A Text-book of Paper-making

Plants are so far built up of cellulose that it may be called the material basis of the vegetable world. Plant tissues, however, seldom, if ever, consist of pure cellulose, but...

We have already, in Chapter V., discussed in a general way the principles upon which the treatment of the various fibres should be based; we now proceed to consider each fibre i...

It is made on a mould of wire-cloth, with a movable frame of wood, called the “deckle,” fitting on to the outside of the mould and extending slightly above its surface.

We are now in a position to discuss generally the various methods by which the paper-maker obtains cellulose from the different raw materials. The special treatments necessary f...

The bleached half-stuff as it leaves the steeping chests usually contains an excess of bleaching liquor, which can be removed in two ways, viz. by washing or by decomposition wi...

This process, the invention of Mr. H. J. Yaryan, of Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A., has been considerably developed in America in its several applications, and as we have authentic inform...

As we have already pointed out, caustic soda and lime are the only alkalis employed by the paper-maker for boiling fibres; the special cases in which carbonate of soda is used h...

There are two points of view from which a paper may be tested: first, of physical or mechanical properties; secondly, of material composition. We shall consider the subject acco...

We now have to treat of the fibrous raw materials from the point of view of form or structure, which is, of course, a very important factor in determining the quality of the pap...

Class A. COTTON.—Genus, _Gossypium_. Order, _Malvaceæ_. Seed hairs, consisting of ultimate fibres. Length, 2·0–4·0 c.m., diameter, 0·012–0·037 mm. Mean ratio, 1250. Illustrated...

The bleached pulp is now ready for the final treatment. If it were attempted to make paper from the pulp in the state in which it leaves the “potchers” or “steeping” chests, it...

The paper, as it leaves the machine, is for many purposes not sufficiently highly glazed, and it is therefore necessary for it to undergo a further process of calendering. This...

The washed and broken pulp is placed in the “potcher” together with the necessary quantity of bleaching liquor and as much water as is required to produce complete circulation o...

The statistics concerning the trade in raw materials for paper-making are not published in a detailed form, all the various kinds of fibre, &c., being grouped under two heads, v...

In choosing a spot on which to build a paper-mill, the manufacturer has to take into consideration several very important circumstances. Chief of these is the necessity for havi...

When an alkaline treatment is adopted, the alkali employed is, at least in this country, caustic soda. In Germany the sulphide of sodium processes have been very largely adopted...

A knowledge of the methods usually employed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the various chemical substances met with in paper manufacture is of considerable imp...

Bookbinding — Bronzes — Candles — Cement — Cleaning — Concretes — Dyeing — Electro-Metallurgy — Enamels — Engraving — Etching — Firework Making — Freezing — Fulminates — Furnitu...

The action of a solution of copper oxide in ammonia upon cellulose has been already referred to (see p. 5). Celluloses, and also lignocelluloses, when treated with such a soluti...

We have already discussed (p. 4) the methods for the determination of cellulose in fibrous substances. This is to the paper-maker the most important constituent, and is that upo...

The raw materials of the paper-maker are primarily the vegetable fibrous substances; in addition to these there are various articles which are employed as auxiliaries, either in...

The process depends upon the use of a solution of calcium hypochlorite, prepared by dissolving bleaching powder in water. This solution is best prepared in a vessel provided wit...