Chapter 23

Jacob of Vitry, on abuses of charity, 411. James, the Apostle, quoted on rich men, 377. Jerome, St., his life of Paul of Thebes, 35; on Pachomian monks, 59; his letter to Rusticus, 59; on solitude, 61; on number of Egyptian monks, 63; on clergy of the fourth and fifth centuries, 77; in his cell, 85; Schaff on, 86; his birth and early life, 86; his travels, and austerities, 87, 92; organizes monastic brotherhood, 88; his literary labors, 88; glorifies desert life, 89; influences Rome, 91; his temptations, 93; his fondness for the classics, 95; his biographies of Roman nuns, 96; his life of St. Paula, 97, and of Marcella, 102; on folly of Roman women, 108; on marriage and celibacy, 112; on household duties, 113; attacks the foes of monks, 127; on vices of monks, 128; on monastic aim, 360; on the natural, 366. Jesuits, _see_ Jesus, The Society of. Jesuits, The Pagan, 22, 426. Jesus Christ, the Essenes and, 26; quoted by early ascetics, 31, and by Jerome, 92; teachings of, used by monks, 366, 376; his doctrine of wealth, 377; his attitude toward rich men, 379; the doctrine of the cross and, 418. Jesus, The Society of, Sherman on nature of, 258; rejects seclusion, 258; Bishop Keane on, 259, 273; how differs from other monastic communities, 259; founded by Loyola, 264; constitution and polity of, 265; grades of members of, 265; vow of obedience in, 266; von Hoensbroech on, 268; confession in, 269; Carlyle on obedience in, 271; casuistry of, 272, 429; its doctrine of probabilism, 274; the Roman Church and, 275; Roman foes of, 276; mission of, 276; its attitude toward Reformation, 277; the Thirty Years' War and, 277; calumnies against, 279; Clement XIV. dissolves, 279; expulsion of, from Europe, 279; missionary labors of, 280; Parkman contrasts, with Puritans, 281; failure of, 283; restoration of, 283; causes for rise of, 374; hostility of, to free government, 402; liberal education opposed by, 409. _See_ Loyola. Jewish asceticism, 23. Jocelin, quoted by Carlyle, 145. John, King, confiscates alien priories, 338. John, St., Knights of, _see_ Knights. John, St., of Calama, visits his sister in disguise, 397. John, the Apostle, on love of the world, 377. John the Baptist, and asceticism, 30. Johnson, on Monastery of Iona, 168. Joseph, St., Church of, in England, 163. Josephus on the Essenes, 23. Jovinian, hostility of, toward monks, 127; compared by Neander to Luther, 127. Julian, Emperor, the exodus of monks and the, 127. Juvenal, satire of, on Roman women, 82.

K

Keane, Bishop, on the Jesuits, 259, 273. Kennaquhair, installation of abbot of, 145. King, on Hildebrand, 178. Kingsley, on Egypt and the hermits, 34; on Roman women, 82, 106; on fall of Rome, 78, 367. Knights of St. John, their origin and mission, 200. Knights of the Hospital, sketch of the, 198. Knights Templars, rule of the, 197; rise and fall of, 202.

L

Labor, manual, Jerome on, 59; in Pachomian rule, 60; Hill on benefits of, 142; among the Benedictines, 147, 404; Benedict on, 403; effect of Mendicants on, 404; not to be despised, 420. Lama, Grand, in India, 21. Lateran Council, 242. Latimer, Bishop, and the monastic funds, 323. Laumer, St., and wild animals, 156. Laveleye on Christianity, 378. Lay abbots, disorders among the, 179. Layton, a Royal Commissioner, 311. 312. Lea, on celibacy, 184; on the Reformation, 342. Learning, influence of Alcuin and Wilfred on, 167; Irish monasteries as centers of, 169; monks further, in England, 252; the monks and secular, 406; effects of monasticism on the course of, 407. _See_ Literary services. Lecky, on Fabiola's hospitals, 105; on asceticism and civilization, 401; on industry and the monastic ideal, 405; on abuses of alms-giving, 411; on the monastic doctrines of hell, 418. Legh, a Royal Commissioner, 311. Leo X., Pope, 293. Liberty, the Jesuits on, 375. _See_ Freedom and Independence. Libraries, monastic, 152. Lincoln, Abraham, quoted, 205. Lingard, on Bede and the conversion of King Lucius, 124; on the Anglo-Saxon Church, 181. Literary services of monks, 153, 406. _See_ Learning. Lollardism, way paved for destruction of cloisters by, 294. _See_ 429. Lombards destroy Monte Cassino, 135. London, John, a Royal Commissioner, 311. Longfellow, poem of, on Francis, 218; on Monte Cassino, 135- Lord, John, on needed religious reforms, 80. Loyola, St. Ignatius, his birth, 261; enters upon religious work, 262; his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 263; his education, 263; imprisonments, 263; founds Society of Jesus, 264; his "Spiritual Exercises," 265, 267; on obedience, 267; his mission, 276; Sherman on, 278; compared with Hamilcar, 409. _See_ Society of Jesus. Lucius, a British king, embraces Christianity, 124. Luther, influence of, in history, 92; an Augustinian monk, 118; Henry VIII. attacks, 293. Lytton, his views of Jesuits denounced, 278.

M

Macarius, the hermit, 49. Macaulay, his views of Jesuits opposed, 278; on the aims of Jesuits, 283; on the Roman Church, 402. Mabie, H.W., on the monks and the classics, 408. Mahomet, Carlyle on, 33. Maitland, on Benedictine monasteries, 155. Maitre, on desecration of cloisters, 350. Malmesbury, his charges against the monks, 173. Manicheism, relation of, to Albigensians, 233. Marcella, St., Jerome on life of, 102; her austerities and charity, 103. Maria dei Angeli, Sta., Francis hears call in church of, 214. Marriage, Basil on, 66; how esteemed in Rome, 110; Gibbon on, in Rome, 110; Jerome and Augustine on, 112; vow of celibacy and, 381. Married life in Rome, Jerome on, 114. Martensen, on ascetics, 391; on solitude and society, 395. Martin, St., of Tours, credibility of biography of, 119; sketch of his life, 120; his death, 122; churches and shrines in honor of, 122. Martinmas, 122. Materialism, monasticism and, 350, 413; of the West, 371. Mathews, Shailer, on Christ and riches, 379. Matthew of Paris, on prosperity of friars, 246. Maur, St., walks on water, 137. Maximilian, of Bavaria, educated by Jesuits, 277. Melrose Abbey, 289. Mendicant Friars, The, 205; success of, 242, 255; their value to Rome, 243; confined to four societies, 246; quarrels among, 246; their educational work, 248; in England, 251; decline of, 253; as preachers, 244; 254; effects of prosperity on, 256. Mendicity of monks, 245. Milan, church of, Emperor refused entrance to the, 115. Military-religious orders, their origin, labors and decline, 197. Militia of Jesus Christ, 242. Mill, John Stuart, on preaching friars, 244. Milman, on the early church leaders, 129; on dream of Dominic's mother, 231; on bigotry of monks, 395; on monks and natural affections, 398. Milton, contrasted to monks, 394. Miracles, 224. _See_ Anthony, Stylites, St. Martin, etc. Missionary labors, of monks, 148, 171, 398; of the Jesuits, 280, 281. Modern life and thought, monasticism rejected by, 421. Mohammedans, mission of Francis to, 217. Monastery, of Pachomius, 58; Monte Cassino, 134; St. Gregory's, rules of, 141; Kennaquhair, 145; Vivaria, 152; Bangor, 165; Iona, 168; Cluny, 177; Grand Chartreuse, 189; Charterhouse, 191, 301, 334, 343; Citeaux, 192; Clairvaux, 193; St. Nicholas, 240; Melrose, 289; Glastonbury, 314. Monasteries, in Egypt, 44; of Jerome, 88; of Paula, 100; in early Britain, 123; as literary centers, 151; decline of, in Middle Ages, 173; destruction of, by Danes, 180; corruptions of, in Dunstan's time, 185; abandonment of endowments, 244; fall of, in England, 286; fall of, in various countries, 288, 430; obstacles to progress, 343; new uses of, 350; life in, 392; charity of, 410. Monasteries, The Fall of, in England, 286; various views of, 288; necessity for dispassionate judgment, 289; events preceding, 293; progress and, 300; the Charterhouse, 302; the Royal Commissioners and their methods, 308, 313; Glastonbury, 314; report of commissioners, 313, 314; action of Parliament, 319; the lesser houses, 319; the larger houses, 320; total number and the revenues of, 321; effect of, upon the people, 322; Green on same, 323; uprisings and rebellions, 325; use of funds, 328; justification for, 331; Bale, Blunt and Hume on justification for, 333; Hallam on, 334; charges against monks true, 336; Bonaventura and Wyclif on vices of monks, 337; confiscation of alien priories, 338; compared with suppression in other countries, 339, 430; alienation of England from Rome, 342; superficial explanation of, 343; true view of, 344; monks and reform, 344; causes of, enumerated, 345; results of, 345, 347; general review of, 352; Bryant on, 353. Monasticism, Eastern, origin of, 17, 29; philosophy and, 18; Christian, 29; the Scriptures and, 30; in Egypt, 33; virtual founder of, 42; under Pachomius, 58, 63; under Basil, 63; character of, in Greek church, 67; perplexing character of, 69. _See_ Jerome, Basil and Athanasius. Monasticism, Western, 71; introduction in Rome, 71; effect upon Rome, 80; women and, 96, 106; Gregory the Great and, 160; in England, 162; spread of, 115; in Germany, 122; in Spain, 122; in early Britain, 123, 168; disorders and oppositions, 124; enemies of, 127; its eclipse, 130; code of, 139; reforms of, and military types, 173, 197; decline of, in the Middle Ages, 173, 179; Benedict of Aniane tries to reform, 176; in England, in Middle Ages, 180; failure of reforms, 196, 207; its moral dualism, 205; its recuperative power, 205; in the thirteenth century, 206; new features of, 244; popes demand reforms in, 286; attacked by governments, 287; Hill on fall of, in England, 345; a fetter on progress, 347; alms-giving and, 348; age of, compared to modern times, 351. Monasticism, Causes and Ideals of, 354; causative motives, 355; the desire for salvation, 356; quotations on the ideal, 129, 173, 174, 357, 358, 360; nothing gained by return to ideal, 352; motive for endowments, 361; the love of solitude, 362; various motives, 364; beliefs affecting the causative motives, 365; Gnostic teachings, 366; effect of the social condition of Roman Empire, 367; the flight from the world, 368; causes of variations in types, 371; East and West compared, 371; effect of political changes, 372; the Crusades, 373; effect of feudalism, 373; effect of the intellectual awakening, 374; the Modern Age and the Jesuits, 374; the fundamental vows, 375. Monasticism, Effects of, 386; the good and evil of, 387; variety of opinions respecting, 387; the diversity of facts, 389; elements of truth and worth, 390; effects of self-sacrifice, 390, of solitude, 393; the monks as missionaries, 398; civic duties, 399; upon civilization, 401; upon agriculture, 403; upon secular learning, 405; the charity of monks, 410; upon religion, 412, 413; the sense of sin, 414; the atonement for sin, 417; the distinction between the secular and the religious, 418; monasticism and Christianity, 420; old monastic methods forsaken, 421; summary of effects, 423. Monastic Orders, the usual history of, 174. _See_ Benedict, Order of St., Franciscans, etc. Monks, not peculiar to Christianity, 17; Jerome on habits of, 36; in Egypt, 44; Pachomian, 58; number of Eastern, 63; under Basil, 63; character of Eastern, 67, 69; as theological fighters, 68; Hypatia and the, 68; in the desert of Chalcis, 87; in early Rome, 96; motives of early, 106, 128; of Augustine, 118; under Martin of Tours, 120; opposition to Roman, 125, 147; disorders among the early, 128, 150; literary services of, 151, 153, 167, 169, 248, 253, 405, 406; agricultural services of, 155, 192, 403; wild animals and the, 156; early British, 162, 168; influence of the, in England, 166; the barbarians and the, 148, 171, 398; military, 173, 197; corruptions of, 124, 173, 175, 179, 196, 206, 336; the celibacy of, 183; changes in the character of, 284; rebel against Henry VIII., 296; as obstacles to progress, 300, 343; required to take the Oath of Supremacy, 301; pious frauds of, in England, 318; receive pensions, 320; oppose reforms in England, 344; privileges and powers of the, affected by the suppression, 347; charity of the, 348, 410, 411; objects of the, 360; once held in high esteem, 361; their flight from Rome, 368; diversity of opinions respecting the, 388; effect of austerities on the, 390; effect of solitude on the, 393; deficiencies in the best, 394; as missionaries, 398; civic duties and the, 399; military quarrels incited by the, 401; enthusiasm for religion kept alive by the, 413; their sense of sin, exaggeration in their views and methods, 413; their doctrine of hell, 417; the doctrine of the cross and the, 418. _See_ Mendicants, Benedict, Order of St., etc. Montaigne, on the temptations of solitude, 393. Montalembert, on Eastern monachism, 67; on Benedict, 130; on the ruin of French cloisters, 351; on the attractions of solitude, 364; on the value of the monks, 388, 406. Montanists, The, and asceticism, 27. Monte Cassino, Monastery at, Montalembert on, 134; sketch of its history, 134. Montserrat, tablet on Ignatius in church at, 262. More, Sir Thomas, causes of his death, 298; his character, 299; influence of, in prison, 303, 305; on Henry's ambition, 322. Morton, Cardinal, on the vices of the monks, 338. Mosheim, on Francis, 225; on the quarrel of the Franciscans, 247. Mozoomdar, on the motives and spirit of Oriental asceticism, 358. Mutius, taught renunciation, 62.

N

Neander, compares Jovinian to Luther, 127; on the dreams of Francis, 209. Newman, Cardinal, on Benedict's mission, 149. Nicholas, St., Monastery of, 240. Normans, The, and the alien priories, 341. Novitiate, Benedictine, extended by Gregory, 160; of the Jesuits, 260, 269. _See_ various orders. Nun, _see_ Women. Nunneries, origin of, 106.

O

Obedience, vow of, in Pachomian rule, 61; enforced by Basil, 66; among the Jesuits, 266; Loyola on, 267; Dom Guigo on, 383; its value and its abuses, 384. Observantines, 246. Oliphant, Mrs., on the temptations of Francis, 218; on the stigmata, 222. Origen, on Christianity in Britain, 123. Oswald, aids Dunstan in reforms, 186. Oxford University, friars enter, 251; founded by monks, 406.

P

Pachomius, St., 32; birth and early life of, 58. Pachomian Monks, rules of, 58; vows, 61; their number and spread, 63. Pagan philosophy powerless to save Rome, 76. Palgrave on the miter, 400. Pamplona, Ignatius wounded at siege of, 262. Parkman, Francis, on the Puritans and the Jesuits, 281; on the Roman Church, 386. Parliament of Religions, World's Fair, views of asceticism at the, 357, 358. Paris, University of, 249, 406. Paschal II., Pope, the gift of Cluny, 178. Patrick, St., 122; labors in Ireland, 123; was he a Romanist? 162. Paul, The Apostle, on asceticism, 27. Paul III., Pope, excommunicates Henry VIII., 306. Paul of Thebes, Jerome's life of, 35; his early life, 36; visited by Anthony, 37; his death, 40; effect of his biography on the times, 42. Paula, St., Jerome on death of, 98, 101; her austerities and charities, 98, 100; separates from her children, 98; her monasteries at Bethlehem, 100; inscription on her tombstone, 102; faints at her daughter's funeral, 125. Paulinus, embraces ascetic Christianity, 84. Peter, The Apostle, marriage of, 115. Peter the Venerable, 178. Petrarch, Mabie on, and the classics, 408. Peyto, Friar, denounces Henry VIII., 296: Philanthropy, spirit of, kept alive by monks, 412. _See_ Charity. Philip IV., King, of France, his charges against the Knights, 202. Phillips, Wendell, on the reading of history, 386. Philo, on the Essenes, 23; on the Therapeutæ, 27. Philosophy, ascetic influence of Greek, 21; Gnostic, 27; Pagan, and fall of Rome, 76. Pike, Luke Owen, on the character of Henry VIII., 290; on the lawlessness of monks, 336. Pilgrims of Grace, 326; their demands and overthrowal, 327. Pillar Saints, 51. Plague, Black, and the monks, 410. Plato, ascetic teachings of, 22. Pliny, on the Essenes, 25. Pole, Reginald, on Henry VIII. and Rome, 295. Politics, not to be despised, 420. Portus, inn at, 105. Potitianus, affected by Anthony's biography, 83. Poverty, vow of, in Pachomian rule, 61; Franciscans quarrel over, 246; and the Scriptures, 376. Preaching Friars, _see_ Dominicans, Franciscans and Mendicants. Pride, spiritual, of monks, 395. Probabilism, doctrine of, 274. Protestantism, effect of, upon monasticism, 286; guilty of persecution, 332; and the Church of England, 340; its real value to England, 346; its religious ideal, 356. Putnam, on the rule of St. Benedict, 139; on Cassiodorus, 153; on the first quarrel over copyright, 170. Pythagoras, asceticism of, 21, 426.

R

Reade, Charles, on the monk's flight from the world, 368. Reading, the monks of, their pious frauds, 318. Recluses, _see_ Hermits. Reformed Orders, 173. Reform, monastic, 173, 205; fails to stop decline of monasteries, 196, 207, 286; demanded by popes, 286; failure of, 336. _See_ Monasticism. Reformation, The Protestant, furthered by certain Franciscans, 247; relation of Mendicants to, 248; the Jesuits and, 277; 278, 283; in England, its character, and results, 345,346; and the monastic life, 374. Relics, fraudulent, 128, 318. Religion, monasticism and, 18, 412; influence of feelings and opinions, 354; enthusiasm for, fostered by monks, 413; the sense of sin, 414; salvation, 417; the distinction between the secular and the religious, 418, 420; the doctrine of the cross, 418; essence of, 419; true, possible outside of convents, 421. Religious houses, _see_ Monasteries. Renunciation of the world, 358, 369. _See_ Self-denial. Rice, Ap, a Royal Commissioner, 311. Riches, _see_ Wealth. Richard II., confiscates alien priories, 338. Robertson, F. W., on excessive austerities, 94. Rome, Church of, her claims respecting the early British Church, 162; writers of, on the stigmata, 223; her relation to the Jesuits, 275, and the English people, 294, 341; martyrs of, 332; writers of, on the fall of monasteries, 334, 335; England separates from, 342; her religious ideal, 356; Parkman on, 386; Macaulay on, 403. _See_ Henry VIII. Rome, Monasticism introduced in, 71; social and religious state of, in the fourth century, 72, 74; Dill on causes of the fall of, 74; classes of society in, 75; Farrar on luxury of, 75; epigram of Silvianus, 76; Kingsley on ruin of, 78; Jerome on sack of, by Alaric, 103. _See_ Jerome. Roman Empire, nominally Christian, 73;. its impending doom, 73, 367. Romanus, a monk, 131. Royalty, affected by monasticism, 179. Rules, monastic, the first, 58; before Benedict, 107; of Augustine, 118; of St. Benedict, 138, 139, 147, 151, 158; of Dom Guigo, 189; of St. Francis, 226. _See_ Celibacy, Poverty, Obedience. Ruskin, on St. Hugh of Lincoln, 189. Rusticus, a monk, 59. Rutilius, on the monks, 126.

S

Sabatier, on rule of St. Francis, 227. Saint, Paul of Thebes, 35; Anthony, 37; Athanasius, 42; Abraham, 50, 60; Macarius, 49; Hilarion, 49; Simeon Stylites, 51; Pachomius, 58; Basil, 63; Gregory of Nazianza, 65; Jerome, 85; Paula, 97; Marcella, 102; Fabiola, 105; Ambrose, 115; Chrysostom, 116; Augustine, 117; Martin of Tours, 119; Maur, 137; Patrick, 123, 162; Benedict of Nursia, 131; Hugh of Lincoln, 157, 189; Gregory the Great, 159; Columba, 162, 168, 170; Boniface, 167; Wilfred, 167; Benedict of Aniane, 176; Dunstan, 182; Bruno, 188; Bernard, 192; Francis, 208; Clara, 228; Dominic, 230; Loyola, 261. Salvation, the desire for, 70, 111, 355, 396; the struggle for, 95; monastic views of, 417. Samson, Abbot, election of, 145. Santa Crocella, chapel of, 131. Saracens burn Monte Cassino monastery, 135. Saragossa, Council of, forbids priests to assume monks' robes, 122. Savonarola, a Dominican, 242. Saxons invade England, 180. Schaff, Philip, on origin of monasticism, 18; on Montanists, 28; on the biography of the hermit Paul, 35; on St. Jerome, 86; on Augustine, 117; on Benedictine rule, 148; on monasteries as centers of learning, 153; on effects of monasticism, 387. Scholastica, story about, 138. Schools, monastic, 154, 167. _See _ Learning. Scott, Walter, on installation of an abbot, 145; on the crusaders, 199. Seclusion, 244, 259. _See_ Solitude. Secular life, duties of, 113; the monks and, 399; distinction between religion and the, 418; true view of, 420. Self-crucifixion, 418. Self-denial, its nature, 356; Mozoomdar on, 358. Selfishness, engendered by monasticism, 396. Self-forgetfulness, the key to happiness, 392. Self-mastery, the craving for, 70. Self-sacrifice, effect of, upon the individual, 390; meaning of true, 419. _See_ Asceticism. Serapion, monks of, 63. Severus, his life of St. Martin, 119. Sherman, Father Thomas E., on the Society of Jesus, 258; on Loyola, 278. Sick, ministered to by women, 350. _See_ Charity. Silvianus, epigram of, on dying Rome, 76. Simon de Montfort, 237. Simeon Stylites, birth and early life of, 51; austerities of, 52; his fame, 52; lives on a pillar, 53; Tennyson on, 54; death of, 56; refuses to see his mother, 397; method of, forsaken, 421. Sin, monastic confessions of, 413; consciousness of, preserved by monks, 414; exaggerated views of, 415; false methods to get rid of, 416; monastic influence on doctrine of atonement for, 417. Sisterhoods, _see_ Women. Sixtus IV. and V., Popes, on the stigmata, 221. Social service, spirit of, 419, 423. Solitude, of Egypt, 33; provided for in Pachomian rules, 60; Jerome on, 61; the love of, as a cause of monasticism, 362, 363; effects of, upon the individual, 393; Montaigne on temptations of, 393; society and, 395. Soul-purity, struggles for, 95. _See_ Salvation. Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius, 265. Spain, monasticism enters, 122. Starbuck, Charles C., on the casuistry of the Jesuits, 274. Stigmata, of St. Francis, 219. Storrs, on Bernard, 197. Subiaco, desert of, 131. Superstitions, monastic, when revolt against is justifiable, 423. Suppression of monasteries, _see_ Monasteries, The Fall of. Supremacy, the monks required to take the oath of, 301.

T

Tabenna, Monastery at, 32, 58. Tauler, John, a Dominican, 242; on service and contemplation, 395.

Taunton, E.L., on the family-idea of monasteries, 143; on Augustine and British monks, 165. Taylor, Isaac, on the biography of Anthony, 48. Templars, _see_ Knights. Tennyson, on Stylites, 54. Tertullian, on Christianity in Britain, 123. Thackeray, views of, on Jesuits opposed, 278. Theodoret, on Stylites, 51, 53. Theodosius, Abbot, 50. Theology, the monks and, 406; White on same, 416. Theophilus, joins Eudoxia against Chrysostom, 117. Therapeutæ, Philo on the, 27. Thieffroy, on charity of monks, 410. Third Order, _see_ Franciscans and Dominicans. Thirty Years' War, the Jesuits and the, 277. Trench, on monastic history, 175; on genius in creation, 207; on the stigmata, 223. Trent, Council of, restricts Mendicants, 246; on marriage, 382.

U

Universities, foundations of, laid by monks, 405. Urban II., Pope, the gift of Cluny monastery, 178.

V