Part 1

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Transcriber’s Notes

Text in italics has been transcribed between _underscores_, bold text between =equal signs= and underlined text between ~tildes~. Small capitals have been changed to ALL CAPITALS. ^{text} and _{text} represent super- and subscript text, respectively.

More Transcriber’s Notes can be found at the end of the text.

A MILITARY DICTIONARY AND GAZETTEER.

COMPRISING

ANCIENT AND MODERN MILITARY TECHNICAL TERMS, HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF ALL NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS, AS WELL AS ANCIENT WARLIKE TRIBES; ALSO NOTICES OF BATTLES FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME, WITH A CONCISE EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN HERALDRY AND THE OFFICES THEREOF.

THE WORK ALSO GIVES VALUABLE GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION.

COMPILED FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES OF ALL NATIONS.

WITH AN APPENDIX CONTAINING THE ARTICLES OF WAR, ETC.

BY THOMAS WILHELM, CAPTAIN EIGHTH INFANTRY.

REVISED EDITION.

PHILADELPHIA: L. R. HAMERSLY & CO. 1881.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, by THOMAS WILHELM, U.S.A., In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

TO BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL AUGUST V. KAUTZ, COLONEL EIGHTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY, U.S.A.,

BY WHOSE SUGGESTIONS, ENCOURAGEMENT, AND AID THE WORK WAS UNDERTAKEN, PERSEVERED IN, AND COMPLETED,

THIS COMPILATION IS, WITH RESPECT AND GRATITUDE, DEDICATED BY HIS OBEDIENT SERVANT, THE COMPILER.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

It is with no small degree of relief that the compiler of this work now turns from a self-imposed task, involving some years of the closest application, to write a brief preface, not as a necessity, but in justice to the work and the numerous friends who have taken the warmest interest in its progress and final completion.

It is inevitable that in the vast amount of patient and persistent labor in a work of this kind, extending to 1386 pages, and containing 17,257 distinct articles, there should be a few errors, oversights, and inconsistencies, notwithstanding all the vigilance to the contrary.

Condensation has been accomplished where it was possible to do so, and repetition avoided to a great extent by reference, where further information was contained in other articles of this book.

The contributions to the Regimental Library, which afforded the opportunity for this compilation, of standard foreign works, were of infinite value, and many thanks are tendered for them.

To G. & C. MERRIAM, Publishers, for the use of Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary; J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., Publishers, Philadelphia; D. VAN NOSTRAND, Publisher, New York; Maj. WILLIAM A. MARYE, Ordnance Department, U.S.A.; Maj. W. S. WORTH, Eighth Infantry, U.S.A.; Maj. D. T. WELLS, Eighth Infantry, U.S.A.; Lieut. F. A. WHITNEY, Adjutant Eighth Infantry, U.S.A.; Lieut. C. A. L. TOTTEN, Fourth Artillery, U.S.A.; Lieut. C. M. BAILY, Quartermaster Eighth Infantry, U.S.A.; and Lieut. G. P. SCRIVEN, Third Artillery, U.S.A., the compiler is indebted for courteous assistance in the preparation of this volume.

OCTOBER, 1879.

PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION.

In submitting this volume to the public it is deemed proper to say that the design of the work is to bring together into one series, and in as compact a form as possible for ready reference, such information as the student of the science and art of war, persons interested in the local or reserve forces, libraries, as well as the editors of the daily press, should possess. In short, it is believed that the work will be useful to individuals of all ranks and conditions.

The compiler has labored under some disadvantages in obtaining the necessary information for this volume, and much is due to the encouragement and assistance received from accomplished and eminent officers, through which he was enabled to undertake the revision of the first issue of this work with greater assurance; and among the officers referred to, Lieut. WILLIAM R. QUINAN, of the Fourth Artillery, U.S.A., deserves especially to be mentioned. It may not be out of place here to state that the compiler takes no credit to himself beyond the labor contributed in the several years of research, and bringing forward to date the matter requiring it, with such changes as the advance of time and improvements demand.

As it was thought best to make this work purely military, all naval references which appeared in the first edition have been eliminated.

MAY, 1881.

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED IN THE COMPILATION OF THIS WORK.

ENGLISH AND AMERICAN WORKS.

A HANDY DICTIONARY OF MILITARY TERMS--Knollys.

AIDE MEMOIRE TO THE MILITARY SCIENCES--Originally edited by a Committee of the Royal Engineers in England (Revised and Enlarged).

ANALYTICAL DIGEST OF THE MILITARY LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES--Scott.

A TREATISE ON THE LAW OF EVIDENCE--Greenleaf.

BEETON’S DICTIONARY OF UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY.

BEETON’S DICTIONARY OF UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY.

CHAMBERS’S ENCYCLOPÆDIA.

CUSTOMS OF SERVICE FOR NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS OF THE ARMY--Kautz.

CUSTOMS OF SERVICE FOR OFFICERS OF THE ARMY--Kautz.

CLASSICAL DICTIONARY--Smith.

DIGEST OF OPINIONS OF THE JUDGE-ADVOCATE-GENERAL--Winthrop.

DICTIONARY OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY--Gardner.

DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES--Smith.

DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY--Smith.

DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN GEOGRAPHY--Smith.

DICTIONARY OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND MINES--Ure.

DICTIONARY OF EVERY DAYS DIFFICULTIES--Shilton.

DICTIONARY OF SCIENCE, LITERATURE, AND ART--Brande.

ELEMENTS OF THE ART AND SCIENCE OF WAR--Wheeler.

ELEMENTS OF MILITARY ARTS AND SCIENCES--Halleck.

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA.

FRENCH AND ENGLISH PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY--Spiers and Surenne.

FIELD EXERCISE (English), 1870.

FIELD-BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION--Lossing.

HAND-BOOK OF ARTILLERY--Roberts.

HAYDN’S DICTIONARY OF DATES--Payne.

HAYDN’S DICTIONARY OF SCIENCE--Payne.

HAYDN’S DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE--Payne.

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES--Bancroft.

HISTORY OF THE WAR IN THE PENINSULA AND IN THE SOUTH OF FRANCE--Napier.

HISTORY OF ENGLAND--Knight.

HISTORY OF THE REBELLION--Tenney.

INFANTRY, CAVALRY, AND ARTILLERY TACTICS, U.S.A.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FIELD ARTILLERY.

JOMINI’S ART OF WAR--Translated from the French by Captains Mendell and Craighill, U.S.A.

JOMINI’S TREATISE ON GRAND MILITARY OPERATIONS, OR A CRITICAL AND MILITARY HISTORY OF THE WARS OF FREDERICK THE GREAT--Translated by Colonel S. B. Holabird, U.S.A.

JOHNSON’S NEW UNIVERSAL ENCYCLOPÆDIA.

JUDGE-ADVOCATE AND RECORDER’S GUIDE--Regan.

LAW DICTIONARY--Bouvier.

LIPPINCOTT’S PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD--Thomas.

MANUAL FOR ENGINEER TROOPS--Duane.

MAXIMS OF WAR--Napoleon.

MILITARY BRIDGES--Haupt.

MILITARY CATECHISM AND HAND-BOOK--Walshe.

MILITARY DICTIONARY--Duane.

MILITARY DICTIONARY--Scott.

MILITARY ENGINEERING--Mahan.

MILITARY LAW AND COURT-MARTIAL--Benet.

MILITARY MISCELLANY--Marshall.

MILITARY SCHOOLS AND COURSES OF INSTRUCTION IN THE SCIENCE AND ART OF WAR--Barnard.

NATIVE RACES OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE--Bancroft.

NAVAL AND MILITARY TECHNICAL DICTIONARY OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE--Burns.

ORDNANCE AND GUNNERY--Benton.

PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK OF THE WAR OF 1812--Lossing.

PRACTICAL TREATISE ON ATTACK AND DEFENSE--Jebb.

QUEEN’S REGULATIONS AND ORDERS FOR THE ARMY (British).

REPORT OF COMMISSIONERS OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, 1870.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE, 1878.

SHIFTS AND EXPEDIENTS OF CAMP-LIFE--Lord and Baines.

THE ARMIES OF EUROPE--McClellan.

THE LAST CENTURY OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 1767-1867--Fiwald.

THE MILITARY LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES--Callan.

THE SOLDIER’S POCKET-BOOK FOR FIELD-SERVICE--Major-General Sir G. Wolseley.

UNITED STATES ARMY REGULATIONS.

UNITED STATES BRIDGE EQUIPAGE--Prepared by a Board of Engineer Officers--Lieutenant W. R. Quinan, 4th U. S. Artillery.

UNITED STATES REVISED STATUTES.

WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY--G. & C. Merriam.

GERMAN WORKS.

DIENST-VORSCHRIFTEN DER KÖNIGLICH PREUSSISCHEN ARMEE--Karl von Helldorff.

DIE LEHRE VOM NEUEREN FESTUNGSKRIEG--W. Rüstow.

GRUNDZÜGE DER TAKTIK DER DREI WAFFEN, INFANTERIE, KAVALLERIE, UND ARTILLERIE--Dr. H. v. Brandt.

HEERWESEN UND INFANTERIEDIENST DER KÖNIGLICH PREUSSISCHEN ARMEE--A. v. Witzleben.

KRIEGSFEUERWERKEREI ZUM GEBRAUCH FÜR DIE KÖNIGLICH PREUSSISCHEN ARTILLERIE--A. Bath.

KRIEGSWÖRTERBUCH--Carl Ad. Loehr.

MILITAIR CONVERSATIONS-LEXIKON--Hans Eggert Willibald von der Lühe.

FRENCH WORKS.

ENCYCLOPÉDIE MILITAIRE ET MARITIME.

GÉOGRAPHIE PHISIQUE, HISTORIQUE ET MILITAIRE--Théophile Lava.

LÉGISLATION ET ADMINISTRATION MILITAIRES--M. Léon Guillot.

SUR LA FORMATION DES TROUPES POUR LE COMBAT--Jomini.

IMPORTANT MAXIMS.

Misfortune will certainly fall upon the land where the wealth of the tax-gatherer or the greedy gambler in stocks stands, in public estimation, above the uniform of the brave man who sacrifices his life, health, or fortune in the defense of his country.

Officers should feel a conviction that resignation, bravery, and faithful attention to duty are virtues without which no glory is possible, no army is respectable, and that firmness amid reverses is more honorable than enthusiasm in success.

It is not well to create a too great contempt for the enemy, lest the _morale_ of the soldier should be shaken if he encounter an obstinate resistance.

It would seem to be easy to convince brave men that death comes more surely to those who fly in disorder than to those who remain together and present a firm front to the enemy, or who rally promptly when their lines have been for the instant broken.

Courage should be recompensed and honored, the different grades in rank respected, and discipline should exist in the sentiments and convictions rather than in external forms only.--_Jomini._

An army without discipline is but a mob in uniform, more dangerous to itself than to its enemy. Should any one from ignorance not perceive the immense advantages that arise from a good discipline, it will be sufficient to observe the alterations that have happened in Europe since the year 1700.--_Saxe._

If the first duty of a state is its own security, the second is the security of neighboring states whose existence is necessary for its own preservation.--_Jomini’s “Life of Napoleon.”_

A good general, a well-organized system, good instruction, and severe discipline, aided by effective establishments, will always make good troops, independently of the cause for which they fight. At the same time, a love of country, a spirit of enthusiasm, a sense of national honor, will operate upon young soldiers with advantage.

The officer who obeys, whatever may be the nature or extent of his command, will always stand excused executing implicitly the orders which have been given to him.

Every means should be taken to attach the soldier to his colors. This is best accomplished by showing consideration and respect to the old soldier.

The first qualification of a soldier is fortitude under fatigue and privation. Courage is only the second; hardship, poverty, and want are the best schools for a soldier.

Troops, whether halted, or encamped, or on the march, should be always in favorable position, possessing the essentials required for a field of battle.

Some men are so physically and morally constituted as to see everything through a highly-colored medium. They raise up a picture in the mind on every slight occasion, and give to every trivial occurrence a dramatic interest. But whatever knowledge, or talent, or courage, or other good qualities such men may possess, nature has not formed them for the command of armies or the direction of great military operations.--_Napoleon’s “Maxims of War.”_

MILITARY DICTIONARY.

A.

=Aachen.= See AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.

=Aar.= A river in Switzerland, flows into the Rhine opposite and near Waldshut, in Aargau. Prince Charles, while crossing the river, August 17, 1799, was repulsed by the French generals Ney and Heudelet.

=Aarau.= A city in Switzerland. Peace was here declared, July 18, 1712, ending the war between the cantons Zurich and Berne on one side, and Luzerne, Uri, Schuyz, Unterwalden, and Zug on the other.

=Abad= (_Abadides_). A line of Moorish kings who reigned in Seville from 1026 to 1090.

=Abaisse.= In heraldry, when the fesse or any other armorial figure is depressed, or situated below the centre of the shield, it is said to be _abaisse_ (“lowered”).

=Abandon.= In a military sense, used in the relinquishment of a military post, district, or station, or the breaking up of a military establishment. To abandon any fort, post, guard, arms, ammunition, or colors without good cause is punishable.

=Abase, To.= An old word signifying to lower a flag. _Abaisser_ is in use in the French marine, and both may be derived from the still older _abeigh_, to cast down, to humble.

=Abatement.= In heraldry, is a mark placed over a portion of the paternal coat of arms, indicating some base or ungentlemanly act on the part of the bearer.

=Abatis=, or =Abattis=. A means of defense formed by cutting off the smaller branches of trees felled in the direction from which the enemy may be expected. The ends of the larger branches are sharpened and the butts of the limbs or trees fastened by crochet picket, or by imbedding in the earth, so that they cannot be easily removed. Abatis is generally used in parts of a ditch or intrenchment to delay the enemy under fire.

=Abblast.= See ARBALEST.

=Abblaster.= See ARBALIST.

=Abdivtes.= A piratical people descended from the Saracens, who lived south of Mount Ida (Psilorati), in the island of Crete (Candia), where they established themselves in 825.

=Abduction= (_Fr._). Diminution; diminishing the front of a line or column by breaking off a division, subdivision, or files, in order to avoid some obstacle.

=Abencerrages.= A Moorish tribe which occupied the kingdom of Granada. Granada was disturbed by incessant quarrels between this tribe and the Zegris from 1480 to 1492. They were finally extinguished by Abou-Abdoullah, or Boabdil, the last Moorish king of Granada, and the same who was dethroned by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492.

=Abensburg.= A small town of Bavaria, on the Abens, 18 miles southwest of Ratisbon. Here Napoleon defeated the Austrians, April 20, 1809.

=Aberconway=, or =Conway=. A maritime city of the Gauls in England, fortified by William the Conqueror, and taken by Cromwell in 1645.

=Abet.= In a military sense it is a grave crime to aid or abet in mutiny or sedition, or excite resistance against lawful orders.

=Abgersate.= Fortress of the Osrhoene, in Mesopotamia. The Persians took it by assault in the year 534.

=Abii.= A Scythian tribe which inhabited the shores of the Jaxartes, to the northeast of Sogdiana. They were vanquished by Alexander the Great.

=Abipones.= A tribe of Indians living in the Argentine Confederation, who were formerly numerous and powerful, but are now reduced to a small number.

=Able-bodied.= In a military sense applies to one who is physically competent as a soldier.

=Ablecti.= Ancient military term applied to a select body of men taken from the _extraordinarii_ of the Roman army to serve as a body-guard to the commanding general or the consul. The guard consisted of 40 mounted and 160 dismounted men.

=Abo.= A Russian city and seaport, on the Aurajoki near its entrance into the Gulf of Bothnia. It formerly belonged to Sweden, but was taken with the whole of Finland by the Russians in the war begun by Sweden in 1741. By a treaty of peace concluded hero in 1743 the conquered possessions were restored to Sweden. They were ceded to Russia in 1809.

=Abolla.= A warm kind of military garment, lined or doubled, worn by both Greeks and Romans.

=Abou-girgeh.= A city of Upper Egypt where the French defeated the Egyptians in 1799.

=Aboukir= (anc. _Canopus_). A village of Egypt on a promontory at the western extremity of the bay of the same name, 15 miles northeast of Alexandria. In the bay Nelson defeated the French fleet, August 1, 1798. This engagement, which resulted in a loss to the French of 11 line-of-battle ships, is known as the “battle of the Nile.” In 1801 a British expedition under Sir Ralph Abercromby landed at Aboukir, and captured the place after an obstinate and sanguinary conflict with the French (March 8). Here also a Turkish army of 15,000 men was defeated by 5000 French under Bonaparte, July 25, 1799.

=Aboumand.= Village of Upper Egypt, near the river Nile, where the French fought the Arabs in 1799.

=About.= A technical word to express the movement by which a body of troops or artillery carriages change front.

=Abraham, Heights of.= Near Quebec, Lower Canada. In the memorable engagement which took place here September 13, 1759, the French under Gen. Montcalm were defeated by the English under Gen. Wolfe, who was killed in the moment of victory.

=Abri= (_Fr._). Shelter, cover, concealment; arm-sheds in a camp secure from rain, dust, etc.; place of security from the effect of shot, shells, or attack.

=Absence, Leave of.= The permission which officers of the army obtain to absent themselves from duty. In the U. S. service an officer is entitled to 30 days’ leave in each year on full pay. This time he may permit to accumulate for a period not exceeding 4 years. An officer, however, may enjoy 5 months’ continuous leave on full pay, provided the fifth month of such leave is wholly distinct from the four-year period within and for which the 4 months’ absence with full pay was enjoyed. An officer on leave over this time is entitled to half-pay only.

=Absent.= A term used in military returns in accounting for the deficiency of any given number of officers or soldiers, and is usually distinguished under two heads, viz.: _Absent with leave_, such as officers with permission, or enlisted men on furlough. _Absent without leave_; men who desert are sometimes reported _absent without leave_, to bring their crimes under cognizance of regimental, garrison, or field-officers’ courts; thus, under mitigating circumstances, trial by general court-martial is avoided. Absence without leave entails forfeiture of pay during such absence, unless it is excused as unavoidable. An officer absent without leave for three months may be dropped from the rolls of the army by the President, and is not eligible to reappointment.

=Absolute Force of Gunpowder.= Is measured by the pressure it exerts on its environment when it exactly fills the space in which it is fired. Various attempts have been made to determine this force experimentally with widely different results. Robins estimated the pressure on the square inch at 1000 atmospheres, Hutton at 1800, and Count Rumford as high as 100,000 atmospheres. While Rodman, by experiments upon strong cast-iron shells, verified the accuracy of Rumford’s _formulas_, he found that his estimate of the force was greatly in error. According to Rodman the pressure is approximately 14,000 atmospheres. Dr. Woodbridge, another American philosopher and inventor, has shown that, fired in small quantities, the force of gunpowder does not exceed 6200 atmospheres. This agrees closely with the conclusion arrived at by the English “Committee on Explosives,” 1875, who found that even in large guns the force did not exceed 42 tons.

=Absorokas.= A tribe of North American Indians. See CROWS.

=Absterdam Projectile.= See PROJECTILE.

=Abydus.= An ancient city of Mysia on the Hellespont nearly opposite Sestus on the European shore. Near this town Xerxes placed the bridge of boats by which his troops were conveyed across the channel to the town of Sestus, 480 B.C.

=Abyssinia.= A country of Eastern Africa, forming an elevated table-land and containing many fertile valleys. Theodore II., the king of this country, having maltreated and imprisoned some English subjects, an expedition under Lord Napier was sent against him from Bombay in 1867. On April 14, 1868, the mountain fortress of Magdala was stormed and taken with but little trouble, and Theodore was found dead on the hill, having killed himself. The country is at present governed by Emperor John of Ethiopia, who was crowned in 1872.

=Academies, Military.= See MILITARY ACADEMIES.

=Accelerator.= A cannon in which several charges are successively fired to give an increasing velocity to the projectile while moving in the bore. See MULTI-CHARGE GUN.

=Accessible.= Easy of access or approach. A place or fort is said to be accessible when it can be approached with a hostile force by land or sea.

=Accintus.= A word in ancient times signifying the complete accoutrements of a soldier.

=Accolade.= The ceremonious act of conferring knighthood in ancient times. It consisted of an embrace and gentle blow with the sword on the shoulder of the person on whom the honor of knighthood was being conferred.

=Accord.= The conditions under which a fortress or command of troops is surrendered.

=Accoutre.= To furnish with accoutrements.

=Accoutrements.= Dress, equipage, trappings. Specifically, the equipments of a soldier, except arms and clothing.

=Accused.= In a military sense, the designation of one who is arraigned before a military court.

=Acerræ= (now _Acera_). A city in the kingdom of Naples, taken and burned by Hannibal in 216 B.C. In 90 B.C. the Romans defeated under its walls the allied rebels commanded by Papius.

=Acerræ.= A city of the Gauls, taken by Marcellus in 222 B.C.

=Achæan League.= A confederacy which existed from very early times among the twelve states of the province of Achaia, in the north of the Peloponnesus. It was broken up after the death of Alexander the Great, but was set on foot again by some of the original cities, 280 B.C., the epoch of its rise into great historical importance; for from this time it gained strength, and finally spread over the whole Peloponnesus, though not without much opposition, principally on the part of Lacedæmon. It was finally dissolved by the Romans, on the event of the capture of Corinth by Mummius, 147 B.C. The two most celebrated leaders of this league were Aratus, the principal instrument of its early aggrandizement, and Philopœmen, the contemporary and rival, in military reputation, of Scipio and Hannibal.

=Achern.= A city in the grand duchy of Baden, on the river Acher. Near this place a monument marks the spot where Marshal Turenne was killed by a random shot in 1675.

=Acheron.= A small stream in ancient Bruttium. In 330 B.C., Alexander, king of Epirus, was killed while crossing it.

=Acinaces.= A short sword used by the Persians.

=Aclides.= In Roman antiquity, a kind of missile weapon with a thong fixed to it whereby it might be drawn back again.

=Acoluthi.= In military antiquity, was a title given in the Grecian empire to the captain or commander of the body-guards appointed for the security of the emperor’s palace.

=Aconite.= A poisonous plant. Several ancient races poisoned their arrows with an extract from this plant.

=Acontium.= In Grecian antiquity, a kind of dart or javelin resembling the Roman _spiculum_.

=Acquereaux= (_Fr._). A machine of war, which was used in the Middle Ages to throw stones.

=Acqui.= A walled town of the Sardinian states on the river Bormida in the division of Alessandria. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1745, retaken by the Piedmontese in 1746; it was dismantled by the French, who defeated the Austrians and Piedmontese here in 1794.

=Acquit.= To release or set free from an obligation, accusation, guilt, censure, suspicion, or whatever devolves upon a person as a charge or duty; as, the court acquits the accused. This word has also the reflexive signification of “to bear, or conduct one’s self;” as, the soldier acquitted himself well in battle.