A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition)

1002. The nurse requires knowledge and practice to enable her to discharge aright her duty to the patient, as much as the physician and surgeon do to perform what is incumbent o...

273. It is a law of the system, that each organ is excited to healthy and efficient action, when influenced by its appropriate stimulus. Accordingly, nutrient food, that is adap...

516. The change that is effected in the blood while passing through the lungs, not only depends upon the purity of the air, but the amount inspired. The quantity varies accordin...

303. The MANNER in which food should be taken is of much practical importance; upon it the health of the digestive organs measurably depends. But few circumstances modify the pr...

495. For man to enjoy the highest degree of health, it is necessary that the impure "venous" blood be properly changed. As this is effected in the lungs by the action of the air...

685. Bathing, its necessity and expediency, is obvious from the structure and the functions of the skin. The cuticle is cast off in minute, powdery scales, many of which are ret...

173. _The muscles should be used, in order that the size and strength of these organs may be adequate to the demand made upon them._ It is a law of the system that the action an...

657. The sensibility of the skin, and the activity of the oil and perspiratory glands, are modified by the condition of the cuticle, the temperature of the skin and body, the pu...

793. As the different organs of the system are dependent on the brain and spinal cord for efficient functional action, and as the mind and brain are closely associated during li...

768. The brain is regarded by physiologists and philosophers as the organ of the mind. Most writers consider it as an aggregate of parts, each charged with specific functions, a...

821. Having pointed out the evils arising both from inadequate and from excessive mental exertion, it remains to direct the attention to some of the rules which should guide us...

917. To comprehend the theory of vision, it is not sufficient to know the structure of the eye. We must be familiar with some of the properties of a subtile fluid, which is cons...

545. The true sources of animal heat, or calorification, are still imperfectly known. No hypothesis has, as yet, received the concurrent assent of physiologists. We see certain...

387. ABSORPTION is the process by which the materials of nutrition are removed from the alimentary canal, to be conveyed into the circulatory vessels. It is likewise the process...

475. RESPIRATION, or breathing, is that process by which air is taken into the lungs and expelled from them. The object of respiration is, 1st. To supply the system with oxygen,...

438. NUTRITION is the vital act by which the different parts of the body renew the materials of which they are composed. Digestion, circulation, absorption, and respiration, are...

129. _The bones increase in size and strength by use, while they are weakened by inaction._ Exercise favors the deposition of both animal and earthy matter, by increasing the ci...

617. The skin is a membrane which envelops the muscles and other parts of the system. In youth, and in females particularly, it is smooth, soft, and elastic. In middle age, and...

637. The skin invests the whole of the external surface of the body, following all its prominences and curves, and gives protection to all the organs it encloses, while each of...

890. This sense contributes more to the enjoyment and happiness of man than any other of the senses. By it we perceive the form, color, volume, and position of objects that surr...

367. If any part of the system is deprived of blood, its vitality will cease; but, if the blood is lessened in quantity to a limited extent, only the vigor and health of the par...

979. Our bodies are constituted in harmony with certain laws, and every person should learn these, in order to regulate his actions and the performance of his duties, so that he...

414. In the human body are found many fluids and solids of dissimilar appearance and character. These are produced by the action of organs, some of which are of simple structure...

571. The amount of heat generated in man and inferior animals depends upon the quantity and quality of the food, age, exercise, the amount and character of the respired air, con...

725. In the preceding chapters, we have seen how various and complex are many of the motions necessary to maintain the life of an animal whose organization is superior to all ot...

233. From the earliest existence of the human system to the last ray of life, change is impressed upon it by the Giver of this curious fabric. New atoms of matter are deposited,...

64. The bones are firm and hard, and of a dull white color. In all the higher orders of animals, among which is man, they are in the interior of the body, while in lobsters, cra...

352. The walls of all the cavities of the heart are composed of muscular fibres, which are endowed with the property of contracting and relaxing, like the muscles of the extremi...

212. The teeth, in composition, nutrition, and growth, are different from other bones of the body. They vary in number at different periods of life, and, unlike other bones, the...

17. In the structure of the human body, there is a union of fluids and solids. These are essentially the same, for the one is readily changed into the other. There is no fluid t...

331. The ultimate object of the food and drink introduced into the body, is to furnish material to promote the growth and repair the waste of the organs of the system. The forma...

198. _The erect attitude lessens the exhaustion of the muscles._ A person whose position is erect will stand longer, walk further, and perform more labor, than an individual who...

161. The muscles exercise great influence upon the system. It is by their contraction that we are enabled to pursue different employments. By their action the farmer cultivates...

601. _The voice can be changed and modified by habit._ Sailors, smiths, and others, who are engaged in noisy occupations, exert their vocal organs more strongly than those of mo...

847. TOUCH is the sense by which the mind becomes acquainted with some of the properties of bodies, and enables us determine whether their surfaces are smooth or rough, their re...

149. All the great motions of the body are caused by the movement of some of the bones which form the framework of the system; but these, independently of themselves, have not t...

463. The nutrient portion of the food is poured into the left subclavian vein, (24, 27, fig. 88,) at the lower part of the neck, and is carried to the right cavities of the hear...

95. The bones of the upper and lower limbs are enlarged at each extremity, and have projections, or processes. To these, the tendons of muscles and ligaments are attached, which...

717. The HAIRS are appendages of the skin, and, like the cuticle, they are a product of secretion. They have no blood-vessels or nerves, and, consequently, no vitality. The hair...

586. The beautiful mechanism of the vocal instrument, which produces every variety of sound, from a harsh, unmelodious tone, to a soft, sweet, flute-like sound, has, as yet, bee...

963. HEARING is that function by which we obtain a knowledge of the vibratory motions of bodies, which constitute sounds. The precise function of all the different parts of the...

259. Substances received into the stomach as food, must necessarily undergo many changes before they are fitted to form part of the animal body. The solid portions are reduced t...

943. The sense of hearing is next in importance to that of vision. Through this sense we are enabled to perceive sounds, that not only subserve to our comfort and pleasure, but...

865. The chief organ of TASTE is the upper surface of the tongue; though the lips, the palate, the internal surface of the cheeks, and the upper part of the oesophagus, particip...

43. These elements are divided into _metallic_ and _non-metallic_ substances. The metallic substances are _Po-tas´si-um_, _So´di-um_, _Cal´ci-um_, _Mag-ne´si-um_, _A-lu´min-um_,...

876. This sense is located in the air-passages of the _Nose_. To understand the function of smell, the structure of the nose and nasal cavities, with the distribution of the olf...

119. The bones are the framework of the system. By their solidity and form, they not only retain every part of the fabric in its proper shape, but afford a firm surface for the...

2. It is divided into _Vegetable_ and _Animal_ anatomy. The latter of these divisions is subdivided into _Human_ anatomy, which considers, exclusively, human beings; and _Compar...

756. The SPINAL CORD extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra, where it terminates in a rounded point. It presents a difference of diameter in different...