Part 2

1745 German subsidies granted, 997 Campaign in Flanders, 998 =Battle of Fontenoy=, 998 =Charles Edward lands in Scotland=, 999 Cope marches against him, 1001 Charles avoids him, and gains Edinburgh, 1001 Battle of Prestonpans, 1002 Indifference of England, 1002 Charles marches to Derby, 1003 He retreats to the relief of Government, 1004

1746 Charles besieges Stirling, 1005 Battle of Falkirk, 1005 Cumberland takes command of the army, 1006 He defeats Charles at Culloden, 1007 He cruelly suppresses the rebellion, 1008 Charles escapes to France, 1008 Ministerial crisis, 1009

1747 Effect of the rebellion on the continental war, 1010

1748 =Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle=, 1011 Results of the war, 1011 =Pelham's conciliatory government=, 1012

1750 His financial measures, 1012 Increase of wealth and of trade, 1013

1751 Reform of the Calendar, 1014

1753 Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act, 1015 Decay of the Church, 1015

1730 Rise of the Wesleyans, 1016

1754 =Pelham's death gives the Government to Newcastle=, 1018 =Approaching danger from India and America=, 1018 Newcastle tries to confine the war to the colonies, 1019 George's anxiety for Hanover, 1020

1755 His subsidiary treaties against Prussia, 1020

1756 The French capture Minorca, 1021 Newcastle resigns, 1021

1757 =Pitt's vigorous government=, 1022

1754 Europe prepares for war, 1023

1756 =The Seven Years' War begins=, 1023 Alliance between England and Prussia, 1023 Frederick's first campaign, 1023 Foreign policy of the various parties in England, 1024

1757 Disasters of the year, 1025

1758 Change of generals, 1026 Success in America, 1026 Victory of Creveld, 1027 Expeditions to Cherbourg and St. Malo, 1027

1759 Naval victories of Lagos and Quiberon, 1028 Capture of Quebec, 1029 Victory of Minden, 1031

1760 Frederick's campaign, 1032 Battle of Torgau, 1033 Pre-eminence of Pitt, 1033 Death of the King, 1033

GEORGE III. 1760-1820.

=Bute's influence over the young King=, 1035 George's view of royalty, 1036

1761 Signs of a change of ministry, 1037 The campaign of 1761 produces a desire for peace, 1037 Negotiations between France and England, 1038 Pitt, suspecting the Family Compact, opposes peace, 1038 =Pitt resigns. Bute becomes Premier=, 1039

1762 War with Spain, 1039 Peace with France concluded, 1040

1763 =Close of the Seven Years' War=, 1041 Attack on the Whigs, 1041 Bute resigns, 1041 =The Triumvirate ministry=, 1042 =The Bedford ministry=, 1042 =The trial of Wilkes=, 1043 Origin of the American provinces, 1045 Restrictions on colonial trade, 1046

1764 Suppression of smuggling, 1047

1765 =The Stamp Act=, 1047

1765 The King's illness, 1048 The Regency Bill, 1048 Negotiations for a change of ministry, 1049 Pitt retires into private life, 1050 Ministry of the Whig Houses, 1050 The question of American taxation, 1051

1766 =Return of Pitt and his declaration of views=, 1051 The Stamp Act repealed, 1052 Weakness of the Government, 1052 =Pitt becomes Lord Chatham and Prime Minister=, 1053 His comprehensive plans, 1054

1767 =His illness and mental failure=, 1054 Townshend's financial measures, 1054

1768 Corruption of Parliament, 1055 Wilkes elected for Middlesex, 1055

1769 Increase of American difficulties, 1056 The Letters of Junius, 1057 Weakness of the ministry, 1057

1770 Camden, Granby, and Grafton resign, 1058 =North's ministry. Triumph of the King's policy=, 1059 Grenville's reform of election petitions, 1060 Increased irritation in America, 1061 Affair of the Falkland Islands, 1062

1771 The liberty of reporting Parliamentary debates, 1062 North's ministry gathers strength, 1063

1772 Royal Marriage Law, 1064 Fate of the Queen of Denmark, 1064 Division of Poland, 1065 Constitution of Poland, 1065

1773 =Organized opposition in America=, 1067

1774 Dunning's petition rejected, 1068

1772 The India Company's difficulties, 1069

1774 Boston Port Bill, 1070 Massachusetts Government Bill, 1070 Crisis of the quarrel, 1070 Acts of the General Congress, 1071

1775 Chatham's motions for reconciliation, 1071 Skirmish at Lexington, 1072 The Canada Bill, 1072 =The Congress assumes sovereign authority=, 1073 Washington commander-in-chief, 1073 Battle of Bunker's Hill, 1073 The Olive Branch Petition, 1075 Attack on Canada, 1075

1776 Howe retires to Halifax, 1076 Fresh offers of conciliation rejected, 1076 =Declaration of Independence=, 1077 Battle of Brooklyn, 1077

1777 Washington recovers New Jersey, 1079 Threefold plan of the English, 1079 Howe's expedition against Philadelphia, 1080 Battle of Germanstown, 1080 Washington reorganizes the army, 1081 =Burgoyne's disasters=, 1081

1776 =Effect of American affairs in Parliament=, 1082

1777 Increase of the Civil List, 1082 =France acknowledges the independence of America=, 1084 Chatham's energy in Parliament, 1084

1778 North's Conciliation Bill, 1085 Rupture with France, 1085 Death of Chatham, 1086 Laws against Roman Catholics repealed, 1087 =America rejects North's conciliatory offers=, 1087 Effect of the alliance between America and France, 1088 Weakness of North's ministry, 1088

1779 Difficulties in Ireland, 1090

1780 Motions for economical reform, 1091 The Lord George Gordon riots, 1092 Rodney's victory, 1094 Capture of Charleston, 1095 War with the Dutch, 1095 Armed neutrality of the North, 1096 Arnold's treachery, 1096 Death of Major André, 1097 =Campaign in Carolina=, 1097

1781 St. Eustatia captured, 1098 Battle of Guildford Courthouse, 1100 Battle of Hobkirk's Hill, 1100 Battle of Eutaw, 1101 Cornwallis in Virginia, 1101 =Surrender of Yorktown. Close of the war=, 1103 New session of Parliament, 1103

1782 =North's resignation. The Rockingham ministry=, 1104 The agitation in Ireland, 1105 Economical reforms, 1106 =Conclusion of the American War=, 1107 Exorbitant demands of France, 1108 Siege of Gibraltar, 1109 Changed tone of French demands, 1110

1783 Terms of the peace, 1110

1782 =Death of Rockingham. The Shelburne ministry=, 1111

1783 =Shelburne resigns. Return of the Whig ministry=, 1112

* * * * *

=Retrospect of Indian history=, 1113

1600 Foundation of the India Company, 1113

1640 Foundation of Madras (1640), Bombay (1662), and Calcutta (1698), 1114 Decline of Portuguese and Dutch competition, 1114

1707 Decline of the Mogul Empire, 1115

1744 Competition with the French Company, 1115

1750 Success of Dupleix, 1116

1752 Dupleix defeated by Clive, 1117

1756 The Black Hole of Calcutta, 1118

1757 The Battle of Plassey, 1119

1761 =Overthrow of the French power in India=, 1119 =Contest with the native states=, 1120

1763 Massacre of Patna, 1121

1764 Battle of Buxar, 1121 =Maladministration of the India Company=, 1121

1769 Rise of Hyder Ali, 1122

1770 Famine in Bengal, 1123

1773 =The Regulating Act=, 1123

1774 Death of Clive, 1124 Warren Hastings, 1124

1778 The Mysore war, 1127

1780 Robbery of Cheyte Singh and the Begums, 1128

1781 Parliamentary inquiry, 1129

1783 Dundas's India Bill, 1129 Fox's India Bill, 1129 The King procures its rejection, 1131 =Fall of the Whig ministry. Pitt's first ministry=, 1132

1784 Pitt's victory over the Opposition, 1134 Dissolution of Parliament, 1134 Pitt's Budget, 1134 Pitt's India Bill, 1135 Pitt's Irish policy, 1136 Failure of Pitt's Reform Bill, 1137 Pitt's financial success, 1138

1785 Charges against Warren Hastings, 1139

1787 Conduct of the Prince of Wales, 1140

1788 Trial of Warren Hastings, 1141 First motion against the slave trade, 1142 The King's illness. The Regency Bill, 1142 =Pre-eminence of Pitt=, 1143

* * * * *

=Effect of the French Revolution in England=, 1145 =Pitt's foreign policy=, 1145 =Political development of the country=, 1146

1789 Affair of Nootka Sound, 1146 Alliance with Holland, 1146 Pitt's efforts to oppose Russia, 1147 Alliance with Prussia, Holland, and Sweden, 1148

1790 The Convention of Reichenbach, 1149 =Industrial development of the country=, 1150

1789 =The French Revolution=, 1151 Assembling of the States-General, 1153 Louis XVI. brought to Paris, 1154 =Excitement produced in England=, 1154

1790 =First reactionary movement=, 1154 Rejection of the Abolition of Tests and the Reform Bill, 1154 Burke's "Reflections," 1155

1791 The Canada Bill, 1155 Breach between Fox and Burke, 1156 The Birmingham riots, 1156 Pitt's policy as yet unchanged, 1156 =Progress of the French Revolution=, 1157 The King's flight to Varennes, 1157

1792 The Girondin ministry declares war, 1158 The King suspended, 1158 Massacres of September, 1159 Declaration of the Republic, 1159 Revolutionary character of the war, 1159 Edict of Fraternity, 1159 =Change of opinion in England as to the Revolution=, 1160 =Formation of a new Tory party=, 1161 Sympathy with the Revolution among the poor, 1161 Revolutionary societies, 1162 Rejection of Grey's Reform Bill, 1162 Proclamation against seditious writings, 1163 Riots in Sheffield and Dundee, 1164 The militia called out, 1164

1793 Signs of approaching war with France, 1165 The Alien Bill, 1165 Death of Louis XVI., 1165 Pitt's efforts to continue peace, 1166 Determination of the French for war, 1166 =Declaration of war with France=, 1167 French successes on the Continent, and against the royalists in France 1168 Pitt's difficulty in keeping up the coalition, 1170

1795 The French capture Amsterdam, 1172 Indirect advantages gained by England, 1172

1794 Defeat of the French fleet, 1173

1795 Prussia, Spain, and Holland leave the coalition, 1173 Insurrection of La Vendée, 1174 Expedition to Quiberon, 1176 =Confidence of the English in Pitt=, 1177 =His repressive policy=, 1178

1793 The Traitorous Correspondence Bill, 1178 Trials for seditious writings, 1179

1794 Portland joins the ministry, 1181 Desire for peace, 1181

1795 The Prince of Wales' marriage, 1182 Sufferings of the lower classes, 1183 Assault on the King, 1183

1793 =Retrospect of French affairs=, 1184 The Committee of Public Safety, 1184

1794 The Reign of Terror, 1185 Fall of Robespierre, 1186

1795 The Directory established, 1186

1796 =Pitt's first negotiations for peace=, 1186 Napoleon's Italian campaign, 1187 Pitt's second negotiations, 1188 =Preparations to resist a threatened French invasion=, 1190 French expeditions to Ireland and Bristol, 1190 =Critical condition of England=, 1191 Monetary crisis; suspension of cash payments, 1192 Victory of St. Vincent, 1193

1797 The mutiny at Spithead, 1194 The mutiny at the Nore, 1195 Disorganization of the French Government, 1196 Negotiations at Lisle, 1197 Battle of Camperdown, 1198 =Peace of Campo Formio=, 1198

* * * * *

=Ireland=, 1199 Complications attending Irish difficulties, 1199 Necessity for the Union, 1199 Irish opposition to Government, 1200 Grievances of the peasantry, 1201 Weakness of the executive, 1202

1789 =Effect of the French Revolution=, 1202 Formation of the Society of United Irishmen, 1203

1791 Disunion among the Catholics, 1204 =Mismanagement of the Government=, 1205

1793 Catholic Relief Bill passed, 1206 Renewed agitation for reform, 1207

1794 Failure of Fitzwilliam's efforts, 1208

1795 Lord Camden succeeds Fitzwilliam, 1209 The character of the rebellion, 1210

1796 =Defensive measures of Government=, 1210 Arrest of the revolutionary committee, 1211 The expedition to Bantry Bay, 1212

1797 Lake's success in Ulster and Munster, 1212

1798 =Outbreak of the rebellion=, 1214 Cornwallis succeeds Camden, 1215 Humbert's expedition to Killala, 1216

1799 Opposition to the Union, 1217

1800 =The Union completed=, 1219

* * * * *

1797 Desire of France to invade England, 1219

1798 Napoleon's campaign in Egypt, 1220 Battle of the Nile, 1220 =Pitt forms a second coalition=, 1221

1799 Italy regained by the allies, 1222 The allies capture the Dutch fleet, 1223 Napoleon defeated at Acre, 1223 Jealousies and disasters of the allies, 1224 Success in India, 1224 Napoleon made First Consul, 1225

1800 Napoleon's victories in Italy, 1226 Battle of Hohenlinden, 1227

1801 Treaty of Lunéville, 1227 =Dissolution of the coalition=, 1227

1800 Internal condition of England, 1228

1801 Rejection of the Catholic Relief Bill, 1229 =Pitt resigns. Addington made Premier=, 1230 Illness of the King, 1230 The French army in Egypt, 1231 Battle of Alexandria, 1232 Battle of Copenhagen, 1232 Peace between England and Russia, 1233 Napoleon appropriates Holland, Switzerland, and Italy, 1235

1802 =Peace of Amiens=, 1236 Napoleon continues his aggressions, 1237 Demands the repression of the English press, 1237 And the expulsion of the emigrants from England, 1238 Consequent change of feeling in England, 1238 Negotiations for Pitt's return, 1239

1803 Napoleon examines the resources of Egypt, England, and Ireland, 1239 His interview with Lord Whitworth, 1239 The militia embodied, 1240 Failure of renewed negotiations for Pitt's return, 1240 =Declaration of war with France=, 1241 Character of the war, 1241 Napoleon arrests the English in France, 1241 He excites discontent in Ireland, 1241 Emmett's Rebellion, 1242 Difficulty of Addington's position, 1243