Chapter 34

_Carina_, moderately large; seen externally, the surface presents an elongated triangle, with the apex truncated; on the internal face (fig. 1 _b´_, _d_) of the free part, there is (instead of being concave as is usual) a great central ridge, which projects between the diverging apices of the terga, as may be seen from vertically above; hence the thickness of the upper part of the carina, in a longitudinal plane, almost equals its breadth. The edge of this ridge is rounded. The inner or growing surface of the carina is tinted purple, and lies in a plane, oblique to the longer axis of the valve; it is triangular, with the apex cut off, and the basal margin rounded and protuberant; it is not concave. There is a central raised line or slight ridge on this inner surface, and on each side in the upper part there is a small, white, roughened knob, corresponding with the similar knobs on the carinal margins of the terga.

_Rostrum_ (fig. 1 _b´_, _a_), rudimentary; in one specimen it was about 1/50th of an inch in width; it is either as wide, or only half as wide, as the subjacent scale on the peduncle.

_Latera_, rudimentary, placed between the edges of the carina and the terga; rather smaller than the rostrum; almost cylindrical, slightly flattened, enlarged at each zone of growth, with one or two sharp teeth or spines on both faces; imperfectly calcified; in width barely 1/15th part of the carina.

_Peduncle_, short; the scales alone in the uppermost whorl are plainly toothed; they are transversely elongated, and almost quadrangular, and are nearly twice as large as those in the second whorl. Beneath this second whorl, there are two or three whorls, with scales, graduated in size; and the rest of the peduncle is covered by rather distantly scattered, minute, rounded or acutely pointed scales: the pointed scales are directed upwards, and are best developed under the carina. The basal calcareous cup, judging from two specimens, is thin, and not much developed.

_Size and Colour._--The largest specimen was nearly 6/10ths of an inch across its capitulum. The calcareous valves are dirty white. The sack is (after having been long kept in spirits) pale coloured, excepting a small purple space, between the scuta and another over the carina. The three posterior segments of the thorax and portions under the second and third cirri, the trophi, the pedicels and the anterior faces of the segments (especially of the basal segments in the second and third cirri), and a spot on their dorsal surfaces, and the penis are all coloured dark purplish-black. The prosoma is pale coloured.

_Mouth._--Crest of labrum with a row of bead-like teeth and hairs. _Palpi_ bluntly pointed, with neither margin hollowed out.

_Mandibles_, with eight pectinations between the first and second main teeth, and three between the second and third teeth; inferior angle coarsely pectinated, with a central spine much longer than the others; the distance between the tips of the first and second main teeth, is about equal to that between the tip of the second tooth and of the inferior angle.

_Maxillæ._--Under the two upper long spines (associated with some smaller ones), there is a slight and wide hollow; and the whole inferior edge obscurely forms two blunt points, with the spines on the lower projection smaller than the upper spines.

_Outer Maxillæ_, considerably concave in front, with the spines almost discontinuous in the middle part.

_Cirri._--First pair rather far separated from the second pair. The segments of the three posterior cirri bear three or four pairs of main spines, and are otherwise characterised like the foregoing species. _First cirrus_, with its anterior ramus much thicker than the posterior ramus, and of nearly equal length; all the segments, except the two terminal ones, thickly clothed with serrated spines. _Second cirrus_ considerably shorter than the third cirrus: anterior ramus with the seven basal segments very protuberant, and paved with bristles, and the four terminal ones on the usual structure; posterior ramus, with the five basal segments paved (but much less thickly than in the anterior ramus), and the nine terminal ones on the usual structure. _Third cirrus_, the anterior ramus, with the five basal segments, thick and paved, and eleven terminal segments on the usual structure: posterior ramus, with one basal segment paved, and sixteen other segments on the usual structure. In the posterior rami, however, of both the second and third cirri, it is difficult to draw any distinct line between the paved segments and the others.

_Caudal Appendages_, short, either just exceeding in length the pedicels of the sixth cirrus, or equalling only the lower segment: segments flattened, cylindrical, six in number, there being, in the same individual, twenty-one segments in both rami of the sixth cirrus.

6. LITHOTRYA VALENTIANA. Pl. VIII, fig. 5.

CONCHOTRYA VALENTIANA. _J. E. Gray._ Annals of Philosoph., vol. x (new series), 1825.

_L. scutis in profundam tergorum plicam invertis: tergorum opposito superiore margine, plicâ alterâ æquè profundâ instructo: carinæ cristâ prominente centrali, marginibus quadratis, in parte superiore: rostro rudimentali: lateribus et pedunculo ignotis._

Scuta locked into a deep fold in the terga; the latter having a second equally deep fold on the opposite upper margin. Carina with a prominent, central, square-edged ridge in the upper part: rostrum rudimentary. Latera and peduncle unknown.

Animal unknown.

Red Sea, imbedded in an oyster-shell. British Museum.

_General Remarks._--The two specimens in the British Museum are small, and in an imperfect condition, without the peduncle or the latera, and without the body of the animal. The capitulum so closely resembles that of _L. truncata_, that it is quite superfluous to do more than point out the few differences. It is just possible, though not probable, that this form may prove to be merely a variety or younger state of _L. truncata_, in which case this latter name would have to be sunk. The difference, though one only of degree, in the form of the terga of the two species is conspicuous, and there is a slight difference in the carina, and again some dissimilarity in habits.

_Description._--The valves, as just stated, generally resemble those of _L. truncata_; scarcely any appreciable difference can be detected in the scuta; the apex, however, of the inner surface seems coloured a darker purple. The terga, as seen from vertically above (Pl. VIII, fig. 5 _b_), have a fold or indentation on the upper or occludent margin, as large and as conspicuous as that receiving the margin of the scuta: this fold, as seen on the inner corium-covered surface (fig. 5 _a_), descends below the roughened knob at the upper angle of the carinal margin, which is not the case with the slight fold in the same place in _L. truncata_; its presence seems caused by the edge of the central internal crest, in the upper part of the carina, being square (instead of round, as in _L. truncata_), and thus more deeply affecting the outline of the terga, between which it is inserted. The upper part of the scutal margin of the terga, as seen internally (fig. 5 _a_), overlaps the scuta in a large _rectangular_ projection. From the depth of the two opposite folds, namely, that caused by the tergal edge of the scuta and that by the crest of the carina, the inner face of the tergum is divided into two almost equal areas. The carina has its central crest square (fig. 5 _c_, _d_,) instead of being rounded as in _L. truncata_. The inner growing or corium-covered face is nearly at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the whole valve, instead of being oblique to it; it is convex or protuberant, with a central raised line, and two little knobs on each side of the upper part; the two lateral margins are slightly hollowed out, and the basal margin is not highly protuberant. The rostrum is excessively minute, barely above 1/200th of an inch in width; it is a little enlarged at each zone of growth. Latera lost; no doubt they were rudimentary.

A fragment of a posterior cirrus, which adhered to one of the valves, shows that each segment supported four pairs of spines.

Width of the capitulum before disarticulation, probably was about 1/10th of an inch.

* * * * *

_Species mihi non satis notæ, aut dubiæ._

ANATIFA VILLOSA. _Brugière._ Encyclop. Meth. Des. Vers., tom. i, 1789, p. 62, Pl. clxvi.

On ships: Mediterranean.

ANATIFA HIRSUTA[69] _Conrad._ Journal of the Acad. of Nat. Sc., Philadelphia, vol. vii, 1837, p. 262.

On fuci, Fayal, Azores.

The specimens, to which these names have been given by the above two authors, are described as small, and the _A. villosa_ was suspected by Brugière to be young. The _A. hirsuta_ is said by Conrad to have the valves minutely striated, granulated, and covered by a strong hirsute epidermis; the scuta, compared with the other valves, are very large; the entire length of this specimen was a quarter of an inch. The _A. villosa_ is described as having smooth valves, and apparently the peduncle alone is hirsute. Now, in young individuals of _Lepas australis_, the peduncle is hairy, whilst in full-grown specimens it is quite smooth. Again, in some varieties of _L. fascicularis_, the thorax, prosoma, and cirri are hirsute, whereas they are generally quite smooth; hence I am inclined to suspect that _A. villosa_ is the young, in a state of variation, of _L. anatifera_; and that _A. hirsuta_ bears a similar relation to _L. anserifera_. In Lamarck’s ‘Animaux sans Vertèbres,’ _Pollicipes villosus_ of Sowerby is quite incorrectly given as a synonym to the above _A. villosa_.

[69] The _Anatifa hirsuta_ of Quoy and Gaimard is the _Ibla quadrivalvis_ of this work.

ANATIFA ELONGATA. _Quoy_ et _Gaimard_. Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Pl. xciii, fig. 6.

This, I think, is certainly a distinct and new species, but I am unable to decide whether to place it in Lepas or Pæcilasma. It is briefly described and pretty well figured in the above work. It was procured at New Zealand, but it is not stated to what object it was attached. The capitulum is much elongated, and one inch in length; the peduncle is from six to eight lines long. The carina is said to be very narrow; it is not stated whether it terminates downwards in a fork or disc; judging from the figure, it extends some way up between the terga, the basal ends of which are bluntly pointed. The scuta are almost quadrilateral. The peduncle is short, yellow, and tuberculated. The general appearance of the drawing makes me suspect that it is a Pæcilasma.

CLYPTRA. _Leach._ Zoological Journal, vol. ii, p. 208, July, 1825.

Leach has most briefly characterised a specimen in Savigny’s Museum, from the Red Sea, under the above name of _Clyptra_. It has only four valves, and its peduncle is smooth; by the latter character it is distinguished from Ibla. Apparently this is a distinct and new genus.

* * * * *

Mr. J. E. Gray, in ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,’ 1848, p. 44, quotes a description by Stroem (‘Nym. Saml. Danske,’ 1788, 295, n. iii, f. 20), namely, “_Lepas testâ compressâ 7-valvis, stipite lamellosâ_.” It is found attached to _Gorgonia placomus_, in the North Sea. I suspect that this is the common _Scalpellum vulgare_, and that Stroem counted the valves only on one side, overlooking the rudimentary and concealed rostrum; and this would give seven for the number of the valves. Had it not been for the expression “stipite lamellosâ,” I should have thought this might have been an unknown species of Dichelaspis.

SCALPELLUM LÆVIS. _Risso._ Hist. Nat. des Product. de l’Europe Mérid., 1826, Tom. iv, p. 385.

The chief characteristic of this species appears to be indicated by its specific name. It is found in the Mediterranean, attached to Cidarites. I am inclined to believe that it is distinct from _S. vulgare_.

SCALPELLUM PAPILLOSUM. _King._ Zoolog. Journal, vol. v, p. 334.

Captain King has described this species, taken from the depth of 48 fathoms, on the coast of Patagonia, in Lat. 44° 30´ S. It is probably distinct, but is so imperfectly described, that not even the number of the valves is given.

POLYLEPAS (POLLICIPES), Sinensis. _Chenu._ Illust. Conchyliolog., Pl. II, fig. 7.

This species is said to come from China; it is nearest to _P. spinosus_, but is, I think, distinct.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

TAB. I.

Fig.

1. _Lepas anatifera_, (nat. size.) _Var._, with a row of square, dark-coloured marks on the scuta and terga.

1_a._ _Lepas anatifera_, external view of carina, magnified thrice.

1_b._ _Lepas anatifera_, lateral view of carina, magnified thrice; var. _dentata_.

1_c._ _Lepas anatifera_, internal view of right-hand scutum, to show the tooth at the umbo.

2. _Lepas Hillii_, (nat. size.)

3. _Lepas pectinata_, (magnified thrice.)

3_a._ _Lepas pectinata_, var. (_spirulæ_), tergum, magnified thrice.

4. _Lepas anserifera_, (nat. size.)

5. _Lepas australis_, (nat. size.)

5_a._ _Lepas australis_, carina, external view of, magnified twice.

6. _Lepas fascicularis_, (nat. size,) with its peduncle, together with those of three other specimens, imbedded in a vesicular ball of their own formation, of which a slice has been cut off to show the internal structure. The specimen is in the College of Surgeons.

6_a._ _Lepas fascicularis_, carina of, nat. size.

6_b._ _Lepas fascicularis_, var. _villosa_.

6_c._ _Lepas fascicularis_, var. _villosa_, carina of.

6_d._ Part of the membrane from one side of the peduncle of _Lepas fascicularis_, with the ball removed, showing one of the cement-ducts, and the orifices through which the vesicular membrane forming the ball has been secreted; greatly magnified; viewed from the outside.

TAB. II.

Fig.

1. _Poecilisma Kæmpferi_, (magnified two and a half times.)

1_a._ _Poecilisma Kæmpferi_, carina of.

2. _Poecilisma aurantia_, (magnified two and a half times.)

3. _Poecilisma crassa_, (magnified twice.)

3_a._ _Poecilisma crassa_, carina of.

4. _Poecilasma fissa_, (magnified five times.)

5. _Poecilasma eburnea_, (magnified five times.)

5_a._ _Poecilasma eburnea_, carina of, external view of.

5_c._ _Poecilasma eburnea_, carina of, lateral view of.

5_b._ _Poecilasma eburnea_, scutum, internal view of.

6. _Dichelaspis Warwickii_, (magnified five times.)

6_a._ _Dichelaspis Warwickii_, transverse section of the top of the peduncle, showing the deeply-notched end of the inwardly bent carina; magnified five times.

6_b._ _Dichelaspis Warwickii_, _var._, scutum and tergum.

7. _Dichelaspis pellucida_, (magnified five times.)

7_a._ _Dichelaspis pellucida_, basal end of carina of, much magnified.

8. _Dichelaspis Lowei_, (magnified nearly ten times.)

8_a._ _Dichelaspis Lowei_, fork of carina of, viewed internally.

9. _Dichelaspis Grayii_, (magnified eight or nine times.)

10. _Dichelaspis orthogonia_, (magnified six times.)

10_a._ _Dichelaspis orthogonia_, carina, lateral view of.

10_b._ _Dichelaspis orthogonia_, basal end of carina, viewed internally, much magnified.

TAB. III.

Fig.

1. _Oxynaspis celata_, (magnified three times.)

1_a´._ _Oxynaspis celata_, with the skin of the encrusting horny zoophyte removed. (_a_), scutum; (_b_), tergum; and (_c_), carina.

2. _Conchoderma virgata_ (magnified twice.)

2_a._ _Conchoderma virgata_ carina, viewed externally.

2_b._ _Conchoderma virgata_ summit of capitulum, showing the terga from vertically above.

2_c._ _Conchoderma virgata_ var. _chelonophila_, (magnified four times).

2_d._ _Conchoderma virgata_ var. _Olfersii_, (scutum.)

3. _Conchoderma Hunteri_, (magnified five times.)

4. _Conchoderma aurita_, (nat. size,) with the rudimentary carina exhibited on the right hand.

4_a._ _Conchoderma aurita_, summit of capitulum, viewed from vertically above, showing the ear-like appendages and the rudimentary terga.

4_b._ _Conchoderma aurita_, section near the bases of the ear-like appendages, showing their folds.

4_c._ _Conchoderma aurita_, (var.), scutum.

5. _Alepas minuta_, (magnified five times.)

6. _Alepas cornuta_, (magnified five times.)

TAB. IV.

Fig.

1. _Anelasma squalicola_, (copied from Lovèn.) The ovigerous lamellæ are seen within the edges of the aperture of the capitulum. Enlarged about one and a half times.

2. _Anelasma squalicola_, (from Lovèn), with the membranes removed from one side of the capitulum and of the peduncle, exhibiting the body.

(_a._) External membrane of the capitulum.

(_a, a._) Inner membrane of ditto, lining the sack, and separated from the external membrane by a double fold of corium.

(_b._) The ovigerous lamellæ, the edge projecting beyond the orifice of the capitulum.

(_c._) Penis, succeeded by six pairs of rudimentary cirri.

(_d._) Probosciformed mouth.

(_e._) Orifice of the acoustic (?) sack.

(_f._) Ovigerous frænum.

(_g._) Ovarian branching tubes filling up the peduncle.

(_h._) Outer integument of peduncle, lined by corium and muscles, continuous with the outer membrane (_a_) of the capitulum.

3. _Anelasma squalicola_, Small portion of the outer integument of the peduncle, greatly magnified, exhibiting the natural lines of splitting, and showing that it is composed of several distinct portions or layers, which are displayed by the corners having been turned over. Three of the branching filaments, filled with pulpy corium, are given; the others have been cut off. The membrane (_a_) extends under (_b_), but not under the circular patches of membrane, (_c, c_.)

4. _Anelasma squalicola._ Mandibles, seen from the side towards the maxillæ.

5. _Anelasma squalicola._ Mandibles, seen from the side towards the labrum.

6. _Anelasma squalicola._ The right-hand, rudimentary cirrus, the third from the mouth.

7. _Anelasma squalicola._ Maxillæ. The thin horny apodeme, (_a_).

8. _Ibla Cumingii_, female, (magnified four times.)

8_a´._ _Ibla Cumingii_, female, (magnified about five times), with the right hand valves and right side of the peduncle removed. The Male (_h_) is seen attached in the sack. The peculiar form of the body, caused by the small development of the prosoma, by the distance of the first and second pairs of cirri, and by the distance of the mouth from the adductor muscle, (a dark dotted circle opposite _i_,) and lastly, the remarkable course of the oesophagus over the adductor muscle, together with the outline of the stomach, are here all exhibited.

(_a._) Scutum; the end of the large rounded adductor muscle, which was attached to the valve now removed, near its apex, is plainly seen.

(_b._) Tergum.

(_c._) On a line with this letter, is seen the largely bullate labrum, forming a blunt overhanging projection.

(_d._) Palpus, close to the upper segment of the pedicel of first cirrus.

(_e._) Orifice of the acoustic (?) sack, between the bases of the first and second cirrus.

(_f._) Caudal appendages.

(_g._) Branching ovarian tubes within the peduncle.

(_h._) Male, on the same scale, lying in its natural position within the sack, with the lower part of its peduncle bent upwards, and imbedded in the corium and muscles of the female.

(_i._) Adductor scutorum muscle.

8_b´._ _Ibla Cumingii_, Internal view of the scutum and tergum, and of the upper part of the outer integument of the peduncle, with its horny spines magnified about three times.

8_c´._ _Ibla Cumingii_, A small portion of the outer integument of the peduncle, greatly magnified, showing the horny persistent spines; two of the spines have been torn out.

9. _Ibla quadrivalvis_; internal view of scutum and tergum, and of the upper part of the outer integument of the peduncle; magnified four times.

9_a´._ _Ibla quadrivalvis_, Penis supported on a long unarticulated projection; greatly magnified.

TAB. V.

Fig.

1. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_, magnified thirty-two times.

(_a._) Mouth.

(_b._) A slight double fold, formed by the basal edge of the labrum, and by a lower fold, which at (_h_) becomes well developed; the latter is a rudimentary representation of the double membrane and valves forming the capitulum.

(_c._) Eye.

(_d, d._) Torn membrane from the sack of the female, constricted round the body of the male.

(_e._) Terminal or basal point, with the prehensile larval antennæ, represented on rather too large a scale.

(_f._) The imbedded portion of the male.

(_g._) Two pairs of cirri.

(_h._) The fold above alluded to, concealing a small portion of the slightly retracted thorax.

2. The male of _Ibla Cumingii_, viewed from vertically above; magnified about sixty times. The dotted lower portion, represents the outline of the thorax and the positions of the cirri, which, from standing below the mouth, could not be well seen, when the summit of the mouth was in the proper focus.

(_a._) Labrum, largely bullate.

(_b._) Palpi.

(_c._) Mandibles.

(_d._) Maxillæ.

(_e._) Outer maxillæ; between which and the crest of the labrum, the orifice of the oesophagus can be obscurely seen.

(_f._) Anus.

(_g._) Rudimentary caudal appendages, under which is the pore leading from the vesiculæ seminales.

(_h._) Posterior cirrus. (_i._) Anterior cirrus.

3. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_; labrum and palpi, as seen with the eye on a level with the summit of the mouth.

4. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_, Posterior cirrus (_h_ in fig. 2) much magnified.

5. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_, Larval antennæ; from the terminal point of the body (_e_ in fig. 1), as seen with a 1/8th of an inch object glass.

6. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_, Outer maxillæ.

7. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_, Mandibles, with the underlying articulated membrane, forming the side of the mouth.

8. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_, Maxillæ, with the apodeme.

9. Complemental Male of _Scalpellum vulgare_, attached over the fold in the occludent margin of the scutum of the hermaphrodite.

(_a._) Orifice of the sack of the male.

(_b._) Spinose projections above the rudimental valves; at the bottom of the figure are represented, as seen through the whole thickness of the animal, the prehensile larval antennæ.

(_d._) The depression for the attachment of the adductor scutorum muscle of the hermaphrodite; see fig. 15 _a´_.

(_e_, _e._) A transparent layer of chitine, which forms a border to the occludent margin of the scutum of the hermaphrodite. This border supports long spines, which are connected with the underlying corium by sinuous tubuli.

10. The basal (normally anterior) portion of the above complemental Male, greatly magnified, viewed dorsally from above, exhibiting the larval prehensile antennæ, attached to the antero-sternal surface of the animal.

11. One of the antennæ of ditto, viewed laterally and on the outside.

12. Ditto, ultimate segment of.

13. Body of the above complemental male, consisting of the thorax supporting the four pairs of limbs, and of the terminal abdominal lobe.

14. Small portion of the outer integument of the complemental male, as seen with a 1/8th of an inch object glass.