_). When the eyes nearly meet both _above_ and _below_ the head, so as to form a kind of belt round it.--Ex. _Culex pipiens_, _Cordylia Palmarum_.

θ. IMMERSED (_Immersi_). When they are quite imbedded in the head.--Ex. The _Melasoma_ or _Darkling beetles_.

ι. PROMINENT (_Prominuli_). When they stand out from the head.--Ex. _Cicindela_.

_b._ COLUMNAR (_Columnares_). When they sit upon a _short_ footstalk or pillar.--Ex. _Strepsiptera_, _Ephemera_ ♂. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 38, 39. h.

_c._ PEDUNCULATE (_Pedunculati_). When they sit upon a _long_ footstalk which also bears the antennæ.--Ex. _Diopsis_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 9.

_d._ OPERCULATE (_Operculati_). When the eyes are covered by an _operculum_.--Ex. _Xylina conspicillaris_[1099].

_e._ CILIATE (_Ciliati_). When the margin of the socket of the eye is fringed with hairs, so as to resemble an _eyelash_.--Ex. _Apion vernale_ and _Malvarum_.

ix. STEMMATA.

1. VERTICAL (_Verticalia_). When they are placed in the _Vertex_.--Ex. _Reduvius personatus_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 40. i.

2. FRONTAL (_Frontalia_). When placed in the _Frons_.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_. PLATE VII. FIG. 2. i.

3. INTRAOCULAR (_Intraocularia_). When placed in the space _between_ the eyes.--Ex. _Cercopis_, _Ledra_, &c. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 42. i.

4. SUBOCULAR (_Subocularia_). When placed in the space _below_ the eyes.--Ex. _Fulgora laternaria_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 41. i.

5. SPURIOUS (_Spuria_). A flat subdiaphanous space above the base of the antennæ, which seems to represent them.--Ex. _Blatta_, _Gryllus_.

x. ANTENNÆ.

a. NUMBER.

1. DICEROUS (_Dicera_). Insects that have _two_ antennæ.--Ex. _Insects in general_.

2. ACEROUS (_Acera_). Insects that have _no_ antennæ.--Ex. The _Acarina_, &c.

b. SITUATION.

1. PREOCULAR (_Præoculares_). When antennæ are inserted _before_ the eyes.--Ex. _Chrysis_.

2. INTEROCULAR (_Interoculares_). When inserted any where _between_ the eyes.--Ex. _Leptura_, _Haliplus_.

3. INOCULAR (_Inoculares_). When inserted in the _Canthus_ of the eyes.--Ex. The _Capricorn beetles_.

4. SUBOCULAR (_Suboculares_). When inserted _under_ the eyes.--Ex. _Fulgora_, _Nepa_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 41. k.

5. EXTRAOCULAR (_Extraoculares_). When inserted _without_ the eyes.--Ex. _Notonecta_, _Delphax_.

6. ROSTRAL (_Rostrales_). When seated on a rostrum.--Ex. The _Rhyncophorous beetles_.

7. SUPERIOR (_Superiores_). When inserted in the _upper_ surface of the head.--Ex. Most _insects_.

8. INFERIOR (_Inferiores_). When inserted _under_ the head.--Ex. _Copris_, &c.

c. APPROXIMATION.

1. DISTANT (_Distantes_). When _remote_ at their base.--Ex. _Buprestis rustica_.

2. APPROXIMATE (_Approximatæ_). When they _approach_ each other at their base.--Ex. _Donacia_, _Galeruca_.

3. CONTIGUOUS (_Contiguæ_). When they nearly or altogether _touch_ each other at their base.--Ex. _Imatidium MacLeayanum_.

4. CONNATE (_Connatæ_). When _united_ at their base.--Ex. _Ceria_. PLATE XII. FIG. 13.

d. PROPORTION.

1. VERY SHORT (_Brevissimæ_). When shorter than the head.--Ex. The _Muscidæ_, &c.

2. SHORT (_Breves_). When as long as the head.--Ex. _Hister_.

3. SHORTER (_Breviores_). When longer than the head and shorter than the body.--Ex. _Dytiscus_.

4. MEDIOCRAL (_Mediocres_). When of the length of the body.--Ex. _Callidium violaceum_.

5. LONGER (_Longiores_). When longer than the body.--Ex. _Monochamus Sutor_.

6. VERY LONG (_Longissimæ_). When much longer than the body.--Ex. _Acanthocinus ædilis_.

e. DIRECTION.

1. INTIRE (_Integræ_). When they have no elbow or angle.--Ex. _Antennæ_ of most _Coleoptera_.

2. BROKEN (_Fractæ_). When the _Clavola_ forms an angle with the _Scapus_.--Ex. _Curculio_, _Apis_, &c. PLATE XXV. FIG. 15.

3. GENICULATE (_Geniculatæ_). When they form an elbow in the middle but not with the _Scapus_.--Ex. _Meloe_. PLATE XII. FIG. 7.

4. STRAIGHT (_Rectæ_). When they are without any angle, convolution, or curvature. PLATE XI. FIG. 5.

5. PORRECT (_Porrectæ_). When they are placed parallel with each other, and in the same line with the body.--Ex. _Trichoptera_ in flight.

6. EXCURVED (_Excurvæ_). When they curve outwards.

7. INCURVED (_Incurvæ_). When they curve inwards.

8. DECURVED (_Decurvæ_). When they curve downwards.

9. RECURVED (_Recurvæ_). When they curve upwards.

10. REFLEXED (_Reflexæ_). When they are bent back over the body.

11. DEFLEXED (_Deflexæ_). When they are bent downwards.

12. CONVOLUTE (_Convolutæ_). When they roll inwards. PLATE XII. FIG. 6.

13. REVOLUTE (_Revolutæ_). When they roll outwards.

14. SPIRAL (_Spirales_). When they are convoluted spirally. PLATE XXV. FIG. 31.

15. RIGID (_Rigidæ_). When they are very stiff and inflexible.--Ex. _Libellulina_, _Fulgora_. PLATE XII. FIG. 12, 15.

f. REPOSITION.

1. HIDDEN (_Receptæ_). Antennæ which when the animal reposes, are hidden under the head or trunk.--Ex. The _Lamellicorns_, _Elater_, _Belostoma_.

2. EXPOSED (_Apertæ_). Antennæ which when the animal reposes are not concealed.--Ex. _Cerambyx_.

g. FIGURE and SIZE.

1. SETACEOUS (_Setaceæ_). Long flexile antennæ which taper somewhat from the base to the apex. PLATE XI. FIG. 1.

2. SETIFORM (_Setiformes_). Short rigid antennæ which taper from the base to the apex like a bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 14-16.

3. CAPILLARY (_Capillares_). Antennæ nearly as slender as a hair. PLATE XI FIG. 2.

4. FILIFORM (_Filiformes_). Antennæ every where of an equal thickness. PLATE XI. FIG. 3.

5. THICK (_Crassæ_). Antennæ disproportionably thick. PLATE XII. FIG. 29.

6. INCRASSATE (_Incrassatæ_). Antennæ disproportionably thick in any part: at the _base_, _middle_, or _apex_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 34, 19, 7.

a. GRADUALLY INCRASSATE (_Sensim Incrassatæ_). When they grow gradually thicker from the base to the apex. PLATE XXV. FIG. 10.

b. SUDDENLY INCRASSATE (_Subito Incrassatæ_). When they grow suddenly thicker in any part. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18, 19, 24.

7. BROAD (_Latæ_). Antennæ disproportionably _wide_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 24.

8. DILATED (_Dilatatæ_). When they are disproportionably wide in any part; _base_, _middle_, or _apex_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 12. PLATE XII. FIG. 1, 20.

9. SLENDER (_Tenues_). When they are disproportionably _slender_. PLATE XI. FIG. 2.

10. ATTENUATE (_Attenuatæ_). Antennæ disproportionably slender in any part; _base_, _middle_, or _apex_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 8, 21, 34.

a. GRADUALLY ATTENUATE (_Sensim Attenuatæ_). When they grow gradually more slender from the base to the apex. PLATE XI. FIG. 7.

b. SUDDENLY ATTENUATE (_Subito Attenuatæ_). When they grow suddenly slender in any part. PLATE XII. FIG. 1. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18, 34.

11. FUSIFORM (_Fusiformes_). Antennæ thickest in the middle and tapering more or less towards each extremity. PLATE XI. FIG. 5. PLATE XXV. FIG. 8.

12. PRISMATIC (_Prismaticales_). Antennæ with three nearly equal sides. PLATE XI. FIG. 6.

13. ENSIFORM (_Ensiformes_). Antennæ compressed and three-sided, with one side much narrower than either of the others. PLATE XI. FIG. 7.

14. FALCIFORM (_Falciformes_). When the _Clavola_ of the _Antennæ_ grows gradually narrower towards the apex, and is arcuate or incurved so as to resemble a _sickle_. PLATE XI. FIG. 8.

15. NODOSE (_Nodosæ_). When antennæ have one, two, or more joints larger than those which precede or follow them. PLATE XII. FIG. 5.

16. MONILIFORM (_Moniliformes_). Antennæ consisting of oval or globular joints so as to resemble a necklace of beads. PLATE XI. FIG. 9.

17. DENTATE (_Dentatæ_). Toothed with teeth whose sides are _equal_. PLATE XI. FIG. 10.

18. SERRATE (_Serratæ_). Toothed with teeth whose sides are _unequal_ like those of a saw. PLATE XI. FIG. 11. PLATE XXV. FIG. 8.

19. BISERRATE (_Biserratæ_). So toothed on each side. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18.

20. IMBRICATE (_Imbricatæ_). When the summit of each joint is incumbent upon the base of that which precedes it. PLATE XI. FIG. 12.

21. DISTICHOUS (_Distichæ_). When the joints in general terminate in a _fork_. PLATE XI. FIG. 13.

22. CIRRATE (_Cirratæ_). When the joints terminate in a pair of curling hairy branches resembling _tendrils_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 4.

23. FLABELLATE (_Flabellatæ_). When the antennæ on one side send forth from the joints, except those at the base, long flat flexile branches, which open and shut like the sticks of a _fan_. PLATE XI. FIG. 17.

24. BIFLABELLATE (_Biflabellatæ_). When they are flabellate on both sides. PLATE XXV. FIG. 11.

25. PECTINATE (_Pectinatæ_). Antennæ furnished on one side with a number of parallel stiff branches, resembling somewhat the teeth of a _comb_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 25. PLATE XI. FIG. 14.

26. BIPECTINATE (_Bipectinatæ_). Pectinate on both sides. PLATE XXV. FIG. 22.

27. DUPLICATO-PECTINATE (_Duplicato-pectinatæ_). Bipectinate with the branches on each side alternately long and short. PLATE XI. FIG. 15.

28. RAMOSE (_Ramosæ_). Antennæ furnished on one side with two or three irregular longish branches. PLATE XI. FIG. 18.

29. FURCATE (_Furcatæ_). Antennæ divided at the end into two prongs or branches. PLATE XI. FIG. 19. PLATE V. FIG. 3.

30. BIPARTITE (_Bipartitæ_). When they are divided to the base into two nearly equal branches. PLATE XXV. FIG. 20.

31. PALMATE (_Palmatæ_). Very short antennæ which send forth externally a few long finger-shaped branches, giving them some resemblance of a _hand_. PLATE XI. FIG. 24.

32. IRREGULAR (_Irregulares_). When the joints of the antennæ vary so much in size and shape that they cannot well be defined. PLATE XI. FIG. 22.

h. TERMINATION.

α. VERSATILE ANTENNÆ.

1. SUBULATE (_Subulatæ_). When they terminate in a minute joint, much slenderer than the preceding one. PLATE XII. FIG. 16.

2. SETIGEROUS (_Setigeræ_). When they terminate in a bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 14, 15. PLATE XXV. FIG. 29.

3. CAPILLACEOUS (_Capillaceæ_). When they terminate in a fine capillary joint. PLATE XII. FIG. 1.

4. MUCRONATE (_Mucronatæ_). When they terminate in a short point or mucro. PLATE XII. FIG. 2.

5. UNCINATE (_Uncinatæ_). When their apex is incurved so as to form a kind of _hook_. PLATE XII. FIG. 3.

6. UNGUICULATE (_Unguiculatæ_). When they terminate in a hard horny incurved sharp _claw_ resembling those of the tarsi of insects. PLATE XXV. FIG. 16. _a._

7. CLAVATE (_Clavatæ_). When their apex grows gradually thicker. PLATE XII. FIG. 4. PLATE XXV. FIG. 7, 14.

8. CAPITATE (_Capitatæ_). When they terminate suddenly in a larger knob of one or more joints. PLATE XII. FIG. 8-10, and XXV. 1-3, 5, 6.

_a._ FISSILE KNOB (_Capitulum fissile_). When it is divided into several _laminæ_ which the insect can open and shut. PLATE XXV. FIG. 1-3, 5.

_b._ TUNICATE KNOB (_Capitulum tunicatum_). When the laminæ, at least on one side, appear to inosculate or to be imbedded in each other. PLATE XII. FIG. 8. PLATE XXV. FIG. 5, 6.

_c._ PERFOLIATE KNOB (_Capitulum perfoliatum_). When the joints of the knob are connected by a pedicle, which has the appearance of passing through them. PLATE XII. FIG. 10.

_d._ SOLID KNOB (_Capitulum solidum_). When the knob consists of a single joint, or if of more, exhibits very faint traces of their separation. PLATE XII. FIG. 9. PLATE XXV. FIG. 33.

_e._ INFLATED KNOB (_Capitulum inflatum_). When the knob is disproportionably large, and looks as if blown out. PLATE XII. FIG. 28. PLATE XXV. FIG. 9.

β. INVERSATILE ANTENNÆ.

1. SETIGEROUS (_Setigeræ_). Antennæ furnished with a terminal bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 14-16, 21, 22. PLATE XXV. FIG. 29.

_a._ GLOBIFEROUS (_Globiferæ_). When the setigerous joint is larger than the preceding one, and globose. PLATE XII. FIG. 12.

_b._ ANGUSTATE (_Angustatæ_). When the setigerous joint is not conspicuously larger than the preceding one. PLATE XII. FIG. 14, 15.

2. ARISTATE (_Aristatæ_). Antennæ terminated by a variously shaped flat joint longer and usually larger than the preceding one, laterally setigerous. PLATE XII. FIG. 21, 22.

_a._ SETARIOUS (_Setariæ_). When the awn or bristle is _naked_. PLATE XII. FIG. 21. _a._

_b._ PLUMATE (_Plumatæ_). When the awn is _feathered_. PLATE XII. FIG. 22. _a._

3. FILATE (_Filatæ_). When inversatile antennæ have neither a terminal nor a lateral bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 17-20.

_a._ SIMPLE (_Simplices_). When the last joint is _exarticulate_. PLATE XII. FIG. 17, 18, 20.

_b._ COMPOUND (_Compositæ_). When the last joint is itself obsoletely _jointed_. PLATE XII. FIG. 19. _a._

i. PUBESCENCE.

1. VERTICILLATE (_Verticillatæ_). Antennæ beset with hair in whorls. PLATE XII. FIG. 27.

2. PLUMOSE (_Plumosæ_). Antennæ feathered on all sides with fine long hair. PLATE XII. FIG. 24.

3. CILIATE (_Ciliatæ_). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on _each_ side. PLATE XI. FIG. 16.

4. FIMBRIATE (_Fimbriatæ_). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on _one_ side.

5. BARBATE (_Barbatæ_). Antennæ hairy on _one_ side. PLATE XII. FIG. 26.

6. FASCICULATE (_Fasciculatæ_). Antennæ having several bundles of hair. PLATE XXV. FIG. 32.

7. SCOPIFEROUS (_Scopiferæ_). When they are furnished with one or more dense brushes of hair. PLATE XII. FIG. 25. _a._ PLATE XXV. FIG. 17.

k. ARTICULATION.

1. EXARTICULATE (_Exarticulatæ_). Without visible articulations.

2. BIARTICULATE (_Biarticulatæ_). Consisting of _two_ joints.

3. TRIARTICULATE (_Triarticulatæ_). Consisting of _three_ joints.

4. QUADRIARTICULATE (_Quadriarticulatæ_). Consisting of _four_ joints.

5. MULTIARTICULATE (_Multiarticulatæ_). Consisting of _many_ joints.

l. JOINTS.

1. CAMPANULATE (_Campanulatæ_). Bell-shaped. When the joints are obconical, with the vertex of the cone rounded.

2. PATERIFORM (_Pateriformes_). When the joints are somewhat dilated and very short, shaped something like a shallow _bowl_.

3. PATELLATE (_Patellatæ_). When the whole joint is dilated and shaped something like a _patella_ or platter.--Ex. _Prosopis dilatata_ (_Melitta_ *. b. K.) PLATE XXV. FIG. 12. _a._

4. LOBATE (_Lobatæ_). When they are expanded at the tip into a lobe.--Ex. _Belostoma_, _Cerocoma_. PLATE XI. FIG. 21, 22.

5. TORULOSE (_Torulosæ_). When they are a little tumid.

m. APPENDAGES.

1. AURICULATE (_Auriculatæ_). When they have an ear-like process at their base.--Ex. _Gyrinus_, _Parnus_. PLATE XII. FIG. 29. a. PLATE XXV. FIG. 28. _a._

2. APPENDICULATE (_Appendiculatæ_). When they have one or two antenniform processes at their base.--Ex. _Otiocerus_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 29. _b._

III. TRUNK (_TRUNCUS_).

1. MONOMEROUS (_Monomerus_). When the trunk has _no_ suture or segment.--Ex. _Araneidea_.

2. DIMEROUS (_Dimerus_). When the trunk consists of _two_ greater segments.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c.

3. TRIMEROUS (_Trimerus_). When the trunk consists of _three_ greater segments.--Ex. _Neuroptera_, &c.

4. ISTHMIATE (_Isthmiatus_). When an isthmus is formed between the _Prothorax_ and _Elytra_, either in consequence of the former being constricted behind so as to form a neck, or the scutellum not being interposed between the elytra at their base, or the chief part of the mesothorax not being covered by the prothorax.--Ex. _Clerus_, _Passalus_, and _Spondylis_.

i. MANITRUNK (_MANITRUNCUS_).

a. PROTHORAX.

1. CLYPEIFORM (_Clypeiformis_). When the prothorax by its magnitude and distinct separation forms one of the most conspicuous pieces of the upper side of the trunk, so as nearly to represent the whole _thorax_; the mesothorax and metathorax being mostly hidden by the elytra and other organs for flight.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_, &c. PLATE VIII. FIG. 1, 10.

2. COLLIFORM (_Colliformis_). When the prothorax is short and narrow, and not so conspicuous as the other pieces of the trunk.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE IX. FIG. 6.

3. CERVICULATE (_Cerviculatus_). When the prothorax is elongate, attenuate, and distinguished from the _Antepectus_ by no suture; so as to form a distinct and usually long _neck_. PLATE III. FIG. 6.

4. EVANESCENT (_Evanescens_). When no distinct prothorax is discoverable or it is only represented by _membrane_.--Ex. Most _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_, &c.

5. MARGINATE (_Marginatus_). When an impressed line or channel separates the edge of the prothorax from the rest of its surface, and so forms a _margin_.--Ex. _Harpalus_, &c.

6. IMMARGINATE (_Immarginatus_). When it has _no_ such margin.--Ex. The _Rhyncophorous beetles_.

7. EXPLANATE (_Explanatus_). When its sides are so depressed and dilated as to form a _broad_ margin.--Ex. _Necrophorus_, _Silpha_.

8. EMARGINATE (_Emarginatus_). When a segment of a circle is taken out of its anterior part for the reception of the head.

9. AMBIENT (_Ambiens_). When this sinus is so large as to receive the _whole_ head.--Ex. _Chilocorus_.

10. CIRCUMAMBIENT (_Circumambiens_). When its sides are elongated anteriorly and curve inwards, their ends lapping over each other and the head, so as to form a circle round the posterior part of the latter, and leave a space open for the eyes to see objects above them.--Ex. _Heleus_.

11. CLYPEATE (_Clypeatus_). When it quite covers and overshadows the head.--Ex. _Lampyris_, _Cassida_, _Cossyphus_.

12. CUCULLATE (_Cucullatus_). When it is elevated into a kind of ventricose _cowl_ or hood which receives the head.--Ex. _Dictyonota crassicornis_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 18. _a_[1100].

13. ALATE (_Alatus_). When its sides are expanded into a kind of _wing_.--Ex. _Dictyonota crassicornis_.

14. AURICULATE (_Auriculatus_). When it expands on each side into two processes resembling _ears_.--Ex. _Ledra aurita_.

15. ANGULATE (_Angulatus_). When its sides or base jut out into one or more _angles_.--Ex. _Copris_.

16. CRUCIATE (_Cruciatus_). When it has two elevated longitudinal obtusangular lines, the angles of which approach each other in its middle, so as nearly to form a St. Andrew's _cross_.--Ex. _Locusta_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 17.

17. OBVOLVING (_Obvolvens_). When there are neither ora nor suture to separate it from the antepectus.--Ex. _Stenus_, _Curculio_ L.

18. PULVINATE (_Pulvinatus_). When in consequence of being depressed in one place, it seems to puff out in another.--Ex. _Aleochara canaliculata_, _picea_, &c.

19. PRODUCTED (_Productus_). When behind it terminates in a long scutelliform process which covers the _Mesothorax_, _Metathorax_, and great part of the _Abdomen_.--Ex. _Acrydium_, _Centrotus_.

b. ANTEPECTUS.

1. TRACHELATE (_Trachelatum_). When of itself it forms a neck, the prothorax being represented only by membrane.--Ex. _Xiphydria_.

2. UNARMED (_Inerme_). When it has _no_ prosternum.--Ex. The _Rhyncophorous beetles_.

3. ARMED (_Armatum_). When it _has_ a prosternum. N.B. _These two last terms may be extended also to the_ Medipectus _and_ Postpectus. _And also to the whole together. Thus, if there was no_ Sternum _at all, it should be called_ Pectus inerme; _and if one existed in all these divisions of the breast, it would be_ Pectus armatum.

c. ARM (_Brachium_).

α. CUBIT (_Cubitus_).

1. CLYPEATE (_Clypeatus_). When a concavo-convex plate is affixed to the outside of the cubit.--Ex. _Crabro clypeatus_, _scutatus_, &c. ♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 3. _a._

2. PALMATE (_Palmatus_). When towards the apex the cubit is armed laterally with several divaricate spiniform teeth.--Ex. _Scarites_, _Clivina_. PLATE XV. FIG. 5.

3. DIGITATE (_Digitatus_). When the apex of the cubit is divided into several long teeth or fingers.--Ex. _Gryllotalpa_. PLATE XV. FIG. 6.

4. DOLABRATE (_Dolabratus_). When the apex of the cubit is dilated and shaped something like the head of a hatchet. PLATE XV. FIG. 4.

β. HAND (_Manus_).

1. PATELLATE (_Patellata_). When several joints of the hand are dilated so as to form an orbicular patella furnished underneath either with suckers, or a dense brush of hairs.--Ex. _Dytiscus_ ♂, _Staphylinus_. PLATE XV. FIG. 9.

2. SCUTATE (_Scutata_). When a single joint of the hand is dilated into a broad scutiform plate.--Ex. _Hydrophilus piceus_ ♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 8.

3. STRIGILATE (_Strigilata_). When on the inner side of the first joint of the hand or palm the segment of a circle is taken out at the base opposite to the spur, the sinus being often pectinated with spines.--Ex. _Apis_[1101]. PLATE XXVII. FIG. 36. _a._

4. AURICULATE (_Auriculata_). When any of the joints are externally dilated into an auriform process.--Ex. _Gryllotalpa_. PLATE XV. FIG. 6. _t´´_.

ii. ALITRUNK (_ALITRUNCUS_).

1. BURIED (_Sepultus_). When its upper surface is wholly or nearly covered and hidden by the thorax, elytra or other organs of flight[1102].--Ex. _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_.

2. REVEALED (_Revelatus_). When it is not so covered, but is equally conspicuous with the _Prothorax_, or even more so.--Ex. _Neuroptera_, _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_. _Atractocerus_ in _Coleoptera_.

3. COALITE (_Coalitus_). When it is not separable into two segments, the _Medipectus_ and the _Postpectus_ forming one piece.--Ex. _Cimex_ L.

4. BISECTED (_Bisectus_). When it is separable into two segments.--Ex. _Lamellicorn beetles_.

a. MESOTHORAX.

α. COLLAR (_Collare_).

1. UNCOVERED (_Apertum_). When it is _not_ concealed by the shield of the prothorax.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.

2. COVERED (_Tectum_). When it is quite concealed by the prothorax.

3. AREATE (_Areatum_). When it is larger than the prothorax, and terminates towards the wings in two oblique areas, inclosed by a ridge often crowned anteriorly with little teeth.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _g^., a._ N.B. _The space between these_ areas _is fitted with a membrane capable of tension and relaxation, which in flight causes them to approach to and recede from each other._

4. AMPLECTENT (_Amplectens_). When posteriorly it is so curved as to form a large sinus which embraces the dorsolum.--Ex. _Vespa_ L. PLATE IX. FIG. 11. _g^._.

5. PHONETIC (_Phoneticum_). When its posterior angles, approaching the wings, cover the _vocal_ spiracles[1103].--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.

β. DORSOLUM.

1. THORACIFORM (_Thoraciforme_). When it forms the principal part of the upper surface of the trunk.--Ex. _Bombus_, _Apis_, _Vespa_ &c. PLATE IX. FIG. 11. _i^._.

γ. SCUTELLUM.

1. DISTINCT (_Distinctum_). When it is separated from the dorsolum by a suture.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_. PLATE IX. FIG. 11, 19, &c. _k´_.

2. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When it is _not_ separated from the dorsolum by a suture.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c. PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _k´_.

3. SCUTELLATE (_Insectum scutellatum_). An insect having a visible _scutellum_.--Ex. _Melolontha_.

_a._ REJECTED (_Rejectum_). When, though visible, it does not intervene between the elytra at their base.--Ex. _Passalus_.

_b._ RECEIVED (_Receptum_). When it intervenes between the elytra at their base.--Ex. Most scutellate _Coleoptera_.

4. EXSCUTELLATE (_Insectum exscutellatum_). When an insect has no visible scutellum, it being wholly covered by the _Prothorax_.--Ex. _Copris_.

5. ASCENDING (_Ascendens_). When it curves upwards from the dorsolum.--Ex. _Sagra_.

6. TABULAR (_Tabulare_). When it is elevated on a footstalk above the dorsolum, and forms a tabular or flat surface.--Ex. _Elater_.

7. OBUMBRANT (_Obumbrans_). When it overhangs the metathorax.--Ex. _Musca_. PLATE IX. FIG. 19. _k´_.

δ. BASE-COVERS (_Tegulæ_).

1. CONCHIFORM (_Conchiformes_). When they are a semicircular concavo-convex scale something resembling the valve of a bivalve shell.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_. PLATE IX. FIG. 11, 12. _g´´_.

2. LACINIFORM (_Laciniformes_). When they are long, of an irregular shape, and appear like lappets on each side of the trunk.--Ex. _Lithosia_, &c. PLATE IX. FIG. 5.[1104]

ε. ELYTRA.

1. BASE (_Basis_). The part next the _Prothorax_.

2. APEX (_Apex_). The part next the _Anus_.

3. HUMERAL ANGLE (_Angulus Humeralis_). The _exterior_ basal angle.

4. SCUTELLAR ANGLE (_Angulus Scutellaris_). The _interior_ basal angle.

5. COLEOPTRA (_Coleoptra_). The two elytra spoken of together.

6. SPINIGEROUS (_Spinigera_). When the _Coleoptra_ have a spine common to them both.--Ex. _Cassida bidens_.

7. AURICULATE (_Auriculata_). When the _Elytra_ have an elongate process at the shoulders.--Ex. _Cassida bicornis_, _Taurus_, &c.

8. INTIRE (_Integra_). When they have neither abbreviations nor incisions.

9. FASTIGIATE (_Fastigiata_). When of equal or greater length than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.

10. TRUNCATE (_Truncata_). When they are shorter than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.

11. ABBREVIATE (_Abbreviata_). When they are shorter than the abdomen, but cover _more_ than _half_ its length. PLATE I. FIG. 4.

12. DIMIDIATE (_Dimidiata_). When they are about _half_ the length of the abdomen. PLATE I. FIG. 5.

13. VERY SHORT (_Brevissima_). When they are _not_ half the length of the abdomen. PLATE I. FIG. 2, 3, 7.

14. MUTILATE (_Mutilata_). When they appear _unnaturally_ short or curtailed as if mutilated.--Ex. _Acrydium_.

15. SUBULATE (_Subulata_). When they are attenuated towards the end.--Ex. _Sitaris humeralis_.

16. ELONGATE (_Elongata_). When they extend beyond the anus.--Ex. _Trox_.

17. OBVOLVING (_Obvolventia_). When their _Epipleuræ_ cover a considerable portion of the sides of the alitrunk. PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 7.

18. COMPLICANT (_Complicantia_). When they lie a little over each other.--Ex. _Meloe_. PLATE I. FIG. 6.

19. DEHISCENT (_Dehiscentia_). When they diverge a little at the apex.--Ex. _Pyrochroa_.

20. AMPLIATE (_Ampliata_). When they are disproportionably wide at the end.--Ex. _Lycus fasciatus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 20.

21. PLICATE (_Plicata_). When they have two or three contiguous abbreviated furrows which exhibit the appearance of folds.--Ex. _Pselaphidæ_.

22. PERFORATE (_Perforata_). When a little hole appears drilled through them.--Ex. _Cassida perforata_.

N.B. _Many of the above terms will apply to_ Tegmina, Hemelytra, Wings, &c.

_A._ Side-covers (_Epipleuræ_).

1. MARGINAL (_Marginales_). When they are only an inflexed continuation of the margin.--Ex. _Buprestis_.

2. DISCOIDAL (_Discoidales_). When they are a process from the disk of the under surface of the elytra.--Ex. _Lampyris_, _Cossyphus_, _Cassida_, _Notoclea_[1105].

ζ. TEGMINA.

1. FENESTRELLA (_Fenestrella_). A transparent eye-like spot in the _Anal Area_ of the Tegmina of _Acrida_ ♂[1106].

2. CONVOLVENT (_Convolventia_). When the _Anal Area_ is horizontal, incumbent on the back of the insect, and forms a right angle with the rest of the tegmen, which is vertical and covers the sides.--Ex. _Locusta_. N.B. _In this case the_ Anal Area _of one_ Tegmen _covers that of the other._

3. ALIFORM (_Aliformia_). When their substance approaches to membrane, and they nearly resemble _Wings_.--Ex. Most _Homopterous Hemiptera_.

η. HEMELYTRA.

1. OBTECTED (_Obtecta_). When the Hemelytra are covered by a scutelliform mesothorax.--Ex. _Scutellera_.

2. DETECTED (_Detecta_). When they are not so covered.--Ex. Most _Heteropterous Hemiptera_.

θ. WINGS (_Alæ_).

_A._ Denomination.

1. ANTERIOR (_Anticæ_). The fore or upper wings.

_a._ SUPERIOR (_Superiores_). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they are placed upon the posterior wings.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.

_b._ PRIMARY (_Primores_). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they are _not_ placed upon the posterior.--Ex. _Lepidoptera diurna_, _Libellulina_.

2. POSTERIOR (_Posticæ_). The hind or lower wings.

_a._ INFERIOR (_Inferiores_). The posterior wings are so denominated if the anterior wings, when at rest, are placed upon them.

_b._ SECONDARY (_Secundariæ_). The posterior wings are so denominated if the superior wings, when at rest, are _not_ placed upon them.--Ex. _Lepidoptera diurna_, _Libellulina_.

_B._ Magnitude.

3. EQUAL (_Æquales_). When the four wings are of _equal_ length.--Ex. _Libellulina_.

4. UNEQUAL (_Inæquales_). When they are _not_ of equal length.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.

_C._ Complication.

5. PLANE (_Planæ_). Flat wings that are neither plicatile nor tumid.--Ex. _Apis_.

6. TUMID (_Tumidæ_). When the membrane between the nervures that form an areolet is bigger than the areolet, which gives it convexity.--Ex. _The Serrifera_ or _saw-flies_. N.B. _The object of this structure is to expose a larger surface to the action of the air._

7. PLICATILE (_Plicatiles_). When the wings at rest are folded in one or more longitudinal plaits.--Ex. _Vespa_ L.

8. DUPLICATILE (_Duplicatæ_). When they are folded transversely.--Ex. _Coleoptera_.

9. CONVOLUTE (_Convolutæ_). When the wings so envelope the body as to give it a cylindrical form.--Ex. _Crambus_.

10. INCUMBENT (_Incumbentes_). Wings which when at rest cover the back of the insect.--Ex. The _Noctuidæ_, _Geometra_.

11. CRUCIATO-COMPLICATE (_Cruciato-complicatæ_). Wings crossed and folded.--Ex. _Pentatoma_, &c.

12. CRUCIATO-INCUMBENT (_Cruciato-incumbentes_). Wings crossed but not folded, and covering the back.--Ex. _Apis_.

13. EXTENDED (_Extensæ_). Wings that when at rest do not lie upon the body.--Ex. _Libellula_, _Æshna_, &c.

_a._ EXPANDED (_Patentes_). Wings that when at rest are horizontally extended and do not cover each other.--Ex. _Libellula_, &c.

_b._ HORIZONTAL (_Horizontales_). Very narrow wings which when at rest are extended _horizontally_ forming a right angle with the body, and covering the posterior wings.--Ex. _Pterophorus_[1107].

_c._ ERECT (_Erectæ_). Wings which when at rest are extended vertically.--Ex. _Vanessa_, _Agrion_.

_d._ ERECTO-PATENT (_Erecto-patentes_). When the primary wings at rest are erect and the secondary horizontal.--Ex. _Hesperia_.

_e._ CONNIVENT (_Conniventes_). When erect wings are so closely applied to each other that the corresponding margins touch.--Ex. _Vanessa_.

_f._ DIVARICATE (_Divaricatæ_). When wings at rest are somewhat erect but diverge from each other.

14. PATULOUS (_Patulæ_). When wings at rest partly cover each other.

15. APPLICANT (_Applicantes_). When wings at rest are parallel with the abdomen.--Ex. _Tipula_.

16. DIVERGENT (_Divergentes_). When wings at rest recede from the abdomen.

17. DEFLEXED (_Deflexæ_). When wings at rest covering each other are so bent downwards as to imitate a roof, of which their interior margin forms the ridge.--Ex. _Homopterous Hemiptera_.

18. REVERSED (_Reversæ_). When wings at rest are deflexed, but so that the anterior margin of the inferior projects beyond the anterior margin of the superior.--Ex. _Gatropacha quercifolia_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 2.

19. BROAD (_Latæ_). When the interior margin is shorter than the posterior.--Ex. _Papilio_.

20. NARROW (_Angustæ_). When the posterior margin is shorter than the interior.--Ex. _Heliconius_.

_D._ Shape.

1. FALCATE (_Falcatæ_). Wings having their posterior margin concave, and the posterior angle acute and curved.--Ex. _Attacus Atlas_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 4.

2. DIGITATE (_Digitatæ_). Wings cleft to the base into several subdivisions.--Ex. _Pterophorus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3.

_a._ RADIUS (_Radius_). A single subdivision of a digitate wing.

3. CAUDATE (_Caudatæ_). When wings terminate in a tail-like process.--Ex. _Papilio Machaon_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _s._

_a._ BICAUDATE (_Bicaudatæ_). Having _two_ such tails. _Tricaudatæ_ having _three_, &c.

_E._ Surface.

1. SQUAMATE (_Squamatæ_). Wings covered with minute scales.--Ex. _Lepidoptera_. PLATE XXII. FIG. 16. _a, b, c, d_, &c.

2. DENUDATE (_Denudatæ_). When the wings of _Lepidoptera_ appear more or less as if the scales had been rubbed off, either partially or generally.--Ex. _Heliconius_, _Sesia_, _Zygæna_, _Nudaria_.

3. FENESTRATE (_Fenestratæ_). When one or two definite spaces in a Lepidopterous wing are denuded of scales.--Ex. _Attacus Atlas_, &c.

4. BARE (_Nudæ_). When wings have neither perceptible hairs nor scales.--Ex. _Coleoptera_.

_F._ Margin.

1. ANTERIOR or EXTERIOR (_Anterior_ or _Exterior_). The _outer_ margin of the wing, or that _from_ the body. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. a.

2. INTERIOR (_Interior_). The _inner_ margin of the wing, or that _next_ the body. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. b.

3. POSTERIOR (_Posterior_). The _terminal_ margin of the wing, or apex. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. c.

4. PLECTRUM (_Plectrum_). A marginal bristle stronger than the rest, observable about the middle of the costa and standing out from it.--Ex. Many _Muscidæ_.

_G._ Angles.

1. HUMERAL (_Humeralis_). Basal angle next the _head_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. d.

2. SCUTELLAR (_Scutellaris_). Basal angle next the _scutellum_ or its region. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. e.

3. POSTERIOR (_Posterior_). _Outer_ apical angle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. f.

4. ANAL (_Analis_). _Inner_ apical angle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. g.

_H._ Nervures.

1. NERVULET (_Nervulus_). A little nervure diverging obliquely from the costal into the disk of the wing towards the apex.

_a._ SIMPLE (_Simplex_). When the nervulet does _not_ terminate in a round punctum.--Ex. _Eulophus_.

_b._ CORONATE (_Coronatum_). When it terminates in a round punctum.--Ex. _Ichneumon penetrans_[1108].

2. NEUROSE (_Neurosæ_). Wings that have nervures besides the marginal ones.

3. ANEUROSE (_Aneurosæ_). Wings that have no nervures besides the marginal ones.--Ex. _Psilus_.

4. CIRCUMSEPTED (_Circumseptæ_). Wings whose margin is every where strengthened by a nervure.--Ex. _Tabanus_.

5. VARICOSE (_Varicosæ_). When the nervures are disproportionably swelled in any part.--Ex. _Forficula auricularia_. PLATE X. FIG. 5.

6. SERPENTINE (_Serpentinæ_). Nervures that run in a serpentine direction.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_ K. M.S[1109]. PLATE X. FIG. 4.

7. INSULATE (_Insulatæ_). Discoidal nervures that are entirely unconnected with any others, or with the base of the wing.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_. PLATE X. FIG. 4. a, b.

8. UNCINATE (_Unicinatæ_). Nervures, that after running from the base towards the apex, turn back, and running a little towards the base, form a hook.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_. PLATE X. FIG. 4. _i^._.

9. RECURRENT (_Recurrentes_). When a nervure, or a branch of it, after running towards the apex of the wing, turns back and runs towards the base.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_, &c. PLATE X. Fig 4. _l^._.

10. CONNECTING (_Connectentes_). Nervures that running transversely or obliquely connect the longitudinal ones, and so form the areolets.

_I._ Areolets.

1. RADIATED (_Radiatæ_). When the areolets are chiefly formed by radiating longitudinal nervures.--Ex. _Forficula_, _Psychoda_. PLATE X. FIG. 5, 13.

2. AREATE (_Areatæ_). Radiated with a large basal area.--Ex. _Papilio_ and many other _Lepidoptera_[1110]. PLATE X. FIG. 6.

3. AREOLATE (_Areolatæ_). When the surface of the wing is divided into various areolets.--Ex. _Diptera_, _Hymenoptera_, and most _Neuroptera_. PLATE X. FIG. 7-14.

4. RETICULATE (_Reticulatæ_). When the areolets are extremely small and infinitely numerous.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE III. FIG. 5.

5. OPEN (_Apertæ_). Areolets that terminate in the margin of the wing, or that are not surrounded on all sides by nervures.

_a._ MARGINAL (_Marginales_). Open areolets that terminate in the margin.--Ex. _Tenthredo_. PLATE X. FIG. 8.

_b._ INCOMPLETE (_Incompletæ_). Open areolets that terminate short of the margin.--Ex. _Apis_.

6. RADIANT (_Radiantes_). When a small roundish areolet is a centre from which several long ones diverge.--Ex. _Stratyomis_. PLATE X. FIG. 15.

7. PETIOLATE (_Petiolatæ_). When an areolet is connected with another by a stem like a footstalk[1111]. PLATE X. FIG. 8.

8. RAMULOSE (_Ramulosæ_). When an areolet sends forth a little unconnected branch.--Ex. _Pompilus_, _Sphex_, &c.[1112]

9. ANGULAR (_Angulatæ_). When an areolet juts out on one side into an angle from which no nervure proceeds, to form another areolet.--Ex. _Eristalis_, _Cerceris_.[1113] PLATE X. FIG. 14.

10. DIDYMOUS (_Didymæ_). When areolets are nearly divided into two by a nervure.--Ex. _Gyrostoma_.

11. SESQUIALTEROUS (_Sesquialteræ_). When a minute areolet is appended to a large one.--Ex. _Postcostal areolet_ of _Hylotoma_[1114].

* Areolets of the Costal Area.

1. COSTAL (_Costales_). Areolets, one or more, _below_ the _stigma_. PLATE X. FIG. 14. 15. a, b.

2. POSTCOSTAL (_Postcostales_). Areolets, one or more, _above_ the _stigma_. PLATE X. FIG. 8, 9. a, b.

* * Areolets of the Intermediate Area.

1. PROTOMESAL (_Protomesæ_). First series of the middle areolets (_Areolæ mediæ_), often consisting of _three_, and then divided into _upper_, _middle_, and _lower_, areolets. PLATE X. FIG. 8, 9. a.

2. DEUTEROMESAL (_Deuteromesæ_). Second series of the same, often consisting of two, and then divided into _upper_ and _lower_. _Ibid._ b.

3. TRITOMESAL (_Tritomesæ_). Third series of the same. _Ibid._ c.

_K._ Stigma.

1. BLIND (_Cœcum_). When the _stigma_ is wholly opaque, and neither begins nor terminates in a minute areolet.--Ex. Most _Hymenoptera_.

2. FENESTRATE (_Fenestratum_). When the stigma begins or terminates in a minute areolet. PLATE X. FIG. 11. _m´´´_.

_L._ Number.

1. APTEROUS (_Aptera_). Having _no_ wings.

2. DIPTEROUS (_Diptera_). Having _two_ wings.

3. TETRAPTEROUS (_Tetraptera_). Having _four_ wings.

ι. LEGS (_Pedes_).

_A._ Number.

1. TETRAPOD (_Tetrapus_). An insect having only _four_ perfect legs.--Ex. _Vanessa_.

2. HEXAPOD (_Hexapus_). An insect having _six_ legs.--Ex. _Insects Proper_ in general.

3. OCTOPOD (_Octopus_). Having _eight_ legs.--Ex. _Araneidea_.

4. POLYPOD (_Polypus_). Having more than _eight_ legs but under _fifty_.--Ex. _Glomeris_, _Cermatia_.

5. CENTIPEDE (_Centipes_). Having _more_ than _fifty_ legs but under _two hundred_.--Ex. _Scolopendra_.

6. MYRIAPOD (_Myriapus_). Having two hundred legs or more.--Ex. _Iulus_.

_B._ Situation.

1. ANTEPECTORAL (_Antepectorales_). The fore-legs or arms, affixed to the _Antepectus_.

2. MEDIPECTORAL (_Medipectorales_). The mid-legs, affixed to the _Medipectus_.

3. POSTPECTORAL (_Postpectorales_). The hind-legs, affixed to the _Postpectus_.

4. DISTANT (_Distantes_). When the pairs of legs are remote from each other at their base.--Ex. _Intermediate_ legs of _Copris_.

5. APPROXIMATE (_Approximati_). When they are near each other at the base.--Ex. _Posterior_ legs of _Copris_.

6. EQUIDISTANT (_Æquidistantes_). When all the three pair are equally distant at the base.--Ex. _Cassida_.

_C._ Duration.

1. PERSISTENT (_Persistentes_). Legs which the insect has in all its states.--Ex. _The legs attached to the trunk._ N.B. _These are called_ Legs (_Pedes_). PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11. _a._

2. DECIDUOUS (_Decidui_). Legs which the insect has _not_ in all its states.--Ex. _Membranous legs of Caterpillars_. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11. _b._ N.B. _These are called_ Prolegs (_Propedes_).

3. ACQUIRED (_Acquisiti_). Legs which the insect has not in its _first_ state, but which it acquires subsequently.--Ex. _Abdominal legs_ in _Scolopendra_, _Iulus_, &c.

_D._ Denomination.

1. FORE-LEGS (_Antici_). The _first_ pair. Taken by themselves called _Arms_ (_Brachia_).

2. ANTERIOR (_Anteriores_). The _two first_ pair of legs.

3. MID-LEGS (_Intermedii_). The _middle_ pair of legs.

4. HIND-LEGS (_Postici_). The _last_ pair of legs.

5. POSTERIOR (_Posteriores_). The _two_ last pair of legs.

6. ABBREVIATE (_Abbreviati_). Legs with an imperfect tarsus.--Ex. _Vanessa_.

7. AMBULATORY (_Ambulatorii_). When the tarsi have a spongy sole.--Ex. _Chrysomela_.

8. CURSORIOUS (_Cursorii_). When, the fore tarsi of some males excepted, they have _not_ a spongy sole.--Ex. _Carabus_, _Cicindela_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 7.

9. SALTATORIOUS (_Saltatorii_). When the hind-legs have strong incrassated thighs formed for _leaping_.--Ex. _Haltica_, _Orchestes_, the _Locustina_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.

10. NATATORIOUS (_Natatorii_). When the legs are compressed or ciliated, and formed for _swimming_.--Ex. _Dytiscus_, _Gyrinus_, _Notonecta_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 6.

11. MOTATORIOUS (_Motatorii_). Legs, which when the insect is at rest, are in a perpetual vibratory motion.--Ex. _Tipula_.

12. FOSSORIOUS (_Fossorii_). Leg with either palmate or digitate tibiæ.--Ex. _Scarites_, _Clivinia_, _Gryllotalpa_. PLATE XV. FIG. 5, 6.

13. RAPTORIOUS (_Raptorii_). When the strong porrected thighs, usually of the fore-leg, have a channel for the reception of the tibiæ, which are inflexed, and both armed with a double series of spurs.--Ex. _Mantis_, _Nepa_.

14. PREHENSORIOUS (_Prehensorii_). When the thighs of the hind-legs converge and the tibiæ diverge so as to form an angle which is armed with spines.--Ex. _Gonyleptes_. PLATE XIV. Fig 8[1115].

_E._ Hip (_Coxa_).

1. FIXED (_Fixæ_). When they are _not_ moveable.--Ex. _Dytiscus_, _Gonyleptes_.

2. FREE (_Liberæ_). When they are moveable.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, most _Coleoptera_.

3. LAMINATE (_Laminatæ_). When the posterior coxæ form a broad thin plate which covers the trochanter and the base of the thighs.--Ex. _Haliplus_. PLATE XV. FIG. 1. _p´´_.

4. FLOCCULATE (_Flocculatæ_). When the posterior coxæ are distinguished by a curling lock of hair (_Flocculus_).--Ex. _Andrena_[1116].

_F._ Trochanter (_Trochanter_).

1. FULCRANT (_Fulcrans_). When the trochanter merely props the thigh below at the base, but does not at all intervene between it and the coxa.--Ex. _Carabus_.

2. INTERCEPTING (_Intercipiens_). When the trochanter intervenes between the thigh and the coxa, so as intirely to separate them.--Ex. The _Petalocerous beetles_, _Hymenoptera_, &c.

3. MONOMEROUS (_Monomerus_). When it consists of only _one_ joint.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c.

4. DIMEROUS (_Dimerus_). When it consists of _two_ joints.--Ex. _Ichneumon_.

_G._ Thigh (_Femur_).

1. SIMPLE (_Simplex_). When it is no where particularly thick.

2. INCRASSATE (_Incrassatum_). When it is very thick, either partially or generally, and formed for leaping.--Ex. _Haltica_, &c.

3. LORICATE (_Loricatum_). When the disk of the thigh appears covered with a double series of oblique scales like a coat of mail.--Ex. _Locusta_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.

_H._ Shank (_Tibia_).

1. ALATE (_Alata_). When the posterior tibia on each side is furnished with a dilated process which probably assists it in flight.--Ex. _Petalopus phyllopus_, &c. PLATE XV. FIG. 2. _a._

2. FOLIACEOUS (_Foliacea_). When the tibia is laterally dilated into a thin plate for carrying pollen.--Ex. _Euglossa cordata_, &c.

3. CORBICULATE (_Corbiculata_). When it is fringed with incurved hairs calculated for carrying kneaded pollen.--Ex. _Apis_, _Bombus_[1117].

4. SCOPATE (_Scopata_). When it is quite covered with a brush of hairs with which it brushes off the gross pollen, and in which it carries it.--Ex. _Andrena_[1118].

5. CALCARATE (_Calcarata_). When it is armed with one or more spurs (_Calcaria_).--Ex. _The majority of insects_.

6. EXCALCARATE (_Excalcarata_). When it has no such spurs.--Ex. _Apion_.

_I._ Foot (_Tarsus_).

1. SCOPULATE (_Scopulatus_). When the first joint on the under side is covered with a dense brush of rigid hairs.--Ex. _Apis_, _Andrena_, &c.[1119]

b. METATHORAX.

1. SIMULANT (_Simulans_). When the mesothorax is covered by the prothorax, and the _Metathorax_ only is visible, under the form of an elongated or enlarged scutellum.--Ex. The _Geocorisæ_. PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 12.

α. POSTDORSOLUM.

1. LATENT (_Latens_). When it is covered by the mesothorax; it is then usually a mere membrane.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_.

2. EXPOSED (_Apertus_). When it is _not_ so covered.--Ex. _Atractocerus_, _Hymenoptera_, &c.

β. POSTSCUTELLUM.

1. DISTINCT (_Distinctum_). When the postscutellum is distinct from the postdorsolum.--Ex. _Locusta_. PLATE VIII. FIG. 12 _u´_.

2. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When it is not distinct.--Ex. _Blatta_.

3. SCUTELLIFORM (_Scutelliforme_). When it is a triangular elevated prominence resembling a _scutellum_.--Ex. _Locusta_.

4. CANALIFORM (_Canaliforme_). When it is a deepish elongate channel running from the postdorsolum to the abdomen.--Ex. _Coleoptera_. PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _u´_. XXVIII. FIG. 10. _u´._

5. OBLITERATE (_Obliteratum_). When this channel is nearly or altogether obliterated.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.

γ. POSTFRÆNUM.

1. TABULATE (_Tabulatum_). When it forms a broad pannel or table on each side the postscutellum.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_.

2. FUNICULATE (_Funiculatum_). When it forms a narrow ridge.--Ex. _Pentatoma_, _Fulgora_, _Libellulina_. PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 11, 12. _v´_.

3. CRUCIATE (_Cruciatum_). When there are two funicular ridges diverging on each side, which inclosing a pannel form together a St. Andrew's cross, and are connected with the base of the wings.--Ex. _Libellulina_[1120]. PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _v´._

4. ADNATE (_Adnatum_). When a funicular _Postfrænum_ is closely adjacent to the sides of the metathorax till it nearly reaches the wings.--Ex. _Pentatoma_.

5. TRANSCURRENT (_Transcurrens_). When a postfrænum is at first adnate to the sides of the postscutellum, and then diverges across the pannel to the base of the wings.--Ex. _Belostoma grandis_.

IV. ABDOMEN.

1. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When the abdomen is not divided into segments.--Ex. _Araneidea_, _Chelonus_.

_a._ PLICATE (_Plicatum_). When it consists of transverse folds.--Ex. _Gonyleptes_, _Carkinodes_[1121]. PLATE XV. FIG. 11.

_b._ TENSE (_Tensum_). When it is not folded.--Ex. Most _Araneidea_.

2. INSECTED (_Sectum_). When it is divided into segments.--Ex. Most _insects_.

3. SESSILE (_Sessile_). When it has no footstalk, but is closely united to the trunk.--Ex. _Coleoptera_.

4. PETIOLATE (_Petiolatum_). When the first segment, or more, is longer and much narrower than the subsequent ones, so as to form a footstalk.--Ex. The _Sphecidæ_, _Ichneumon_.

5. ADJOINED (_Adjunctum_). When it is connected with the trunk by a very short petiole.--Ex. _Vespa_, _Apis_.

6. SUPERIMPOSITED (_Superimpositum_). When the footstalk of the abdomen is inserted in the upper part of the postscutellum, so as to leave a considerable space between it and the postpectus.--Ex. _Evania_. PLATE IV. FIG. 2.

7. RETRACTED (_Retractum_). When it is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.--Ex. _Gonyleptes_. PLATE XV. FIG. 11.

8. OBUMBRATE (_Obumbratum_). When it is overshadowed by the trunk and concealed under it.--Ex. _Carkinodes_. PLATE XV. FIG. 10.

9. SALTATORIOUS (_Saltatorium_). When the ventral segments or the anus are furnished with elastic processes which enable the animal to _leap_.--Ex. _Machilis_, _Podura_. PLATE XV. FIG. 14.

10. NATATORIOUS (_Natatorium_). When the abdomen is terminated by flat foliaceous appendages, or the tail is ciliated on each side with dense parallel hairs, which assist the insect in _swimming_.--Ex. _Larva_ of _Agrion_, and _Dytiscus_.

i. CAUDA.

1. UNCINATE (_Uncinata_). When the tail is inflected so as to form a kind of hook.--Ex. _Dolichopus_ ♂.

2. ADUNCOUS (_Adunca_). When it is crooked.--Ex. _Chelostoma maxillosa_ ♂. (_Apis_ ** c. 2. γ. K.)

3. DISTINCT (_Distincta_). When it is distinct from the abdomen.--Ex. _Scorpio_.

4. CHELIFEROUS (_Chelifera_). When it is terminated by a very thick forceps somewhat resembling a lobster's claw.--Ex. _Panorpa_ ♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 12.

5. PAPILLIFEROUS (_Papillifera_). When at the last segment but one the tail exerts two soft fleshy organs, which secrete a milky fluid and yield a powerful scent.--Ex. _Staphylinus_.

ii. OVIPOSITOR.

1. ENSATE (_Ensatus_). When it is long, compressed, and shaped like a _sword_.--Ex. _Acrida_.

2. NAVICULAR (_Navicularis_). When it is shaped like a _boat_.--Ex. _Cicada_, _Scaphura_.

3. TELESCOPIFORM (_Telescopiformis_). When it consists of several tubes retractile within each other like the pieces of a _telescope_. PLATE XVI. FIG. 2, 3.

4. ACULEIFORM (_Aculeiformis_). The ovipositors of Hymenopterous insects, which consist of the same parts, with the exception of the poison-bag (_Ioterium_), whether used as weapons or merely in oviposition.

_a._ EXERTED (_Exertus_). When the vagina unemployed is _partly_ out of the body.--Ex. _Cleptes_.

_b._ EXTRICATED (_Extricatus_). When the valves and vagina unemployed are _wholly_ out of the body.--Ex. _Pimpla_. PLATE XVI. FIG. 1.

_c._ REFLEXED (_Reflexus_). When the ovipositor is turned up and lies upon the back of the abdomen.--Ex. _Leucospis_.

_APPENDIX._

TERMS particularly applicable to LARVÆ and PUPÆ.

LARVÆ.

1. SPINNERET (_Fusulus_). The organ which spins the silk. PLATE XXI. FIG. 9.

2. FORCIPATE LIP (_Labium Forcipatum_). Mask of larvæ and pupæ of _Libellulina_[1122]. PLATE XVI. FIG. 5. _a._

3. UNGUIFORM MANDIBLES (_Mandibulæ unguiformes_). The parallel claw-shaped mandibles of many _Diptera_. PLATE XX. FIG. 1, 2. _c´._

4. PROP (_Ereisma_). A bipartite retractile glutinous organ exerted from between the legs of the genus _Sminthurus_, and employed by the animal to support itself when its legs fail it[1123].

5. FECIFORK (_Fæcifurca_). The anal fork on which the larva of _Cassidæ_, &c. carry their feces. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 2. _a._

6. MASTIGIA (_Mastigia_). Two anal organs in the larvæ of _Cerura Vinula_, exerting from their apex a retractile flexible thread, with which they endeavour, by lashing their sides, to drive away the _Ichneumons_. PLATE XIX. FIG. 2. _a._

7. SYRINGES (_Syringia_). Organs situated in various parts of larvæ, from which they ejaculate a watery fluid to annoy or drive away their enemies[1124].

8. RUMULES (_Rumulæ_). Teat-like fleshy protuberances observable on the bodies of various larvæ[1125].

9. AERIDUCTS (_Aëriductus_). Respiratory organs often foliaceous, with which the sides of the abdomen, the tail, and sometimes the trunk of aquatic larvæ and pupæ are often furnished. PLATE XXIX. FIG. 3-7.

10. PROLEGS (_Propedes_). Fleshy exarticulate pediform often retractile organs, which assist various larvæ in walking and other motions, but which disappear in the perfect insect. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11, 12. _b._

a. CORONATE PROLEGS (_Propedes coronati_). Prolegs that have an _intire coronet_ of crotchets. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 1.

b. SEMICORONATE PROLEGS (_Propedes semicoronati_). Prolegs that have a _semicoronet_ of crotchets.

c. UNARMED (_Inermes_). Prolegs that have _no_ crotchets.

d. STILT PROLEGS (_Propedes grabati_). Prolegs that are unnaturally long, and elevate the animal. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 7. _a._

α. COALITE STILT PROLEGS (_Propedes grabati coaliti_). When stilt prolegs unite so as to form only one leg bifid at its apex. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 7. _b._

PUPÆ.

1. ADMINICULA (_Adminicula_). Semicoronets of minute teeth which arm the back of the abdomen of subterraneous pupæ, by which they are enabled to emerge from under the earth. PLATE XVI. FIG. 13. _e._

2. CREMASTRÆ (_Cremastræ_). The anal hooks by which many pupæ suspend themselves. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 8. _a._

3. COCOON (_Folliculus_). The silken case in which the pupæ of many insects are inclosed. PLATE XVII. FIG. 5-8.

N.B. Other terms for Pupæ are explained VOL. III. p. 249.

FOOTNOTES:

[1074] VOL. III. p. 353--.

[1075] Ibid. p. 527.

[1076] The elytra of this Order in general differ so materially both from membrane and corium, that it was requisite to invent a term to distinguish them.

[1077] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ v. _f._ 8. _b, c._

[1078] We use this term because _subcrosa_ is employed in a quite different sense.

[1079] We restrict the term _Figure_, to the shape of a _superficies_.

[1080] The term _falcate_ has usually been applied to signify this figure, as well as that to which we have restricted it; but as the truncate and sharp extremity forms a striking difference, we thought it best to invent a new term.

[1081] We have departed from the more usual definition of _trapezoid_, "An irregular figure whose four sides are not parallel," because the above is best suited to forms in insects.

[1082] We use this term to denote the shape of solid bodies.

[1083] The word employed in Botany to denote a Polygon is _prismatical_; but since, properly defined, this term is synonymous with _triquetrous_, we thought it best to use an adjective derived from _prismoid_, which implies a body that approaches to prismatical.

[1084] This term in _Anatomy_ denotes any unnatural protuberance or convexity of the body, as a person hunched, or hump-backed. In _Astronomy_ it is used in reference to the enlightened parts of the moon, whilst she is moving from the first quarter to the full, and from the full to the last quarter; for all that time the dark part appears horned or falcated, and the light one hunched out, convex or gibbous.

[1085] We employ the term _æquatus_ instead of _æqualis_ commonly used in this sense, because _æqualis_ is also applied to magnitude, to which we would restrict it.

[1086] I do not find in Schönherr (_Curculionid. Method. Disp._) any genus or subgenus of Rhyncophorous beetles the characters of which correspond with those of the insect here alluded to, which I once thought might be a _Cyphus_ Germ. but it is not. It appears common in Brazil, and I have at least two species of it.

[1087] _Linn. Trans._ vi. 194. _t._ xx. _f._ 5.

[1088] Germ. _Insect. Spec. Nov._ 332--. To this genus _Curculio Tribulus_ and _quadridens_ appear to belong.

[1089] This kind of pubescence has usually been denominated sericeous (_sericea_); but it certainly does not resemble _silk_; and is very different from the proper sericeous splendour, exhibited by _Cryptocephalus sericeus_.

[1090] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ 1. _t._ iv. ** c. _f._ 1. _a._

[1091] See above, p. 283. n^o 7.

[1092] Linné in _Coccinella_ has employed the term _Gutta_ for a white or yellow spot in a darker ground, and _Pustula_ for a red spot in a black ground. We thought one term sufficient to express spots bigger than atoms.

[1093] See above, p. 208--.

[1094] As this work is intended for general readers as well as for the learned, the above rules, &c. it is hoped will not be deemed without use.

[1095] These symbols are inserted here, because they may be very conveniently adopted in a correspondence on the subject of Entomology.

[1096] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xii. * *. e. 1. _neut._ _f._ 6. _c._ and _t._ x. * *, d, 1, _f._ 1. _c._

[1097] Oliv. _Ins._ N^o. 44. _Pæderus._ _t._ i. _f._ 1. e.

[1098] Germ. _Insect. Spec._ 486--.

[1099] _Fn. Suec._ 1183. Fabricius has not admitted this moth among his _Noctuæ_, I know not why.

[1100] Curtis, _Brit. Ent._ _t._ 154.

[1101] _Monogr. Ap. Angl._ i. 97. _t._ xii. _Apis_ **. e. 1. Neut. _f._ 21. _d._

[1102] This term may be applied to the _Mesothorax_ in heteropterous _Hemiptera_, in which that part lies _buried_ under the _Prothorax_. PLATE VIII. FIG. 20. _i, k._

[1103] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Insectes_. _Mém. du Mus._ _t._ viii. 55.

[1104] In many moths, particularly _Spilosoma ocularia_, and affinities, the insect looks as if its neck was ornamented with a beautiful _tippet_ formed by the _Patagia_, and its shoulders by these _lappets_.

[1105] Neither _Chrysomela_ nor _Imatidium_ have a discoidal _Epipleura_; which furnishes a further proof that _Notoclea_ is distinct from _Chrysomela_, and _Imatidium_ from _Cassida_.

[1106] For the reason of this change of the name of _Locusta_ F., see _Zool. Journ._ N^o iv.

An _Acrida_ with this spot is figured by Professor Lichtenstein. _Linn. Trans._ iv. _t._ v. A.

[1107] Reaum. i. _t._ xx. _f._ 12-15.

[1108] _Linn. Trans._ v. _t._ iv. _f._ 10, 11. From my specimens, which are not in a very good state, I cannot ascertain whether this belongs to any of the modern genera into which the _Ichneumones minuti_ of Linné are now divided.

[1109] To this genus or subgenus _Scarabæus Syphax_, _Antæus_, _Titanus_, &c. belong.

[1110] Jones. _Linn. Trans._ ii. _t._ viii. _f._ 1, 3-6, 8.

[1111] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ i. _f._ 3. _b._

[1112] _Ibid._ _t._ iii. Gen. 4, 5.

[1113] _Ibid._ _t._ x. Gen. 23, 24.

[1114] _Ibid._ _t._ vi. Gen. 2.

[1115] See Kirby in _Linn. Trans._ xii. 450--. _t._ xxii. _f._ 16.

[1116] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ iv. _Melitta_ **. c. _f._ 10. _a._

[1117] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xii. _f._ 19. _a, b._

[1118] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ _t._ iv. **. c. _f._ 14 *. a. _f._ 12.

[1119] _Ibid._ _t._ xxi. _f._ 20.

[1120] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Insectes_. _Ann. du Mus._ xiv. _t._ viii. _f._ 1. K. _n._

[1121] VOL. III. p. 396.

[1122] VOL. III. p. 125--.

[1123] De Geer vii. 38--. _t._ iii. _f._ 10. _rr._

[1124] VOL. II. p. 248--.

[1125] De Geer ii. 507. _t._ xi. _f._ 16. m. n.