Chapter 49

DIRECTIONS FOR NURSES.

1002. The nurse requires knowledge and practice to enable her to discharge aright her duty to the patient, as much as the physician and surgeon do to perform what is incumbent on them. Woman, from her constitution and habits, is the natural nurse of the sick; and, in general, no small portion of her time is spent in ministering at the couch of disease and suffering.

1003. As the young and vigorous, as well as the aged and the infirm, are liable to be laid upon the bed of sickness, by an epidemic, or imprudent exposure, or by some accident, it is therefore necessary that the girl, as well as the matron, may know how she can render services in an efficient and proper manner. No _girl_ should consider her education complete who is not acquainted with the principles of the duties of a general nurse and a temporary watcher.

1004. It is to be regretted, that while we have medical schools and colleges to educate physicians, there is no institution to educate _nurses_ in their equally responsible station. In the absence of such institutions, the defect can be remedied, to some extent, by teaching every girl _hygiene_, or _the laws of health_. To make such knowledge more available and complete, attention is invited to the following suggestions relative to the practical duties of a nurse.

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1002. Does the nurse require knowledge and practice in her employment, as well as the physician? Who is the natural nurse of the sick? 1003. What, then, is incumbent on every girl? 1004. Should there be schools to educate nurses, as well as physicians and surgeons?

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1005. BATHING. The nurse, before commencing to bathe the patient, should provide herself with water, two towels, a sponge, a piece of soft flannel, and a sheet. The temperature of the room should also be observed.

1006. When the patient is feeble, use _tepid_ or warm water. Cold water should only be used when the system has vigor enough to produce reaction upon the skin. This is shown by the increased redness of the skin, and a feeling of warmth and comfort, after a proper amount of friction. Before using the sponge to bathe, a sheet, or fold of cloth, should be spread smoothly over the bed, and under the patient, to prevent the bed-linen on which the patient lies from becoming damp or wet.

1007. Apply the wet sponge to one part of the body at a time; as the arm, for instance. By doing so, the liability of contracting chills is diminished. Take a dry, soft towel, wipe the bathed part, and follow this by vigorous rubbing with a crash towel, or, what is better, a mitten made of this material; then use briskly a piece of soft flannel, to remove all moisture that may exist on the skin, and particularly between the fingers and the flections of the joints. In this manner bathe the entire body.

1008. The sick should be thoroughly bathed, at least twice in twenty-four hours. Particular attention should be given to the parts between the fingers and toes, and about the flections of the joints, as the accumulation of the excretions is most abundant on these parts. In bathing, these portions of the system are very generally neglected. The best time for bathing, is when the patient feels most vigorous, and freest from exhaustion. The practice of daubing the face and hands with a towel dipped in hot rum, camphor, and vinegar, does not remove the impurities, but causes the skin soon to feel dry, hard, and uncomfortable.

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1005. What should a nurse provide herself with, before bathing a patient? 1006. When should cold water be used? 1007. How should the bathing then be performed, so that the patient may not contract a cold? 1008. How often should a sick person be bathed? What is said of daubing the face and hands merely with a wet cloth?

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1009. FOOD. It is the duty of every woman to know how to make the simple preparations adapted to a low diet, in the most wholesome and the most palatable way. Water-gruel,[24] which is the simplest of all preparations, is frequently so ill-made as to cause the patient to loathe it. Always prepare the food for the sick, in the neatest and most careful manner.

[24] Directions for making the simple preparations for the sick are found in almost every cook-book.

1010. When the physician enjoins abstinence from food, the nurse should strictly obey the injunction. She should be as particular to know the physician's directions about diet, as in knowing how and when to give the prescribed medicines, and obey them as implicitly.

1011. When a patient is convalescent, the desire for food is generally strong, and it often requires firmness and patience, together with great care, on the part of the nurse, that the food is prepared suitably, and given at proper times The physician should direct how frequently it should be taken.

1012. PURE AIR. It is the duty of the nurse to see that not only the room is well ventilated in the morning, but that fresh air is constantly admitted during the day. Great care must be taken, however, that the patient does not feel the current.

1013. Bed-linen, as well as that of the body, should be aired every day, and oftener changed in sickness than in health. All clothing, when changed, should be well dried, and warmed by a fire previous to its being put on the patient or the bed.

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1009. Should every woman know how to make the simple preparations adapted to a low diet? 1010. Should the nurse strictly obey the injunctions of the physician relative to food? 1011. What period of a person's illness requires the most care in regard to the food? 1012. Give another duty of the nurse. 1013. What directions respecting the bed-linen of the patient? What is necessary when there is a change of clothing?

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1014. TEMPERATURE. The warmth of the chamber should be carefully watched by the nurse. The feelings of the patient or nurse are not to be relied on as an index of the temperature of the room. There should be a well-adjusted thermometer in every sick-room. This should be frequently consulted by the nurse.

1015. The temperature of the sick-chamber should be _moderate_. If it is so cold as to cause a chill, the disease will be aggravated. If, on the other hand, it is too warm, the patient is enfeebled and rendered more susceptible to cold on leaving the sick-chamber. The Latin maxim, "_In medio tutissimus ibis_," (in medium there is most safety,) should be regarded in the rooms of the sick.

1016. QUIET. The room of the patient should be kept free from noise. The community should be guided by this rule, that no more persons remain in the room of the sick, than the welfare of the patient demands. It is the duty of the physician to direct when visitors can be admitted or excluded from the sick-room, and the nurse should see that these directions are enforced.

1017. The movements of the attendants should be gentle and noiseless. Shutting doors violently, creaking hinges, and all unnecessary noise, should be avoided. Most persons refrain from loud talking in the sick chamber, but are not equally careful to abstain from _whispering_, which is often more trying than a common tone.

1018. It is the duty of the nurse to ascertain the habits of the patient as respects the period for eating and sleep, when in health, that she may prepare the food and arrange the sick-room in accordance with the practice of the patient. If the person who is sick is ignorant of the necessity of the removal of the waste products from the system the nurse should invite attention to these functions at such periods as are in accordance with the previous habits of the patient.

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1014. Why should there be a well-adjusted thermometer in every sick-chamber? 1015. What is said of the temperature of the sick-chamber? 1016. Why should the sick-room be kept quiet? 1017. What is said of noise in the sick-chamber? Of whispering? 1018. Should the habits of the patient be regarded in reference to the period for eating and sleep?

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1019. The deportment and remarks of the nurse to the patient should be tranquil and encouraging. The illness of a friend, or persons who have recently died, should not be alluded to in the sick-room. No doubts or fears of the patient's recovery, either by a look or by a word, should be communicated by the nurse in the chamber of the sick. When such information is necessary to be communicated, it is the duty of the physician to impart it to the sick person.

1020. The nurse should not confine herself to the sick-room more than six hours at a time. She should eat her food regularly, sleep at regular periods, and take exercise daily in the open air. To do this, let her quietly leave the room when the patient is sleeping. A watcher, or temporary nurse, may supply her place. There is but little danger of contracting disease, if the nurse attends to the simple laws of health, and remains not more than six hours at a time in the sick-room.

DIRECTIONS FOR WATCHERS.

1021. These necessary assistants, like the nurse, should have knowledge and practice. They should ever be cheerful, kind, firm, and attentive in the presence of the patient.

1022. A simple, nutritious supper should be eaten before entering the sick-room; and it is well, during the night, to take some plain food.

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1019. What should be the deportment of the nurse toward the patient? Should doubts and fears of the patient's recovery be communicated in the sick-room? When necessary to impart such intelligence, on whom does it depend? 1020. How long should a nurse remain in the sick-chamber at a time? 1021. What qualifications are necessary in a watcher? 1022. What directions in regard to the food of the watcher?

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1023. When watching in cold weather, a person should be warmly dressed, and furnished with an extra garment, as a cloak or shawl, because the system becomes exhausted toward morning, and less heat is generated in the body.

1024. Light-colored clothing should be worn by those who have care of the sick, in preference to dark-colored apparel; particularly if the disease is of a contagious character. Experiments have shown, that black and other dark colors will absorb more readily the subtile effluvia that emanate from sick persons, than white or light colors.

1025. Whatever may be wanted during the night, should be brought into the sick-chamber, or the adjoining room, before the family retires for sleep, in order that the slumbers of the patient be not disturbed by haste, or searching for needed articles.

1026. The same general directions should be observed by watchers, as are given to the nurse; nor should the watcher deem it necessary to make herself acceptable to the patient by exhausting conversation.

1027. It can hardly be expected that the farmer, who has been laboring hard in the field, or the mechanic, who has toiled during the day, is qualified to render all those little attentions that a sick person requires. Hence, would it not be more benevolent and economical to employ and _pay_ watchers, who are qualified by knowledge and _training_, to perform this duty in a faithful manner, while the kindness and sympathy of friends may be _practically_ manifested by assisting to defray the expenses of these qualified and useful assistants?

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1023. When watching in cold weather, what precaution is necessary? 1024. What is said relative to the color of the clothing worn in the sick-room? 1025. What suggestions to watchers relative to the arrangement of the sick-chamber? 1026. What should watchers observe? 1027. What is said of employing those persons to watch who labor hard during the day?

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APPENDIX.

POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES

1028. POISONING, either from accident or design, is of such frequency and danger, that it is of the greatest importance that every person should know the proper mode of procedure in such cases, in order to render immediate assistance when within his power.

1029. Poisons are divided into two classes--_mineral_ (which include the acids) and _vegetable_.

1030. The first thing, usually, to be done, when it is ascertained that a poison has been swallowed, is to evacuate the stomach, unless vomiting takes place spontaneously. Emetics of the sulphate of zinc, (white vitriol,) or ipecacuanha, (ipecac,) or ground mustard seed, should be given.

1031. When vomiting has commenced, it should be aided by large and frequent draughts of the following drinks: flaxseed tea, gum-water, slippery-elm tea, barley water, sugar and water, or any thing of a mucilaginous or diluent character.

MINERAL POISONS.

1032. AMMONIA.--The _water of ammonia_, if taken in an over-dose, and in an undiluted state, acts as a violent corrosive poison.

1033. The best and most effectual antidote is _vinegar_. It should be administered in water, without delay. It neutralizes the ammonia, and renders it inactive. Emetics should not be given.

1034. ANTIMONY.--The _wine of antimony_ and _tartar emetic_, if taken in over-doses, cause distressing vomiting. In addition to the diluent, mucilaginous drinks, give a tea-spoonful of the sirup of poppies, paregoric, or twenty drops of laudanum, every twenty minutes, until five or six doses have been taken, or the vomiting ceases.

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1025. Is it useful to know the antidotes or remedies for poison? 1029. Into how many classes are poisons divided? 1030. What is the first thing to be done when it is ascertained that poison has been swallowed? 1031. What should be taken after the vomiting has commenced? 1032. What effect has an over-dose of ammonia? 1033. The antidote? Should an emetic be given for this poison? 1034. What effect has an over-dose of the wine of antimony or tartar emetic?

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1035. The antidotes are _nutgalls_ and _oak bark_, which may be administered in infusion, or by steeping in water.

1036. ARSENIC.--When this has been taken, administer an emetic of ipecac, speedily, in mucilaginous teas, and use the stomach-pump as soon as possible.

1037. The antidote is the _hydrated peroxide of iron_. It should be kept constantly on hand at the apothecaries' shops. It may be given in any quantity, without injurious results.

1038. COPPER.--The most common cause of poisoning from this metal, is through the careless use of cooking utensils made of it, on which the _acetate of copper_ (verdigris) has been allowed to form. When this has been taken, immediately induce vomiting, give mucilaginous drinks, or the _white of eggs_, diffused in water.

1039. The antidote is the _carbonate of soda_, which should be administered without delay.

1040. LEAD.--The _acetate_ (sugar) _of lead_ is the preparation of this metal, which is liable to be taken accidentally, in poisonous doses. Induce immediate vomiting, by emetics of ground mustard seed, sulphate of zinc, and diluent drinks.

1041. The antidote is diluted _sulphuric acid_. When this acid is not to be obtained, either the sulphate of magnesia, (epsom salts,) or the sulphate of soda, (glauber's salts,) will answer every purpose.

1042. MERCURY.--The preparation of this mineral by which poisoning is commonly produced, is _corrosive sublimate_. The mode of treatment to be pursued when this poison has been swallowed, is as follows: The _whites of a dozen eggs_ should be beaten in two quarts of cold water, and a tumbler-full given every two minutes, to induce vomiting. When the whites of eggs are not to be obtained, soap and water should be mixed with wheat flour, and given in copious draughts, and the stomach-pump introduced as soon as possible. Emetics or irritating substances should not be given.

1043. NITRE--_Saltpetre._--This, in over-doses, produces violent poisonous symptoms. Vomiting should be immediately induced by large doses of mucilaginous, diluent drinks; but emetics which irritate the stomach should not be given.

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1035. What is the antidote? 1036. What should immediately be done when arsenic is swallowed? 1037. What is the antidote? Can any quantity of this preparation of iron be given without injurious results? 1038. What should be given when verdigris has been taken into the stomach? 1039. What is the antidote? 1040. What should immediately be given when sugar of lead is taken? 1041. What is the antidote? 1042. Give the treatment when corrosive sublimate has been swallowed. 1043. What effect has an over-dose of saltpetre? What treatment should be adopted?

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1044. ZINC.--Poisoning is sometimes caused by the _sulphate of zinc_, (white vitriol.) When this takes place, vomiting should be induced, and aided by large draughts of mucilaginous and diluent drinks. Use the stomach-pump as soon as possible.

1045. The antidote is the _carbonate_, or _super-carbonate of soda_.

1046. NITRIC, (aqua fortis,) MURIATIC, (MARINE ACID,) OR SULPHURIC (OIL OF VITRIOL,) ACIDS, may be taken by accident, and produce poisonous effects.

1047. The antidote is _calcined magnesia_, which should be freely administered, to neutralize the acid and induce vomiting. When magnesia cannot be obtained, the _carbonate of potash_ (salæratus) may be given. _Chalk_, powdered and given in solution, or strong _soap suds_, will answer a good purpose, when the other articles are not at hand. It is of very great importance that something be given speedily, to neutralize the acid. One of the substances before mentioned should be taken freely, in diluent and mucilaginous drinks, as gum-water, milk, flaxseed, or slippery-elm tea. Emetics ought to be avoided.

1048. OXALIC ACID.--This acid resembles the sulphate of magnesia, (epsom salts,) which renders it liable to be taken, by mistake, in poisonous doses. Many accidents have occurred from this circumstance. They can easily be distinguished by tasting a small quantity. _Epsom salts_, when applied to the tongue, have a very bitter taste, while _oxalic acid_ is intensely sour.

1049. The antidote is _magnesia_, between which and the acid a chemical action takes place, producing the oxalate of magnesia, which is inert. When magnesia is not at hand, _chalk_, _lime_, or _carbonate of potash_, (salæratus,) will answer as a substitute. Give the antidote in some of the mucilaginous drinks before mentioned. No time should be lost in introducing the stomach-pump as soon as a surgeon can be obtained.

1050. LEY.--The ley obtained by the leaching of ashes may be taken by a child accidentally. The antidote is vinegar, or oil of any kind. The vinegar neutralizes the alkali by uniting with it, forming the acetate of potash. The oil unites with the alkali, and forms soap, which is less caustic than the ley. Give, at the same time, large draughts of mucilaginous drinks, as flaxseed tea, &c.

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1044. What is the antidote for white vitriol? 1047. What is the antidote for aqua fortis and oil of vitriol? Should emetics be avoided? 1048. How can oxalic acid be distinguished from epsom salts? 1049. What is the antidote for an over-dose of oxalic acid? When magnesia cannot be obtained, what will answer as a substitute? 1050. What is the antidote when ley is swallowed?

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VEGETABLE POISONS.

1051. The vegetable poisons are quite as numerous, and many of them equally as virulent, as any in the mineral kingdom. We shall describe the most common, and which, therefore, are most liable to be taken.

1052. OPIUM.--This is the article most frequently resorted to by those wishing to commit suicide, and, being used as a common medicine, is easily obtained. From this cause, also, mistakes are very liable to be made, and accidents result from it. Two of its preparations, _laudanum_ and _paregoric_, are frequently mistaken for each other; the former being given when the latter is intended.

1053. _Morphia_, in solution, or _morphine_, as it is more commonly called by the public, is a preparation of the drug under consideration, with which many cases of poisoning are produced. It is the active narcotic principle of the opium; and one grain is equal to six of this drug in its usual form.

1054. When an over-dose of opium, or any of its preparations, has been swallowed, the stomach should be evacuated as speedily as possible. To effect this, a teaspoonful of ground mustard seed, or as much tartar emetic as can be held on a five cent piece, or as much _ipecacuanha_ as can be held on a twenty-five cent piece, should be mixed in a tumbler of warm water, and one half given at once, and the remainder in twenty minutes, if the first has not, in the mean time, operated. In the interval, copious draughts of warm water, or warm sugar and water, should be drank.

1055. The use of the stomach-pump, in these cases, is of the greatest importance, and should be resorted to without delay. After most of the poison has been evacuated from the stomach, a strong infusion of _coffee_ ought to be given; or some one of the vegetable acids, such as _vinegar_, or _lemon-juice_, should be administered.

1056. The patient should be kept in motion, and salutary effects will often be produced by dashing a bucket of cold water on the head. _Artificial respiration_ ought to be established, and kept up for some time. If the extremities are cold, apply warmth and friction to them. After the poison has been evacuated from the stomach, stimulants, as warm wine and water, or warm brandy and water, should be given, to keep up and sustain vital action.

1057. STRAMONIUM--_Thorn-Apple._--This is one of the most active narcotic poisons, and, when taken in over-doses, has, in numerous instances, caused death.

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1051. Are vegetable poisons as numerous and as virulent in their effects as mineral? 1052. What is said of opium and its preparations? 1054, 1055, 1056. What treatment should be adopted when an over-dose of opium or any of its preparations is taken? 1057. What is said of stramonium?

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1058. HYOSCIAMUS--_Henbane._--This article, which is used as a medicine, if taken in improper doses, acts as a virulent irritating and narcotic poison.

1059. The treatment for the two above-mentioned articles is similar to that of poisoning from over-doses of opium.

1060. CONIUM--_Hemlock._--Hemlock, improperly called, by many, _cicuta_, when taken in an over-dose, acts as a narcotic poison. It was by this narcotic that the Athenians used to destroy the lives of individuals condemned to death by their laws. Socrates is said to have been put to death by this poison. When swallowed in over-doses, the treatment is similar to that of opium, stramonium, and henbane, when over-doses are taken.

1061. BELLADONNA--_Deadly Nightshade._--CAMPHOR. ACONITE--_Monkshood_, _Wolfsbane._ BRYONIA--_Bryony._ DIGITALIS--_Foxglove._ DULCAMARA--_Bittersweet._ GAMBOGE. LOBELIA--_Indian Tobacco._ SANGUINARIA--_Bloodroot._ OIL OF SAVIN. SPIGELIA--_Pinkroot._ STRYCHNINE--_Nux vomica._ TOBACCO.--All of these, when taken in over-doses, are poisons of greater or less activity. The treatment of poisoning, by the use of any of these articles, is similar to that pursued in over-doses of opium. (See OPIUM, page 442.)

1062. In _all_ cases of poisoning, call a physician as soon as possible.

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1058. Of henbane? 1059. What should be the treatment when an over-dose of stramonium or henbane is taken? 1060. What name is sometimes improperly given to _conium_, or hemlock? How was this narcotic poison used by the Athenians? How are the effects of an over-dose counteracted? 1061. What is the treatment when an over-dose of deadly nightshade, monkshood, foxglove, bittersweet, gamboge, lobelia, bloodroot, tobacco, &c., is taken? 1062. Should a physician be called in all cases when poison is swallowed?

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A.

The essential parts of every secretory apparatus are a simple membrane, apparently textureless, named the _primary_, or _basement membrane_, certain cells and blood-vessels. The serous and mucous membrane are examples.

B.

The division and description of the different membranes and tissues are not well defined and settled by anatomical writers. This is not a material defect, as a clear description of the different parts of the system can be given by adopting the arrangement of almost any writer.

C.

FAT is one of the non-nitrogenous substances. It forms the essential part of the adipose tissue. Chemical analysis shows that all fatty substances are compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are lighter than water, generally fluid at the natural temperature of the body, and burn with a bright flame, forming water and carbonic acid.

CASEINE is abundantly found in milk. When dried, it constitutes cheese. Alcohol, acids, and the stomach of any of the mammalia coagulate it; and it is also soluble in water. It is found in the blood, bile, saliva, and the lens of the eye.

CHONDRINE is a variety of gelatin. It is obtained from cartilage. It is soluble in warm water, but solidifies on cooling.

LACTIC ACID is common to all the solids and fluids of the system. It is found united with potash, soda, lime, or magnesia.

D.

The word _duodenum_ is derived from the Latin, signifying "twelve," since the intestine, of which this is the name, is usually about twelve fingers' breadth in length. The _jejunum_ is also from the Latin _jejunum_, empty, since it is usually found in that condition after death, as the food seems to pass rapidly through this part of the intestine. The term _ileum_ is from the Greek, signifying "to twist," since it always appears in a contorted condition. The name _cæcum_ is derived from the fact of its being a blind or short sack, perforated by the extremity of the ileum. The name of the next division of the intestine--_colon_--is from the Greek, "to prohibit," as the contents of the alimentary canal pass slowly through this portion. The _rectum_ is named from the straight direction that it assumes in the latter part of its course.

E.

The food is forced through the alimentary canal by contractions of its muscular coat, produced by the nervous filaments of the sympathetic system, not being at all dependent on the cerebro-spinal centre. This is called the peristaltic, or vermicular motion. The great length of intestine in all animals, and especially in the herbivorous ones, is owing to the necessity of exposing the food to a large number of the lacteals, that the nourishment may all be taken from it.

F.

The different processes through which the food passes before assimilation are of considerable interest. The mastication and mixture of the saliva with the food are purely of a mechanical nature. When any solid or fluid substance is placed upon the tongue, or in contact with the inner surface of the cheeks, by an involuntary act, the salivary glands are stimulated to activity, and commence pouring the saliva into the mouth through the salivary ducts. As soon as mastication commences, the contraction of the masseter and other muscles employed in mastication stimulates the salivary glands to increased action, and a still greater quantity of saliva is secreted and forced upon the food, which is constantly being ground to a finer condition, until it is sufficiently reduced for deglutition.

Whether the salivary fluid acts any other part than simply that of a demulcent to assist the gastric juice in still further dissolving the food, is yet a matter of some doubt, although it is found that no other liquid will equally well subserve the process of digestion and promote health.

After the food is in the condition ready to be swallowed, by an apparently involuntary motion, it is placed upon the back of the tongue, which carries it backwards to the top of the pharynx, where the constrictions of the pharynx, aided by the muscles of the tongue and floor of the mouth, with a sudden and violent movement thrust it beyond the epiglottis, in order to allow the least necessary time to the closure of the glottis, after which, by the compression of the oesophagus, it is forced into the stomach.

Here it is that the true business of digestion commences. For as soon as any substance except water enters the stomach, this organ, with involuntary movements, that seem almost like instinct, commences the secretion of the gastric juice, and by long-continued contractions of its muscular coat, succeeds in effecting a most perfect mixture of the food with this juice, by which the contents of the stomach are reduced to the softest pulp.

The gastric juice, in its pure state, is a colorless, transparent fluid; "inodorous, a little saltish, and perceptibly acid. It possesses the property of coagulating albumen, and separating the whey of milk from its curd, and afterwards completely dissolving the curd. Its taste, when applied to the tongue, is similar to that of mucilaginous water, slightly acidulated with muriatic acid." The organs of its secretion are an immense number of tubes or glands, of a diameter varying from one five hundredth to one three hundredth of an inch, situated in the mucous coat of the stomach, and receiving their blood from the gastric arteries. A chemical analysis shows it to consist of water, mucilage, and the several free acids--muriatic, acetic, lactic, and butyric, together with a peculiar organic matter called _pepsin_, which acts after the manner of ferments between the temperature of 50° and 104° F.

The true process of digestion is probably owing to the action of pepsin and the acids, especially if the presence of the chloro-hydric or muriatic be admitted; since we know, by experiments out of the body, that chlorine, one of its elements, is a powerful solvent of all organic substances.

The antiseptic properties of the gastric juice, as discovered by experiments made on Alexis St. Martin, doubtless have much influence on digestion, although their true uses are probably not yet known.

As soon as the food is reduced to a state of fluidity, the pyloric orifice of the stomach is unclosed, and it is thrust onwards through the alimentary canal, receiving in the duodenum the secretions of the liver and pancreas, after which it yields to the lacteals its nutrient portion, and the residuum is expelled from the body.

There have been many hypotheses in regard to the nature of the digestive process. Some have supposed that digestion is a mere mechanical process, produced by the motion of the walls of the stomach; while others, in later times, have considered it as under the influence of a spirit separate from the individual, who took up his residence in the stomach and regulated the whole affair; while others still would make it out to be a chemical operation, and thus constitute the stomach a sort of laboratory. But to all these ridiculous hypotheses Sir John Hunter has applied the following playful language: "Some will have it that the stomach is a mill; others that it is a fermenting vat; and others that it is a stewpan; but in my view of the matter, it is neither a mill, a fermenting vat, nor a stewpan, but a stomach, _a stomach_!"

At the present day this process is regarded as a complex, and not a simple operation. It seems to be a process in which the mechanical, chemical, and vital agencies must all act in harmony and order; for if one of these be withdrawn, the function cannot be sustained for any considerable length of time; and of the chemical and mechanical parts of the process, since the former is much more important, and, as a matter of course, the vital powers are indispensable, therefore digestion may be considered as a chemical operation, directly dependent on the laws of vitality, or of life; since the proper consistency of the food depends, in a great measure, upon the character of the solvents, while the secretion of these fluids, their proper amount, together with the peculiar instinct--as it almost seems to be--necessary to direct the stomach in its many functions, are exclusively and entirely dependent on the laws and conditions of life.

G.

As food is necessary to supply the waste and promote the growth of the body, it follows that that will be the best adapted to the system which contains the same chemical elements of which the body is composed; viz., oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen. These elements are found in greater or less quantity in all animal food, and in many vegetable products. Hence, that article of food which contains all these elements in a proper proportion will tend much more to the growth and strength of the body than those kinds which are deficient in one or more of them. Much experience on this point, and scientific research, seem to show that a reasonable amount of animal food in health tends to give greater strength of muscle, and a more general sense of fulness, than in ordinary cases a vegetable diet is able to do, owing to the presence of nitrogen in animal tissues. Yet there are examples of the healthiest and strongest men, who live years without a morsel of animal food; and the fact can only be accounted for, by supposing that the system has the power to make the most economical use of the little nitrogen offered to it in the food; or else that it has by some means the power to abstract it from the atmosphere, and transform it to the living animal substance.

H.

The proximate principles, which are the most important in nourishing the body, are albumen and fibrin. These constitute the greater part of all the softer animal tissues, and are also found in certain classes of vegetables, such as peas, beans, lentils, and many seeds. Hence, in many cases, a vegetable diet, especially if embracing any of those articles, would be sufficient to sustain life, even if no animal food should be eaten. But no animal can exist for a long time if permitted only to eat substances destitute of nitrogen, as in the case of a dog fed entirely on sugar, which lived but thirty days. And owing to this fact, Baron Liebig proposes to call substances used for food, containing nitrogen, "elements of nutrition," and those containing an excess of carbon, "elements of respiration;" since, according to his view, the food is necessary to support the growth of the body by replacing the effete and worn-out particles with new matter, and also to keep up the supply of fuel, in order to promote a sufficient degree of heat in the system. Accordingly, under the first division would be included all lean meats and vegetables, such as peas, &c.; while the fat of animals, vegetable oils, sugars, tubers, (as the potato,) and all other substances containing starch, would be included under the latter division.

I.

This definition of exhalants is from the theory of Haller and others. It is now believed that the fluids exude through the thin coats of the blood vessels. This process is called _exosmose_, and is the _exhalation_ of old physiologists.

J.

It is a well-established fact, in animal and vegetable physiology, that membranes possess the property of allowing fluids and gases to pass through them in either direction, and also to permit two fluids to pass in opposite directions at the same time. This property is designated _endosmose_ when a fluid passes from without a body inward; and _exosmose_ when the reverse takes place. The first is called _imbibition_. One of the most striking instances of this, in the human system, is shown in the lungs, where carbonic acid and water pass out through the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes and air-cells; and the oxygen of the air enters the blood through the same membrane. By this process of imbibition, the oxygenation of the blood is much more readily and faithfully accomplished; inasmuch, as by the immense number of bronchial tubes and air-cells a larger quantity of blood is exposed to a greater portion of air, than if the blood were directly laid open to the atmosphere in a mass, or the air were immediately transmitted through it.

Since the function of respiration is to free the system of superfluous carbon and hydrogen, by union with the oxygen of the air, it follows that the greater the amount of the products to be expelled, the larger the quantity of oxygen will be required to effect this purpose, as we find to be the case with those who consume large quantities of food.

The quantity of oxygen daily consumed through the lungs by an adult is about 32.5 oz., and the carbon in the food 13.9 oz. But in order to convert this whole amount of carbon into carbonic acid, which passes off through the lungs and skin, 37 oz. of oxygen are required; the remaining 4.5 oz. being absorbed by the skin. If the supply of food remain the same, while the amount of oxygen in the inspired air is diminished, the superfluous carbon will induce disease in the system, as is the case of those persons who are limited in their supply of air of a proper quality or quantity, and, consequently, have less appetite for food than those who are abundantly supplied with air of the proper standard of health; and in children, who proportionally consume more food than adults, and who are more active, thereby causing a more rapid circulation of blood, and, consequently, the removal of more superfluous particles of matter.

In children we notice the need of air, by their disposition to be much in the open air, and often inspiring more deeply than is common in older persons. Also, if the carbon of the food does not have a requisite supply of oxygen from the air, or other sources, the body becomes emaciated, although nourishing food may be used. And on the other hand, if there be a diminished supply of food, but an abundance of atmospheric air, leanness and emaciation are sure to follow; owing to the fact that if the oxygen has no waste carbon from the body to unite with, it combines with the fat, and some other soft portions of the body, which the Author of nature seems to have provided for this very purpose; as is seen in the case of hibernating animals, who enter their places of winter abode sleek and fat, but crawl out in the spring not merely deprived of their fatty matter, but also with great diminution of all the softer parts, which have given up their share of carbon to supply animal heat. One important cause of emaciation in febrile diseases is the greater rapidity of the pulse and respiration, which consume more carbon than is afforded by the scanty supply of food that is taken, although profuse perspiration, which almost always occurs in some stages of fevers, greatly diminishes the full state of the body.

K.

The theory of Baron Liebig concerning the change which the blood experiences in color, in its passage through the lungs, meets with the approbation of many physiologists, although there are some important difficulties in the way of fully receiving it. A chemical analysis of the blood shows it to be composed of albumen and fibrin, together with some other substances, in small proportions, and always perceptible traces of iron. He attributes the change in color to the iron, as this substance enters into combination with carbon and oxygen. For, as the blood passes through the trunks of the larger vessels and capillaries, it receives the carbon from the tissues which are continually transformed, and taking up the oxygen from the arterialized blood, forms carbonic acid, which unites with the iron, forming proto-carbonate of iron. This being of a gray color, he supposes it to be that which, with the other impurities of the blood, gives the venous blood the dark blue color. Then, as the blood comes in contact with the oxygen, as it is returned and exposed to this element in the lungs, the carbonic acid leaves the iron, which has a stronger affinity for oxygen than for carbonic acid, and forms the scarlet red peroxide of iron, that gives the characteristic color to the arterial blood. After this, as the blood is sent out through the smaller arteries and capillaries, it again gathers carbon and other impurities from the system, and becomes the dark, venous blood, thus completing the whole change of color in the circulation.

L.

As already mentioned, different articles of food have been divided into the azotized and non-azotized, or those which contain nitrogen as one of their constituents, and those which are nearly destitute of it. Of these, according to Liebig, the azotized portions are simply to supply the waste that is continually going on in the body, and promote its growth in the early stages of existence, or, in other words, the nutrient portion; while the sugar, starch, &c., are mainly of use in the respiratory organs. The correctness of this view may be understood from the fact, that the inhabitants in the colder regions of the earth consume a much larger quantity of oil and fat than the residents of hotter climates; and also those dwelling in the temperate zones can eat with greater impunity a larger quantity of fat meats in the winter than in the summer, there being then so much more demand for animal heat than in the summer.

M.

The suggestion of using the bellows in asphyxia, is from the directions of that distinguished and veteran surgeon, Valentine Mott, of New York city. The directions in the first part of the paragraph are the most practical, and best adapted to the wants of the community.

GLOSSARY

AB-DUC´TOR. [L. _abduco_ to lead away.] A muscle which moves certain parts, by separating them from the axis of the body.

AB-DO´MEN. [L. _abdo_, to hide.] That part of the body which lies between the thorax and the bottom of the pelvis.

AB-DOM´IN-IS. Pertaining to the abdomen.

A-CE-TAB´U-LUM. [L. _acetum_, vinegar.] The socket for the head of the thigh-bone; an ancient vessel for holding vinegar.

A-CE´TIC. [L. _acetum_, vinegar.] Relating to acetic acid. This is always composed of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, in the same proportion.

A-CHIL´LIS. A term applied to the tendon of two large muscles of the leg.

A-CRO´MI-ON. [Gr. +akros+, _akros_, highest, and +ômos+, _omos_, shoulder.] A process of the scapula that joins to the clavicle.

AD-DUC´TOR. [L. _adduco_, to lead to.] A muscle which draws one part of the body toward another.

AL-BU-GIN´E-A. [L. _albus_, white.] A term applied to white textures.

AL-BU´MEN. [L. _albus_, white.] An animal substance of the same nature as the white of an egg.

A-LU´MIN-UM. [L.] The name given to the metallic base of alumina.

AL´VE-O-LAR. [L. _alveolus_, a socket] Pertaining to the sockets of the teeth.

AM-MO´NI-A. An alkali. It is composed of three equivalents of hydrogen and one of nitrogen.

A-NAS´TO-MOSE. [Gr. +ana+, _ana_, through, and +stoma+, _stoma_, mouth.] The communication of arteries and veins with each other.

AN-A-TOM´I-CAL. Relating to the parts of the body, when dissected or separated.

A-NAT´O-MY. [Greek +ana+, _ana_, through, and +tomê+, _tomê_ a cutting.] The description of the structure of animals. The word _anatomy_ properly signifies dissection.

AN´GU-LI. [L. _angulus_, a corner.] A term applied to certain muscles on account of their form.

AN-I-MAL´CU-LÆ. [L. _animalcula_, a little animal.] Animals that are only perceptible by means of a microscope.

AN´NU-LAR. [L. _annulus_, a ring.] Having the form of a ring.

AN-TI´CUS. [L.] A term applied to certain muscles.

A-ORT´A. [Gr. +aortê+, _aortê_; from +aêr+, _aêr_, air, and +têreô+, _têreo_, to keep.] The great artery that arises from the left ventricle of the heart.

AP-O-NEU-RO´SIS. [Gr. +apo+, _apo_, from, and +neuron+, _neuron_, a nerve.] The membranous expansions of muscles and tendons. The ancients called every white tendon _neuron_, a nerve.

AP-PA-RA´TUS. [L. _apparo_, to prepare.] An assemblage of organs designed to produce certain results.

AP-PEND´IX. [L., an addition.] Something appended or added.

A´QUE-OUS. [L. _aqua_, water.] Partaking of the nature of water.

A-RACH´NOID. [Gr. +arachnê+, _arachnê_, a spider, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] Resembling a spider's web. A thin membrane that covers the brain.

AR´BOR. [L.] A tree. _Arbor vitæ._ The tree of life. A term applied to a part of the cerebellum.

AR´TE-RY. [Gr. +aêr+, _aêr_, air, and +têreô+, _têreo_, to keep; because the ancients thought that the arteries contained only air.] A tube through which blood flows from the heart.

A-RYT-E´NOID. [Gr. +arytaina+, _arutaina_, a ewer, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] The name of a cartilage of the larynx.

AS-CEND´ENS. [L.] Ascending; rising.

AS-PHYX´I-A. [Gr. +a+, _a_, not, and +sphyxis+, _sphyxis_, pulse.] Originally, want of pulse; now used for suspended respiration, or apparent death.

AS-TRAG´A-LUS. [Gr.] The name of a bone of the foot. One of the tarsal bones.

AUD-I´TION. [L. _audio_, to hear.] Hearing.

AUD-IT-O´RI-US. [L.] Pertaining to the organ of hearing.

AU´RI-CLE. [L. _auricula_, the external ear; from _auris_, the ear.] A cavity of the heart.

AU-RIC´U-LAR. [L. _auricula_.] Pertaining to the auricle.

AX-IL´LA. [L.] The armpit.

AX´IL-LA-RY. Belonging or relating to the armpit.

A-ZOTE´. [Gr. +a+, _a_, not, and +zôê+, _zoê_, life.] Nitrogen. One of the constituent elements of the atmosphere. So named because it will not sustain life.

BEN-ZO´IC. _Benzoic acid._ A peculiar vegetable acid, obtained from benzoin and some other balsams.

BI´CEPS. [L. _bis_, twice, and _caput_, a head.] A name applied to muscles with two heads at one extremity.

BI-CUS´PIDS. [L. _bis_ and _cuspis_, a point.] Teeth that have two points upon their crown.

BILE. [L. _bilis_.] A yellow, viscid fluid secreted by the liver.

BI-PEN´NI-FORM. [L. _bis_ and _penna_, a feather.] _Bipenniform muscle._ Having fibres on each side of a common tendon.

BRACH´I-AL. [L. _brachium_.] Belonging to the arm.

BRE´VIS. [L.] _Brevis_, short; _brevior_, shorter.

BRONCH´I-A, -Æ. [L.] A division of the trachea that passes to the lungs.

BRONCH´I-AL. Relating to the bronchia.

BRONCH-I´TIS. [L.] An inflammation of the bronchia.

BUC-CI-NA´TOR. [L. _buccinum_, a trumpet.] The name of a muscle of the cheek, so named because used in blowing wind instruments.

BUR´SÆ MU-CO´SA. [L. _bursa_, a purse, and _mucosa_, viscous.] Small sacs, containing a viscid fluid, situated about the joints, under tendons.

CÆ´CUM. [L.] Blind; the name given to the commencement of the colon.

CALX, CAL´CIS. [L.] The heel-bone.

CAL´CI-UM. [L.] The metallic basis of lime.

CAP´IL-LA-RY. [L. _capillus_, a hair.] Resembling a hair; small.

CAP´SU-LAR. Pertaining to a capsule.

CAP´SULE. [L. _capsula_, a little chest.] A membranous bag, enclosing a part.

CA´PUT. [L.] The head. _Caput coli._ The head of the colon.

CAR´BON. [L. _carbo_, a coal.] Pure charcoal. An elementary combustible substance.

CAR-BON´IC. Pertaining to carbon.

CAR´DI-AC. [Gr. +kardia+, _kardia_, heart.] Relating to the heart, or upper orifice of the stomach.

CAR´NE-A, -Æ. [L. _caro_, _carnis_, flesh.] Fleshy.

CA-ROT´ID. [Gr. +karos+, _karos_, lethargy.] The great arteries of the neck that convey blood to the heart. The ancients supposed drowsiness to be seated in these arteries.

CAR´PAL. [L. _carpus_, the wrist.] Relating to the wrist.

CAR´PUS, -I. [L.] The wrist.

CAR´TI-LAGE. [L. _cartilago_.] Gristle. A smooth, elastic substance, softer than bone.

CAR-TI-LAG´IN-OUS. Pertaining to cartilage.

CAU-CA´SIAN. One of the races of men.

CA´VA. [L.] Hollow. _Vena cava._ A name given to the two great veins of the body.

CEL´LU-LAR. [L. _cellula_, a little cell.] Composed of cells.

CER-E-BEL´LUM. [L.] The hinder and lower part of the brain, or the little brain.

CER´E-BRAL. Pertaining to the brain.

CER´E-BRUM. [L.] The front and large part of the brain. The term is sometimes applied to the whole contents of the cranium.

CER´E-BRO-SPI´NAL. Relating to the brain and spine.

CER´VIX. [L.] The neck.

CER´VI-CAL. Relating to the neck.

CHEST. [Sax.] The thorax; the trunk of the body from the neck to the abdomen.

CHLO´RINE. [Gr. +chloros+, _chloros_, green.] _Chlorine gas_, so named from its color.

CHOR´DA, -Æ. [L.] A cord. An assemblage of fibres.

CHO´ROID. [Gr. +chorion+, _chorion_.] A term applied to several parts of the body that resemble the skin.

CHYLE. [Gr. +chulos+, _chulos_, juice.] A nutritive fluid, of a whitish appearance, which is extracted from food by the action of the digestive organs.

CHYL-I-FI-CA´TION. [_chyle_ and L. _facio_, to make.] The process by which chyle is formed.

CHYME. [Gr. +chumos+, _chumos_, juice.] A kind of grayish pulp formed from the food in the stomach.

CHYM-I-FI-CA´TION. [_chyme_ and L. _facio_, to make.] The process by which chyme is formed.

CIL´IA-RY. [L. _cilia_, eyelashes.] Belonging to the eyelids.

CIN-E-RI´TIOUS. [L. _cinis_, ashes.] Having the color of ashes.

CLAV´I-CLE. [L. _clavicula_, from _clavis_, a key.] The collar-bone; so called from its resemblance in shape to an ancient key.

CLEI´DO. A term applied to some muscles that are attached to the clavicle.

CO-AG´U-LUM. [L.] A coagulated mass, a clot of blood.

COC´CYX. [Gr.] An assemblage of bones joined to the sacrum.

COCH´LE-A. [Gr. +kochlô+, _kochlo_, to twist; or L. _cochlea_, a screw.] A cavity of the ear resembling in form a snail shell.

CO´LON. [Gr.] A portion of the large intestine.

CO-LUM´NA, -Æ.[L.] A column or pillar.

COM-MU´NIS. [L.] A name applied to certain muscles.

COM-PLEX´US. [L. _complector_, to embrace.] The name of a muscle that embraces many attachments.

COM-PRESS´OR. [L. _con_, together, and _premo_, _pressus_, to press.] A term applied to some muscles, that compress the parts to which they are attached.

CON´DYLE. [Gr. +kondulos+, _kondulos_, a knuckle, a protuberance.] A prominence on the end of a bone.

CON-JUNC-TI´VA. [L. _con_, together, and _jungo_, to join.] The membrane that covers the anterior part of the globe of the eye.

COP´PER. A metal of a pale, red color, tinged with yellow.

COR-A´COID. [Gr. +korax+, _korax_, a crow, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] A process of the scapula shaped like the beak of a crow.

CO´RI-ON. [Gr. +chorion+, _chorion_, skin.] The true skin.

CORN´E-A. [L. _cornu_, a horn.] The transparent membrane in the fore part of the eye.

COS´TA. [L. _costa_, a coast, side, or rib.] A rib.

CRIB´RI-FORM. [L. _cribrum_, a sieve, and _forma_, form.] A plate of the ethmoid bone, through which the olfactory nerve passes to the nose.

CRI´COID. [Gr. +krikos+, _krikos_, a ring, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] A name given to a cartilage of the larynx, from its form.

CRYS´TAL-LINE. [L. _crystallinus_, consisting of crystal.] _Crystalline lens._ One of the humors of the eye. It is convex, white, firm, and transparent.

CU´BI-TUS, -I. [L. _cubitus_, the elbow.] One of the bones of the forearm, also called the _ulna_.

CU´BOID. [Gr. +kubos+, _kubos_, a cube, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] Having nearly the form of a cube.

CU-NE´I-FORM. [L. _cuneus_, a wedge.] The name of bones in the wrist and foot.

CUS´PID. [L. _cuspis_, a point.] Having one point.

CU-TA´NE-OUS. [L. _cutis_, skin.] Belonging to the skin.

CU´TI-CLE. [L. _cutis_.] The external layer of the skin.

CU´TIS VE´RA. [L. _cutis_, and _vera_, true.] The internal layer of the skin; the true skin.

DEL´TOID. [Gr. +delta+, _delta_, the Greek letter +Delta+, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] The name of a muscle, that resembles in form the Greek letter +Delta+.

DENS. [L.] A tooth.

DENT´AL. [L. _dens_, tooth.] Pertaining to the teeth.

DE-PRESS´OR. [L.] The name of a muscle that draws down the part to which it is attached.

DERM´OID. [Gr. +derma+, _derma_, the skin, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] Resembling skin.

DE-SCEND´ENS. [L. _de_ and _scando_, to climb.] Descending, falling.

DI´A-PHRAGM. [Gr. +diaphragma+, _diaphragma_, a partition.] The midriff; a muscle separating the chest from the abdomen.

DI-AR-RHOE´A. [Gr. +diarreô+, _diarrheo_, to flow through.] A morbidly frequent evacuation of the intestines.

DI-AS´TO-LE. [Gr. +diastellô+, _diastello_, to put asunder.] The dilatation of the heart and arteries when the blood enters them.

DI-GES´TION. [L. _digestio_.] The process of dissolving food in the stomach, and preparing it for circulation and nourishment.

DIG-I-TO´RUM. [L. _digitus_, a finger.] A term applied to certain muscles of the extremities.

DOR´SAL. [L. _dorsum_, the back.] Pertaining to the back.

DU-O-DE´NUM. [L. _duodenus_, of twelve fingers' breadth.] The first portion of the small intestine.

DU´RA MA´TER. [L. _durus_, hard, and _mater_, mother.] The outermost membrane of the brain.

DYS´EN-TER-Y. [Gr. +dys+, _dûs_, bad, and +enteria+, _enteria_, intestines.] A discharge of blood and mucus from the intestines attended with tenesmus.

DYS-PEP´SI-A. [Gr. +dys+, _dûs_, bad, and +peptô+, _pepto_, to digest.] Indigestion, or difficulty of digestion.

EN-AM´EL. [Fr.] The smooth, hard substance which covers the crown or visible part of a tooth.

EP-I-DERM´IS. [Gr. +epi+, _epi_, upon, and +derma+, _derma_, the skin.] The scarf-skin; the cuticle.

EP-I-GLOT´TIS. [Gr. +epi+, _epi_, upon, and +glôtta+, _glôtta_, the tongue.] One of the cartilages of the glottis.

EU-STA´CHI-AN TUBE. A channel from the fauces to the middle ear, named from Eustachius, who first described it.

EX´CRE-MENT. [L. _excerno_, to separate.] Matter excreted and ejected; alvine discharges.

EX-CRE-MEN-TI´TIAL. Pertaining to excrement.

EX´CRE-TO-RY. A little duct or vessel, destined to receive secreted fluids, and to excrete or discharge them; also, a secretory vessel.

EX-HA´LANT. [L. _exhalo_, to send forth vapor.] Having the quality of exhaling or evaporating.

EX-TENS´OR. [L.] A name applied to a muscle that serves to extend any part of the body; opposed to _Flexor_.

FA´CIAL. [L. _facies_, face.] Pertaining to the face.

FALX. [L. _falx_, a scythe.] A process of the dura mater shaped like a scythe.

FAS´CI-A. [L. _fascia_, a band.] A tendinous expansion or aponeurosis.

FAS-CIC´U-LUS, -LI. [L. _fascis_, a bundle.] A little bundle.

FAUX, -CES. [L.] The top of the throat.

FEM´O-RAL. Pertaining to the femur.

FEM´O-RIS. A term applied to muscles that are attached to the femur.

FE´MUR. [L.] The thigh-bone.

FE-NES´TRA, -UM. [L. _fenestra_, a window.] A term applied to some openings into the internal ear.

FI´BRE. [L. _fibra_.] An organic filament, or thread, which enters into the composition of every animal and vegetable texture.

FI´BRIN. A peculiar organic substance found in animals and vegetables; it is a solid substance, tough, elastic, and composed of thready fibres.

FI´BROUS. Composed or consisting of fibres.

FI´BRO-CAR´TI-LAGE. An organic tissue, partaking of the nature of fibrous tissue and that of cartilage.

FIB´U-LA. [L., a clasp.] The outer and lesser bone of the leg.

FIB´U-LAR. Belonging to the fibula.

FIL´A-MENT. [L. _filamenta_, threads.] A fine thread, of which flesh, nerves, skin, &c., are composed.

FLEC´TION. [L. _flectio_.] The act of bending.

FOL´LI-CLE. [L. _folliculus_, a small bag.] A gland; a little bag in animal bodies.

FORE´ARM. The part of the upper extremity between the elbow and hand.

FOS´SA. [L., a ditch.] A cavity in a bone, with a large aperture.

FRÆ´NUM. [L., a bridle.] _Frænum linguæ._ The bridle of the tongue.

FUNC´TION. [L. _fungor_, to perform.] The action of an organ or system of organs.

FUN´GI-FORM. [L. _fungus_ and _forma_.] Having terminations like the head of a fungus, or a mushroom.

GAN´GLI-ON, -A. [Gr.] An enlargement in the course of a nerve.

GAS´TRIC. [Gr. +gastêr+, _gastêr_, the stomach.] Belonging to the stomach.

GAS-TROC-NE´MI-US. [Gr. +gastêr+, _gastêr_, the stomach, and +knêmê+, _knêmê_, the leg.] The name of large muscles of the leg.

GEL´A-TIN. [L. _gelo_, to congeal.] A concrete animal substance, transparent and soluble in water.

GLE´NOID. [Gr. +glênê+, _glênê_, a cavity.] A term applied to some articulate cavities of bones.

GLOS´SA. [Gr.] The tongue. Names compounded with this word are applied to muscles of the tongue.

GLOS´SO-PHA-RYN´GI-AL. Relating to the tongue and pharynx.

GLOT´TIS. [Gr.] The narrow opening at the upper part of the larynx.

GLU´TE-US. [Gr.] A name given to muscles of the hip.

HEM´OR-RHAGE. [Gr. +haima+, _haima_, blood and +rêgnuô+, _rêgnuo_, to burst.] A discharge of blood from an artery or vein.

HU´MER-US. [L.] The bone of the arm.

HY´A-LOID. [Gr.] A transparent membrane of the eye.

HY´DRO-GEN. [Gr. +hydôr+, water, and +gennaô+, to generate.] A gas which constitutes one of the elements of water.

HY´GI-ENE. [Gr. +hugieinon+, _hugieînon_, health.] The part of medicine which treats of the preservation of health.

HY´OID. [Gr. +u+ and +eidos+, _eîdos_, shape.] A bone of the tongue resembling the Greek letter upsilon in shape.

HY-OID´E-US. Pertaining to the hyoid bone.

HY´PO-GLOS´SAL. Under the tongue. The name of a nerve of the tongue.

IL´E-UM. [Gr. +eilô+, _eilô_, to wind.] A portion of the small intestines.

IL´I-AC. [From the above.] The flank; pertaining to the small intestine.

IL´I-UM. The haunch-bone.

IN-CI´SOR. [L. _incido_, to cut.] A front tooth that cuts or divides.

IN´DEX. [L. _indico_, to show.] The fore-finger; the pointing finger.

IN-NOM-I-NA´TA. [L. _in_, not, and _nomen_, name.] Parts which have no proper name.

IN-OS´CU-LATE. [L. _in_ and _osculatus_, from _osculor_, to kiss.] To unite, as two vessels at their extremities.

IN´TER. [L.] Between.

IN-TER-COST´AL. [L. _inter_, between, and _costa_, a rib.] Between the ribs.

IN-TER-NO´DI-I. [L. _inter_, between, and _nodus_, knot.] A term applied to some muscles of the forearm.

IN-TER-STI´TIAL. [L. _inter_, between, and _sto_, to stand.] Pertaining to or containing interstices.

IN-TES´TINES. [L. _intus_, within.] The canal that extends from the stomach to the anus.

I´RIS. [L., the rainbow.] The colored circle that surrounds the pupil of the eye.

I´VO-RY. A hard, solid, fine-grained substance of a fine white color; the tusk of an elephant.

JE-JU´NUM. [L., empty.] A portion of the small intestine.

JU´GU-LAR. [L. _jugulum_, the neck.] Relating to the throat. The great veins of the neck.

LA´BI-UM, LA´BI-I. [L.] The lips.

LAB´Y-RINTH. [Gr.] The internal ear, so named from its many windings.

LACH´RY-MAL. [L. _lachryma_, a tear.] Pertaining to tears.

LAC´TE-AL. [L., _lac_, milk.] A small vessel or tube of animal bodies for conveying chyle from the intestine to the thoracic duct.

LAM´I-NA, -Æ. [L.] A plate, or thin coat lying over another.

LAR´YNX. [Gr. +larunx+, _larunx_.] The upper part of the windpipe.

LAR-YN-GI´TIS. Inflammation of the larynx.

LA-TIS´SI-MUS, -MI. [L., superlative of _latus_, broad.] A term applied to some muscles.

LE-VA´TOR. [L. _levo_, to raise.] A name applied to a muscle that raises some part.

LIG´A-MENT. [L. _ligo_, to bind.] A strong, compact substance serving to bind one bone to another.

LIN´E-A, -Æ. [L.] A line.

LIN´GUA, -Æ. [L.] A tongue.

LIV´ER. The name of one of the abdominal organs, the largest gland in the system. It is situated below the diaphragm, and secretes the bile.

LOBE. A round projecting part of an organ.

LON´GUS, LON´GI-OR. [L., long, longer.] A term applied to several muscles.

LUM´BAR. [L. _lumbus_, the loins.] Pertaining to the loins.

LYMPH. [L. _lympha_, water.] A colorless fluid in animal bodies, and contained in vessels called lymphatics.

LYM-PHAT´IC. A vessel of animal bodies that contains or conveys lymph.

MAG-NE´SI-UM. The metallic base of magnesia.

MAG´NUS, -NA, -NUM. [L., great.] A term applied to certain muscles.

MA´JOR. [L., greater.] Greater in extent or quantity.

MAN´GA-NESE. A metal of a whitish gray color.

MAR´ROW. [Sax.] A soft, oleaginous substance, contained in the cavities of bones.

MAS-SE´TER. [Gr. +massaomai+, _massaomai_, to chew.] The name of a muscle of the face.

MAS´TI-CATE, MAS-TI-CA´TION. [L. _mastico_.] To chew; the act of chewing.

MAS´TOID. [Gr. +mastos+, _mastos_, breast, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] the name of a process of the temporal bone behind the ear.

MAS-TOID´E-US. A name applied to muscles that are attached to the mastoid process.

MAX-IL´LA. [L.] The jaw-bone.

MAX´IL-LA-RY. Pertaining to the jaw.

MAX´I-MUS, -UM. [L., superlative of _magnus_, great.] A term applied to several muscles.

ME-A´TUS. [L. _meo_, to go.] A passage or channel.

ME-DI-AS-TI´NUM. A membrane that separates the chest into two parts.

ME´DI-UM, -A. [L.] The space or substance through which a body passes to any point.

MED´UL-LA-RY. [L., _medulla_, marrow.] Pertaining to marrow.

ME-DUL´LA OB-LON-GA´TA. Commencement of the spinal cord.

ME-DUL´LA SPI-NA´LIS. The spinal cord.

MEM´BRA-NA. A membrane; a thin, white, flexible skin formed by fibres interwoven like net-work.

MEM´BRA-NOUS. Relating to membrane.

MES´EN-TER-Y. [Gr. +mesos+, _mesos_, the middle, and +enteron+, _enteron_, the intestine.] The membrane in the middle of the intestines, by which they are attached to the spine.

MES-EN-TER´IC. Pertaining to the mesentery.

MET-A-CAR´PAL. Relating to the metacarpus.

MET-A-CAR´PUS. [Gr. +meta+, _meta_, after, and +karpos+, _karpos_, wrist.] The part of the hand between the wrist and fingers.

MET-A-TAR´SAL. Relating to the metatarsus.

MET-A-TAR´SUS. [Gr. +meta+, _meta_, after, and +tarsos+, _tarsos_, the tarsus.] The instep. A term applied to seven bones of the foot.

MID´RIFF. [Sax. _mid_, and _hrife_, the belly.] See DIAPHRAGM.

MIN´I-MUS, -I. [L.] The smallest. A term applied to several muscles.

MI´NOR. [L.] Less, smaller. A term applied to several muscles.

MI´TRAL. [L. _mitra_, a mitre.] The name of the valves in the left side of the heart.

MO-DI´O-LUS. [L. _modus_, a measure.] A cone in the cochlea around which the membranes wind.

MO´LAR. [L. _mola_, a mill.] The name of some of the large teeth.

MOL´LIS. [L.] Soft.

MO´TOR, -ES. [L. _moveo_, to move.] A mover. A term applied to certain nerves.

MU´COUS. Pertaining to mucus.

MU´CUS. A viscid fluid secreted by the mucous membrane, which it serves to moisten and defend.

MUS´CLE. A bundle of fibres enclosed in a sheath.

MUS´CU-LAR. Relating to a muscle.

MY-O´DES. A term applied to certain muscles of the neck.

NA´SAL. Relating to the nose.

NA´SUS. [L., the nose.] The nostrils.

NERVE. An organ of sensation and motion in animals.

NERV´OUS. Relating to the nerves.

NEU-RI-LEM´A. [Gr. +neuron+, _neuron_, a nerve, and +lemma+, _lema_, a sheath.] The sheath or covering of a nerve.

NI´GRUM. [L.] Black.

NI´TRO-GEN. That element of the air which is called azote.

NU-TRI´TION. The art or process of promoting the growth, or repairing the waste of the system.

OC-CIP-I-TA´LIS. Pertaining to the back part of the head.

OC´CI-PUT. [L. _ob_ and _caput_, the head.] The hinder part of the head.

OC-U-LO´RUM. Of the eyes.

OC´ULUS, -I. [L.] The eye.

OE-SOPH´A-GUS. [Gr. +oiô+, _oiô_, to carry, and +phagô+, _phago_, to eat.] The name of the passage through which the food passes from the mouth to the stomach.

O-LEC´RA-NON. [Gr. +ôlene+, _ôlene_, the cubit, and +kranon+, _kranon_, the head.] The elbow; the head of the ulna.

OL-FACT´O-RY. [L. _oleo_, to smell, and _facio_, to make.] Pertaining to smelling.

O-MEN´TUM. [L.] The caul.

O´MO. [Gr. +ômos+, _ômos_, the shoulder.] Names compounded of this word are applied to muscles attached to the shoulder.

OPH-THAL´MIC. [Gr. +ophthalmos+, _ophthalmos_, the eye.] Belonging to the eye.

OP-PO´NENS. That which acts in opposition to something. The name of two muscles of the hand.

OP´TI-CUS, OP´TIC. [Gr. +optomai+, _optomai_, to see.] Relating to the eye.

OR-BIC´U-LAR. [L. _orbis_, a circle.] Circular.

OR-BIC-U-LA´RIS. A name applied to several muscles.

OR´GAN. A part of the system destined to exercise some particular function.

OR´I-GIN. Commencement; source.

OS. [L.] A bone; the mouth of any thing.

O´RIS. [L. _os_, _oris_.] Of the mouth.

OS HY-OID´ES. [Gr. See HYOID.] The name of the bone at the base of the tongue.

OS´MA-ZOME. [Gr. +osmê+, _osmê_, smell, and +zômos+, _zômos_, broth.] A principle obtained from animal fibre which gives the peculiar taste to broth.

OS´SA. [L., plural of _os_, bone.] Bones.

OS´SE-OUS. Pertaining to bones.

OS-SI-FI-CA´TION. The formation of bones in animals.

OS´SI-FY. [L. _ossa_, bones, and _facio_, to make.] To convert into bone.

OS´SIS. Of a bone.

O-VA´LE. [L.] The shape of an egg.

OX-AL´IC. Pertaining to sorrel. _Oxalic acid_ is the acid of sorrel. It is composed of two equivalents of carbon and three of oxygen.

OX´Y-GEN. A permanently elastic fluid invisible and inodorous. One of the components of atmospheric air.

PA-LA´TUM. [L.] The palate; the roof of the mouth.

PAL-PE-BRA´RUM. [L. _palpebra_, the eyelid.] Of the eyelids.

PAL´MAR. [L. _palma_, the palm.] Belonging to the hand.

PAL-MA´RIS. A term applied to some muscles attached to the palm of the hand.

PAN´CRE-AS. [Gr. +pan+, _pan_, all, and +kreas+, _kreas_, flesh.] The name of one of the digestive organs.

PAN-CRE-AT´IC. Belonging to the pancreas.

PA-PIL´LA, -Æ. [L.] Small conical prominences.

PA-RAL´Y-SIS. Abolition of function whether of intellect, sensation, or motion.

PA-REN´CHY-MA. [Gr. +parencheô+, _parengcheô_, to pour through.] The substance contained between the blood vessels of an organ.

PA-ROT´ID. [Gr. +para+, _para_, near, and +ôtos+, _ôtos_, the gen. of +ous+, _ous_, the ear.] The name of the largest salivary gland.

PA-TEL´LA, -Æ. [L.] The knee-pan.

PA-THET´I-CUS, -CI. [Gr. +pathos+, _pathos_, passion.] The name of the fourth pair of nerves.

PEC´TUS. [L.] The chest.

PEC´TO-RAL. Pertaining to the chest.

PEC-TO-RA´LIS. Belonging to the chest.

PE´DIS. [L., gen. of _pes_, the foot.] Of the foot.

PEL´I-TONGS. A term applied to masses of fat.

PEL´LI-CLE. [L., dim. of _pellis_, the skin.] A thin skin or film.

PEL´VIC. Relating to the pelvis.

PEL´VIS. [L.] The basin formed by the large bones at the lower part of the abdomen.

PEN´NI-FORM. [L. _penna_, a feather.] Having the form of a feather, or quill.

PER-I-CAR´DI-UM. [Gr. +peri+, _peri_, around, and +kardia+, _kardia_, the heart.] A membrane that encloses the heart.

PER-I-CHON´DRI-UM. [Gr. +peri+, _peri_, around, and +chondros+, _chondros_, cartilage.] A membrane that invests cartilage.

PER-I-CRA´NI-UM. [Gr. +peri+, and +kranion+, _kranion_, the cranium.] A membrane that invests the skull.

PER´MA-NENT. Durable; lasting.

PER-I-STAL´TIC. [Gr. +peristellô+, _peristello_, to involve.] A movement like the crawling of a worm.

PER-SPI-RA´TION. [L. _per_, through, and _spiro_, to breathe.] The excretion from the skin.

PHAL´ANX, -GES. [Gr. +phalanx+, _phalanx_, an army.] Three rows of small bones forming the fingers or toes.

PHA-LAN´GI-AL. Belonging to the fingers or toes.

PHA-RYN´GE-AL. Relating to the pharynx.

PHAR´YNX. [Gr. +pharunx+, _pharunx_.] The upper part of the oesophagus.

PHOS´PHOR-US. [Gr. +phôs+, _phôs_, the light, and +pherô+, _pherô_, to bear.] A combustible substance, of a yellowish color, semi-transparent, resembling wax.

PHREN´IC. [Gr. +phrên+, _phrên_, the mind.] Belonging to the diaphragm.

PHYS-I-OL´O-GY. [Gr. +phusis+, _phusis_, nature, and +logos+, _logos_, a discourse.] The science of the functions of the organs of animals and plants.

PI´A MA´TER. [L., good mother.] The name of one of the membranes of the brain.

PIG-MEN´TUM. [L.] Paint; a preparation of colors.

PIN´NA. [L., a wing.] A part of the external ear.

PLA-TYS´MA. [Gr. +platus+, _platûs_, broad.] A muscle of the neck.

PLEU´RA, -Æ. [Gr. +pleura+, _pleura_, the side.] A thin membrane that covers the inside of the thorax, and also forms the exterior coat of the lungs.

PLEU´RAL. Relating to the pleura.

PLEX´US. [L. _plecto_, to weave together.] Any union of nerves, vessels, or fibres, in the form of net-work.

PNEU-MO-GAS´TRIC. [Gr. +pneumôn+, _pneumôn_, the lungs, and +gastêr+, _gastêr_, the stomach.] Belonging to both the stomach and lungs.

POL´LI-CIS. [L.] A term applied to muscles attached to the fingers and toes.

PONS. [L.] A bridge. _Pons varolii._ A part of the brain formed by the union of the crura cerebri and cerebelli.

POP-LIT-E´AL. [L. _poples_, the ham.] Pertaining to the ham or knee-joint. A name given to various parts.

POS´TI-CUS. [L.] Behind; posterior. A term applied to certain muscles.

POR´TI-O DU´RA. [L., hard portion.] The facial nerve; 8th pair.

POR´TI-O MOL´LIS. [L., soft portion.] The auditory nerve; 7th pair.

PO-TAS´SI-UM. [L.] The metallic basis of pure potash.

PRO-BOS´CIS. [Gr. +pro+, _pro_, before, and +boskô+, _boskô_, to feed.] The snout or trunk of an elephant or other animal.

PROC´ESS. A prominence or projection.

PRO-NA´TOR. [L. _pronus_, turned downward.] The muscle of the forearm that moves the palm of the hand downward.

PSO´AS. [Gr. +psoai+, _psoai_, the loins.] The name of two muscles of the leg.

PUL-MON´IC. } } PUL´MO-NA-RY. } [L. _pulmo_, the lungs.] Belonging or } relating to the lungs. PUL-MO-NA´LIS. }

PU´PIL. A little aperture in the centre of the iris, through which the rays of light pass to the retina.

PY-LOR´IC. Pertaining to the pylorus.

PY-LOR´US. [Gr. +pulôros+, _pulôros_, a gate keeper.] The lower orifice of the stomach, with which the duodenum connects.

RA´DI-US. [L., a ray, a spoke of a wheel.] The name of one of the bones of the forearm.

RA-DI-A´LIS. Radial; belonging to the radius.

RA´DI-ATE. Having lines or fibres that diverge from a point.

RA´MUS. [L.] A branch. A term applied to the projections of bones.

REC-RE-MEN-TI´TIAL. [L. _re_, again, and _cerno_, to secrete.] Consisting of superfluous matter separated from that which is valuable.

REC´TUM. The third and last portion of the intestines.

REC´TUS, -I. [L.] Straight; erect. A term applied to several muscles.

RE-SID´U-AL. Pertaining to waste matter.

RE-SID´U-UM. [L.] Waste matter. The fæces.

RES-PI-RA´TION. [L. _re_, again, and _spiro_, to breathe.] The act of breathing. Inspiring air into the lungs and expelling it again.

RE-SPI´RA-TO-RY. Pertaining to respiration; serving for respiration.

RET´I-NA. [L., _rete_, a net.] The essential organ of sight. One of the coats of the eye, formed by the expansion of the optic nerve.

RO-TUN´DUM, -A. [L.] Round; circular.

RU´GA, -Æ. [L.] A wrinkle; a fold.

SAC´CU-LUS. [L., dim. of _saccus_, a bag.] A little sac.

SA´CRAL. Pertaining to the sacrum.

SA´CRUM. [L., sacred.] The bone which forms the posterior part of the pelvis, and is a continuation of the spinal column.

SA-LI´VA. [L.] The fluid which is secreted by the salivary glands, which moistens the food and mouth.

SAL´I-VA-RY. That which belongs to the saliva.

SAN´GUIN-E-OUS. [L. _sanguis_, the blood.] Bloody; abounding with blood; plethoric.

SAR-TO´RI-US. [L. _sartor_, a tailor.] A term applied to a muscle of the thigh.

SCA´LA, -Æ. [L., a ladder.] Cavities of the cochlea.

SCA-LE´NUS. [Gr. +skalênos+, _skalênos_, unequal.] A term applied to some muscles of the neck.

SCAPH´OID. [Gr. +skaphê+, _skaphê_, a little boat.] The name applied to one of the wrist-bones.

SCAP´U-LA. [L.] The shoulder-blade.

SCAP´U-LAR. Relating to the scapula.

SCARF-SKIN. The outer, thin integument of the body; the cuticle.

SCI-AT´IC. [Gr., pertaining to the loins.] The name of the large nerve of the loins and leg.

SCLE-ROT´IC. [Gr. +sklêros+, _sklêros_, hard.] A membrane of the eye.

SE-BA´CEOUS. [L., _sebum_, tallow.] Pertaining to fat; unctuous matter.

SE-CRE´TION. The act of secerning; the act of producing from the blood substances different front the blood itself, as bile, saliva. The matter secreted, as mucus, bile, &c.

SE-CRE´TO-RY. Performing the office of secretion.

SE-CUN´DUS. Second. A term applied to certain muscles.

SEM-I-CIR´CU-LAR. Having the form of a half circle. The name of a part of the ear.

SEM-I-TEN-DI-NO´SUS. [L. _semi_, half and _tendo_, a tendon.] The name of a muscle.

SEP´TUM. [L.] A membrane that divides two cavities from each other.

SE´ROUS. Thin; watery. Pertaining to serum.

SE´RUM. [L.] The thin, transparent part of blood.

SER-RA´TUS. [L. _serro_, to saw.] A term applied to some muscles of the trunk.

SIG´MOID. [Gr.] Resembling the Greek +s+, sigma.

SI-LI´CI-UM. A term applied to one of the earths.

SI´NUS. [L., a bay.] A cavity, the interior of which is more expanded than the entrance.

SKEL´E-TON. [Gr. +skellô+, _skellô_, to dry.] The aggregate of the hard parts of the body; the bones.

SO´DI-UM. The metallic base of soda

SPHINC´TER. [Gr. +sphingô+, _sphingo_, to restrict.] A muscle that contracts or shuts an orifice.

SPI´NAL CORD. A prolongation of the brain.

SPI-NA´LIS. Relating to the spine.

SPINE. A thorn. The vertebral column; back-bone.

SPI´NOUS. Belonging to the spinal column.

SPLEEN. The milt. It is situated in the abdomen, and attached to the stomach.

SPLEN´IC. Relating to the spleen.

SPLE´NI-US. The name of a muscle of the neck.

STA´PES. The name of one of the small bones of the ear.

STER´NUM. The breast-bone. The bone that forms the front of the chest from the neck to the stomach.

STOM´ACH. The principal organ of the digestive apparatus.

STRA´TUM. [L. _sterno_, to stew.] A bed; a layer.

STY´LOID. [L. _stylus_, a pencil.] An epithet applied to processes that resemble a style, a pen.

SUB-CLA´VI-AN. [L. _sub_, under, and _clavis_, a key.] Situated under the clavicle.

SUB-LI´MIS. High in place.

SUB-LIN´GUAL. [L. _sub_, under, and _lingua_, the tongue.] Situated under the tongue.

SUB-MAX´IL-LA-RY. [L. _sub_, under, and _maxilla_, the jaw-bone.] Located under the jaw.

SUL´PHUR. A simple, mineral substance, of a yellow color, brittle, insoluble in water, but fusible by heat.

SU-PE-RI-O´RIS. A term applied to certain muscles.

SU-PI-NA´TOR. [L.] A muscle that turns the palm of the hand upward.

SUT´URE. [L. _suo_, to sew.] The seam or joint that unites the bones of the skull.

SYN-O´VI-A. [Gr. +syn+, _sûn_, with, and +ôon+, _ôon_, an egg.] The fluid secreted into the cavities of joints for the purpose of lubricating them.

SYN-O´VI-AL. Pertaining to synovia.

SYS´TEM. An assemblage of organs composed of the same tissues, and intended for the same functions.

SYS-TEM´IC. Belonging to the general system.

SYS´TO-LE. [Gr. +systellô+, _sûstellô_, to contract.] The contraction of the heart and arteries for expelling the blood and carrying on the circulation.

TAR´SAL. Relating to the tarsus.

TAR´SUS. [L.] The posterior part of the foot.

TEN´DON. [Gr. +teinô+, _teino_, to stretch.] A hard, insensible cord, or bundle of fibres, by which a muscle is attached to a bone.

TEN´DI-NA, -Æ. Pertaining to a tendon.

TENS´OR. A muscle that extends a part.

TEN-TAC´U-LA, -Æ. [L. _tento_, to seize.] A filiform process or organ on the bodies of various animals.

TEN-TO´RI-UM. [L. _tendo_, to stretch.] A process of the dura mater which lies between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

TE´RES. [L. _teres_, round.] An epithet given to many organs, the fibres of which are collected in small bundles.

THO´RAX. [Gr.] That part of the skeleton that composes the bones of the chest. The cavity of the chest.

THO-RAC´IC. Relating to the chest.

THY´ROID. [Gr. +thureos+, _thureos_, a shield.] Resembling a shield. A cartilage of the larynx.

TIB´I-A. [L., a flute.] The large bone of the leg.

TIB-I-A´LIS, TIB´I-AL. Relating to the tibia.

TIS´SUE. The texture or organization of parts.

TON´SIL. [L.] A glandular body in the throat or fauces.

TRA´CHE-A. [Gr. +trachus+, _trachus_, rough.] The windpipe.

TRA´CHE-AL. Belonging to the trachea.

TRANS-VERSE´, TRANS-VER-SA´LIS. Lying in a cross direction.

TRA-PE´ZI-US. The name of a muscle, so called from its form.

TRI´CEPS. [L. _tres_, three, and _caput_, head.] Three. A name given to muscles that have three attachments at one extremity.

TRI-CUS´PID. [L. _tres_, three, and _cuspis_, point.] The triangular valves in the right side of the heart.

TROCH´LE-A. [Gr. +trochalia+, _trochalia_, a pulley.] A pulley-like cartilage, over which the tendon of a muscle of the eye passes.

TROCH-LE-A´RIS. The name of a muscle of the eye.

TRUNK. The principal part of the body, to which the limbs are articulated.

TU´BER-CLE. [L. _tuber_, a bunch.] A small push, swelling, or tumor, on animal bodies.

TU-BER-OS´I-TY. The state of being knobbed or protuberant.

TYM´PAN-UM. [L.] The middle ear.

UL´NA. [L.] A bone of the forearm.

UL´NAR, UL-NA´RIS. Relating to the ulna.

U´RIC. [Gr. +ouron+, _ouron_, urine.] An acid contained in urine, and in gouty concretions.

U-VE´A. [L. _uva_, a grape.] Resembling grapes. A thin membrane of the eye.

U´VU-LA. A soft body, suspended from the palate, near the aperture of the nostrils, over the glottis.

VAC´CINE VI´RUS. [L. _vacca_, a cow, _virus_, poison.] Pertaining to cows; derived from cows.

VALVE. Any membrane, or doubling of any membrane, which prevents fluids from flowing back in the vessels and canals of the animal body.

VAL´VU-LA, -Æ. A valve.

VAS´CU-LAR. [L. _vasculum_, a vessel.] Pertaining to vessels; abounding in vessels.

VAS´TUS. [L.] Great, vast. Applied to some large muscles.

VEINS. Vessels that convey blood to the heart.

VE´NOUS. Pertaining to veins.

VEN´TRI-CLE. [L. _venter_, the stomach.] A small cavity of the animal body.

VEN-TRIC´U-LAR. Relating to ventricles.

VER-MIC´U-LAR. [L. _vermiculus_, a little worm.] Resembling the motions of a worm.

VERM-I-FORM´IS. [L. _vermis_, a worm, and _forma_, form.] Having the form and shape of a worm.

VERT´E-BRA, -Æ. [L. _verto_, to turn.] A joint of the spinal column.

VERT´E-BRAL. Pertaining to the joints of the spinal column.

VES´I-CLE. [L. _vesica_, a bladder.] A little bladder, or a portion of the cuticle separated from the cutis vera and filled with serum.

VES´TI-BULE. [L.] A porch of a house. A cavity belonging to the ear.

VIL´LI. [L.] Fine, small fibres.

VI´RUS. [L. poison.] Foul matter of an ulcer; poison.

VI´TAL. [L. _vita_, life.] Pertaining to life.

VIT´RE-OUS. [L. _vitrum_, glass.] Belonging to glass. A humor of the eye.

VO´LAR. [L. _vola_, the hollow of the hand or foot.] Belonging to the palm of the hand.

VO´MER. [L. a ploughshare.] One of the bones of the nose.

ZYG-O-MAT´I-CUS. [Gr. +zugos+, _zugos_, a yoke.] A term applied to some muscles of the face, from their attachment.

INDEX.

A. PAGE.

ABDOMEN, 34 ABSORPTION, 181 ----, Varieties of, 183 ----, Cutaneous, 185 ACETABULUM, 38 ACIDS, Acetic, 28 ----, Benzoic, 28 ----, Muriatic, 440 ----, Nitric, 440 ----, Oxalic, 28, 440 ----, Sulphuric, 440 AIR, Composition of the, 223 ----, Influence of, on the Muscles, 90 ----, Quality of the, 223, 318 ----, Quantity inhaled, 222 ----, Quantity exhaled, 228 ----, Impure Air, the Effects of, 232 AIR VESICLES, 212 ALBUMEN, 27 ANIMAL HEAT, 252 AORTA, 159 ----, Valves of the, 157 APPARATUS, 18 ARTERIES, Structure of the, 158 ----, Cutaneous, 285 ----, Pulmonary, 158 ATTITUDE, Effects of, on Digestion, 152 ----, Effects of, on the Voice, 274 ----, Effects of, in Respiration, 245 AURICLES of the Heart, 156 ASPHYXIA, from Drowning, 249 ----, from Electricity, 250 ----, from Hanging, 250 ----, from Carbonic Gas, 251 AZOTE, 26

B.

BATHING, Necessity of, 311 ----, Methods of, 313 ----, Proper Time for, 316 ----, Influence of, on the System, 316 ----, Frequency of, 317 BEDS, 309 BILE, 122 BLOOD, Composition of, 154 ----, Color of, 204 ----, Quantity of, 171 ----, Change of, 225 ----, Impure, Effects of, 205 BONES, Anatomy of the, 29 ----, Physiology of the, 48 ----, Hygiene of the, 53 ----, of the Head, 32 ----, of the Trunk, 34 ----, of the Upper Extremities, 39 ----, of the Lower Extremities, 42 ----, Composition of, 29 ----, Ossification of, 30 ----, Union of fractured, 62 ----, Influence of Position on the, 55 BRAIN, 329 ----, Functions of the, 346 ----, Effects of Impure Blood on the, 360 ----, Effects of inadequate Mental Exertion, 361 ----, Effects of excessive Mental Exertion, 363 ----, Directions for exercising the, 368 ----, Membranes of the, 334 ----, Injuries of the, 377 BRONCHIA, 212 BRONCHITIS, 214 BURNS AND SCALDS, 319 BURSÆ MUCOSÆ, 46

C.

CÆCUM, 118 CAPILLARIES, 163 CARBON, 26 CARBONIC GAS, where formed, 224 ----, Effects of, when inhaled, 230 ----, Effects of, on Combustion, 230 ----, Effects of, on Respiration, 231 CARPUS, 41 CARTILAGE, 45 ---- of the Larynx, 269 CAUL, 123 CELLULAR TISSUE, 19 CEREBELLUM, 331

CEREBRUM, 330 CHEST, 35 ----, Compression of the, 56 ----, Influence of the Size of the, 239 CHILBLAINS, 321 CHLORINE, 27 CHYLE, 126 CHYME, 126 CIRCULATORY ORGANS, Anatomy, 154 ----, Physiology of the, 164 ----, Hygiene of the, 172 CLAVICLE, 39 CLOTHING, Kind of, 301 ----, Amount of, 305 ----, Cleanliness of, 308 COCCYX, 38 COLDS, Treatment of, 248 COLON, 119 CONSUMPTION, how frequently produced, 247 CORNS, Treatment of, 295 CUTICLE, Structure of the, 282 ----, Use of the, 293 CUTIS VERA, Structure of the, 283

D.

DEFINITIONS, General, 13 DIAPHRAGM, 73, 215 DIGESTIVE ORGANS, Anatomy of the, 113 ----, Physiology of the, 124 ----, Hygiene of the, 129 ----, Influence of the Mind on the, 148 ----, Influence of Pure Air on the, 151 ----, Influence of Position on the, 152 DRINKS, how taken, 145 DROWNED PERSONS, Treatment of, 249 DUODENUM, 117

E.

EAR, Bones of, 34, 415 EPIGLOTTIS, 125, 270 EXHALANTS, 192 EXERCISE, how it should be taken, 91 ----, Influence of, on the Bones, 53 ----, Influence of, on Muscles, 85 ----, Influence of, on the Circulation, 173 EYE, 394 EXPIRATION, how effected, 220

F.

FACE, Bones of the, 34 FASCIA, 66 FAT, 67, 195 FEMUR, 42 FIBRE, 18 FIBRIN, 27 FIBULA, 42 FILAMENT, 18 FLANNEL, Use of, 302 FLUIDS, Use of, 17 FOLLICLE, 192 FOOD, Quantity of the, 129 ----, Quality of the, 134 ----, Manner in which it is taken, 142 ----, Condition of the system, when taken, 146 FOOT, Bones of the, 44 FROZEN LIMBS, Treatment of, 320

G.

GASTRIC JUICE, 125 GELATIN, 27 GLANDS, 193 ----, Gastric, 116 ----, Lachrymal, 402 ----, Lymphatic, 183 ----, Mesenteric, 121 ----, Oil, 288 ----, Perspiratory, 290 ----, Salivary, 114 GLOTTIS, 271

H.

HAIR, 322 HEART, 154 ----, Auricles of the, 156 ----, Ventricles of the, 156 HEAT, Animal, 252 ----, Hygiene of, 261 HEARING, Anatomy of the Organs of, 414 ----, Physiology of the Organs of, 420 ----, Hygiene of the Organs of, 422 HUMERUS, 39 HEMORRHAGE, Means of arresting, 175 HYDROGEN, 26

I.

ILEUM, 118 INTESTINES, 117 INNOMINATUM, 37

INSPIRATION, how effected, 219 IRON, 25

J.

JEJUNUM, 118 JOINTS, Structure of the, 45

L.

LACTEALS, 120, 181 LAMINÆ, 17 LARYNX, 268 LARYNGITIS, 276 LIGAMENTS, 23, 47 ----, Use of, 50 ----, Capsular, 40 LIGHT, Influence on the Skin, 318 LIME, 25 LIVER, 122 LUNGS, 209 LYMPH, 30 LYMPHATICS, Anatomy of the, 181 ----, Physiology of the, 183 ----, Hygiene of the, 188 ----, Cutaneous, 287

M.

MAGNESIA, 25 MARROW, Uses of, 24

MEDIASTINUM, 211 MEDULLA OBLONGATA, 333 MEMBRANE, 19 ----, Adipose, 20 ----, Cellular, 19 ----, Dermoid, 22, 282 ----, Mucous, 21 ----, Muscular, 24 ----, Serous, 21 MESENTERY, 120 METACARPUS, 41 MOUTH, Structure of, 113 MUCUS, 28 MUSCLES, Anatomy of, 64 ----, Physiology of, 76 ----, Hygiene of, 85 ----, Compression of, 93, 276 ----, Exhaustion of, 87, 101 ----, Effects of Pure Blood on, 89 ----, Effects of Pure Air on the, 90 ----, Effects of Light on the, 90 ----, Influence of the Mind on, 93 ----, Influence of Position on, 90 ----, Intercostal, 216 ----, Respiratory, 216

N.

NAILS, 324 NERVES, Cranial, 335, 350 ----, Cutaneous, 286 ----, Respiratory, 340, 352 ----, Spinal, 341, 351 ----, Sympathetic, 343, 356 NERVOUS SYSTEM, Anatomy of, 327 ----, Physiology of, 346 ----, Hygiene of, 358 NITROGEN, 26 NOSE, Structure, 389 NURSES, Directions for, 433 NUTRITION, 200 ----, Hygiene of, 205

O.

OESOPHAGUS, 116 OIL-GLANDS, Structure of the, 288 ----, Use of the, 297 OMENTUM, 123 ORGAN, 18 ORGANIC AND INORGANIC BODIES, Difference between, 14 ORIFICE, Cardiac, 116 ----, Pyloric, 116 OSMAZOME, 28 OXYGEN, 26 ----, Quantity at each Inspiration, 222

P.

PAPILLA, 284 PANCREAS, 122 PAROTID GLAND, 114 PATELLA, 42 PERICARDIUM, 155 PERICHONDRIUM, 31 PERICRANIUM, 31 PERIOSTEUM, 31 PELVIS, Bones of the, 37 PERSPIRATORY APPARATUS, 290 ---- Use of, 298 PHALANGES, 42, 45 PHARYNX, 115 PHOSPHORUS, 26 PLEURA, 211 POISONS, and their Antidotes, 439

POTASH, 25 PRESERVATION OF HEALTH, 425

R.

RADIUS, 41 READING, Proper Position in, 275 RECTUM, 120 REMOVAL OF DISEASE, 426 RESPIRATORY ORGANS, Anatomy of, 209 ----, Physiology of, 217 ----, Hygiene of, 228 RETINA, 397 RIBS, 35 ROOMS, Ventilation of, 233 ----, Warming of, 238

S.

SACRUM, 38 SALIVA, Its Use, 124 SCAPULA, 39 SECRETORY ORGANS, Anatomy of, 192 ----, Physiology of, 193 ----, Hygiene of, 197 SENSES, 378 SICK-ROOM, Ventilation of, 236 SITTING, Proper Position in, 99 SKELETON, 29 SKIN, Anatomy of the, 282 ----, Physiology of the, 293 ----, Hygiene of the, 301 SKULL, Structure of, 32 SLEEP, Necessity of, 92 SLEEPING-ROOMS, Ventilation of, 235 SMELL, Anatomy of the Organs of, 389 ----, Physiology of the Organs of, 391 SODA, 25 SOLIDS, Arrangement of, 17 SOUND, 273 SPINAL COLUMN, Structure of, 36 ----, Curvature of, 57, 60 SPINAL CORD, 36, 340 SPLEEN, 123 SPRAINS, 63 STAMMERING, how improved, 281 STERNUM, 35 STOMACH, 116 SUBLINGUAL GLAND, 115 SUBMAXILLARY GLAND, 115 SULPHUR, 26 SUTURES, 33 SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE, 46 SYNOVIA, 49 SYSTEM, 18

T.

TARSUS, 42 TASTE, Anatomy of the Organs of, 384 ----, Physiology of the Organs of, 386 TEETH, Anatomy of the, 105 ----, Physiology of the, 109 ----, Hygiene of the, 110 TENDONS, 23, 65 THORACIC DUCT, 120 THORAX, 35 THROAT, Extraneous Bodies in, 281 TIBIA, 42 TISSUE, 18 ----, Adipose, 20 ----, Cartilaginous, 23 ----, Fibrous, 22 ----, Osseous, 23 ----, Nervous, 24 TOUCH, Sense of, 378 ----, Hygiene of the, 379 TRACHEA, 212

U.

ULNA, 40 UVEA, 396

V.

VALVES of the Heart, 157 ----, Use of the, 164 ----, of the Veins, 162 VEINS, 160 ----, Cutaneous, 285 VENTILATION, 233 VENTRICLES of the Heart, 156 VERTEBRA, 36 VISION, Anatomy of the Organs of, 394 ----, Physiology of the Organs of, 404 ----, Hygiene of the Organs of, 410 VOCAL ORGANS, Anatomy of the, 268 ----, Physiology of the, 272 ----, Hygiene of the, 274 VOCAL CORDS, 270

W.

WATCHERS, Directions for, 136 WOUNDS, Treatment of, 178 WRITING, Proper Position when, 103

KEY TO ANATOMICAL OUTLINE PLATES.

SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.

In using these plates, we would suggest, that the pupil carefully examine the illustrating cuts interspersed with the text, in connection with the lesson to be recited. The similarity between these and the plates will enable the pupil to recite, and the teacher to conduct his recitation, from the latter.

Let a pupil show the situation of an organ, or part, on an anatomical outline plate, and also give its structure; while other members of the class note all omissions and misstatements. Another pupil may give the use of that organ, and if necessary, others may give an extended explanation. The third may explain the laws on which the health of the part depends, while other members of the class supply what has been omitted. After thus presenting the subject in the form Of topics, questions may be proposed promiscuously, from each paragraph, and where examples occur in the text, let other analogous ones be given.

If the physiology and hygiene of a given subject have not been studied, confine the recitation to those parts only on which the pupil is prepared. When practicable, the three departments should be united; but this can only be done when the chapter on the hygiene has been learned, while the physiology can be united with the anatomy, in all chapters upon physiology.

PLATE I.

A FRONT VIEW OF THE SKELETON.

_Bones of the Head._ 7, The sphenoid bone. 8, The frontal bone. 10, The parietal bone. 11, The os unguis. 12, The superior maxillary bone, (upper jaw.) 13, The nasal bone. 14, The ethmoid bone. 15, The malar bone, (cheek-bone.) 16, The vomer. 17, The inferior maxillary bone, (the lower jaw.) _a_, Its body. _b_, Its ramus, or branch. 18, The teeth.

_Bones of the Trunk._ 1, 1, The spinal column. 2, The sternum. 3, 3, The ribs. 4, The sacrum. 5, The innominatum.

_Bones of the Upper Extremities._ 19, The clavicle, (collar-bone.) 20, The scapula, (shoulder blade.) 21, The humerus. 22, The ulna. 23, The radius. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, The bones of the carpus (wrist.) 32, 32, 32, The five bones of the metacarpus, (the palm of the hand.) 33, 33, 33, The first range of finger-bones. 34, 34, The second range of finger-bones. 35, 35, 35, The third range of finger-bones.

_Bones of the Lower Extremities._ 36, The femur, (thigh-bone.) 37, The patella, (knee-pan.) 38, The tibia, (shin-bone.) 39, The fibula. 40, 40, 40, The bones of the tarsus, (instep.) 41, 41, The bones of the metatarsus, (middle of the foot.) 42, 42, The bones of the toes.

ARTICULATIONS. (Left side of the plate.)

_Ligaments of the Trunk._ 1, 1, The common spinal ligament. 2, 2, The intervertebral ligament, (cartilage between the vertebrae.) 9, 10, 11, 12, Articulations of the ribs with the spinal column. 13, 13, 14, 15, 16, Ligaments that connect the cartilages of the ribs with the sternum.

_Ligaments of the Upper Extremities._ 25, The ligament that connects the clavicle and sternum. 27, The ligament that connects the upper rib and clavicle. 28, 29, 30, Ligaments that connect the clavicle and scapula. 31, 32, 33, 34, Ligaments of the shoulder-joint. 35, 35, 36, Ligaments of the elbow-joint. 37, 38, 39, 40, Ligaments of the wrist. 41, 42, 43, 44, Ligaments of the fingers.

_Ligaments of the Lower Extremities._ 49, 49, Ligaments of the hip-joint. 50, 50, Ligaments of the patella. 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, Ligaments of the knee-joint. 56, A large bursa mucosa. 57, The ligament of the tibia and fibula. 58, 58, The interosseous ligament. 59, 59, Ligaments of the ankle-joint 60, 61, 62, Ligaments of the metatarsus. 63, 64, Ligaments of the toes.

A, The brachial artery. B, The brachial vein. C, The radial artery D, The femoral artery. E, The femoral vein. F, G, The anterior tibia artery.

PLATE II.

A BACK VIEW OF THE SKELETON.

_Bones of the Head._ 5, The occipital bone. 6, The parietal bone. 7, The temporal bone. 8, The frontal bone. 9, The sphenoid bone. 15, The malar bone. 16, The nasal bone. 17, The superior maxillary bone, (upper jaw.) 18, The inferior maxillary bone, (lower jaw.) 19, The teeth.

_Bones of the Trunk._ 1, 1, The spinal column. 2, The sacrum. 3, The coccyx. 20, The innominatum. 4, 4, The ribs.

_Bones of the Upper Extremities._ 21, The clavicle, (collar-bone.) 22, The scapula, (shoulder-blade.) 23, The humerus. 24. The ulna, 25, The radius. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, The bones of the carpus, (wrist.) 33, 33, 33, The bones of the metacarpus, (palm of the hand.) 34, 34, 34, The first range of finger-bones. 35, 35, The second range of finger-bones. 36, 36, 36, The third range of finger-bones.

_Bones of the Lower Extremities._ 37, The femur, (thigh-bone.) 38, The patella, (knee-pan.) 39, The tibia, (shin-bone.) 40, The fibula. 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, The bones of the tarsus, (instep.) 46, 46, The bones of the metatarsus, (middle of the foot.) 47, 47, Bones of the toes.

ARTICULATIONS. (Left side of the plate.)

_Ligaments of the Trunk._ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Ligaments of the spinal column. 14, 14, 15, 15, Ligaments that connect the ribs and spinal column. 11, 11, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, Ligaments that connect the sacrum and innominatum.

_Ligaments of the Upper Extremities._ 27, 28, Ligaments that connect the clavicle and scapula. 29, The capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint. 30, 30, Ligaments of the elbow. 31, 32, 33, 34, Ligaments of the carpus, (wrist.)

_Ligaments of the Lower Extremities._ 9, Tendon of the gluteus muscle. 35, The capsular ligament of the hip-joint. 36, 36, Ligaments of the knee-joint. 37, The ligament that connects the tibia and fibula. 38, The interosseous ligament. 39, 40, Ligaments of the ankle-joint.

PLATE III.

A FRONT VIEW OF THE MUSCLES.

_Muscles of the Head and Neck._ 7, The sterno-mastoideus muscle. 8, The sterno-hyoideus muscle. 9, The omo-hyoideus muscle. 10, The trapezius muscle. 11, The orbicularis oculi muscle. 12, The frontal muscle. 14, The orbicularis oris muscle. 15, The elevator muscle of the nostrils. 16, The zygomatic muscle. 17, The depressor of the lower lip. 18, The depressor anguli oris muscle. 19, The triangular muscle of the nose. 20, 21, The aural muscles. 22, The masseter muscle.

_Muscles of the Trunk._ 2, 3, The external oblique muscles.

_Muscles of the Upper Extremities._ 1, The grand pectoral muscle. 3, 4, The serratus muscle. 23, The deltoid muscle. 24, The biceps brachialis muscle. 25, The coraco-brachialis muscle. 26, The anterior brachial muscle. 27, The triceps brachialis muscle. 28, The long supinator muscle. 29, The external radial muscle. 30, The pronator teres muscle. 31, The anterior radial muscle. 32, The palmaris brevis muscle. 33, The anterior ulnar muscle. 35, The palmar muscle. 36, The abductor muscle of the thumb. 37, The adductor muscle of the thumb. 38, 39, Small flexor muscles of the thumb. 40, The abductor muscle of the little finger. 41, 41, The lumbricales muscles. 61, 61, The bifurcation of the tendons of the superficial flexor muscle, in the fingers.

_Muscles of the Lower Extremities._ 42, The fascia lata muscle. 43, The sartorius muscle. 44, The rectus femoris muscle. 45, The vastus externus muscle. 46, The vastus internus muscle. 47, The internal straight muscle. 48. The pectineus muscle. 49, The adductor muscle. 50, The psoas muscle. 51, The tibialis anticus muscle. 52, The long extensor muscle of the great toe. 53, The long extensor muscle of the toes. 54, The anterior peroneal muscle. 55, The long lateral peroneal muscle. 56, 57, The gastrocnemii muscles. 58, The long flexor muscle of the great toe. 69, The short extensor muscles of the toes. 60, The abductor muscle of the great toe.

The figures and letters on the left side of the plate, indicate the position of important fasciæ, that cover the muscles and enclose the tendons.

PLATE IV.

BACK VIEW OF THE MUSCLES.

_Muscles of the Head and Neck._ 4, The sterno-mastoideus muscle. 5, The complexus muscle. 6, The mylo-hyoideus muscle. 7, 8, The occipito-frontalis muscle. 9, The masseter muscle. 10, 11, 12, The anterior, middle, and posterior aural muscles. 13, The temporal muscle.

_Muscles of the Trunk._ 1, 1, The trapezius muscle. 2, The latissimus dorsi muscle. 3, The rhomboideus muscle. 4, The external oblique muscle.

_Muscles of the Upper Extremities._ 5, The deltoid muscle. 6, 7, The infra-spinatus muscle. 9, The triceps extensor muscle. 10, The internal brachial muscle. 11, The long supinator muscle. 12, The external radial muscle. 13, The second external radial muscle. 14, The anconeus muscle. 15, 16, The extensor digitorum communis muscle. 17, The extensor carpi ulnaris muscle. 18, The flexor carpi ulnaris. 19, 20, The extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis muscles. 21, An extensor muscle of the thumb. 22, 28, Interossii muscles.

_Muscles of the Lower Extremities._ 29, The gluteus maximus muscle. 30, The gluteus medius muscle. 31, The biceps flexor cruris muscle. 32, The semi-tendinosus muscle. 33, The semi-membranosis muscle. 34, The gracilis muscle. 35, The adductor muscle. 36, The vastus externus muscle. 37, The sartorius muscle. 38, 39, The gastrocnemii muscles. 40, The long peroneal muscle. 41, The external peroneal muscle. 42, The long flexor muscle of the great toe. 43, The long extensor muscle of the toes. 44, The short extensor muscle of the toes. 47, The short flexor muscle of the toes.

The figures and letters on the left side of the plate, indicate the position of membranous fasciæ which envelop the muscles and tendons.

PLATE V.

ORGANS OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN.

Fig. 1. _The Mouth and Neck._ (A Side view.) 1, The upper lip. 2, The lower lip. 3, The upper jaw. 4, The lower jaw. 5, The tongue. 6, The hard palate, (roof of the mouth.) 7, The parotid gland. 8, The sublingual gland. T, The larynx. 10, The pharynx. 11, The oesophagus. 12, The upper portion of the spinal column. C, The spinal cord.

_The Chest and its Organs._ 9, 9, The trachea. R, The right auricle of the heart. L, The left auricle. 13, The left ventricle of the heart. 14, The right ventricle. 15, The aorta. 16, The pulmonary artery. 17, The vena cava descendens. 18, The right subclavian vein. 19, The left subclavian vein. 20, The right jugular vein. 21, The left jugular vein. 22, The right carotid artery. 23, The left carotid artery. 24, 25, 26, The upper, middle, and lower lobes of the right lung. 27, 28, The upper and lower lobes of the left lung. 29, 29, 29, The diaphragm. P, P, P, P, The pleura, that lines the cavity of the chest. S, S, The clavicles. O, O, O, O, The ribs. M, M, M, M, Muscles of the chest. 40, The thoracic duct, opening into the left subclavian vein.

_The Abdomen and its Organs._ 30, The stomach. 31, 32, The right and left lobe of the liver. F, The fissure that separates the two lobes. 33, The gall bladder. 34, 34, The duodenum. 35, The ascending colon. 36, The transverse colon. 37, The descending colon. 38, 38, 38, 38, The small intestine. 39, 39, The walls of the abdominal cavity turned down. 41, The spleen.

Fig. 2. _The Relation of the Lacteals and Thoracic Duct._ 1, 1, A section of the small intestine. 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, Mesenteric glands, through which the lacteals from the intestine pass. 3, Several lacteal vessels entering the enlarged portion and commencement of the thoracic duct. 5, 5, 5, The thoracic duct. 6, The thoracic duct opening into the left subclavian vein. 7, (See 40, Fig. 1.) 8, The right subclavian vein. 9, The vena cava descendens. 10, 11, 11, The aorta. 12, The carotid arteries. 13, 13, The jugular veins. 14, The vena azagos. 15, 15, The spinal column. 16, The diaphragm.

Fig. 3. _The Relation of the Larynx, Trachea, Bronchia, and Air-cells._ 1, 1, 1, An outline of the right lung. 2, 2, 2, An outline of the left lung. 3, The larynx. 4, The trachea. 5, The right bronchia. 6, The left bronchia. 7, 7, 7, 7, Divisions of the right bronchia. 8, 8, 8, 8, Divisions of the left bronchia. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Air-cells.

Fig. 4. _An ideal View of a lateral and vertical Section of the Larynx._ 1, 1, The superior vocal cords, (ligaments.) 2, 2, The inferior vocal cords. 3, 3, The glottis. 4, 4, The ventricles of the larynx.

PLATE VI.

HEART, ARTERIES, AND VEINS

Fig. 1. _The Heart and large Arteries._ 1, The right auricle of the heart. 2, The right ventricle of the heart. 3, The left auricle. 4, The left ventricle. 5, The pulmonary artery. 6, The aorta. 7, 7, The descending aorta. 8, The arteria innominata. 9, The left carotid artery. 10, The left subclavian artery. 56, The right subclavian artery.

_Arteries of the Neck and Head._ 15, The right carotid artery. 16, The left carotid artery. 17, The right temporal artery. 50, The right facial artery. 54, The left temporal artery.

_Arteries of the Upper Extremities._ 11, 11, The left brachial artery. 12, The left radial artery. 13, 13, The right brachial artery. 14, The right radial artery. 51, The right ulnar artery.

_Arteries of the Lower Extremities._ 18, The left iliac artery. 19, The right iliac artery. 20, The left femoral artery. 21, The right femoral artery. 22, The peroneal artery. 23, The left anterior tibial artery. 24, The muscular artery. 25, 25, The right and left arteria profunda. 26, The right anterior tibial artery. 27, The right peroneal artery.

_The Veins of the Neck and Head._ 28, The vena cava descendens. 29, The left subclavian vein. 30, The right subclavian vein. 31, The right jugular vein. 32, The left jugular vein. 53, The right temporal vein. 55, The left temporal vein. 49, The right facial vein.

_Veins of the Upper Extremities._ 33, The left brachial vein. 34, The left radial vein. 35, The right brachial vein. 36, The right radial vein. 51, The right ulnar vein.

_Veins of the Lower Extremities._ 37, The vena cava ascendens. 38, The left iliac vein. 39. The right iliac vein. 40, The left femoral vein. 41, The right femoral vein. 42, The left anterior tibial vein. 43, The left peroneal vein. 44, The right anterior tibial vein. 45, The right peroneal vein. 46, 46, The profunda veins. 47, The muscular veins. 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, Intercostal arteries and veins.

Fig. 2. _The Relation of the Cavities of the Heart to the large Blood-vessels._ 1, The vena cava descendens. 2, The vena cava ascendens. 3, The right auricle of the heart. 4, The opening between the right auricle and right ventricle. 5, The right ventricle. 6, The tricuspid valves. 7, The pulmonary artery. 8, 8, The branches of the pulmonary artery that pass to the right and left lung. 9, The semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery. 10, The left pulmonary veins. 11, The right pulmonary veins. 12, The left auricle. 13, The opening between the left auricle and left ventricle. 14, The left ventricle. 15, The mitral valves. 16, 16, The aorta. 17, The semilunar valves of the aorta. 18, The septum between the right and left ventricle.

Fig. 3. _An ideal View of the Heart, Arteries, and Veins._ A, The right auricle. B, The right ventricle. C, The tricuspid valves. D, The opening between the right auricle and right ventricle. E, The left auricle. F, the left ventricle. G, The mitral valves. H, The opening between the left auricle and left ventricle. I, The septum between the right and left ventricle. K, The pulmonary artery. L, The semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery. M, M, The right pulmonary artery. N, N, The left pulmonary artery. O, O, O, O, O, O, The capillary vessels of the lungs. P, P, P, The right pulmonary vein. Q, Q, The left pulmonary vein. R, R, The aorta. S, The semilunar valves of the aorta. T, T, A branch of the aorta to the upper extremities. U, U, U, U, A branch to the lower extremities. V, V, V, V, V, V, The capillary vessels at the extremity of the branches of the aorta. W, W, The descending vena cava. X, X, X, The ascending vena cava.

In Figs. 1, 2, 3, the course of the blood through the circulatory vessels is indicated by arrows.

PLATE VII.

THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION.

Fig. 1. 1, The right auricle of the heart. 2, The left auricle. 3, The right ventricle of the heart. 4, The left ventricle. 5, The pulmonary artery. 6, The branch of the pulmonary artery to the left lung. 7, The branch of the pulmonary artery to the right lung. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, Branches of the pulmonary artery in the right and left lung. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Air-cells. 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, Small pulmonary veins in the right and left lung. 11, The left pulmonary vein. 12, 12, The right pulmonary vein.

Fig. 2. _An ideal View of the Pulmonary Circulation._ 1, 1, The right lung. 2, 2, The left lung. 3, The trachea. 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, The right bronchia. 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, The left bronchia. 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, Air-cells, with arteries and veins passing around them. 7, The right auricle of the heart. 8, The right ventricle of the heart. 9, The tricuspid valves. 10, The pulmonary artery. 11, 11, 11, 11, The right pulmonary artery. 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, The left pulmonary artery. 13, 13, 13, 13, The right pulmonary vein. 14, 14, 14, 14, The left pulmonary vein. 15, The left auricle. 16, The left ventricle. 17, The mitral valves. 18, The septum between the right and left ventricles.

Fig. 3. _An ideal View of the Capillaries._ 1, 1, A branch of the pulmonary artery. 2, 2, A branch of the pulmonary vein. 3, 3, Capillary vessels between the artery and vein.

Fig. 4. _An ideal View of the Relations of the Bronchia, Air-cells, Pulmonary Arteries, and Veins._ 1, A bronchial tube. 2, 2, 2, Air-cells. 3, A branch of the pulmonary artery. 4, A branch of the pulmonary vein.

PLATE VIII.

THE CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, SPINAL CORD, AND NERVES

1, The cerebrum. 2, The cerebellum. 3, 3, The spinal cord. 4, The brachial plexus of nerves. 5, The lumbar plexus of nerves. 6, The sacral plexus of nerves. 7, The facial nerve. 8, 17, The radial nerve. 9, 9, 16, The ulnar nerve. 10, The median nerve. G, The circumvex nerve of the shoulder.

11, 11, The great sciatic nerve. 12, The external popliteal, or peroneal nerve. 13, 13, The posterior tibial nerve. 14, The external tibial nerve. 15, The muscular branch of the external peroneal nerve. 18, The muscular branch of the sciatic nerve. P, Q, The posterior tibial nerve.

The letters and other figures indicate minor nervous filaments distributed to the various muscles and the skin.

PLATE IX.

THE SKIN.

Fig. 1. _A perspiratory Tube and Gland._ 1, 1, The contorted portion of the tube that forms the gland. 2, 2, Two branches which unite to form the main duct of the gland. 3, 3, The perspiratory tube. 4, The cuticle. 5. Its colored portion. 6, The cutis vera, (true skin.) 7, 7, Fat vesicles, in which the gland is imbedded.

Fig. 2. _A Papilla of the Skin._ 1, 1, Two papillæ, formed of an artery vein, and nerve. 2, 2, 2, 2, Nerves forming a loop in the papillæ. 3, 3, Arteries of the papillæ. 4, 4, Veins of the papillæ. 5, 5, A net-work of arteries, veins, and nerves. 6, 6, Nerves of the skin. 8, 8, Arteries of the skin. 7, 7, Veins of the skin.

Fig. 3. _A Hair, and its Oil-Glands._ 1, 1, The hair. 2, 2, The sheath of the hair. 3, Oil-glands that surround the bulb of the hair, the ducts of which open into the sheath of the hair, (2, 2.)

Fig. 4. _A Section of the Skin._ 1, 1, The cuticle. 2, 2, Its colored portion. 3, 3, The papillary layer. 4, 4, A net-work of arteries, veins, and nerves, upon the upper surface of the cutis vera. 5, 5, 5, 5, The cutis vera, (true skin.) 6, 6, 6, Hairs that originate in the cutis vera. 7, 7, 7, Oil-glands, the ducts of which connect with the sheath of the hair. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, Perspiratory glands and their ducts. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Nerves of the skin 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, Arteries of the skin. 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, Veins of the skin. 12, 12, 12, 12, Papillæ, or ridges of the skin.

PLATE X.

AN ANTERO-POSTERIOR SECTION OF THE EYE.

Fig. 1. 1, 1, The sclerotic coat. 2, 2, The cornea. 3, 3, The choroid coat. 4, 4, The retina. 5, 5, The iris. 6, 6, The posterior chamber of the eye that contains the aqueous humor. 7, 7, The anterior chamber. 8, 8, The pupil. 9, The crystalline humor. 10, 10, The vitreous humor 11, The optic nerve. 12, A representation of a pen. 13, An inverted image of the pen (12) on the retina. 14, 14, A canal surrounding the crystalline humor. 15, 15, The bevelled junction of the cornea and sclerotic coats. A, a perpendicular ray of light from the pen. B, B, oblique rays, that are refracted in passing through the humors of the eye.

Fig. 2. _A View of the External, Middle, and Internal Ear._ 1, 1, The external ear. 2, The meatus auditorius externus, (the tube that connects with the middle ear.) 3. The membrana tympani, (drum of the ear.) 8, 8, The tympanum, (middle ear.) 4, The malleus. 5, The incus. 6, The orbicularis. 7, The stapes, (stirrup-bone,) that connects with the vestibule of the internal ear. 9, 9, (4, 5, 6, 7, The small bones of the middle ear,) 10, 11, 12, The semicircular canals. 13, 13, The cochlea. 14, The auditory nerve. 15, The division of the auditory nerve to the semicircular canals. 16, The division to the cochlea. 17, 17, The Eustachian tube. 18, The chorda tympani nerve. 19, The seventh pair (facial) nerve. 20, The styloid process of the temporal bone. 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, The petrous or hard portion of the temporal bone, in which the parts of the middle and internal ear are situated.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Below is given the Title of a Book on a new plan, just published, intended for beginners in the study of Physiology.

* * * * *

HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE

ANATOMY,

PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE

BY

MRS. EUNICE P. CUTTER.

WITH ONE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS.

NEW YORK:

CLARK, AUSTIN, AND SMITH

3 PARK ROW

TEXT BOOKS

UPON

=Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene.=

Recommended by the Hon. N. W. EDWARDS, School Sup't, Ill.

HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE. For District Schools. With 100 Engravings. 132 pages. By MRS. EUNICE P. CUTTER. Price 33 cts.

This work contains full directions for the _study_ and _teaching_ of Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene. This is a new feature. _Every teacher would profit by it._ The plan of the work can be gathered from the following _fac-simile_ of the table of contents:--

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Typographical problems have been changed and are listed below.

Author's archaic and variable spelling is mostly preserved.

Author's punctuation style is mostly preserved.

Passages in italics indicated by _underscores_.

Passages in bold indicated by =equal signs=.

In paragraph 97, '[s]' is used to represent the integral symbol.

Greek words and letters have been transliterated and placed between +marks+.

This transcription is faithful to the original transliterations of Greek (which occur in italics), even when they seem incorrect.

Author's Greek transliterations included vowels with macrons. These macrons have been changed to circumflexes in order to display correctly in this text transcription.

The original revision questions at the bottom of each page have been set between lines that look like '-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-='.

Footnotes have been placed directly below their relevant paragraphs.

Transcriber's changes:

Title page: Was 'DESIGNER' (=DESIGNED= FOR)

Title page: Was 'Massachuetts' (In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of =Massachusetts=.)

Title page: Added '.' (No. 15 Vandewater Street, N. =Y.=)

Page 18: Added ',' (_Example._ The digestive apparatus consists of the =teeth,= stomach, liver, &c., all of which aid in the digestion of food.)

Page 23, Fig. 5: Added '.' (=Fig.= 5. A section of the femur, (thigh-bone.) 1, 1, The extremities, showing a thin plate of compact texture)

Page 24: Was 'serious' (40. How does the mucous differ from the =serous= tissue? What is the appearance of the external surface of this membrane?)

Page 27: Added comma (The most important compounds are _Al-bu´men_, =_Fi´brin_,= _Gel´a-tin_)

Page 27: Was 'organ ized (57. What are proximate elements? Do they exist already formed in =organized= bodies? Name the most important compounds.)

Page 29: Added '.' (The earthy portion of the bones gives them solidity and strength, while the animal part endows them with =vitality.=)

Page 33, Fig. 7: Added '.' (=7.= 1, 1, The coronal suture at the front and upper part of the skull, or)

Page 33, Fig. 7: Was 'cra nium' over line break. (suture at the front and upper part of the skull, or =cranium=. 2, The sagittal suture on the top of the skull.)

Page 35, Fig. 9: Added '.' (=Fig.= 9. 1, The first bone of the sternum, (breast-bone.) 2. The second bone of the sternum.)

Page 36: Added '.' (83. Describe the thorax. Explain fig. 9. 84. Describe the =sternum.= 85. Describe the ribs.)

Page 36: Added '?' (88. Give the structure of the vertebra. Where is the spinal cord placed? 89. What is placed between each =vertebra?= What is its use?)

Page 37, Fig 10: Added '.' (5, The transverse =process.= 7, The inferior articulating process.)

Page 38, Fig 12: Added '.' (2, The sacrum. 3, The =coccyx.= 4, 4, The acetabulum. a, a, The pubic portion)

Page 38: Added '.' (In the adult? Describe the acetabulum. 93. Describe the =sacrum.= Explain fig. 12. 94. Describe the coccyx.)

Page 41: Was 'out side' over page break (101. The RADIUS articulates with the bones of the carpus and forms the wrist-joint. This bone is situated on the =outside= of the fore-arm)

Page 41, Fig. 16: Added '.' (11, 11, First range of finger-bones. 12, 12, Second range of finger-bones. 13, 13, Third range of =finger-bones.= 14, 15, Bones of the thumb.)

Page 42: Was 'meta carpal' over line break. (and upon the other, the first bone of the thumb. The five =metacarpal= bones articulate with the second range of carpal bones.)

Page 42: Added '.' (101. The radius. 102. How many bones in the carpus? How are they ranged? =103.= Describe the)

Page 42: Added '.' (103. Describe the =metacarpus.=)

Page 42: Was 'sim ilar' over line break. (109. The FIBULA is a smaller bone than the tibia, but of =similar= shape. It is firmly bound to the tibia, at each extremity.)

Page 43, Fig. 17: Added '.' (=Fig.= 17. 1, The shaft of the femur, (thigh-bone.))

Page 44: Was 'a' (They articulate at one extremity with one range of tarsal bones; =at= the other extremity, with the first range of the toe-bones.)

Page 45, Fig. 21: Added '.' (Fig. 21 The relative position of the bones, cartilages, and synovial =membrane.= 1, 1, The extremities of two bones that concur to form a joint.)

Page 46: Added '.' (112. Describe the phalanges. 113-118. _Give the anatomy of the =joints.=_ 113. What is said of the joints? Of what are the joints composed?)

Page 46: Added '?' (112. Describe the phalanges. 113-118. _Give the anatomy of the joints._ 113. What is said of the joints? Of what are the joints =composed?=)

Page 52, Fig. 28: Added '.' (14, The hand. 15, The haunch-bone. 16, The =sacrum.= 17, The hip-joint.)

Page 52, Fig. 28: Added '.' (19, The patella. 20, The =knee-joint.= 21, The fibula. 22, The tibia.)

Page 65: Added '.' (150-160. _Give the anatomy of the =muscles.=_ 150. What is said of the muscles? 151. Give their structure.)

Page 70, Fig. 39: Added '.' (Fig. =39.= A front view of the muscles of the trunk.)

Page 70, Fig. 39: Was 'superficia' (On the left side the =superficial= layer is seen; on the right, the deep layer. 1, The pectoralis major muscle.)

Page 72, Fig. 41: Added '.' (Fig. 41 The first, second, and part of the third layer of muscles of the =back.= The first layer is shown on the right, and the second on the left side.)

Page 72, Fig. 41: Added '.' (_Practical Explanation._ The muscles 1, 11, 12, draw the scapula back toward the =spine.= The muscles 11, 12, draw the scapula upward toward the head)

Page 73, Fig. 42: Added '.' (Fig. 42. A representation of the under, or abdominal side of the =diaphragm.= 1, 2, 3, 4, The portion which is attached to the margin of the ribs.)

Page 74, Fig. 43: Added '.' (=Fig.= 43. A front view of the superficial layer of muscles of the fore-arm. 5, The flexor carpi radialis muscle.)

Page 74: Added '.' (That perform the delicate movements of the fingers? Give the use of some of the muscles represented by =fig.= 43. Those represented by fig. 44.)

Page 81: Added '.' (The ball and socket joints, as the shoulder, are not limited to mere flexion and =extension.= No joint in the system has the range of movement that is)

Page 84, Fig. 47: Added '.' (The muscles 9, fig. 46, and 6, =fig.= 47, bend the neck forward. The muscles 3, 4, fig. 47, elevate the head and chin.)

Page 84, Fig. 47: Added '.' (The muscles 26, 27, 28, fig. 46, bend the lower limbs on the body, at the =hip.= The muscle 28, fig. 46, draws one leg over the other)

Page 84, Fig. 47: Added '.' (The muscles 27, 28, =fig.= 47, extend the lower limbs on the body, at the hip. The muscles 29, 30, 31, fig. 46, extend the leg at the knee.)

Page 84, Fig. 47: Added ',' (The muscles 27, 28, fig. =47,= extend the lower limbs on the body, at the hip. The muscles 29, 30, 31, fig. 46, extend the leg at the knee.)

Page 84, Fig. 47: Added '.' (The muscles 27, 28, fig. 47, extend the lower limbs on the body, at the =hip.= The muscles 29, 30, 31, fig. 46, extend the leg at the knee.)

Page 84, Fig. 47: Added '.' (The muscles 29, 30, fig. =47,= bend the leg at the knee. The muscles 34, 36, fig. 46, bend the foot at the ankle, and extend the toes.)

Page 88: Added '?' (What class of pupils should have recesses most =frequently?= 179. What effect has continued muscular contraction?)

Page 95: Added '.' (196. Give an instance of the different effects produced by the absence and presence of the mental =stimulus.=)

Page 97, Fig. 49: Was '(1.' (the unnatural curved spinal column, and its relative position to the perpendicular, =1.= The lower limbs are curved at the knee)

Page 98: Added comma. (In performing any labor, as in speaking, reading, singing, mowing, sewing, =&c.,= there will be less exhaustion)

Page 100, Fig. 51: Added '.' (Fig. 51. An improper position in =sitting.=)

Page 104: Added ',' (210. What is said of the lateral and oblique movements of the =arm,= hand, and fingers in writing? How is this shown by experiment?)

Page 107, Fig. 55: Added '.' (_d_, _e_, The bicuspids. _f_, _g_, The molars, (double teeth.) _h_, The wisdom =teeth.=)

Page 108, Fig. 56: Added '.' (=Fig.= 56. A side view of the body and enamel of a front tooth.)

Page 108, Fig. 57: Added '.' (=Fig.= 57. A side view of a molar tooth. 1, The enamel. 2, The body of the tooth.)

Page 108, Fig. 57: Added '.' (1, The enamel. 2, The body of the =tooth.= 3, The cavity in the crown of the tooth that contains the pulp.)

Page 115, Fig. 59: Added '.' (=Fig.= 59. A side view of the face, oesophagus, and trachea.)

Page 118: Was 'COECUM' (249. The =CÆCUM= is the blind pouch, or cul-de-sac, at the commencement of the large intestine. Attached to its extremity)

Page 119: Was 'coecum' (is the mucous membrane sometimes called the villous coat? 249. Describe the =cæcum=.)

Page 119, Fig. 61: Was 'coecum' (4, The appendix vermiformis. 5, The =cæcum=. 6, The ascending colon. 7, The transverse colon.)

Page 120: Was 'coecum' (half shorter than the intestine, and give it a sacculated appearance, which is characteristic of the =cæcum= and colon.)

Page 127: Moved up from the following box. (What is said in regard to the bile? 266. What becomes of the chyle? =Of the residuum?=)

Page 128, Fig. 65: Added '.' (Fig. 65. An ideal view of the organs of digestion, opened nearly the whole =length.=)

Page 128, Fig. 65: Added '.' (1, The upper jaw. 2, The lower jaw. 3, The tongue. 4, The roof of the =mouth.= 5, The oesophagus. 6, The trachea. 7, The parotid gland.)

Page 128, Fig. 65: Added '.' (8, The sublingual =gland.= 9, The stomach. 10, 10, The liver. 11, The gall-cyst.)

Page 128, Fig. 65: Added ',' (16, The opening of the small intestine into the large intestine. 17, 18, 19, =20,= The large intestine. 21, The spleen.)

Page 128, Fig. 65: Added '.' (16, The opening of the small intestine into the large intestine. 17, 18, 19, 20, The large =intestine.= 21, The spleen.)

Page 128, Fig. 65: Added '.' (21, The spleen. 22, The upper part of the spinal =column.=)

Page 129: Was 'prope' (The food that is well masticated, and has blended with it a =proper= amount of saliva, will induce a healthy action in the stomach.)

Page 129: Added '.' (will induce a healthy action in the =stomach.= Well-prepared chyme is the natural stimulus of the duodenum,)

Page 129: Added ',' (Well-prepared chyme is the natural stimulus of the =duodenum,= liver, and pancreas; pure chyle is the appropriate excitant of)

Page 131: Added '.' (another demand for food. What effect has increased exercise upon the system? =278.= How are the new particles of matter supplied? What does this induce?)

Page 143: Was 'There fore' over line break. (digested becomes mixed with that last taken. =Therefore= the interval between each meal should be)

Page 145: Added '.' (312. Why should they not be taken cold? Show some of the effects of improper food upon the inferior =animals.=)

Page 153: Added '.' (=327.= Why does the position of a person affect digestion? 328. Into what are different kinds of aliment separated?)

Page 154: Added ',' (333. The CIRCULATORY ORGANS are the _Heart_, =_Ar´te-ries_,= _Veins_, and _Cap´il-la-ries_.)

Page 170, Fig. 75: Added '.' (=Fig.= 75. An ideal view of the circulation in the lungs and system. From the right ventricle of the heart)

Page 179: Added '.' (the proper method of arresting the flow of blood from divided arteries. 382. The second incident. =383.= How should "flesh wounds" be dressed?)

Page 182: Added '.' (What other vessels perform the office of absorption? Give observation. 389. Describe the =lymphatics.=)

Page 186, Fig. 85: Added '.' (16, 17, 18, Of the face and neck. 19, 20, Large =veins.= 21, The thoracic duct. 26, The lymphatics of the heart.)

Page 189: Added '.' (matter formed in the system of the diseased person, may be more readily conveyed into their =own.=)

Page 191: Was 'gen eral' over line. (every trifling and temporary enlargement, or tumor, is a cancer. Their =general= remedy is arsenic; and happy is the unfortunate sufferer)

Page 191: Was 'suf ferer' over line. (arsenic; and happy is the unfortunate =sufferer= who escapes destruction in their hands, for too frequently)

Page 191: Was 'frequent ly' over line. (happy is the unfortunate sufferer who escapes destruction in their hands, for too =frequently= their speedy cure is death.)

Page 191: Was 'imme diately' over line. (413. In case of an accidental wound, it is best =immediately= to bathe the part thoroughly in pure water, and to)

Page 192: Was 'Fol li-cles' (415. The SECRETORY ORGANS are the _Ex-ha´lants_, =_Fol´li-cles_=, and the _Glands_.)

Page 192, Fig. 86: Added '.' (Fig. 86. A secretory follicle. An artery is seen, which supplies the material for its =secretion.= Follicles are also supplied)

Page 193: Was 'mys terious' over line. (420. SECRETION is one of the most obscure and =mysterious= functions of the animal economy. "It is that process)

Page 194: Was 'secre tion' over line. (420-431. _Give the physiology of the secretory organs._ 420. What is =secretion=?)

Page 202: Was 'he' (Very soon, minute vessels shoot out from the living parts into =the= coagulum of the blood, and immediately commence their operations)

Page 207: Added '?' (461. Mention another means by which the blood may be made impure. How =remedied?= 462. What is the effect of want of cleanliness upon the blood?)

Page 208, Fig. 88: Added '.' (7, The right auricle of the heart. 8, The left auricle. 9, The pulmonary artery. 10, The aorta. 11, The vena cava =descendens.= 12, The trachea.)

Page 208, Fig. 88: Added '.' (16, 16, The right and left lobe of the liver. 17, The gall-cyst. 18, The =stomach.= 26, The spleen. 19, 19, The duodenum.)

Page 208, Fig. 88: Added '.' (19, 19, The duodenum. 20, The ascending =colon.= 21, The transverse colon. 25, The descending colon.)

Page 211, Fig. 90: Added '.' (10, Its lower lobe. 11, The upper lobe of the right =lung.= 12, The middle lobe. 13, The lower lobe.)

Page 218: Was 'cavicle' (Those which are attached to the upper rib, sternum, and =clavicle=, contract and elevate the lower and free extremities of the ribs.)

Page 220, Fig. 96: Added '.' (5, 5, The position of the walls of the abdomen in inspiration. 6, 6, The position of the abdominal walls in =expiration.=)

Page 223: Was 'cabonic' (In addition, there is a small amount of vapor of water and =carbonic= acid. The pressure of this invisible)

Page 225, Fig. 98: Added '.' (Fig. 98. 1, A bronchial tube divided into three branches. 2, 2, 2, =Air-cells.= 3, Branches of the pulmonary artery, that spread over the air-cells.)

Page 226: Added 'to' (In a few hours, the blood next =to= the membrane will have become of a bright red color.)

Page 227: Added '.' (reviewed from figs. 96, 97, and 99, or from anatomical outline plates Nos. 5 and =7.=)

Page 232: Added '.' (503. Mention some reasons why different persons do not require the same amount of =air.=)

Page 232: Added '.' (Give the illustration of the effects of impure air on lighted =lamps.=)

Page 237: Added '.' (to connect with the outer walls of the building or external =air.= But if pure heated air is introduced into the room, it obviates)

Page 241: Added '.' (What does fig. 100 represent? Fig. 101? Give observation =1st.=)

Page 248: Added '.' (535. Mention some of the effects of mental depression upon the =body.= What is related by Lænnec?)

Page 250: Was single-quote (Let another person press upon the projecting part of the neck, called "Adam's =apple,"= while air is introduced into the lungs through the bellows.)

Page 263: Changed '.' to '?' (persons that have broad chests and voluminous lungs suffer less from cold than the narrow-chested with small =lungs?=)

Page 269: Added '.' (still broader behind, where it is connected with the thyroid =cartilage.= Below, it connects with the first ring of the trachea.)

Page 271: Was 'glot tis' (The aperture, or opening between these ligaments, is called the =_glot´tis_=, or _chink of the glottis_.)

Page 276: Added '.' (vocal organs are in action, will induce too great a flow of blood to these parts, which will be attended by subsequent =debility.=)

Page 289, Fig. 115: Added '.' (These ducts open into the sheath of the hair, (B.) All the figures, from 1 to 4, are magnified thirty-eight =diameters.=)

Page 294: Added ';' (A proper thickness of the cuticle is in this manner =preserved;= the faculty of sensation and that of touch are properly regulated;)

Page 326: Added '?' (What causes the edge of the nail "to grow into the flesh" of the =toe?= How prevented?)

Page 329: Added '.' (731. What does the term brain designate? Name =them.= How are they protected? Describe fig. 120.)

Page 330, Fig. 121: Added '.' (Fig. =121.= A section of the skull-bones and cerebrum. 1, 1, The skull.)

Page 330, Fig. 121: Added '.' (1, 1, The skull. 2, 2, the dura =mater.= 3, 3, The cineritious portion of the cerebrum.)

Page 330, Fig. 121: Added '.' (3, 3, The cineritious portion of the cerebrum. 4, 4, The medullary =portion.= The dark points indicate the position of divided blood-vessels.)

Page 332: Added '.' (=733.= Describe the appearance of the brain when a horizontal section has been made. What is the gray border often called? What connects the)

Page 333, Fig. 123: Added '.' (4, 4, The optic foramen in the sphenoid bone; through which passes the second pair of =nerves.= 5, 5, The sphenoidal fissure.)

Page 334, Fig. 124: Added '.' (5, The corpus callosum. 6, The first pair of nerves. 7, The second =pair.= 8, The eye. 9, The third pair of nerves.)

Page 334: Added '.' (738. Describe the dura mater. What is its use? Explain =fig.= 124.)

Page 342: Added '.' (758. How many pairs of nerves issue from the spinal cord? Explain =fig.= 128. Fig. 129.)

Page 347: Was '13 1-2' (The heaviest brain on record was that of Cuvier, which weighed 4 pounds and =13½= ounces.)

Page 365: Added '.' (what age particularly is excessive and continued mental exertion hurtful? =813.= What is said of scrofulous and rickety children?)

Page 369: Added '.' (the more repose they =require.= The organs of the child, beside sustaining their proper functions,)

Page 385: Added '.' (868. What is the appearance of the surface of the tongue? Explain =fig.= 134.)

Page 387: Added '.' (papillæ. 870. The fungiform papillæ? What nerve ramifies in the fungiform papillæ? How can these papillæ, or points, be seen? =871-875.= _Give the physiology of the organs of taste._ 871. Define taste.)

Page 394: Added '.' (=892.= Describe the optic nerve. 893. Describe the globe of the eye.)

Page 394: Added '.' (892. Describe the optic =nerve.= 893. Describe the globe of the eye.)

Page 395, Fig. 137: Added '.' (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, The origin of several pairs of cranial =nerves.=)

Page 396: Added '.' (In form, it is circular, convexo-concave, and resembles a =watch-glass.= It is received by its edge, which is sharp and thin, within the)

Page 397, Fig. 138: Added '.' (a transverse section of the globe of the eye, seen from =within.= 1, The divided edge of the three coats--sclerotic)

Page 399, Fig. 139: Added '.' (The cornea (This connects with the sclerotic coat by a bevelled edge.) 3, The choroid =coat.= 6, 6, The iris. 7, The pupil.)

Page 401: Added ',' (906. The PROTECTING ORGANS are the _Or´bits_, =_Eyebrows_,= _Eyelids_, and _Lach´ry-mal Apparatus_.)

Page 401: Added '.' (covered with short, thick hairs, which form the upper boundary of the =orbits.= The eyebrows are so arranged)

Page 401: Added '.' (909. Describe the =eyelids.= What is the use of the conjunctiva? How are the white spots frequently)

Page 403: Added '.' (913. Describe the lachrymal =gland.= How many ducts pass from this gland, and what do they convey to the)

Footnote 22: Added '.' (The refracting character of differently-formed lenses is illustrated in the works on Natural Philosophy, to which the pupil is =referred.=)

Page 407, Fig. 142: Added '.' (Fig. 142. The forms of the different lenses. 1, A plane lens. 2, A globe =lens.= 3, A convexo-convex lens. 4, A plano-convex lens.)

Page 407, Fig. 142: Added '.' (4, A plano-convex lens. 5, A concavo-concave =lens.= 6, A plano-concave lens. 7, Meniscus. 8, A concavo-convex lens.)

Page 416: Changed '.' to '?' (Where is the wax of the ear =secreted?= 948. Describe the membrana tympani.)

Page 417: Was ', 1,' (This figure is highly magnified. =1, 1,= The cochlea. 2, 3, Two channels, that wind two and a half turns around a central point)

Page 421: Was 'Eustuchian' (This is the result of the air in the middle ear escaping through the =Eustachian= tube, when the vibrations of the membrana tympani are violent.)

Page 422: Added '.' (969. Many of the parts just enumerated aid in hearing, but are not absolutely essential to this =sense.= But if the vestibule)

Page 422: Added '.' (_Note._ Let the anatomy and physiology of the organs of hearing be reviewed, from fig. 148, or from anatomical outline plate No. =10.=)

Page 439: Added '.' (know the proper mode of procedure in such cases, in order to render immediate assistance when within his =power.=)

Page 441: Added '.' (=1035.= What is the antidote? 1036. What should immediately be done when arsenic is swallowed?)

Page 441: Changed '.' to '?' (When magnesia cannot be obtained, what will answer as a =substitute?= 1050. What is the antidote when ley is swallowed?)

Page 442: Changed '.' to '?' (What treatment should be adopted when an over-dose of opium or any of its preparations is =taken?= 1057. What is said of stramonium?)

Page 443: Added '.' (lobelia, bloodroot, tobacco, &c., is taken? =1062.= Should a physician be called in all cases when poison is swallowed?)

Page 444: Added '.' (CASEINE is abundantly found in milk. When dried, it constitutes =cheese.= Alcohol, acids, and the stomach of any of the mammalia coagulate it; and)

Page 444: Added '.' (canal pass slowly through this portion. The _rectum_ is named from the straight direction that it assumes in the latter part of its =course.=)

Page 445: Was 'a' (This is called the peristaltic, or vermicular motion. The great length of intestine in =all= animals, and especially in the herbivorous ones, is owing to the necessity of)

Page 448: Added '.' (and often inspiring more deeply than is common in older =persons.= Also, if the carbon of the food does not have a requisite supply of oxygen)

Page 451: Added '.' (=AB-DUC´TOR.= [L. _abduco_ to lead away.] A muscle which moves certain parts,)

Page 452: Original looks like 'Arbør'. (AR´BOR. [L.] A tree. _=Arbor= vitæ._ The tree of life. A term applied to a part)

Page 452: Added ',' (BRE´VIS. [L.] _Brevis_, short; =_brevior_,= shorter.)

Page 452: Added ']' (CAP´IL-LA-RY. [L. _capillus_, a =hair.]= Resembling a hair; small.)

Page 454: Added '.' (Having the quality of exhaling or =evaporating.=)

Page 457: Added '.' (MI´TRAL. [=L.= _mitra_, a mitre.] The name of the valves in the left side of)

Page 458: Added '.' (=O-MEN´TUM.= [L.] The caul.)

Page 458: Added '.' (=OP-PO´NENS.= That which acts in opposition to something. The name of two)

Page 458: Added '.' (OX-AL´IC. Pertaining to sorrel. _Oxalic acid_ is the acid of =sorrel.= It is composed of two equivalents of carbon)

Page 458: Added '.' (invisible and inodorous. One of the components of atmospheric =air.=)

Page 458: Added '.' (PEC´TUS. [L.] The =chest.=)

Page 458: Added '.' (PEC´TO-RAL. Pertaining to the =chest.=)

Page 459: Added '.' (PLEX´US, [L. _plecto_, to weave =together.=] Any union of nerves, vessels, or fibres,)

Page 459: Added '.' (POS´TI-CUS. [L.] Behind; =posterior.= A term applied to certain muscles.)

Page 459: Added '.' (The muscle of the forearm that moves the palm of the hand =downward.=)

Page 460: Added '.' (=RA-DI-A´LIS.= Radial; belonging to the radius.)

Page 460: Added '.' (RA´MUS. [L.] A branch. A term applied to the projections of =bones.=)

Page 460: Added '.' (=SEP´TUM.= [L.] A membrane that divides two cavities from each other.)

Page 462: Was 'Be longing' over line. (VIT´RE-OUS. [L. _vitrum_, glass.] =Belonging= to glass. A humor of the eye.)

Page 462: Removed comma: was 'L.,' (VO´MER. [=L.= a ploughshare.] One of the bones of the nose.)

Page 464: Added ',' (=----,= Physiology of the, 164)

Page 464: Added ',' (=----,= Hygiene of the, 172)

Page 464: Added ',' (----, Influence =of,= on the Circulation, 173)

Page 465: Added ',' (=MEDIASTINUM,= 211)

Page 465: Added ',' (MEDULLA =OBLONGATA,= 333)

Page 466: Added ',' (PRESERVATION OF =HEALTH,= 425)

Page 466: Substituted 'Spinal' for the repeat line. (=SPINAL= CORD, 36, 340)

Page 467: Added comma (_Bones of the Head._ 7, The sphenoid bone. =8,= The frontal bone. 10, The parietal bone. 11, The os unguis. 12, The superior maxillary bone,)

Page 468: Added ',' (41, 41, The bones of the =metatarsus,= (middle of the foot.) 42, 42, The bones of the toes.)

Page 469: Added '.' (27, 28, Ligaments that connect the clavicle and =scapula.= 29, The capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint.)

Page 469: Added '.' (9, Tendon of the gluteus =muscle.= 35, The capsular ligament of the hip-joint.)

Page 469: Added '.' (37, The ligament that connects the tibia and =fibula.= 38, The interosseous ligament.)

Page 469: Added '.' (38, The interosseous ligament. 39, 40, Ligaments of the =ankle-joint.=)

Page 469: Added '.' (PLATE =III.=)

Page 469: Added '.' (_Muscles of the Head and Neck._ 7, The sterno-mastoideus =muscle.= 8, The sterno-hyoideus muscle. 9, The omo-hyoideus muscle. 10, The)

Page 469: Added '.' (16, The zygomatic muscle. 17, The depressor of the lower =lip.= 18, The depressor anguli oris muscle. 19, The triangular muscle of the)

Page 469: Added '.' (43, The sartorius muscle. 44, The rectus femoris muscle. 45, The vastus externus =muscle.= 46, The vastus internus muscle.)

Page 469: Added '.' (46, The vastus internus muscle. 47, The internal straight =muscle.= 48. The pectineus muscle. 49, The adductor muscle. 50, The psoas muscle.)

Page 470: Added '.' (56, 57, The gastrocnemii muscles. 58, The long flexor muscle of the great =toe.= 69, The short extensor muscles of the toes.)

Page 470: Added '.' (_Muscles of the Lower Extremities._ 29, The gluteus maximus =muscle.= 30, The gluteus medius muscle. 31, The biceps flexor cruris muscle.)

Page 471: Added '.' (10, The pharynx. 11, The =oesophagus.= 12, The upper portion of the spinal column. C, The spinal cord.)

Page 471: Added '.' (1, 1, 1, An outline of the right lung. 2, 2, 2, An outline of the left =lung.= 3, The larynx. 4, The trachea.)

Page 472: Added '.' (_Arteries of the Neck and =Head.=_ 15, The right carotid artery. 16, The left carotid artery.)

Page 472: Added '.' (The capillary vessels of the =lungs.= P, P, P, The right pulmonary vein. Q, Q, The left pulmonary vein.)

Page 473: Unclear in original (10, The median nerve. G, The =circumvex= nerve of the shoulder.)

Page 474: Added ',' (8, 8, =8,= 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, Perspiratory glands and their ducts. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Nerves of the)

Page 475: Added '.' (8, 8, The tympanum, (middle ear.) 4, The =malleus.= 5, The incus. 6, The orbicularis.)