CHAPTER XIX.
ADDENDA.
_The Yaryan Process of Evaporation._
This process, the invention of Mr. H. J. Yaryan, of Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A., has been considerably developed in America in its several applications, and as we have authentic information of its successful working for the recovery of soda in some of the largest paper-mills in the States, we think it deserving of mention. The principle of the process is that of “multiple effects,” upon which, indeed, all the modern methods of economic evaporation are based. The principle may be briefly explained as follows:—A liquid is converted into vapour under ordinary conditions of boiling, by overcoming the pressure of the atmosphere upon its surface. The quantity of heat required to vaporise, as also the temperature of the ebullition, will be less as the pressure to be overcome is less. Further, the vapour continuously driven off carries with it a quantity of heat, which is its heat of condition or latent heat. This heat it imparts to any colder body (e. g. a further quantity of the same liquid) with which it comes in contact, direct or indirect; if the quantity of the latter be relatively small, it will raise its temperature approximately to that of the ebullition of the first liquid. If now the pressure (atmospheric) on the surface of the latter be slightly reduced, by any means, it will boil. The vapour from this can be made to boil a third quantity of the liquid, under a further diminished pressure.
The successive effects in economic evaporation consist, therefore, in utilising the latent heat of a vapour given off from a liquid under a certain pressure (e. g. that of the atmosphere) to vaporise a further quantity of the liquid under a pressure maintained by mechanical means below that of the first. In the ordinary methods the vapour does its work in the successive effects by passage through systems of tubes, the liquid to be heated being in contact externally; in the Yaryan system, on the other hand, the arrangement {232} is reversed. The liquid to be evaporated traverses the system of tubes which are heated externally by the vapours. At the end of each effect, the liquid is caused to impinge, in a special chamber, upon a disc: in this way a complete separation of liquid and vapour is effected, each then passing on to the next effect, the former through the tube-system, the latter to the chamber inclosing these. The flow of liquid is maintained by a force-pump, and the diminished pressure by a vacuum-pump suitably disposed. This system differs from that described on page 180, in that the evaporation is continuous, the dilute liquors entering the apparatus and the highly concentrated liquors leaving it in an unbroken stream. The rate of flow is such that the evaporation of the caustic liquors from wood boiling from 8–10° to 80° Twaddell, in a quadruple effect, requires only a few minutes. At the latter concentration it is ready for the incineration process, which by means of a rotary furnace, such as that of Mr. J. W. Hammond, of the firm of S. D. Warren and Co., is also effected continuously. It is found, moreover, that the excess of heat available from this process is sufficient for the evaporation.
_Ferric Oxide Causticising Process._
The principle of this process is the expulsion of the carbonic acid from sodium carbonate by ferric oxide at high temperatures; this oxide playing the part of a weak acid, entering into a loose combination with the soda, which is overcome by water in the subsequent lixiviation process, the ferric oxide being regenerated and a solution of caustic soda obtained.
The ferric oxide is therefore continuously available. The main features of the process, disregarding the question of commercial economy, are (1) that it leaves no by-products to be disposed of, (2) that it enables the manufacturer to produce directly, without evaporation, a highly concentrated caustic lye.
This process has been worked out under the auspices of Messrs. Brunner, Mond, & Co., and there is every reason to expect an extensive application of so simple a method.
{233}
INDEX.
Abaca, see Manilla hemp
Abies pulp, 60
Acetic acid in bleaching, 114
Acid, action on paper, 163
― in alum, estimating, 207
― ― ―, evils of, 163
― processes for wood, 69
― radicles and cellulose, 8
Acids added in bleaching pulps, 112
― and cellulose, 12
Adansonia fibre, 53
― ―, boiling, 103
― ―, cutting, 103
― ―, willowing, 103
Adipo-cellulose, 26
Adulterating paper, 130
Agalite loading, 133
Agave americana fibre, 33, 44
Alkali boiled with rags, 82
― process for isolating cellulose, early methods, 65
Alkaline processes for isolating cellulose, 62
Alkalis and cellulose, 14
― and ligno-cellulose, 21
Aloe fibre, 33, 39, 44, 46
― ―, dimensions, 39
― perfoliata fibre, 39
Alum, action on cellulose, 163
―,― on gelatine, 163
―, analysing, 206
― cake, analysing, 206
―, estimating acid in, 207
―, freedom from acid, 163
― in sizing, 139
―, proportion required, 141
― solutions, table of strengths, 143
Alumina resinate, 137
Alumina sulphate, analysing, 206
― ― in sizing, 140
Aluminous cake, 140
Ammoniacal solution of cupric oxide, 5
Amyloid, 12
Analysis of plant substances, 42
Analysing alum, 206
― ― cake, 206
― alumina sulphate, 206
― antichlor, 208
― bleaching powder, 205
― caustic soda, 205
― dyes, 209
― gelatine, 208
― loading material, 203, 209
― paper, 199
― pigments, 209
― recovered soda, 205
― size, 203
― soaps, 208
― soda ash, 205
― sodium sulphite, 208
― ― thiosulphate, 208
― starches, 208
― wood pulp, 201
Ananassa sativa fibre, 44
Aniline blues, 141
― colours, solutions, 37
― for diagnosing plant substances, 43
― pinks, 142
― sulphate solution, 37
Animal cellulose, 7
Annandale’s damping method, 159
Antichlor, analysing, 208
―, lime and sulphur, 129
―, proportion required to neutralise bleaching powder, 128
―, removing bleaching liquor by, 127
Antichlor, sodium hyposulphite, 127, 129
―, ― sulphite, 125
―, ― thiosulphate, 127, 129
―, testing, 130
Apparatus for microscopic examination of fibres, 35
Ash of cotton pulp, 136
― of esparto pulp, 136
― of linen pulp, 136
― of paper, estimating, 134
― of paper, natural, 136
― of straw pulp, 136
― of wood pulp, 136
Aspen for mechanical wood pulp, 108
Available chlorine in bleaching powder, 110
Bachet and Machard’s process forwood, 69
Baobab fibre, 53
― ― composition, 54
Barium hydrate and cellulose, 7
Bark fibres, 2
Barley straw, 98
Barre’s acid process for wood, 69
Bast fibres, 34
― ―, dimensions, 39
― filaments, 34
―, nature of, 2
― tissues, 53
Beater bed-plate, 120
― knives, 120
― ―, cutting in situ, 121
―, lead-lined, 120
Beaters, 117
―, direct-driven, 126
―, engine for driving, 126
―, water for, 125
Beating esparto, 117
―, proportion of water to pulp, 118
― pulp, 117
― ―, duration of, 119
― wood pulp, 117
Bed-plate of beater, 120
Beech, composition, 61
Bertram’s beater, 122
― damping cylinder, 159
― direct-driven beaters, 126
Bertram’s rag boiler, 82
― smoothers, 158
― strainers, 148
Bibliography, 229
Birch, composition, 61
―, pulp yield, 77
Bisulphite, action on cellulose compared with soda, 76
―, colour of pulp produced by, 77
― process, advantages, 76
― processes for wood, 71
Bleached pulp, freeing from bleach, 114
― ―, improving colour, 114
Bleaching, acetic acid in, 114
― action should be confined to non-cellulose, 113
― by chlorine, 114
―, electrolytic, 115
― pulp in potchers, 111
― pulps, 110
― rags, 115
― refractory pulps, 114
―, time required by, 113
―, with sodium hypochlorite, 113
Bleaching-liquor, clear, 111
―, removing by antichlor, 127
―, removing from half-stuff, 127
―, storing, 111
―, strength, 111
―, washing out from half-stuff, 127
Bleaching-powder, accelerating action of, 112
―, analysing, 205
― and cellulose, 10
―, available chlorine in, 110
―, keeping, 111
―, neutralising by lime and sulphur, 129
―, ― by sodium hyposulphite, 127, 129
―, ― by sodium sulphate, 128
―, ― by sodium thiosulphate, 127, 129
―, preparing, 110
―, proportion of antichlor required to neutralise, 128
―, quantities needed, 112
Blitz’s sulphide process, 67
Blondel’s acid process for wood, 69
Blotting paper, starching, 139
Blue colours, 141
Boehmeria, 50
― nivea fibre, 39
― puya fibre, 44
Boilers for esparto, 90
― for resolving wood, 74
― for straw, 99
―, iron, 76
―, lead-lining, 75
Boiling adansonia fibre, 103
― esparto, 89, 91
― jute, 103
― manilla hemp, 103
― rags, 82
― straw, 100
Boiling-liquors, recovering soda from, 179
Bombax heptaphyllum fibre, 39
Books on paper-making, 229
Bottoms, caustic, 177
Broke paper, grinding mill, 105
― ―, using up, 104
Bromine and jute, 18
Broussonetia kæmpferia fibre, 54
― papyrifera fibre, 39, 54
Burning recovered soda, 186
Calcining recovered soda, 186
Calendering, 167
Calenders, 158
―, deflection, 171
Calcium carbonate mud, 190
― hypochlorite, removing from pulp, 114
― sulphate, estimating, 203
― ― loading, 131
Cannabis sativa fibre, 39, 49
Carbonic acid bleaching, 115
Carbonising recovered soda, 186
Caustic soda, analysing, 205
― ―, brands, 178
― ―, commercial forms, 177
― ― drums, emptying, 179
― ―, prices, 179
― ― solutions, table of strengths, 109
Causticisers, 188, 192
Causticising, 187
― by ferric oxide, 232
―, lime used, 190
―, oxygenating during, 191
Cellular tissue in straw, 103
Cellulose, 4
―, absorption of acids and basic oxides, 7
―, action of alum on, 163
―, ― of cuprammonium on, 5, 217
―, ― of lime on, 84
―, ― of soda and bisulphite compared, 76
―, ― of sulphur on, 130
―, ― on light, 6
― and acids, 12
― and alkalis, 14
― and barium hydrate, 7
― and bleaching powder, 10
― and chlorine, 10
― and humus, 15
― and hydrochloric acid, 13
― and lead solutions, 8
― and metallic salts, 8
― and nitric acid, 13
― and oxygen, 10
― and sulphuric acid, 12
― and water at high temperature, 14
― and zinc chloride, 13
―, animal, 7
―, behaviour under Schweitzer’s reagent, 5
―, bleaching should not affect, 113
―, burning, 23
―, characters, 4
―, combinations, 7
―, ― with acid radicles, 8
― compared with jute, 17
―, composition, 4
―, compounds, 7, 16
―, decomposition, 12
―, ― by ferments, 15
―, ― by heat, 23
―, destructive action of soda on, 64
― di-nitrate, 10
―, early form of alkali process for isolating, 65
― formed by vinegar plant, 16
―, formula, 4
― gelatinised, 5
―, general method of isolation, 4
― hexa-nitrate, 9
―, identification, 6, 18
Cellulose in contact with iron, 13
― in fibre, estimating, 42
― in straw, 99
―, isolating by sulphurous acid, 64
―, ― from plant substances, 62
―, ― from wood, Schultze’s method, 21
―, lignification, 17
―, mineral constituents, 5
―, modifications of, in the plant, 16
―, nitration of, 8
―, oxidation, 10
―, penta-nitrate, 9
―, percentage yielded by jute, 19
―, proportion in esparto, 96
―, ― of, in well-boiled pulp, 113
―, reactions, 6
―, soluble in Schweitzer’s reagent, 5
―, ― sulphides for isolating, 67
―, solubility, 5
―, synthesis, 15
―, tetra-nitrate, 10
―, triacetyl, 8
―, tri-nitrate, 10
―, yield from esparto, 95
―, ― from straw, 98
Celluloses, compound, hydrolytic resolution, 63
―, ―, treating for paper, 63
Cellulosic fermentation, 16
Chapman’s evaporator, 184
Chemical analysis of plant substances, 42
― examination of paper, 201
Chestnut, pulp yield, 77
China clay, estimating, 203
― ― loading, 131
― grass, 39, 46, 50
― ―, character, 50
― ―, composition, 51
― ― fibres, dimensions, 39
― ―, forms in which employed, 51
― ―, general chemical characteristics, 51
― ―, micro-chemical reaction, 51
― ―, microscopic features, 51
Chlorinating straw pulp, 102
Chlorinating wood tissue, 19
Chlorine and cellulose, 10
― and jute, 18
― as a bleaching agent, 114
―, available, in bleaching powder, 110
― water solution, 37
Clarifying water, 125
Classification of paper as to strength, 197
Cleaning straw, 100
Closing plates of strainers, 150
Cochineal lakes, 142
Collodion pyroxyline, 10
Colophony, 137
Colour, improving, 114
― of pulp produced by bisulphite, 77
Colouring paper, 141
Commercial statistics, 221
Composition of paper, testing, 199
Compound celluloses, hydrolytic resolution, 63
― ―, treating for paper, 63
Conifer pulp, 60
Constitution of plant fibres, 1
Cooke and Hibbert’s beater, 123
Corchorus capsularis fibre, 39, 44, 52
― olitorius fibre, 39
Cork, 26
Cotton, 46
―, classification, 46
―, composition of raw fibre, 47
― fibres, dimensions, 39
―, forms in which employed, 48
―, general chemical characteristic, 47
― in paper, detecting, 199, 201
―, micro-chemical reaction, 47
―, microscopic features, 46
―, nature of, 1
― pulp, ash, 136
― ―, beaten, 118
― ―, dimensions of fibre, 119
― rags, statistics, 221, 222
― ―, treatment for paper, 79
― sections, 47
Couch rolls, 156
Cream caustic, 177
Cross’s boiler, 76
Crotalaria juncea fibre, 44, 50
Crystal carbonate, 138
Cuprammonium, 217
Cuprammonium solution, preparing, 217
Cuticular tissue, 26
Cutting, 171
― adansonia fibre, 103
― beater knives, 121
― jute, 103
― manilla hemp, 103
― rags, 81
― straw, 100
Dahl’s sulphide process, 67
Damping-cylinders, 159
Dandy roll, 155
Dark paper from jute, 103
Deckle, 144, 152
Densities, Twaddle, and sp. gr., 109
Detecting adulteration, 203
Diagnosis of plant substances, 42
Dicotyledonous stems, fibres of, 33, 46
Direct-driven beaters, 126
Discoloration of paper from mechanical wood pulp, 108
Doctor, 157
Draining bleached pulp, 114
― boiled rags, 84
― straw pulp, 100
Drum washer for boiled rags, 85
Dry pulp, preparing, 119
Drying cylinders, 157
Dusting rags, 82
Dyes, 141
―, analysing, 209
Economy of sulphide processes, 68
Edgerunner mill, 119
Edgworthia papyrifera fibre, 54
Ekman’s bisulphite process, 72
― process, preparing wood for, 73
Electrolytic bleaching, 115
Emptying soda drums, 179
Engine for driving beaters, 126
― sizing, 137
Esparto, 46, 55
―, amount of bleaching powder needed by, 112
―, beating, 117
―, boiled, washing, 95
― boiler, Roeckner’s, 93
― ―, Sinclair’s, 94
―, boiling, 89, 91
―, character, 55
―, cleaning machine, 90
―, composition, 57
― fibres, dimensions, 39
―, general chemical characteristics, 56
― in paper, detecting, 199, 201
― liquor, disposal of, 98
―, micro-chemical reaction, 56
―, microscopic features, 56
― paper mill, arrangement, 210
―, picking, 90
―, presse-pâte system, 96
―, pressure for boiling, 93
―, proportion of cellulose in, 96
― pulp, ash, 136
― ―, dimensions of fibre, 119
―, quantity of soda for, 92
― section, 56
―, soda required by, 89
―, statistics, 221, 222
―, substances removed from, by caustic soda, 97
―, time of boiling, 92
―, treating for paper, 63
―, yield of cellulose, 95
Estimating acid in alum, 207
― added mineral matter in paper, 136
― mineral matter in paper, 134
Evaporating soda liquors, 180, 231
Evaporators, 180, 231
―, Chapman’s, 184
―, Roeckner’s, 181
―, Porion’s, 182
―, smell consumer, 183
―, Yaryan, 231
Felting, 31
― caused in potchers, 113
Fermentation, cellulosic, 16
Ferments decomposing cellulose, 15
Ferric oxide causticising process, 232
Fibre bundles, 34
―, interweaving to form paper, 30
―, theoretical value in paper, 30
Fibres, analysis, complete, 43
― and cells, 1
―, apparatus for microscopic examination, 35
― classified according to iodine reaction, 46
―, dimensions, 38
―,― in pulps, 119
―, estimating cellulose in, 42
―, ― purity, 39
―, isolating for examination, 38
―, microscopic features, 32
―, nature of, 1
― of dicotyledonous stems, 33
― of monocotyledonous stems, 33
―, physical structure, 30
―, raw, analysing, 42
―, reagents for examining, 36
―, sections for examination, 38
―, separation, 34
―, table of characters, 44
―, ― of length, 39
―, Webster on analysis of, 42
Fibrous tissue, 34
Fibro-vascular bundles, 2
― ― ―, dimensions, 39
Filaments, 34
―, dimensions of cells and fibres, 39
―, table of lengths, 39
Filter bags for water, 126
― paper, starching, 139
Filtering lime mud, 190
Finish, 159
Finishing-house, 175
Fir pulp, 61
Flax, 39, 44
―, characters, 48
―, composition of raw fibre, 48
― fibres, dimensions, 39
―, forms in which employed, 49
―, general chemical characteristic, 48
―, micro-chemical reaction, 48
―, microscopic features, 48
― sections, 48
Forbes’ beater, 122
Fourdrinier machine, 145
Francke’s bisulphite process, 72
Friction-glazing, 169
Fry, Ransome, and Wilkie’s wood-splitting machine, 74
Furfural, 21
Gaskell and Deacon’s crystal carbonate, 138
― sodium sulphite, 128
Gelatine, action of alum on, 163
―, analysing, 208
―, estimating amount of, 204
― for sizing, 161, 162
― size, making, 162
― with soap, 163
Glaser’s straw pulp chlorinating process, 102
Glazing, 167
―, influence on strength, 198
Gossypium fibres, 39, 46
Gould’s beater, 122
Greenbank soda, 178
Grinding straw pulp, 101
― wood to pulp, 105
Guillotine cutter, 174
Gun-cotton, 9
Half-stuff defined, 88
―, freeing from bleaching liquor, 127
―, removing bleaching liquor from, by antichlor, 127
―, washing out bleaching liquor from, 127
Hand-made paper, 144
Hartig-Reusch paper-testing machine, 194
Hemp, 39, 46, 49
―, characters, 49
―, composition, 50
― fibres, dimensions, 39
―, forms in which employed, 50
―, general chemical characteristic, 50
―, micro-chemical reaction, 50
―, microscopic features, 49
―, section, 50
Hermite’s electrolytic bleaching, 115
Hibiscus strictus fibre, 44, 46
Humus and cellulose, 15
Hydracellulose, 12
Hydrochloric acid and cellulose, 13
― ― ― ligno-cellulose, 22
― ― in bleaching pulps, 112
Hydrolytic resolution of compound celluloses, 63
Igniting recovered soda, 186
Iodine and jute, 17
― ― lignified tissue, 17
― ― starch paper, making, 130
― reaction, details of manipulation, 40
― solution, 36
― ―, testing, 36
Iron boilers, 76
― oxide causticising process, 232
Jolly’s balance, 135
Jordan beater, 121
Jute, 33, 39, 44, 46, 52
― and bromine, 18
― ― chlorine, 18
― ― iodine, 17
―, boiling, 103
―, character, 52
― compared with cellulose, 17
―, cutting, 103
―, dark paper from, 103
― fibres, dimensions, 39
―, forms in which employed, 53
―, general chemical characteristic, 53
―, micro-chemical reactions, 52
―, microscopic features, 52
―, objection to acid in bleaching, 112
―, reactions, 17
―, treating for paper, 64
―, willowing, 103
Kaolin, estimating, 203
―, loading, 131
Kingsland beater, 121
Knives for cutters, 171
― of beater, 120
― ― ―, cutting in situ, 121
Knotter, 151
Laid paper, 156
Lead lining to beater, 120
― solutions and cellulose, 8
Leaden boilers, 75
Leaf fibres, 2
Lignification estimated by aniline, 43
― of cellulose, 17
Lignified tissue and chlorine, 18
― ― ― iodine, 17
Ligno-cellulose, 20
―, aldehydic character, 25
―, and dilute alkalis, 21
― and dilute mineral acids, 20
― and hot water, 21
― and hydrochloric acid, 22
― and mineral acids, 20
― and nitro-sulphuric acid, 22
― and sulphuric acid, 22
―, animal digestion of, 23
―, decay of, 23
―, decomposition by heat, 23
―, distribution, 23
―, treating for paper, 64
Lime, action on cellulose, 84
― and sulphur for neutralising bleaching powder, 129
― boiled with rags, 83
― for causticising, 190
―, milk of, 177
― mud, 190
― ―, composition, 191
― ―, filtering, 190
― salts in water, 212
― sulphate loading, 131
― unsuited for esparto, 89
Lime-tree, composition, 61
Linden bast fibres, 39, 54
Linen, 46
― in paper, detecting, 199, 201
― pulp, ash, 136
― ―, beaten, 117
― ―, dimensions of fibre, 119
― rags, statistics, 221, 222
― ―, treatment for paper, 79
Linum usitatissimum fibre, 39, 44, 46
Literature, 229
Loading, estimating, 134
― materials, analysing, 209
― paper, 130
― with agalite, 133
― with china clay, 131
― with lime sulphate, 131
― with magnesium silicate, 134
― with pearl-hardening, 131
Loft-dried paper, 145
Lunge’s bleaching method, 114
Lygeum spartum fibre, 55
Machine, 145
Magnesium silicate loading, 134
Manilla hemp, 44, 46, 59
― ―, boiling, 103
― ―, composition, 60
― ―, cutting, 103
― ―, micro-chemical reaction, 60
― ―, microscopic features, 59
― ―, sections, 60
― ―, treating for paper, 64
― ―, willowing, 103
Masson, Scott, and Bertram’s beater, 123
― ― ― esparto-cleaning machine, 90
― ― ― strainer, 149
Mechanical wood pulp, 105
― ― ―, quantitative estimation, 202
Menzies and Davis’ smell consumer, 183
Metallic salts and cellulose, 8
Microscope equipment, 35
Microscopic features of fibres, 32
Microscopical examination of paper, 201
Milk of lime, 177
Mill, arrangement, 210
―, site for, 210
Millboard machine, 166
Mineral acids and cellulose, 20
― ― and ligno-cellulose, 20
― matter, added, estimating, 136
― ― in paper, estimating, 134
Mixing pulps, 119
Monocotyledonous stems, fibres of, 33, 46, 54
Mounting solution, 36
Musa paradisiaca fibre, 44
― textilis, 59
Names in paper, 145, 156
Nettle, 52
Neutral mounting solution, 36
New Zealand flax, 39, 44, 46, 59
― ― ―, dimensions, 39
― ― ― general chemical characteristics, 59
― ― ― micro-chemical reaction, 59
New Zealand flax, microscopic features, 59
Nilgherry nettle, 44
Nitric acid and cellulose, 8, 13
Nitro-sulphuric acid and ligno-cellulose, 22
Oak, pulp yield, 77
Oat straw, 98
Oxidising sodium sulphide, 191
Oxycellulose, 13
Oxygen and cellulose, 10
Oxygenating liquors while causticising, 191
Paper ash, estimating, 134
―, broke, pulp from, 104
―, colouring, 141
― from mechanical wood pulp, faults of, 108
―, hand-made, 144
―, loading, 130
―, loft-dried, 145
― machine, 145
― makers’ soap, 163
― making and textiles, 3
―, measuring strength, 193
―, natural ash, 136
―, printed, pulp from, 105
―, sources of raw material, 1
―, thickness, 153
―, toned, 142
― trade, statistics, 225
― waste, pulp from, 104
―, width, 152
Paper-mulberry fibres, 39, 46, 54
Partington’s bisulphite process, 72
Patterns on paper, 145, 156
Pearl hardening, 131
― ―, estimating, 203
Pectic acid, 28
Pecto-cellulose, 28
― ―, treating for paper, 63
Phormium tenax fibre, 39, 44, 59
Physical structure of fibres, 30
Picking esparto, 90
Pictet’s sulphurous acid process, 70
Pigments, 141
―, analysing, 209
Pine, composition, 61
―, pulp yield, 77
Pine, white, for mechanical wood pulp, 108
― wood fibre, 61
Pineapple fibre, 44, 46
Pink colours, 141
Pinus fibre, 60
Plant fibres, constitution, 1
―, structural elements, 1
― tissues mainly cellulose, 4
Pochin’s aluminous cake, 140
Poplar, composition, 61
― fibre, 60
Porion’s evaporator, 182
Porter-Clark process for water, 214
Potchers, felting caused in, 113
― for bleaching pulp in, 111
― for rags, 80
Presse-pâte system for esparto, 96
― ― ― for straw, 101
Pressure for boiling straw, 100
― in relation to soda, 64
Prussian blue, 142
Pulp, beating, 117
―, bleaching, 110
―, ― refractory, 114
―, colour of, produced by bisulphite, 77
―, dimensions of fibre in, 119
―, dry, preparing, 119
―, duration of beating, 119
―, freeing from bleach, 114
―, improving colour, 114
―, mixing, 119
―, removing calcium hypochlorite from, 114, 127
― saver, 114, 155
― yield from straw, 99
― ― ― woods, 77
Purification of water, 211
Rags, bleaching, 115
―, boiled, draining, 84
―, ―, washing, 85
―, boiling, 82
―, ― with lime, 83
―, cutting, 81
―, dusting, 82
―, potchers, 89
―, proportion of alkali, 83
―, quantity of water for boiling, 84
―, sorting, 80
―, statistics, 221, 222
―, time of boiling, 84
―, treatment for paper, 79
―, ― in washer, 89
―, willowing, 81
Ramie fibres, dimensions, 39, 50
Raw material for paper, 1
Reagents for examining fibres, 36
Recovered soda, analysing, 205
― ―, carbonising, 186
― ― causticising, 187
― ―, composition, 186
Refractory pulps, bleaching, 114
Repped paper, 171
Resinate of alumina, 137
Retree, 175
Rhea fibre, 50
Roeckner’s esparto boiler, 93
― evaporator, 181
― strainer, 150
― water clarifier, 211
Rosin, 137
― soap, 137
Rotary boilers unsuited to esparto, 90
Rubbing test for paper, 197
Rye straw, 98
Salle, 175
Salmon’s guillotine, 174
Save-all, 154
Schultze’s method of isolating cellulose from wood, 21
Schurmann’s calender rolls, 171
Schweizer’s reagent, 5
Sections of fibres for examination, 38
Seed hairs, 46
― ―, dimensions, 39
Self-cleaning strainer, 149
Settling ponds, 125
Seventy per cent. white caustic, 178
Sheave, causes of, 90
Silk fibre, 31
Sinclair’s esparto boiler, 94
Single cylinder machines, 164
― sheet cutter, 173
Siphon washer for boiled rags, 87
Site for mill, 210
Sixty per cent. white caustic, 177
Size, estimating amount of, 204
―, ― nature of, 203
―, making with gelatine, 162
Sizes of sheets, 175
Sizing, 137
Slicer, 151
Smalts, 141
Smell consumer, 183
Smoothers, 158
Smoothness, 159
Soaking wood, 107
Soap, analysing, 208
― and gelatine, 163
― for paper-makers, 163
Soda, action on cellulose compared with bisulphite, 76
― ash, analysing, 205
― bicarbonate for accelerating action of bleaching powder, 112
―, brands, 178
― carbonate for sizing, 138
―, commercial kinds, 177
―, destructive action on cellulose, 64
― drums, emptying, 179
― for esparto, 89
― for isolating cellulose, 63
― in relation to pressure, 64
― liquor from esparto, treatment of, 98
― ―, evaporating, 180, 231
― ―, removing sodium-sulphur compounds, 191
―, prices, 179
―, proportion for straw, 99
―, recovered, analysing, 205
― ―, carbonising, 186
― ―, causticising, 187
― ―, composition, 186
― recovery, 179
― solutions, table of strengths, 109
―, substances removed from esparto by, 97
Sodium hypochlorite in bleaching, 113
― hyposulphite, analysing, 208
― ― for neutralising bleaching powder, 127, 129
― sulphide, oxidising, 191
― sulphite, analysing, 208
― ― to neutralise bleaching powder, 128
― -sulphur compounds in soda liquors, 191
― thiosulphate, analysing, 208
― thiosulphate for neutralising bleaching powder, 127, 129
Soft water, objections to, 216
Soluble sulphides for isolating cellulose, 67
Solutions, alum, table of strengths, 143
―, aniline colours, 37
―, aniline sulphate, 37
―, chlorine water, 37
―, iodine, 36
―, neutral mounting, 36
Sorting, 175
― rags, 80
Specific gravity, Twaddle converted into, 109
Spherical rag boiler, 82
Stanhope purifier, 212, 214
Starch and iodide paper, making, 130
―, estimating, 203
― paste for sizing, 138
Starches, analysing, 208
Starching blotting paper, 139
― filter paper, 139
Statistics, 221
Steam and ligno-celluloses, 21
Steaming wood, 107
Stipa tenacissima fibre, 39, 55
Strainers, 147
―, closing plates, 150
―, knotter, 151
Straw, 46, 57
―, amount of bleaching powder needed by, 112
―, boiled, washing, 100
―, boilers for, 99
―, boiling, 100
―, cellulose yield from, 98
―, cleaning, 100
―, composition, 59, 99
―, cutting, 100
―, dimensions of cells, 58
―, general chemical characteristics, 58
― in paper, detecting, 200, 201
―, microscopic features, 57
― paper, source of weakness, 103
―, pressure in boiling, 100
―, proportion of soda for, 99
― pulp, ash, 136
― ―, chlorinating, 102
― ―, dimensions of fibre, 119
― pulp, draining, 100
― ―, dry, preparing, 119
― ―, grinding, 101
― ―, yield, 99
―, soda treatment, 98
―, treating for paper, 63
― washer, 101
Strengths of alum solutions, table, 143
― of paper, classification, 197
― ―, influence of glazing, 198
― ―, measuring, 193
Sugar-cane fibre, 59
Sulphide processes, economy of, 68
― ―, malodours of, 68
Sulphite processes, objection to, 75
Sulphur, action on cellulose, 130
― and lime for neutralising bleaching powder, 129
Sulphuric acid and cellulose, 12
― ― and ligno-cellulose, 22
― ― in bleaching pulps, 112
Sulphurous acid for isolating cellulose, 64
― ― processes for wood, 70
― ― processes, objection to, 75
Sunda, see Sunn hemp.
Sunn hemp, 44, 46, 50
― ―, characters, 50
― ―, composition, 50
― ―, general chemical characteristics, 50
― ―, micro-chemical reactions, 50
― ―, microscopic features, 50
Synthesis of cellulose, 15
Table of processes for resolving wood, 78
― of strengths of alum solutions, 143
― ― ― of caustic soda solutions, 109
Teazing needles, 38
Telegram paper, 104
Test paper, making, 130
Testing antichlor, 130
― iodine solution, 36
― paper, 193
― ― by rubbing, 197
Textile trade waste, treating for paper, 62
Thickness of paper, gauging, 153
― ― ―, measuring, 198
Thompson’s rag-bleaching process, 115
Thune’s mechanical wood pulp, 107
Tilghmann’s sulphurous acid process, 70
Tilia grandifolia fibre, 39, 54
Time of boiling rags, 84
Toned paper, 142
Trade statistics, 221
Triacetyl cellulose, 8
Tub sizing, 137
― ― on the machine, 160
Twaddle degrees, converting into specific gravity, 109
Ultramarine, 141
Umpherstoil’s beater, 123
Urtica dioica fibre, 52
― heterophylla fibre, 44
Vacuum strainer, 148
Victory cutter, 174
Vinegar plant forming cellulose, 16
Vomiting boiler, 91
Washing boiled esparto, 95
― ― rags, 85
― ― straw, 100
― out bleaching liquor from half-stuff, 127
Waste paper, pulp from, 104
Water and ligno-cellulose, 21
― at high temperature and cellulose, 15
―, clarifier, 211
―, clarifying, 125
―, filter bags, 126
― for beaters, 125
―, lime salts, 212
― marks, 145, 156
―, Porter-Clark process, 214
― proportion to pulp in beating, 118
―, purification, 211
―, quantity for boiling rags, 84
― resolving wood by, 65
―, settling ponds, 125
―, soft, objections to, 216
―, soluble impurities, 212
Water supply, 210
Web glazing, 167
Webster on analysis of fibres, 42
Weighing paper ash, 134
Weight per ream, 176
Weighting paper, 130
Wet end of machine, 154
― felt, 157
Wheat straw, 98
White fir fibre, 61
― pine for mechanical wood pulp, 108
Width of paper, gauging, 152
Willesden canvas, 219
― paper, 219
― scrim, 219
― welded goods, 220
Willowing adansonia fibre, 103
― jute, 103
― Manilla hemp, 103
― rags, 81
Winding, 160
Wire-cloth, 153
― in rag washer, 87
―, shifting, 156
Wood, acid processes, 69
―, amount of bleaching powder needed by, 112
―, bisulphite processes, 71
―, boiling with sulphites, 74
―, chemical, in paper, detecting, 200
―, cutting up for pulp, 105
―, grinding, 105
―, mechanical, in paper, detecting, 200, 201
―, objection to acid in bleaching, 112
― processes, table of, 78
― pulps, 60
― ―, ash, 136
― ― beating, 117
― ―, dimensions of fibre, 119
― ―, dry, preparing, 119
― ― from aspen, 108
― ― from white pine, 108
― ―, mechanical, 105
― ―, ―, quantitative estimation, 202
― ―, statistics, 224
―, resolving by water, 65
―, Schultze’s method of isolating cellulose from, 21
―, soaking, 107
― splitting machine, 74
―, steaming, 107
― suitable for Ekman’s process, 73
―, sulphide treatment, 67
―, sulphurous acid processes, 70
―, treating for paper, 64
Woods, pulp yield of, 77
Wool fibre, character, 31
Wove paper, 156
Wrapping paper, 104
Yankee machine, 164
Yaryan evaporator, 232
Young and Pettigrew’s acid process, 69
Yucca gloriosa fibre, 44, 46
Zinc chloride and cellulose, 13
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SPONS’
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