Part 6

_An_ ARMY _of reserve_ may not improperly be called a general depot for effective service. In cases of emergency the whole or detached parts of an army of reserve are generally employed to recover a lost day or to secure a victory. It is likewise sometimes made use of for the double purpose of secretly increasing the number of active forces and rendering the aid necessary according to the exigency of the moment, and of deceiving the enemy with respect to its real strength. Such was the army at Dijon, before Bonaparte entered Italy.

_Flying_ ARMY, a strong body of horse and foot, commanded for the most part by a lieutenant-general, which is always in motion, both to cover its own garrisons, and to keep the enemy in continual alarm.

_A naval or sea_ ARMY, is a number of ships of war, equipped and manned with sailors, mariners, and marines, under the command of a superior officer, with the requisite inferior officers under him.

ARNAUTS, Turkish light cavalry, whose only weapon was a sabre very much curved. Some are in the Russian service.

ARQUEBUSE _a Croc_, an old piece of fire-arms, resembling a musquet, but which is supported on a rest by a hook of iron, fastened to the barrel. It is longer than a musquet, but of larger calibre, and was formerly used to fire through the loop holes of antique fortifications.

ARQUEBUSIER, a French term, formerly applied to all the soldiery who fought with fire arms, whether cavalry or infantry.

ARRAY, order of battle. See BATTLE-ARRAY.

ARRAYERS, officers who anciently had the charge of seeing the soldiers duly appointed in their armor.

ARREARS, in the army, were the difference between the full pay and subsistence of each officer, which was directed to be paid once a year by the agent. See PAY.

ARREST, a French phrase, similar in its import to the Latin word _retinaculum_. It consists of a small piece of steel or iron, which was formerly used in the construction of fire-arms, to prevent the piece from going off. _Ce pistolet est en arret_ is a familiar phrase among military men in France. This pistol is in arrest, or is stopped.

ARREST, is the exercise of that part of military jurisdiction, by which an officer is noticed for misconduct, or put into a situation to prepare for his trial by a general court-martial.

ARRESTE of the glacis, is the junction of the talus which is formed at all the angles.

ARRIERE, _Fr._ the rear.

ARRIERE _Ban_, _Fr._ See BAN.

ARRIERE-_garde_, _Fr._ the rear-guard.

_En_ ARRIERE--_marche!_ _Fr._ to the rear--march!

ARROW, a missive weapon of offence, slender and pointed, made to be shot with a bow.

ARROW. See FORTIFICATION.

ARSENAL, is a large and spacious building, or number of buildings, in which are deposited all kinds of arms, and other warlike implements; such as cannon, mortars, howitzers, small arms, and every other kind of warlike engines and instruments of death.

ART. Military art may be divided into two principal branches. The first branch relates to the order and arrangement which must be observed in the management of an army, when it is to fight, to march, or to be encamped. This branch is called _tactics_, and derives its appellation from _tactic_, which signifies _order_.

The same appellation belongs to the other branch of military art, and includes the composition and the application of warlike machines.

ARTICLES OF WAR, are known rules and regulations for the better government of an army. The articles of war of the United States underwent an alteration in 1806, and are of date 10th April of that year; they consist of 103 articles; all that relates to the army not comprehended therein, are published in general orders or in established regulations, issued from time to time from the War Department, or by the commanding officer of the army, copies of which are delivered to the officers of the army. In England they may be altered and enlarged at the pleasure of their king. And in certain cases extend to civilians--as when by proclamation any place shall be put under martial law; or when people follow a camp or army for the sale of merchandize, or serve in any civil capacity. It is ordained, that the articles of war shall be read in the circle of each regiment or company mustered once every month, or oftener if the commanding officer thinks proper. A recruit or soldier is not liable to be tried by a military tribunal, unless it can be proved that the articles of war have been duly read to him.

ARTIFICE, among the French, is understood as comprehending every thing which enters the composition of fire works; as the sulphur, salt-petre, charcoal, &c. See FIRE WORKS.

ARTIFICER _or_ ARTIFICIER, he who makes fire works, or works in the artillery laboratory, who prepares the fuses, bombs, grenades, &c. It is also applied to the military smiths, collar-makers, &c. and to a particular corps in an army.

ARTILLERY, in a general sense, signifies all sorts of great guns or cannon, mortars, howitzers, petards, and the like; together with all the apparatus and stores thereto belonging, which are not only taken into the field, but likewise to sieges, and made use of both to attack and defend fortified places. See ORDNANCE.

ARTILLERY, in a particular sense, signifies the science of artillery or gunnery, which art includes a knowledge of surveying, levelling, geometry, trigonometry, conic sections, laws of motion, mechanics, fortification, and projectiles.

_The Train of_ ARTILLERY consists of an unlimited number of pieces of ordnance; such as 24 pounders, 18 pounders, 12, 9, 6, 4, and 3 pounders; mortars from 13 to 8 inches diameter; besides royals and cohorns; howitzers of every denomination, mounted on their proper carriages and beds, &c. There is moreover attached to the train a sufficient quantity of horses, spare carriages, spare mortar-beds, block-carriages, limbers, waggons for ammunition and stores, shells, round and grape shot, bullets, powder, cartridges, port-fires, intrenching-tools, artificers tools, miners tools, gins, capstans, forges, small stores, laboratory-stores, pontoons, pontoon-carriages, with their requisites; tumbrels, aprons of lead, budge-barrels, chevaux de frize, pallisades, platforms, chandeliers, blinds, prolonges, drag-ropes, flints, harness, powder-measures, fuze-engines, fuzes, tents, &c. The train of artillery is, or should be, divided into brigades, to which belong not only the officers of the regiments of artillery, but even the civil-list, such as comptrollers, commissaries of stores, clerks of stores, artificers of all denominations, conductors, store-keepers, waggon-masters, drivers, &c. The increase of artillery clearly demonstrates its great utility; for in the year 1500, an army of 50,000 men had only 40 pieces of cannon in the field; and in the year 1517, the same number of troops brought 200 pieces into the field, including mortars and howitzers.

At the battle of Jemappe, which was fought between the French and Austrians on the 6th of November, 1792, the latter had 120 pieces of cannon disposed along the heights of Framery, whilst their effective force in men did not exceed 28,000. The French on this occasion brought nearly the same quantity of ordnance, some indeed of extraordinary calibre, but their strength in men was above 40,000, and composed of young men who had never seen service, nor had any more than a few days discipline.

_A Brigade of_ ARTILLERY generally consists of 8 or 10 pieces of cannon, with all the machinery, and officers to conduct them, and all the necessary apparatus thereto belonging.

_The Park of_ ARTILLERY is that place appointed by the general of an army, to encamp the train of artillery, apparatus, ammunition, as well as the battalions of the artillery, appointed for its service and defence. The figure of the park of artillery, is that of a parallelogram, unless the situation of the ground renders another necessary.

The park of artillery is generally placed in the centre of the second line of encampment, and sometimes in the rear line, or corps of reserve. In both places the muzzles of the guns are in a line with the fronts of the serjeants tents of the regiments of artillery and infantry. Some generals choose to place the park about 300 paces before the centre of the front line of the army. But let the situation be where it will, the manner of forming the park is almost every where the same, except that some artillery officers differ in the disposition of the carriages; others again divide the equipage as well as the guns into brigades, placing the first in the front line, the second in the next, and so on. However the most approved method, is to divide the whole into brigades, placing the guns of the first to the right of the front line, and their ammunition behind them, in one or more lines. The different brigades should be all numbered, as well as every waggon belonging to them. Example, 1st brigade, front line, No 1, 2, &c. 1st brigade, 2d line, No. 1, 2, &c. 2d brigade, front line, No. 1, 2, &c. and so of all the rest. This method prevents confusion in the forming and breaking up of the park, as also on a march: besides, according to the numbers, the stores therein contained are known.

ARTILLERY--The proportion of artillery and ammunition necessary to accompany an army in the field, to lay siege to a fortified place, or to defend one, must depend upon so many circumstances, that it is almost impossible, in a work of this kind, to lay down any positive rules as guides on the subject: the following principles are drawn from the best authorities:

1st. ARTILLERY _for the Field_.

FIELD Artillery is divided into _Battalion Guns_, _Artillery of the Park_, and _Horse Artillery_.

The _Battalion Guns_ include all the light pieces attached to regiments of the line, which they accompany in all manœuvres, to cover and support them.

The following kinds of field ordnance are attached to battalions of infantry, by different powers in Europe:

French --two-- 4 Prs. per battalion. English --two-- 6 do. do. Danes --two-- 3 do. do. Austrians --three-- 6 do. do. Prussians --two-- 6 Prs. to a battalion in the first line. Prussians --two-- 3 Prs. to a battalion in the second line. Hanoverians --two-- 3 Prs. per battalion.

The _Artillery of the Park_ is composed of all kinds of field ordnance. It is destined to form batteries of position; that is to say, to occupy advantageous situations, from which the greatest effect may be produced, in supporting the general movements of an army, without following it, like the battalion guns, through all the detail of its manœuvres. The park of artillery attached to an army in the field, generally consists of twice as many pieces of different kinds, varied according to the country in which it is to act, as there are battalions in the army. Gribauvale proposes the following proportion between the different kinds of artillery for the park or reserve, viz. two-fifths of 12 Prs. two-fifths of 8 Prs. and one-fifth of 4 Prs. or reserve for battalion guns. In a difficult country he says, it may be ¹⁄₄ of 12 Prs. ¹⁄₂ of 8 Prs. and ¹⁄₄ of 4 Prs. and for every 100 pieces of cannon he allots 4 Howitzers; but this proportion of Howitzers is much smaller than what is generally given.

AMMUNITION _for Field Artillery_.

_A proportion of Ammunition and Stores for each Species of Field Ordnance, viz. 1 Medium 12 Pr.[1]--1 heavy 6 Pr.--2 light 6 Prs. as they are always attached to Battalions of Infantry--and one 5¹⁄₂ inch Howitzer; according to the British Service._

+---------+---------+----------+----------- | _12 | _6 | _2 | _Proportion of |Pounders,|Pounders,| Light 6 |_5¹⁄₂ Inch Ammunition and Stores._ |Medium._ | Heavy._ |Pounders._|Howitzers._ ---------------------------+---------+---------+----------+----------- Shot fixed to wood bottoms --case 24 30 68 24 Shot fixed to wood bottoms --round 120 120 188 00 Shells, fixed 00 00 00 24 Shells, empty 00 00 00 120 Carcasses, fixed 00 00 00 4 {4 lb. 120 00 00 00 {3¹⁄₂ lb. 00 00 00 00 {2¹⁄₄ lb. 00 120 00 00 Cartridges of {2 lb. 00 30 00 00 flannel filled {1¹⁄₂ lb. 00 00 188 00 with powder. {1¹⁄₄ lb. 00 00 68 00 {10 oz. 00 00 125 00 {1 lb. 00 00 00 144 {12 oz. 00 00 00 28 Cartridges flan. empty 12 12 100 12 Ditto of paper for bursting 10 oz. 00 00 00 120 Tubes of tin--N. P. 172 178 560 190 Portfires--long small 18 18 62 18 Fuses--drove 00 00 00 132 Powder, mealed lbs. 00 00 00 ¹⁄₂ Travelling carriages and limbers 1 1 2 1 Aprons of lead 1 1 2 1 Spunges with staves and heads 2 2 4 2 Wad hooks, with staves 1 1 2 00 Handspikes, traversing 2 2 4 2 Tompions with collars 1 1 2 1 Trucks, Hanoverian 00 1 2 1 Straps for lashing side arms 00 3 8 00 Tarpaulins, gun 1 1 2 1 Tarpaulins, limber 00 1 2 1 Lintstocks with cocks 1 1 2 1 Drag ropes with pins, pairs 2 2 4 2 Padlocks with keys 2 3 5 4 Match, slow--lbs. 28 28 56 28 Spikes{Spring 1 1 2 1 {Common 2 2 4 2 Punches for vents 2 2 4 2 Barrels budge 1 1 1 1 Couples for chain traces 00 6 12 6 Spare heads, spunge 1 1 2 1 Spare heads, rammer 1 1 2 1 Hammers, claw 1 1 2 1 Priming irons, sets 1 1 2 1 Draught chains, prs. 2 1 3 2 Powder horns, N. P. 00 1 00 00 Water buckets French 1 1 2 1 Intrench’g tools, felling axes, 1 1 2 1 pick axes, 1 1 2 1 hand bills, 1 1 2 1 spades, 2 2 4 2 Marline, tarred-skeins 1 1 1 1 Twine, tarred-lbs. 00 1 00 00 Hambro’ line, tarred-do. 1 1 1 1 Packthread, tarred-do. 00 1 00 00 Grease-firkins 1 1 1 1 Grease-boxes 3 2 3 3 Tallow-lbs. 1 1 2 1 Lanthorns, dark 1 1 1 1 Jacks, lifting 1 1 1 1 Jacks, handscrew 1 00 00 00 Waggons with hps. and painted covers, Flanders pattern 2 1 1 2 Wad miltilts 2 1 1 2 Tanned hides 2 1 1 2 Men’s harness (12 to a set) sets 1 1 00 00 { {Rope, { {6 do. sets 1 00 00 00 {New {Chain, {pattern{6 do. sets 00 1 00 00 { {Trace, Horse { {4 do. sets 2 1 1 3 Harness.{ {Thill 00 00 2 00 {Common {Trace 00 00 4 00 {Pattern {Bit { {halters 00 00 6 00 {Wanties 2 1 3 2 {Hemp halters 14 10 10 12 Whips, long 00 00 2 00 Whips, short 7 5 2 6 Nose bags 14 10 10 12 Corn Sacks 3 2 3 3 Forage cords, sets 3 2 3 3 Rope, tarred, 2 inch, fathoms 00 00 10 00 {Linch pins 2 1 1 2 For {Clouts, body 4 2 2 4 Waggons.{Clouts, linch 4 2 2 4 {Clout nails, 6_d._ 64 32 32 64 Spare ladle staves 1 1 1 1 Horses, for guns 6 6 6 4 Horses, for waggons 8 4 4 8 Drivers, for guns 3 3 2 2 Drivers, for waggons 4 2 1 4 Tube boxes, with straps 2 2 4 2 Portfire sticks 2 2 4 2 Cutting knives 1 1 2 1 Drawing do. 00 00 00 1 Scissars, pairs 1 1 2 1 Worsted, ounces ¹⁄₂ ¹⁄₂ 1 ¹⁄₂ Needles, large 2 2 4 2 Cartouches of leather 2 2 4 2 Copper {4 oz. 1 1 2 00 measures{2 oz. 00 1 00 00 for {1 oz. 1 1 2 00 powder. {4 lb. to ¹⁄₄ oz. {sets 00 00 00 1 Thumb stalls 2 2 4 2 Perpendicular 00 00 00 1 Quadrant of brass 00 00 00 1 Diagonal scale 00 00 00 1 Copper salting box 00 00 00 1 Pincers for drawing fuzes, pairs 00 00 00 1 Sheepskins 00 00 00 2 Funnels of copper 00 00 00 1 Compasses of steel, Pairs 00 00 00 1 Saw, tenant 00 00 00 1 Files, square 00 00 00 3 Rasps, half round 00 00 00 2 Flax, oz. 00 00 00 8 Tow, oz. 00 00 00 4 Saw set 00 00 00 1 Mallets of wood 00 00 00 1 Setters do. 00 00 00 2

[1] The 12 Prs. which have a small box on their limbers, carry 6 round shot and 2 case shot, with 6 cartridges of 4 lbs. and 2 of 3¹⁄₂ lbs. of powder, more than the above proportion.

This proportion of ammunition and stores is carried in the following manner:

12 Pr. MEDIUM--Has no limber boxes,[2] but has two waggons attached to it, and the ammunition and stores divided between them.

[2] A small limber box has lately been added to the medium 12 Prs. which carries 6 round shot and 6 case shot, with a small proportion of the small stores. See note preceding page.

6 Pr. HEAVY--Carries 36 round, and 14 case shot in limber boxes, with a proportion of the small stores; and the remainder is carried in one waggon.

6 Pr. LIGHT--Carries 34 round, and 16 case shot on the limber, with a proportion of the small stores for immediate service; and, if acting separately, must have a waggon attached to it, to carry the remainder. But two 6 pounders attached to a battalion, have only one waggon between them.

5¹⁄₂ Howitzer, LIGHT--Has 22 shells, 4 case shot, and two carcasses in the limber-boxes, with such of the small stores as are required for immediate service; and has two waggons attached to carry the rest.

One common pattern ammunition waggon carries the following numbers of rounds of ammunition of each kind:

Kinds. No. of Rounds. 12 Pr. Medium, 72 6 Pr. Heavy, 120 6 Pr. Light, 156 3 Pr. 288 5¹⁄₂ Howitzer, 72 8 Inch Howitzers, 24 Musquets, 20000[3]

[3] Though the waggons will contain 20,000 cartridges, it is customary to load them with only 18 half barrels of 1000 each, and 2 half barrels of flints.

The waggons, however, attached to the different parks of artillery in England, which have not been altered from the old establishment, are loaded with only the following number, and drawn by three horses:

Kinds. No. of Rounds. 12 Prs. Medium, 66 6 Prs. Heavy, 120 6 Prs. Light, 138 5¹⁄₂ Howitzer, 60

The horse artillery having waggons of a particular description, carry their ammunition as follows:

| | | Car-|Total No. | Shot. | |cass-|with each KINDS. |Round.|Case.|Shells.| es. |Piece. -----------------------------+------+-----+-------+-----+--------- 12 Prs. light, on the limber.| 12 | 4 | 4 | 00 } 92 Do. ---- in one waggon. | 52 | 10 | 10 | 00 } 6 Prs. light, on the limber. | 32 | 8 | 00 | 00 } 150 Do. ---- in one waggon. | 97 | 13 | 00 | 00 } 5¹⁄₂ In. How’r on the limber.| -- | 5 | 13 | 00 } 73 Do. ---- in one waggon. | -- | 10 | 41 | 4 } 3 Prs. heavy, curricle. | 6 | 6 | 00 | 00 } 136 Do. ---- ammunition cart. | 100 | 24 | 00 | 00 }

_The following Proportion of Artillery, Ammunition, and Carriages, necessary for four French Armies of different Degrees of Strength, and acting in very different Countries, is attributed to Gribauvale, and is extracted from Durtubie, on Artillery._