Part 21

_Limbers_ are two-wheel carriages, sometimes made with shafts, and sometimes with beams for drawing double; they serve to support the trail of _field carriages_, by means of the pintle or iron bolt, when artillery is transported from one place to another, and are taken off again when the pieces are to be fired, unless upon a march, when harrassed by the enemy, &c.

_Galloper_-CARRIAGES serve for 1¹⁄₂ pounders. These carriages are made with shafts, so as to be drawn without a limber. In the war of 1756, the King of Prussia, mounted light 3-pounders on these carriages, which answered very well. The horse-artillery is an improvement of this method of the Prussian.

_Howitz_-CARRIAGES are for transporting howitzers; and those for the 6 and 5-8 inch howitzers, are made with screws to elevate them, in the same manner as the light 6 pounders; for which reason they are made without a bed, and the centre-transom must be 9 inches broad to fix the screw, instead of 4 for those made without: in the centre, between the trail and centre-transom, there is a transom-bolt, which is not in others, because the centre-transom must be made to be taken out; after which, the howitzer can be elevated to any angle under ninety degrees.

_Tumbrel_-CARRIAGE. See TUMBREL.

_Block_-CARRIAGE, a carriage which is made from a solid piece of timber, hollowed out so as to receive the gun or howitzer into the cap-squares. The lower part of the cap-square is let into the solid wood, and the gun or howitzer is either elevated or depressed by a screw, as in other carriages. The limber for this carriage carries two large chests for ammunition, and takes four men. The pintle of the limber is so constructed as to receive the gudgeon of the carriage; by which means a greater relief is afforded when the carriage passes over rough ground.

_Block_-CARRIAGES are also used by the horse-artillery as curricles. They are particularly useful on mountain service. The original inventor of them, is the British Colonel Congreve, author of many other important military inventions.

_Truck_-CARRIAGES are to carry timber and other heavy burthens from one place to another, at no great distance: they serve also to convey guns or mortars upon a battery, whither their own carriages cannot go, and are drawn by men as well as horses.

_Ponton_-CARRIAGE. Carriages of this kind are solely for transporting the pontons; they had formerly but two wheels, but are generally now made with four. The making use of two-wheel carriages for travelling a great way, is contrary to sense and reason; because the whole weight lying upon the two wheels, must make them sink deeper into the ground, than those of a four-wheel carriage.

CARRIAGE.--Weight of Field Carriages at present in use.

_Horse Artillery Carriages_

cwts. qrs. lbs. 12 Prs. gun and carriage complete for service, with two men, and their appointments on the limber, and 16 rounds of ammunition. 45 0 14 Ammunition caisson for do. complete, with two men on the limber, and 1 spare wheel, 2 spare shafts, with 78 rounds of ammunition. 33 3 0 6 Prs. equipped as above with 42 rounds 34 1 21 Ammunition caisson as above, 108 rounds 39 0 21 5¹⁄₂ Inch howitzer, equipped as above, with 20 rounds 35 3 0 Ammunition caisson for do. as above, with 52 rounds 39 2 0 Forge waggon, complete for travelling 19 2 14 Large tilted baggage waggon, empty 18 3 0 Equipage to be carried 12 0 0

_Park Carriages._

cwts. qr. lb. cwts. qr. lb. 12 Prs. Med. gun carriage, without box. 16 1 21} Limber to do. 7 2 14} 42 0 7 Gun 18 0 --} 12 Pr. light gun 12 0 -- } Carriage complete 12 3 7 }36 2 21 Limber, with em. box. 12 3 14 } 6 Prs. Desaguliers 12 0 --} Carriage complete 11 0 14} 34 1 13 Limb. to do. em. box. 11 0 27} 6 Prs. light batt. gun 6 0 -- } Carriage without box. iron axletrees 9 2 -- }24 1 21 Limber, with em. box. 8 3 21 } 5¹⁄₂ Inch howit. light 4 3 7 } Carriage, without box. 10 0 7} 24 0 14 Limber, with em. box. 9 1 --} 24 Prs. platform travelling carriage 22 3 -- } Standing carriage for do. iron trucks, }84 2 16 and tackles of the carr. 13 3 16 } Iron gun 48 0 -- } Ball cartridge waggon, Duke of } Richmond’s pattern, with spare pole and } 36 1 17 swingle trees 16 1 17} Charge of musquet ammunition 20 0 --} Common pattern ammunition caisson, } altered 16 2 -- }36 2 -- Charge of ammunition 20 0 -- } New infantry ammunition cart 9 1 14} 21 1 14 Charge of ammunition 12 0 --} Common sling cart, complete 17 1 14 Common truck carriage 12 2 21 Common hand cart 4 1 -- Forge waggon, complete 13 2 14

Dimensions of certain parts of carriages, the knowlege of which may prevent many mistakes in arranging the different pieces for disembarkation, or in other similar situations.

_Axletrees._--Most of the field carriages are now made with _iron_ axletrees; the dimensions of which are as follows:

+-------------+------------------- | Dia. of | Len. of | the arm. | arm. ---------------------------------+------+------+-----+------+------ | | | | | Total | | | Box,| |length |At the| | or | | to |shoul-|At the| nave|Washer|linch- Iron Axletrees. | der. |point.|part.| part.| pin. ---------------------------------+------+------+-----+------+------ | in. | in. | in. | in. | inch 6 Pr. Light }| | | | | 3 Pr. Heavy }| | | | | 5¹⁄₂ in. Howitz. }| | | | | Ammu. caisson }| 2³⁄₄ | 1³⁄₄ | 13 | ⁵⁄₈ | 13⁵⁄₈ Ball cartridge do. whether horse}| | | | | artillery or the park, whether }| | | | | limber or carriage }| | | | | Light 12 Pounder and limber | 3¹⁄₄ | 2¹⁄₄ | 16 | ³⁄₄ | 16³⁄₄ Medium 12 Pr. | 3¹⁄₂ | 2¹⁄₂ | 16 | ³⁄₄ | 16³⁄₄ Limber to do. | 2³⁄₄ | 2 | 13 | ⁵⁄₈ | 13⁵⁄₈ ---------------------------------+------+------+-----+------+------

+--------------------++-------------------- | Carriage. || Limber. +-------------+------++-------------+------ | Di. of Arm. | || Di. of Arm. | +------+------+ ++------+------+ | At | |Length|| At | |Length Wood |Shoul-| At | of ||Shoul-| At | of Axletrees. | der. |Point.| Nave.|| der. |Point.| Nave. -----------------------+------+------+------++------+------+------ | In. | In. | In. || In. | In. | In. 24 Prs. Heavy | 7 | 4.9 | 18 || 6 | 3.3 | 16 12 Prs. Med | 6 | 4 | 16 || 6 | 4 | 12 6 Prs Des’rs. | 5¹⁄₂ | 3¹⁄₂ | 13¹⁄₂|| 5¹⁄₂ | 3¹⁄₂ | 13¹⁄₂ 6 Prs. Light | 5 | 3 | 13 || 5 | 3 | 13 3 Prs. Des’rs. | 2- | 1¹⁄₄ | || 2- | 1¹⁄₄ | 3 Prs. Light | | | || | | How’r. 8 In. | 6- | | 17 || 5- | | 15 How’r. 5¹⁄₂ in. | 5- | | 13 || 4¹⁄₄ | | 11- How’r. 4²⁄₅ in. | 4- | | 12 || 4 | | 10 | ----fore---- || ----hind---- Ammunition waggon, with| | | || | | folding sides | 5 | 2.9 | 14 || 5 | 2.9 | 13 Close bodied Ammunition| | | || | | caisson | 5 | 3.3 | 14 || 5 | 2.9 | 14 -----------------------+------+------+------++------+------+------

Dimensions and Weight of _Standing Gun Carriages_.

+--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Kinds. | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12 | 9 | 6 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | |Ft. in.|Ft. in.|Ft. in.|Ft. in.|Ft. in.|Ft. in.| |Axletrees, length | 4 9 | 4 7 | 4 3 |3 9¹⁄₂|3 6¹⁄₂| 3 4 | |Side pieces, length | 6 4 | 6 0 | 5 9 | 5 6 |5 3 | 5 0 | |Whole height to | | | | | | | |trunnion beds | 2 9 | 2 7 | 2 6 | 2 3 | 2 1 | 2 0 | |Weight of carriage,}|ct. qr.|ct. qr.|ct. qr.|ct. qr.|ct. qr.|ct. qr.| |bed & coins }| 9 0 | 8 0 | 7 0 | 6 0 | 3 3 | 2 3 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

_Carriages_ on a march. See MARCHING.

The carriages for horse artillery guns, as 12, 9, and 4 pounders, are constructed lighter than formerly; the two first of these calibres have an additional trunnion plate; and indeed it does not appear why every travelling carriage should not have this important improvement since it eases the horses and saves the carriage; and by lessening the fatigue increases the celerity of the movements, and spares the cattle for service.

_Diameter of the wheels of the Field Carriages at present in use_:

Diameter. _ft._ _in._ All the horse artillery carriages, limbers, and caissons; the heavy 6 Prs. and long 3 Prs. and their limbers; the carriage of a 6 Pr. battalion gun, and a light 5¹⁄₂ inch howitzer; the hind wheels of a common ammunition caisson 5 0

Limber to light 6 Pr. and 5¹⁄₂ howitzer } 4 8 Med. 12 Pr.--limber, 4 ft. 6 in. carriage }

Sling cart 5 8

Fore wheels of an ammunition caisson 4 0

Pontoon carriage }Fore 3 0 }Hind 5 6

8 Inch Howitzer }Limber 4 0 }Carriage 5 0

Ball Ammunition Cart 5 0

24 Prs. Platform Carriage}Fore 4 0 }Hind 4 2

For wood of which carriages are made, see the word WOOD.

CARRIER, a kind of pigeon, so called from its having been used in armies, to carry orders from one division of an army to another, or intelligence to some officer commanding a post or army at a distance.

CARRONADES. Their weight and dimensions.

+-------+-------+--------------+-------------+------------+ | | Dia- | | | Proportion | | | meter | Length in | Weight. | between | | | of +--------+-----+-------------+the shot and| | Kinds.| Bores.|ft. in.|Calr.|cwt. q. lb.| carronade. | +-------+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------------+ |68 Prs.|8.05 --| 5 2 |7.702| 36 -- -- | 59 to 1 | |-- -- | --| 4 0 |5.962| 29 -- -- | | |42 -- |6.84 --| 4 3¹⁄₂|7.518| 22 1 -- | 58 to 1 | |32 -- |6.35 --| 4 0- |7.679| 17 -- 14 | 62 to 1 | |24 -- |5.68 { | 3 7- |7.656| 13 -- -- | 56 to 1 | | | { | 3 0 |6.336| 11 2 25 | | |18 -- |5.16{ | 3 3 |7.587| 9 -- -- | 56 to 1 | | | { | 2 4 |5.447| 8 1 25 | | |12 -- |4.52 --| 2 2 |5.778| 5 3 10 | 56 to 1 | +-------+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------------+

N. B. Carronades have not so much windage as guns. See WINDAGE.

RANGES with Carronades, 1798. The charge is ¹⁄₁₂th the weight of the shot; and with one shot and one wad. The line of fire from 6 to 9 feet above the level of the water.

+--------+---------+---------+---------+------+---------+------+ |Kinds. | 68 | 42 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12 | +--------+---------+---------+---------+------+---------+------+ |Charge. |5lb. 8oz.|3lb. 8oz.|2lb. 1oz.| 2lb. |1lb. 8oz.| 1lb. | +--------+---------+---------+---------+------+---------+------+ | | Yards. | Yards. | Yards. |Yards.| Yards. |Yards.| |P. Blank| 450 | 400 | 330 | 300 | 270 | 230 | |1 Degree| 650 | 600 | 560 | 500 | 470 | 400 | |2 ---- | 890 | 860 | 830 | 780 | 730 | 690 | |3 ---- | 1000 | 980 | 900 | 870 | 800 | 740 | |4 ---- | 1100 | 1020 | 970 | 920 | 870 | 810 | |5 ---- | 1280 | 1170 | 1087 | 1050 | 1000 | 870 | +--------+---------+---------+---------+------+---------+------+

_Note._--The highest charge for carronades is ¹⁄₈th the weight of the shot; the lowest ¹⁄₁₆th.

_Ranges_ with 8 inch shells, from 68 Pr.

+--------+-------+-------+--------+------+-------+ | Shells | | | Ele- | First|Extreme| | Weight.|Charge.|Flight.| vation.|graze.| range.| +--------+-------+-------+--------+------+-------+ | {| 3 lbs.| 1¹⁄₂ | P. B. | 302 | 1365 | |lb. oz.{| 3 -- | -- | 5 deg.| 1140 | | |43 11 {| 4 -- | 1¹⁄₂ | 1 -- | 358 | 1843 | | {|-- -- | 5 | 5 -- | 1137 | 1250 | | {|-- -- | -- |11¹⁄₂ | 1767 | | +--------+-------+-------+--------+------+-------+

_To_ CARRY _on the trenches_. See TRENCHES.

CART, in a military sense, is a vehicle mounted on two wheels, and drawn by one or more horses; of which there are several sorts, viz.

_Powder_-CARTS, for carrying powder with the army; they are divided into 4 parts, by boards of an inch thick, which enter about an inch into the shafts. Each of these carts can only stow 4 barrels of powder. The roof is covered with an oil-cloth, to prevent dampness from coming to the powder.

_Sling_-CARTS, used to carry mortars or heavy guns from one place to another at a small distance, but chiefly to transport guns from the water side to the proof-place, and from thence back again; as also to convey artillery to the batteries in a fortification; they have wheels of a very considerable diameter, and the guns or other heavy articles which they carry are slung in chains from the axle.

CARTE, is a thrust with a sword at the inside of the upper part of the body, with the nails of your sword hand upwards. _Low carte_, is a thrust at the inside of the lower half of the body; the position of the hand being the same as in the former.

CARTE-_blanche_ _Fr._ a full and absolute power which is lodged in the hands of a general of an army, to act according to the best of his judgment, without waiting for superior instructions or orders. It likewise strictly means a blank paper; a paper to be filled up with such conditions as the person to whom it is sent thinks proper.

CARTEL, in military transactions, an agreement between two states at war for the exchange of their prisoners of war.

CARTOUCH, in military affairs, is a case of wood about 3 inches thick at bottom, bound about with marline, holding about 400 musquet balls, besides 8 or 10 iron balls of a pound each, to be fired out of a howitzer, for the defence of a pass, &c. See GRAPE SHOT.

CARTOUCHES in artillery, are made of leather, to sling over the shoulder of the matross, who therein carries the ammunition from the magazine or waggon, for the service of the artillery, when at exercise or on real service.

CARTOUCHES _ou formules_, _Fr._ military passes which were given to soldiers going on furlough.

CARTRIDGE, a case of paper, parchment, or flannel, fitted to the bore of a piece, and holding exactly its proper charge. Musket and pistol cartridges are always made of strong paper, between 30 and 40 of which are made from 1 pound of powder, including their priming. Ball cartridges should be made of a different coloured paper to what is used for blank. The French musquet ball-cartridges are all capped with flannel. Cannon and howitzer cartridges are sometimes made of parchment, though more generally of flannel: the charges they contain are adapted to the service they are intended for.

Cartridges for cannon, are made with the best effect, when the flannel does not admit the leakage of powder; to effect this the flannels are first sewed to the size of a mandril or wooden roller; and the sewing completed, the end is tied, and hammered on the end of the mandril, the whole is then smeared with a coat of paste made of wheat flour and gum; and then drawn over, so that the pasted side may be inward; then set to dry, before filling they must be examined.

The experiment is worth the trial of making cartridges of cotton saturated with alum; its cheapness, its abundance, and easy formation, all recommend it. The alum would render it fire proof.

CARTRIDGE-_Box_, a case of wood, made in a circular form, to wear before the body of the soldier, holding 24 or more musket-ball cartridges in rows: it is covered with leather, and worn upon a belt, both on duty, and on the day of battle. See POUCH.

The light infantry in the French service carry a cartridge box in front which covers the abdomen; and contains several rounds; some carry the cartridges on the side one above the other.

CARTRIDGES for guns.

+-----------+--------+----------------------------------- | Weight of | | | one | | Tonnage. Of Paper. | Dozen. | Length.| No. packed ³⁄₄ Ton Vat. -------------+-----------+--------+----------------------------------- Pounders. |lb. oz. dr.|Ft. in. |Number. 42 ---- | 3 0 0 | 2 4 | 1000 32 ---- | 3 0 0 | 2 4 | 1100 24 ---- | 3 0 0 | 2 4 | 1400 18 ---- | 2 14 0 | 2 4 | 1500 12 ---- | 2 4 0 | 2 4 | 1600 9 ---- | 2 4 0 | 2 4 | 1800 6 ---- | 1 5 0 | 2 0 | 2000 4 ---- | 1 1 0 | 1 7 | 2200 3 ---- | 1 1 0 | 1 7 | 2200 Of Flannel. | | | 42 and 32 | 2 2 0 | 2 3 |The tonnage of flannel cartridges {Heavy | 1 12 0 | 1 10 |is 1-fifth more than that of paper. 24{Med. | 1 6 0 | 1 5 | {Light | 1 1 8 | 1 0 | 18 ---- | 1 6 0 | 2 3 | {Heavy | 1 3 0 | 1 6 | 12{Med. | 0 11 0 | 1 2 | {Light | 0 8 0 | 0 10 | 9 ---- | 0 10 0 | 1 4 | {Heavy | 0 14 0 | 1 1 | 6{Med. | -- | -- | {Light | 0 5 0 | 0 9¹⁄₂| 3 ---- | 0 6 0 | 0 8 | 13 in. Morts.| 1 2 8 | 1 6 | 10 -- ---- | 0 10 8 | 1 1- | 8 -- ---- | 0 7 0 | 1 0 | 5¹⁄₂ ---- | 0 4 0 | 0 9 | 4²⁄₅ ---- | 0 3 0 | 0 7 | 8 in. How’r | 0 10 8 | 1 1- | 5¹⁄₂ ---- | 0 4 8 | 0 9- | 4²⁄₅ ---- | 0 4 0 | 0 9- | -------------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------

CARTRIDGES for small arms.

+-----------+-------+-------+-------------+--------------------+-----+ | | Powder| | No. | | | | | con- | No. of| contained | | One | | |tained | each | in one | Weight of one |Sheet| | |in each| tied | Barrel. | Barrel filled. | of | | | Car- | in one+------+------+-----------+--------+paper| | Kinds. |tridge.|Bundle.|Whole.| Half.| Whole. | Half. |makes| +-----------+-------+-------+------+------+-----------+--------+-----+ | | drs. | No. | No. | No. |ct. qr. lb.|qr. lb.| No. | |Wall pieces| 10 | 6 | 1400 | 500 | 2 2 19 | 3 24| | |Musquet | 6 | 10 | 2100 | 1000 | 1 3 10 | 3 24| 6 | |Carbine | 4 | 10 | 2853 | 1500 | 1 3 7 | 3 26| 12 | |Do. pistol | 3 | 10 | 4400 | 1500 | 1 3 17 | 3 21| 16 | |Com. pistol| 3 | 10 | | 2000 | | 3 11| 24 | |7 bar. guns| 1¹⁄₂| 14 | | 1000 | | | 24 | | | | | | in | | | | | | | | | kegs | | | | +-----------+-------+-------+------+------+-----------+--------+-----+

_Musquet_ CARTRIDGES, by different powers in Europe.

+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Weight | | | | | of | English. | Hessian. | Austrian. | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | |oz. dr. gr.|oz. dr. gr.|oz. dr. gr.| |Powder | 0 6 0 | 0 7 10 | 0 6 13 | |Cartridges,| | | | |complete. | 1 9 11 | 1 7 2 | 1 6 4 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

+-----------+------------+------------+ | Weight | | | | of | Dutch. | French. | +-----------+------------+------------+ | |oz. dr. gr. |oz. dr. gr. | |Powder | 0 10 10¹⁄₂| 0 7 4¹⁄₂| |Cartridges,| | | |complete. | 1 12 4 | 1 6 0 | +-----------+------------+------------+

CASCABLE, in artillery, is the very hindermost knob or button of the cannon, or the utmost part of the breech. See CANNON.

CASCANS, in fortification, holes in the form of wells, serving as entrances to galleries, or giving vent to the enemy’s mines. See FORTIFICATION.

CASEMATE, in fortification, a vault, or arch of mason-work, in that part of the flank of a bastion which is next the curtain, made to defend the ditch, and the face of the opposite bastion. See FORTIFICATION.

CASEMATES _nouvelles_, _Fr._ arched batteries which are constructed under all the openings of revetements or ramparts. The different forts at Cherbourg, are defended by these casemates: the works erected round Dover Castle, come likewise under this description; the works at fort Columbus, New York, are erected on the same principles.

CASERNES, in fortification, are buildings for the soldiers of the garrison to live in; generally erected between the houses of fortified towns, and the rampart.

CASERNES, in a general acceptation, signify barracks.

CASE-_Shot_. See SHOT, and LABORATORY.

CASHIERED. An officer sentenced by a general court-martial, or peremptorily ordered by the king, to be dismissed from the service, is said to be cashiered.

CASK, _or_ CASQUE, the ancient helmet or armor for the head.