A text-book of veterinary anatomy

The lack of a modern and well-illustrated book on the structure of the principal domestic animals has been acutely felt for a long time by teachers, students, and practitioners...

=Descriptive Terms.=—In order to indicate precisely the position and direction of parts of the body, certain descriptive terms are employed, and must be understood at the outset...

Sometimes there are at first two centers for the body which soon fuse. The process of ossification extends from the lateral centers to form not only the corresponding part of th...

The =seventh= cervical vertebra is readily distinguished by the following characters: It is =shorter= and =wider= than the others. The =body= is flattened dorso-ventrally and wi...

The =transverse processes= are large and outstanding in the neck, where they form the outer boundary of a ventral groove occupied by the longus colli muscle. In the back they ar...

=Development.=—The sphenoid is ossified in cartilage, and consists in early life of two distinct parts, the presphenoid and postsphenoid. The former develops from two centers, o...

The =zygomatic= or =temporal process= (Processus temporalis) projects backward above and external to the tuberosity; it is overlapped by the corresponding part of the malar and...

The =great cornua= or =stylohyoids= are much the largest parts of the bone. They are directed upward and backward, and are connected above with the base of the petrous temporal...

The =superior meatus= (Meatus nasi superior) is a narrow passage between the roof and the superior turbinal bone. It ends at the cribriform plate of the ethmoid. The =middle mea...

The =distal extremity= is also compressed from before backward. It presents the =carpal articular surface= (Facies articularis carpea) which consists of three parts. The inner f...

The =anterior= or =dorsal surface= is convex from side to side and smooth in its middle; on its lower part are lateral rough depressions, surmounted by tuberosities, to both of...

The =proximal extremity= (Extremitas proximalis) is large and consists of the head, neck, and great trochanter. The =head= (Caput femoris) is placed at the inner side and is dir...

The =large= or =third metatarsal= bone is about one-sixth longer than the corresponding metacarpal; in an animal of medium size the difference is about two inches. The shaft is...

The =squamous= and =petrous parts= of the =temporal bone= fuse early—in fact, union is nearly complete at birth. The squamous part is relatively small. Its external surface is d...

The =scapula= is more regularly triangular than in the horse, relatively wider at the vertebral end and narrower at the lower end. The scapular index is about 1 ∶ 0.6. The spine...

The =cervical vertebræ= are short and wide. The bodies are elliptical in cross-section, the long diameter being transverse. The anterior articular surfaces are slightly convex f...

The body of the =hyoid bone= is broad from before backward, short transversely, and bears on its ventral aspect a very short pointed lingual process. The thyroid cornua are wide...

The ventral arch of the =atlas= is narrow from before backward, and bears a small tubercle posteriorly. The upper surface of the dorsal arch is strongly convex and rough central...

The horizontal part of the =palate bones= is extensive, forming about one-third of the hard palate. It presents a variable number of lesser palatine foramina. There is usually a...

The five =digits= have three phalanges each, except the first, which has two. The third and fourth digits are the longest; the first is very short and does not come in contact w...

These joints, as the name indicates, share some characters with both of the preceding groups. In them the segments are directly united by a plate of fibro-cartilage, and usually...

The =basi-cornual articulation= is a diarthrosis formed by the junction of each small cornu (kerato-hyal) with the body (basi-hyal). The small cornu has a concave facet which ar...

These ligaments are very commonly thickened as a result of chronic inflammation, and then are not well defined. The central ones blend below with the branches of the superficial...

Extension is checked mainly by tension of the crucial and lateral ligaments. In extreme extension, which is accompanied by slight outward rotation of the leg, the patella can be...

The suspensory or superior sesamoidean ligament is more distinctly muscular than in the horse—indeed in the young animal it consists almost entirely of muscular tissue. At the d...

7. =Mentalis= (Levator menti).—This is situated in the prominence of the chin. Its fibers arise from each side of the body of the mandible and are inserted into the skin of the...

The =deep fascia= also forms two layers. The =superficial layer= is attached to the wing of the atlas and the lower edge of the trachelo-mastoideus and scalenus. Passing downwar...

_Relations._—Superficially, the posterior auricular muscles, artery, and nerve, the aponeurosis of the splenius, trachelo-mastoideus and mastoido-humeralis, and the parotid glan...

_Relations._—Superficially, the levatores costarum and the external intercostals; deeply, the endothoracic fascia and pleura, the transversus thoracis, diaphragm, transversus ab...

=The Inguinal Canal.=—This term (Canalis inguinalis) is applied to an oblique passage through the posterior part of the abdominal wall.[53] It begins at the internal inguinal or...

_Relations._—Superficially, the skin, fascia, panniculus, trapezius, and mastoido-humeralis; deeply, the scapula and its cartilage, the subscapularis muscle, and the suprascapul...

_Structure._—The muscle is a compound one, representing the common extensor, together with vestiges of the proper extensors of the digits. Usually at least =two heads= may be di...

The =iliac fascia= (Fascia iliaca) covers the ventral surface of the iliacus and psoas muscles, over which it is tightly stretched (Fig. 450). It is attached internally to the t...

_Structure._—The long head, small and pointed above, extends toward the root of the tail, fusing with the sacro-sciatic ligament. Passing downward, it becomes larger and covers...

_Structure._—The origin is fleshy, and is divided by the groove in which lie the common tendon of the long extensor and peroneus tertius and a synovial pouch. Passing downward o...

The =diaphragm= presents several important differential features. Its slope is much steeper and its width is greater than in the horse. The costal attachment extends almost in a...

The =peroneus longus= (not present in the horse) is situated in front of the lateral extensor. It arises on the external condyle of the tibia and the fibrous band which represen...

The =levator labii superioris proprius= arises behind the infraorbital foramen, runs forward under the preceding muscle, and ends in numerous small tendons around the nostril, s...

_1_, Ilium; _2_, femur; _3_, tuber ischii; _4_, sacro-sciatic lig.; _5_, sacral region; _6_, tail; _7_, penis; _8_, anus; _9_, rectum; _a_, sacro-coccygeus superior; _b_, sacro-...

The =floor= of the mouth in its anterior part is free and is formed by the body of the mandible, covered by mucous membrane. The remainder is concealed by the attached portion o...

Both permanent and temporary cheek teeth are shown. The upper first premolar (“wolf tooth”) is present, but not visible; the lower one is indicated by the arrow. Temporary chief...

For topographic purposes the abdomen is divided into nine regions by imaginary planes.[88] Two of these planes are sagittal, and two are transverse. The sagittal planes cut the...

The mesenteric part is connected with the dorsal abdominal wall by the =great mesentery=. This is a wide fan-shaped fold, consisting of two layers of peritoneum, between which t...

The =anus= is the terminal orifice of the alimentary canal. It is situated below the root of the tail, where it forms a round projection, with a central depression when contract...

_a_, Pouch between rectum and roof of pelvis, continuous with _b_, recto-genital pouch; _c_, vesico-genital pouch; _d_, pouch below bladder and its lateral ligaments; _f_, lesse...

The =rumen= occupies almost all of the left half of the abdominal cavity, and extends considerably over the median plane ventrally and in its middle. It is somewhat compressed l...

The =colon= is about 35 feet (ca. 10 m.) long; its diameter is at first about the same as that of the cæcum, but diminishes to about two inches (ca. 5 cm.). Its capacity is abou...

The =canine teeth= or tusks of the male are greatly developed and project out of the mouth. The upper canine of the boar may be about three or four inches (ca. 8 to 10 cm.) long...

_a_, Ocular muscles; _b_, pterygoideus internus (cut); _c_, stylo-glossus; _d_, digastricus (cut); _e_, genio-glossus; _f_, genio-hyoideus; _g_, hyo-glossus; _h_, thyro-pharynge...

=Structure.=—The =skin= around the nostrils presents long tactile hairs as well as the ordinary ones. It is continued around the alæ and lines the vestibule. In the posterior pa...

The =crico-thyroideus= (M. crico-thyreoideus) is a short muscle which fills the groove on the lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage; its fibers are directed dorsally and some...

=Bronchial Branches.=—Each bronchus at its entrance into the lung gives off a branch to the apex of the lung. It is then continued backward as the main stem bronchus, parallel w...

The =nostrils= are situated on the muzzle, with which the upper lip blends. They are shaped somewhat like a comma, with the broad part next to the septum and the narrow part dir...

The anterior rounded blind end is termed the =vertex=;[140] on its middle is a mass of cicatricial tissue (Centrum verticis), a vestige of the urachus, which in the fœtus forms...

The =left adrenal= lies along the posterior aorta, from the renal vein forward, but is not in contact with the kidney. It is elongated and flattened dorso-ventrally. (There is a...

=Structure.=—The wall, exclusive of the partial serous coat, consists of a fibrous =adventitia=, a middle =muscular coat=, and a =mucous lining=. The muscular coat is thickest a...

The =epididymis= is very closely attached to the testicle. The head is long; it curves over the upper extremity and nearly half-way down the anterior border of the testicle. The...

Each presents for description two surfaces, two borders, and two extremities or poles. The =surfaces= are termed internal and external (Facies medialis, lateralis); they are bot...

The =clitoris= is the homologue of the penis. It arises from the ischial arch by two crura, which unite to form a =body= as large as one’s little finger. This projects backward...

The =blood-vascular system= consists of: (1) the =arteries=, which convey blood from the heart to the tissues; (2) the =capillaries=, microscopic tubes in the tissues which perm...

The =myocardium= consists of planes of fibers arranged in a somewhat complicated manner. The muscular tissue of the atria is almost completely separated from that of the ventric...

_a_, Mastoido-humeralis; _b_, sterno-cephalicus; _c_, omo-hyoideus; _d_, sterno-thyro-hyoideus; _e_, trachea; _f_, position of cariniform cartilage; _g_, anterior superficial pe...

_a_, Mylo-hyoideus, anterior part, reflected; _b_, genio-hyoideus; _c_, genio-glossus; _d_, sublingual gland; _e_, ramus of mandible, the greater part of which is removed; _e′_,...

(4) The =sphenopalatine artery= (A. sphenopalatina) arises in the extreme anterior part of the pterygo-palatine fossa and passes into the nasal cavity, where it divides into int...

(_b_) The =œsophageal artery= (A. œsophagea) (Fig. 429) is a small vessel which passes backward above the œsophagus in the posterior mediastinum and anastomoses with the œsophag...

(3) The =perineal artery= (A. perinei) is relatively small in the male. It passes upward at the side of the anus, which it supplies, and gives twigs to the bulbo-cavernosus musc...

Sometimes the anterior tibial artery passes undivided through the tarsus, gives off the internal deep plantar metatarsal, and is continued as a very large internal superficial p...

The =inferior petrosal sinuses= (S. petrosi inferiores)[172] lie along the borders of the basilar part of the occipital bone, inclosed in the thick dura which closes the foramen...

Two =anterior tibial veins= (Vv. tibiales anteriores) usually accompany the artery of like name; the outer vein is much the larger. In other cases there is a single large vein i...

Many of the lymph vessels from the parietal surface of the liver pass in the falciform and lateral ligaments to the diaphragm and anastomose with its lymphatics. Some pass throu...

The =median artery= (posterior radial artery) descends along the inner part of the posterior surface of the radius and divides near the middle of the forearm into the radial and...

The =orbital veins= form a network between the periorbita and the muscles of the eyeball. This plexus communicates with the cavernous sinus and with the superior cerebral vein....

The main facts as to the =metacarpal= and =digital arteries= are as follows: The rete carpi dorsale is formed essentially by the terminals of the interosseous artery of the fore...

_a_, Abdominal aorta; _b_, posterior mesenteric artery; _c_, lumbar arteries; _d_, circumflex iliac artery; _e_, external iliac artery; _f_, deep femoral artery; _g_, posterior...

The =dura mater= is a dense resistant membrane of white fibrous tissue; in the fresh state it is bluish-white in color. On account of the difference in its arrangement within th...

The ventral horn contains large cells, the axones of which emerge as the fibers of the ventral nerve-roots (Fila radicularia). The axones of many cells cross to the opposite sid...

The larger arteries are shown. The nerve-roots are indicated by Roman numerals. _P.c._, Chorioid plexus of fourth ventricle; _B.p._, middle peduncle of cerebellum; _P_, pons; _H...

The outer surface is separated from the lenticular nucleus by the =internal capsule=, an important mass of white matter composed of fibers passing to and from the cerebral corte...

The =corpus callosum= is the great transverse commissure which connects the two cerebral hemispheres through about half of their length. On median section (Fig. 508) it is seen...

2. The =sphenopalatine nerve= (N. sphenopalatinus) is given off in the pterygo-palatine fossa from the lower border of the maxillary nerve (Fig. 439). It is broad and flat and f...

The auditory nerve consists of two distinct parts which might well be regarded as separate nerves. The cochlear part mediates the sense of hearing, while the vestibular part is...

The =spinal nerves= (Nervi spinales) are arranged in pairs, of which there are usually forty-two in the horse. They are designated according to their relations to the vertebral...

The =ulnar nerve= (Figs. 441, 442, 443, 520) arises with the median from the thoracic components of the brachial plexus. It descends between the brachial artery and vein, accomp...

2. As the sciatic nerve turns down behind the hip joint it gives off a large branch (Ramus muscularis proximalis) which divides to supply the semimembranosus and the short heads...

The secondary plexuses which accompany the branches of the mesenteric arteries give off branches which form two fine peripheral plexuses in the wall of the intestine. One of the...

The =inferior buccal nerve= passes downward and forward under cover of the parotid gland and accompanies the parotid duct, with which it turns around the lower border of the jaw...

The =musculo-cutaneous nerve= passes between the coraco-brachialis and the brachial artery and descends in the arm in front of the artery. At the shoulder joint it gives off bra...

The =obliquus oculi superior= (M. obliquus bulbi dorsalis s. superior) is the longest and narrowest of the ocular muscles. It arises near the ethmoidal foramen and passes forwar...

The =arteries= of the retina are derived from the arteria centralis retinæ and anastomotic branches from the short ciliary arteries. The arteria centralis enters the optic nerve...

The =internal wall= of the tympanic cavity (Paries labyrinthica) separates it from the internal ear; it presents a number of special features. The =promontory= (Promontorium) is...

4. The =cochlear duct= (Ductus cochlearis) is a spiral tube situated within the cochlea. It begins by a blind end (Cæcum vestibulare) in the cochlear recess of the vestibule, an...

The =apex= occupies the central angle of the concave border of the sole, and forms a blunt, round prominence a little in front of the middle of the ground surface of the hoof.

The accessory digits bear short conical horn capsules which resemble in a general way those of the chief digits, and have a similar matrix, which covers one or two nodular vesti...

Arteries or artery, 534, 535 abdominal, anterior, 541 posterior, 579 alveolar, 552 of dog, 635 of pig, 627 anastomosis of, 524 angular, of eye, 550 of ox, 611 antibrachial, of d...

Carpal articular surface of radius of horse, 82 bones, 28 accessory, 84 canal of horse, 86 fascia of horse, 263 glands, 778 groove of horse, 86 joints of dog, 205 of horse, 183...

Fascia, 211, 212 abdominal, deep, 245 superficial, 245 buccal, 213 carpal, 263 coccygeal, 238 common, of leg, 274 crural, 274 deep, 212 of head, 213 digital, 274 endothoracic, o...

Internal angle of ilium, 94 of pubis, 95 auditory meatus, 56 capsule, 665, 676 ondyle of humerus of horse, 79 digital extensor muscle of ox, 304, 309 ear of horse, 758 epicondyl...

Metacarpal artery, dorsal, 562 external volar, 562 internal volar, 562 large, 563 of dog, 635, 636, 637 of ox, 614 of pig, 629 palmar, 563 bones, 28 large, 87 of ox, 130 small,...

Neck of dog, muscles of, 324 of horse, fascia of, 224 fascia propria of, 224 muscles of, 224, 229 panniculus carnosus, 224 transverse spinous muscle of, 231 of ox, muscles of, 2...

Process, angular, of mandible of dog, 159 auditory, external, of horse, 56, 67 basilar, of horse, 48 of third phalanx, 91 ciliary, 743 clinoid, anterior, of sphenoid bone of dog...

Sulcus aortæ of horse, 454 basilaris of pons, 659 callosal, 669 coronalis ungulæ, 765 corporis callosi, 669 cruroparietalis, 767 dorsalis lateralis, 649 intercruralis, 767 inter...

Vertebræ, false, 24 fixed, 24 foramen, 25 hæmal spine, 25 ligaments of, of dog, 204 of horse, 172 of ox, 203 of pig, 204 lumbar, 24 of dog, 151 of horse, 38 of ox, 112 of pig, 1...

Flower and Ruge describe the mammalian liver as being primarily divided by the umbilical fissure into two parts, the right and left lobes. Secondary fissures on either side may...

In veterinary works these are frequently termed plantar nerves, which is an unfortunate misnomer. The writer inclines to the use of the old term metacarpal or common digital to...