Chapter 12

THE RESTORATION.

The Restoration of 1814--Norway--Naples--Westphalia--Spain--The Spanish Constitution overthrown: victory of the clergy--Restoration in France--The Charta--Encroachments of the nobles and clergy--Growing hostility to the Bourbons--Congress of Vienna--Talleyrand and the Four Powers--The Polish question--The Saxon question--Theory of Legitimacy--Secret alliance against Russia and Prussia--Compromise--The Rhenish Provinces--Napoleon leaves Elba and lands in France--His declarations--Napoleon at Grenoble, at Lyons, at Paris--The Congress of Vienna unites Europe against France--Murat's action in Italy--The Acte Additionnel--The Champ de Mai--Napoleon takes up the offensive--Battles of Ligny, Quatre Bras, Waterloo--Affairs at Paris--Napoleon sent to St. Helena--Wellington and Fouché--Arguments on the proposed cession of French territory--Treaty of Holy Alliance--Second Treaty of Paris--Conclusion of the work of the Congress of Vienna--Federation of Germany--Estimate of the Congress of Vienna and of the Treaties of 1815--The Slave Trade