Part 158

TOQUE, _Fr._ A velvet cap with the sides turned up, and flat at the top. The _Cent Suisses_, or the French king’s Swiss body guard, wore the _toque_ during the French monarchy.

TOR. A tower or turret.

TORCHES, (_Torches_, _Fr._) In military matters, are lights used at sieges, &c. They are generally made of thick ropes, &c.

TORCHIS, _Fr._ Mud-clay, with which cottager’s huts, &c. are made in most countries.

TORE, _Fr._ See TORUS.

TORUS. In architecture, a large round moulding used in the bases of columns.

TORLAQUI. A sort of priest in Turkey.

TORNADO. A Portuguese word which is used on the southern coasts of Africa, to express furious whirlwinds that are often fatal to mariners and seamen. Dr. Johnson calls it generally, a hurricane; a whirlwind.

TORPEDO. A military machine for defence, invented by Mr. Robert Fulton, an American; there are various kinds adapted to positions and methods of defence or attack; the machine is a case of copper, oblong, and containing 100 lbs. or more of powder; to the end of the case is a kind of _lock_ about the size of a parlor door brass lock, inside of which are clock works so formed as to be set to any number of seconds or minutes required, which being expired, the gunpowder in the case is exploded, and all above is torn to pieces by the explosion.

TORSE, _Fr._ This word means literally, twisted. In architecture it signifies a pillar, the body of which, or the part between the base and the capitals is surrounded with concave and convex circular lines.

TORTOISE. See TESTUDO.

TORTS, _Fr._ See WRONGS.

TORTUE, _Fr._ Literally means tortoise. It likewise signifies the testudo, or tortoise, a warlike machine which was used among the ancients.

TORTUE _d’hommes_, _Fr._ A particular formation which was formerly adopted by the besieged when they made a sortie.

TORTUE _de Mer_, _Fr._ A sort of vessel which has its deck raised in such a manner, that it resembles the roof of a house, beneath which soldiers and passengers may conveniently stand or sit with their baggage in bad weather.

TOSHA _Khanna_, _Ind._ Store-room, wardrobe.

TOSTE, _Fr._ A rowing bench in a boat. It is likewise called _Toste de Chaloupe_.

TOUCH-HOLE. The vent through which the fire is conveyed to the powder in the chamber of a gun.

TOUR, _Fr._ Turn. This word is likewise used by the English in military matters, as tour of duty.

TOUR _à feu_, _Fr._ A light house.

TOUR _de bâton_, _Fr._ By-profits. See BATON.

TOURNAMENT. From the old French word _tournoi_, which is derived From _tourner_, to turn. An exercise of mock battle formerly practised, wherein princes and gentlemen afforded specimens of their dexterity and courage in public places, by entering the lists and encountering all opposers. They were well mounted on horseback, clad in armor, and accoutred with lance and sword; first tilted at one another, and then drew their swords and fought hand to hand.

These exercises being designed to make the persons, who practised them, expert in the art of war, and also to entertain the court, the arms were in a great measure rendered so far innocuous that they could not kill the combatants. For this purpose the points of the lances and swords were broken off; but notwithstanding this precaution, frequent mischief occurred. In consequence of which the Pope prohibited all sorts of tournaments, under pain of excommunication.

Tournaments had their origin from the ancient gladiatory combats, and not from the usage of the northern people, as is commonly believed. In Cicero’s time they were called by the Greek name Anabatis; because their helmet in a great measure obstructed their seeing.

TOURNEE, _Fr._ A circuitous journey made for the purpose of inspection, &c.

_Le Général fit une_ TOURNEE _pour examiner les avant postes_. The general went round to examine the outposts.

TOURNE _à gauche_, _Fr._ A tool used by carpenters, masons, and other artizans, in turning screws, saws, &c.

TOURNER, _Fr._ To turn. In military matters it signifies to get upon the flank or in the rear of any object you propose to attack.

TOURNER _un ouvrage_, _Fr._ In fortification, to turn a work. This is effected by cutting off its communication with the main body of the place, and taking possession of the gorge. _Tourner le flanc_, to turn the flank. _Tourner l’aile droite ou l’aile gauche_, to turn the right or left wing. _Tourner un poste, une montagne_, to get into the rear of a post, mountain, &c.

TOURNIQUET, _Fr._ A turnstile. It likewise signifies a swivel or iron ring.

TOURNIQUET, _Fr._ Among artificers, a species of firework composed of two fusees, which, when set fire to, produces the same effect as the _Soleil Tournant_.

TOURNIQUET, (_Tourniquet_, _Fr._) In surgery, an instrument made of rollers, compresses, screws, &c. for compressing any wounded part so as to stop hæmorrhages.

The common Tourniquet is very simple, consisting only of a roller, which, with the help of a small stick, serves to stop the effusion of blood from large arteries, in amputation, by forcibly tying up the limb. The things required in this operation are, a roller of a thumb’s breadth, and of an ell in length; a small cylindrical stick, a conglomerated bandage, two fingers thick and four long; some compresses of a good length, and about three or four fingers breadth, to surround the legs and arms, and a square piece of strong paper or leather, about four fingers wide. By the British regulations published in 1799, for the better management of the sick in regimental hospitals, every surgeon and assistant surgeon is directed to have, among other surgical instruments, a certain number of tourniquets; and serjeants, &c. are to be taught the method of using it.

In May, 1798, two tourniquets were directed to be sent to each English regiment, the rest are to be made by the men of the regiment; and besides one to each person who will be taught the use of it, it is necessary to have four for every hundred men.

The non-commissioned officers, band, and drummers of every regiment, are to be taught the manner of applying it according to instructions sent down from the surgeon general’s department.

TOURNOIS, _Fr._ Tournament.

TOURS _Mobiles_, _Fr._ Moveable towers. These were made use of in remote ages; and although the invention of them has been attributed by some to the Greeks and by others to the Romans, it does not belong to either; for we read of moveable towers in Ezekiel. The curious may derive much information on this head from the Chevalier Folard in his translation of Polybius, page 536, tom. ii. See MOVEABLE TOWERS.

TOURS _bastionnees_, _Fr._ See TOWER BASTIONS.

TOURS _isolees_, _Fr._ Detached towers; such as are made in forts, or stand upon the coast to serve for lighthouses.

TOURS _terrieres_, _Fr._ Large pieces of wood which are used in mechanical operations to convey or remove heavy burthens.

_La_ TOURBE _menue_, _Fr._ The common people, the rabble.

TOURBILLON, _Fr._ Whirlwind, vortex. The French likewise call a water-spout by this name.

TOURBILLON _de feu_, _Fr._ See SOLEIL MONTANT.

TOURELLE, _Fr._ A turret.

TOURILLON, _Fr._ A sort of pivot upon which several machines, such as draw-bridges, &c. are made to turn.

TOURILLONS. See TRUNNIONS.

TOURMENTE, _Fr._ A violent storm.

TOURTEAU _Goudronné_, _Fr._ Old rope which is untwisted, steeped in pitch or tar, and afterwards left to dry. It is used in fosses and other places during a siege. The French make the _Tourteau Goudronné_ in the following manner.--Take 12 pounds of tar or pitch, 6 ditto of tallow or grease, which put to 3 pints of linseed oil, and boil the whole together. You then take old matches, or twisted pieces of rope of any length you want, and let them soak in the boiling liquor. If you wish to prevent them from burning too fast, add six pounds of rosin and two of turpentine.

TOUT _le monde haute_, _Fr._ A French word of command at sea which corresponds with our sea phrase, Pipe! all hands up.

TOUT _le monde bas_, _Fr._ A French word of command at sea which corresponds with Pipe! all hands down.

TOUTE _volee_, _Fr._ Random shot.

_Tirer a toute volee._ To fire at random.

TOWER, (_Tour_, _Fr._) Any high building raised above another, consisting of several stories, usually of a round form, though sometimes square or polygonal; a fortress, a citadel. Towers are built for fortresses, prisons, &c. as the tower of the Bastille, which was destroyed by the inhabitants of Paris in 1789.

_The_ TOWER _of London_, commonly called the Tower. A building with five small turrets at different angles above it, situated on the banks of the river Thames.

The Tower of London is not only a citadel to defend and command the city, river, &c. but it is also a royal palace, where the kings of England with their courts have sometimes lodged; a royal arsenal, wherein are stored arms and ammunition for 60,000 soldiers; a treasury for the jewels and ornaments of the crown; a mint for coining money; the archives wherein are preserved all the ancient records of the courts of Westminster, &c. and the chief prison for state delinquents. The officers belonging to the Tower of London consist of

_per ann._ 1 constable and chief governor at 1000 0 0 1 lieutenant governor, at 700 0 0 1 deputy lieutenant, at 365 0 0 1 major, at 182 10 0 1 chaplain, at 121 13 4 1 gentleman porter, at 84 0 8 1 gentleman gaoler, at 70 0 0 1 physician, at 182 10 0 1 surgeon, at 45 12 6 1 apothecary, 1 yeoman porter

TOWER-_bastions_, in fortification, are small towers made in the form of bastions, by M. Vauban, in his second and third method; with rooms or cellars underneath to place men and guns in them.

_Martello_ TOWER. See TOURS MOBILES

_Moveable_ TOWERS, in ancient military history, were three stories high, built with large beams, each tower was placed on 4 wheels or trucks, and towards the town covered with boiled leather, to guard it from fire, and to resist the darts: on each story 100 archers were posted. They were pushed with the force of men to the city wall. From these the soldiers, placed in the different stages, made such vigorous discharges that none of the garrison dared to shew themselves on the rampart.

TOWN. Any walled collection of houses.

TOWN-_Adjutant_. An assistant to the town-major. See ADJUTANT.

TOWN-_Major_. An officer constantly employed about the governor or officer commanding a garrison, &c. He issues the orders to the troops, and reads the common orders to fresh troops when they arrive. He commands according to the rank he had in the army; but if he never had any other commission than that of town or fort-major, he is to command as youngest captain. See MAJOR.

TRABAND. A trusty brave soldier in the Swiss infantry, whose particular duty was to guard the colors and the captain who led them. He was armed with a sword and a halbert, the blade of which was shaped like a pertuisan. He generally wore the colonel’s livery, and was excused all the duties of a centry. His pay was eight deniers more than the daily subsistence of the company.

TRABEA, _Trabee_, _Fr._ A white gown bordered with purple, and adorned with clavi or trabeæ of scarlet. See Kennett’s R. A. page 313.

TRACER, _Fr._ To trace.

TRACES. The harness by which beasts of draught are enabled to move bodies to which they are yoked.

TRAHISON, _Fr._ Treason.

_Haute_ TRAHISON, _Fr._ High treason.

_Tuer en_ TRAHISON, _Fr._ To kill in a treacherous manner.

TRAIL. In gunnery. The end of a travelling carriage, opposite to the wheels, and upon which the carriage slides when unlimbered or upon the battery. See CARRIAGES.

_To_ TRAIL, literally means to draw along the ground. In military matters it signifies, to carry the firelock in an oblique forward position, with the butt just above the ground. Hence _Trail Arms_, a word of command for that purpose.

TRAINE, _Fr._ A term known among French sailors and soldiers at sea, to signify a thin rope or rather packthread, to which they tie their linen; leaving it to float or be dragged through the waves until it is clean.

TRAIN, (_Train_, _Fr._) In a military sense, all the necessary apparatus, implements of war, such as cannon, &c. that are required at a siege or in the field.

TRAIN _of Artillery_, (_Traine d’artillerie_, _Fr._) in a general sense, means the regiment of artillery; it also includes the great guns and other pieces of ordnance belonging to an army in the field. See ARTILLERY.

TRAIN, (_Trainee_, _Fr._) In mining. A line of gunpowder laid to give fire to a quantity thereof, which has been lodged for the purpose of blowing up earth, works, buildings, &c.

TRAIN, is also used to denote the attendants, of a prince or general, upon many occasions.

TRAIN-_bands_, or _trained bands_, a name formerly given to the militia of England.

TRAINEAUX, _Fr._ Several pieces of wood made in the form of a large sledge upon which pieces of ordnance and stores, &c. are conveyed to the rampart, and brought from one place to another.

TRAINEURS, _Fr._ Men who on a march lag behind, and thereby occasion a loose and unconnected appearance in the line of march. It is the duty of the rear guard to pick up all stragglers, and to report them to head-quarters.

TRAINEUR _d’epee_. A parasite; a man who has never done a day’s duty, but wears a sword and looks big.

TRAITS, _Fr._ Drag-ropes, &c. used in the artillery.

TRAJECTORY _line_, is the curved line formed by the shot after the explosion to the end of its career.

TRAJET. See FERRY.

TRAMONTANE, _Fr._ The north wind in the Mediterranean is so termed by the French. It is so called, because it blows beyond the hills that are near Rome and Florence.

TRANCHANT, _Fr._ Cutting.

_Une epee à deux_ TRANCHANS, _Fr._ A two-edged sword.

TRANCHEE, _Fr._ See TRENCH.

TRANCHEE _double_, _Fr._ A double trench, one side of which serves as a traverse to the other; by which means they are mutually covered from a reverse or enfilade filing.

TRANCHEE _a crochet_, _Fr._ A bending trench, or one in the shape of a hook. This species of trench is found where the line turns, at the extremities of the places of arms, and at the ends of the cavaliers.

TRANCHEE _directe_, _Fr._ A trench which is carried, or run out in a strait forward direction, and which serves to shut up any spot from whence you might be enfiladed.

TRANSFERS. Soldiers taken out of one troop or company and placed in another are so called.

TRANSFIXED. An ancient term used to express the state of being desperately wounded by some pointed instrument, as being run through by a spear, javelin or bayonet; pierced through so that the weapon is fixed in another body.

TRANSOMS. In artillery. Pieces of wood which join the cheeks of gun-carriages; there is but one in a truck-carriage, placed under the trunnion-holes; and four in a wheel-carriage, the trail, the centre, the bed, and the breast transoms.

TRANSOM-_plates_, with hooks.--There is one on each side of the side-pieces, against each end of the transom, the bed-transom excepted, fastened by two transom-bolts.

TRANSOM-_bolt_, with bars. They serve to tie the side-pieces to the transom.

TRANSPIRATION, _Fr._ This word is used by the French in hydraulics, to signify the oozing of water through the pores of the earth. It often happens, in digging a canal through sandy ground, that the transpirations or oozings, are so plentiful as not to leave water enough for the intended purposes of navigation. This occurred at New-Brisac, when a canal was dug in order to convey materials for its fortifications. The waters having been let in, the whole body was absorbed in the space of twenty-four hours. This evil or inconvenience can, however, be remedied; as may be seen in the fourth volume of Belidor’s _Architecture Hydraulique_.

TRANSPORT. A vessel in which soldiers are conveyed on the sea. See EMBARKATION.

TRANSPORT-_Board_. An English office established in 1794, which has the entire arrangement of the transport service, and of prisoners of war, in conjunction with the sick and hurt board. It consists of five commissioners, who are captains in the navy, and a secretary.

TRANSPORTER, _Fr._ To transfer, to remove, to change the situation of any thing.

TRANSPORTER _les files et les rangs d’un bataillon dans les evolutions_, _Fr._ To change files or ranks in military evolutions. To countermarch any given number of men so as to place the right where the left stood, and make the front rank take the ground that was occupied by rear, with a different aspect. See COUNTERMARCH.

When the countermarch is effected on the centre, or by a central conversion, the French distinguish, and use the phrase--_Faire le moulinet_; from the similarity of movement round a central point; _moulinet_ signifying _capstan_, turn-stile, &c.

TRANSPOSER _les files d’un bataillon dans les évolutions_, _Fr._ To change the relative position of files in a battalion, that is, to countermarch the whole so as to make the natural front stand where the rear did, and to place those on the left that originally stood on the right.

TRAP. See AMBUSH, STRATAGEM, &c.

TRAPE, _Fr._ A falling door.

TRAPEZE, _Fr._ See TRAPEZIUM.

TRAPEZOID, (_Trapezoide_, _Fr._) A figure in geometry which is formed by the circumvolution of a trapezium, in the same manner that a cylinder is by that of a parallelogram.

TRAPEZIUM. A quadrilateral or square figure whose four sides and angles are unequal, and no sides are parallel.

TRAPPINGS. See HOUSINGS.

TRATTES, _Fr._ The Several beams and long pieces of wood which support the body of a windmill.

TRAVADE, _Fr._ A whirlwind; violent squall accompanied by thunder and lightening.

TRAVAILLER, _Fr._ To work. In mechanics; to warp, to open, &c. The French say, _Ce bois travaille_; this wood warps--_Ce mur travaille_; this wall gives way, &c.

TRAVAILLER, _a la journee_, _Fr._ To work by the day--_A la piece_, by the piece:--_à la tâche_, by the measure:--_En bloc et en tâche_, by the great, by the lump.

TRAVAILLER _à Toise_, _Fr._ To work by the toise. Works in fortification are generally done by this measure.

TRAVAILLER _par epaulees_, _Fr._ To execute a work with intervals of labor.

TRAVAILLER _les esprits des soldats_. To work upon the minds of the soldiery. To excite them to insurrection.

TRAVAILLER _un pays_. To feel the pulse of a country by working upon the minds of the inhabitants; to excite them to support any particular cause.

TRAVAILLEURS, _Fr._ Literally, workmen. In military matters, pioneers and soldiers employed in fatigue duties.

TRAVAILLEURS, _à la tranchee_, _Fr._ A detachment, consisting of a given number of men from each battalion, which is employed in the trenches. The soldiers who are sent upon this duty have only spades and pick-axes, and the officers who command them wear their swords.

TRAVAISON, _Fr._ Entablature.

TRAVAUX _Militaires_, _Fr._ See MILITARY WORKS.

TRAVAUX _avances_, _Fr._ Advanced works or outworks. The same as _pieces detachees_, or _dehors_. See DEHORS.

TRAVEE, _Fr._ A bay of joists. A scaffold.

TRAVELLING _forge_. See FORGE.

TRAVERS, _Fr._ A rope which is used to fasten cannon on their carriages, &c. and which serves for various other purposes.

TRAVERSEE, _Fr._ Passage; short trip by sea.

TRAVERSE. In fortification, is a parapet made across the covert-way, opposite to the salient angles of the works, near the place of arms, to prevent being enfiladed. Traverses are 18 feet thick, and as high as the ridge of the glacis. There are also traverses made by caponiers; but then they are called tambours.

_To_ TRAVERSE, a gun, or mortar, is to bring it about to right or left with hand-spikes, till it is pointed exact to the object.

TRAVERSIER, _Fr._ A passage boat, &c. It likewise means a wind that blows into port; also a pontoon.

TRAVERSINES, _Fr._ Pieces of wood which are laid cross-ways in a dyke.

TRAVERSING-_plates_, in gun carriages, are two thin iron plates, nailed on the hind part of a truck carriage of guns, where the hand-spike is used to traverse the gun.

TRAVERSING, in fencing, is the change of ground made by moving to right or left round the circle of defence.

TRAVONS, _Fr._ The large main beams in a wooden bridge, which support the joists, &c. They are likewise called _sommiers_.

TRAVESTISEMENT, _Fr._ Disguise. In the old French service, it was ordained, that no dragoon or foot soldier should change his uniform or regimentals whilst in garrison, nor within the boundaries of it. Every infraction of this order was punished with three months imprisonment.

TRAUMATIC. Vulnerary; useful to wounds; as _Traumatic_ decoction.

TREACHERY. Perfidy; breach of faith.

TREASON. Disloyalty; treachery; perfidious dealing.

_High_ TREASON. An offence against the security of the commonwealth, or of the sovereignty. It is a capital crime, and subjects the offender not only to loss of life, but also to forfeiture of all he may possess.

TRECHETOR, TRECHEUR, One who betrays a place, or body of men. An obsolete word.

TREFLE, _Fr._ Trefoil. A term used in mining, from the similarity of the figure to trefoil. The simple trefle has only two lodgments; the double trefle four; and the triple one six.

TREILLAGE, _Fr._ Any assemblage of wood which is laid cross-ways. Of which description are the palisadoes, &c. in gardens

TREILLIS, _Fr._ A general term for iron grating, &c. Such as is used for prisons.

TREILLIS, _Fr._ The method that is used in copying plans, &c. It consists of a certain arrangement of strait lines, which being measured at equal distances from one another, and crossed from right to left, represents a quantity of small equal squares. This arrangement or disposition of lines is used by painters, engravers, and engineers, in taking accurate copies of plans, &c. and is called by the French _Treillis_.

TREILLISER. To trellis. To furnish with a trellis.

TREMEAU, _Fr._ An ancient term in fortification. See MORTAR.

TRENCHANT. Sharp or cutting.

TRENCHES, in a siege, are ditches made by the besiegers, that they may approach more securely to the place attacked; on which account they are also called lines of approach. The tail of the trench is the place where it was begun, and its head is the place where it ends.

Trenches are also made to guard an encampment.

The trenches are usually opened or begun in the night time, sometimes within musquet shot, and sometimes within half or whole cannon shot of the place; generally about 800 toises. They are carried on in winding lines, nearly parallel to the works, so as not to be in view of the enemy, nor exposed to the enemy’s shot.

The workmen employed in the trenches are always supported by a number of troops to defend them against the sallies of the besieged. The pioneers, and other workmen, sometimes work on their knees, and are usually covered with mantlets or saucissons; and the troops who support them lie flat on their faces, in order to avoid the enemy’s shot. On the angles or sides of the trench, there are lodgments, or epaulements, in form of traverses, the better to hinder the sallies of the garrison, and to favor the advancement of the trenches, and to sustain the workmen.

The platforms for the batteries are made behind the trenches; the first at a good distance, to be used only against the sallies of the garrison. As the approaches advance, the batteries are brought nearer, to ruin the defences of the place, and dismount the artillery of the besieged. The breach batteries are made when the trenches are advanced near the covert-way.

If there are two attacks, it will be necessary to have lines of communication, or boyaus, between the two, with places of arms at convenient distances. The trenches are 6 or 7 feet high with the parapet, which is 5 feet thick, with banquettes for the soldiers to mount upon.