Part 18

+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fam. Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- ,, Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- ,, Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- ,, Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- ,, Anaptomorphidæ | 2 | 1 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- ,, Adapidæ | 2 | 3 | 3 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | | | ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fam. Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- ,, Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- ,, Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 ,, Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- | 2 |-- |-- | 1 |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- ,, Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- | ? |-- |-- | ? |-- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---

{231}_B._ ETHIOPIAN REGION.

Column headings

L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species.

+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | 1 | -- | -- Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | 1 | 12 | 42 Anaptomorphidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Adapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | | | ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 6 | 68 Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 2 | 3 Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---

{232}_C._ INDIAN REGION.

Column headings

L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species.

+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 2 Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 2 | 2 Anaptomorphidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Adapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | | | ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 3 |-- | 2 | -- | 4 | 42 Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 2 |-- | -- | 1 | 2 | 8 Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---

PLATE XLII.

LEMUROIDEA.

PLATE XLIII.

LEMUROIDEA.

{233}_D._ AUSTRALIAN REGION.

Column headings

L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species.

+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Anaptomorphidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Adapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | | | ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 3 | 4 Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---

{234}_E._ NEARCTIC REGION.

Column headings

L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species.

+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Anaptomorphidæ | 3 | 1 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Adapidæ | 8 | 8 | 1 | 1 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | | | ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---

{235}_F._ NEOTROPICAL REGION.

Column headings

L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species.

+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Anaptomorphidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Adapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | | | ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 1 | 1 | 2 | 22 Cebidæ |-- |-- | 4 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 7 | -- | 10 | 65 Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | ? |-- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---

{236}The above tables show that during the Eocene epoch of the Tertiary Period the _Lemuroidea_ were confined to the Palæarctic and Nearctic Regions; and, if the geological record were more perfect, we should probably find that they were distributed across the greater part of the Northern Hemisphere, which at that period was sub-tropical in climate. Outside these two regions no Lemuroid remains have been found after the close of the Eocene (with the exception of the solitary Lower Miocene genus _Laopithecus_) till the Recent Period, when the superficial deposits of Madagascar have yielded the sub-fossil _Megaladapis madagascariensis_ and a large undescribed species (probably of a new genus) of _Lemuridæ_, both of which may have been living in the historic period. At the present day Lemuroids are unknown in either the Palæarctic or Nearctic Regions, and, with the exception of four species, none are now found outside the Ethiopian Region.

The _Anthropoidea_, on the other hand, first appear in the Neotropical Region, in the upper Eocene, but the age of the Santa Cruz formation, in which the remains occur, has not yet been settled with certainty. In the Eastern Hemisphere they appear in the Mid-Miocene, and continue through the Pliocene, the Pleistocene and Recent deposits. As yet no remains have been found in the Nearctic Region, where Lemuroid remains occur so abundantly.

{237}The subjoined tables indicate the number of species in each of the six great Zoo-Geographical Regions, followed by others showing those peculiar to, and those living and fossil in, the various sub-divisions of these Regions:--

_A._ _B._ _C._ _D._ _E._ _F._ Palæarctic Ethiopian Indian Australian Nearctic Neotropical Region. Region. Region. Region. Region. Region. LEMUROIDEA. CHIROMYIDÆ. Chiromys -- 1 -- -- -- -- TARSIIDÆ. Tarsius -- -- 2 1 -- -- Megaladapidæ.+ Megaladapis+ -- 1 -- -- -- -- LEMURIDÆ. Perodicticus -- 2 -- -- -- -- Loris -- -- 1 -- -- -- Nycticebus -- -- 1 -- -- -- Galago -- 6 -- -- -- -- Chirogale -- 3 -- -- -- -- Microcebus -- 5 -- -- -- -- Opolemur -- 2 -- -- -- -- Lemur -- 8 -- -- -- -- Mixocebus -- 1 -- -- -- -- Hapalemur -- 2 -- -- -- -- Lepidolemur -- 7 -- -- -- -- Gen. ined.+ -- 1 -- -- -- -- Avahis -- 1 -- -- -- -- Propithecus -- 4 -- -- -- -- Indris -- 1 -- -- -- -- Anaptomorphidæ.+ Microchærus+ 7 -- -- -- -- -- Mixodectes+ -- -- -- -- 2 -- Cynodontomys+ -- -- -- -- 1 -- Omomys+ -- -- -- -- 1 -- Anaptomorphus+ -- -- -- -- 3 -- Plesiadapis+ 4 -- -- -- -- -- Protoadapis+ 2 -- -- -- -- -- Adapidæ.+ Adapis+ 5 -- -- -- 1 -- Tomitherium+ -- -- -- -- 1 -- Laopithecus+ -- -- -- -- 2 -- Pelycodus+ 1 -- -- -- 4 -- Microsyops+ -- -- -- -- 3 -- Hyopsodus+ 1 -- -- -- 6 -- Opisthotomus+ -- -- -- -- ? -- Apheliscus+ -- -- -- -- ? -- Sarcolemur+ -- -- -- -- ? -- Hipposyus+ -- -- -- -- ? -- Bathrodon+ -- -- -- -- ? -- Mesacodon+ -- -- -- -- ? -- Stenacodon+ -- -- -- -- ? --

ANTHROPOIDEA. HAPALIDÆ. Hapale -- -- -- -- -- 8 Midas -- -- -- -- -- 14 CEBIDÆ. Chrysothrix -- -- -- -- -- 4 Callithrix -- -- -- -- -- 13 Nyctipithecus -- -- -- -- -- 5 Brachyurus -- -- -- -- -- 3 Pithecia -- -- -- -- -- 5 Alouatta -- -- -- -- -- 6 Cebus -- -- -- -- -- 19 Lagothrix -- -- -- -- -- 2 Brachyteles -- -- -- -- -- 1 Ateles -- -- -- -- -- 10 Protopithecus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 Homunculus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 Anthropops+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 ? Homocentrus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 ? Eudiastus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 CERCOPITHECIDÆ. Papio 1 11 2 -- -- -- Theropithecus -- 1 -- -- -- -- Cynopithecus -- -- 1 1 -- -- Oreopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- Macacus 8 -- 14 2 -- -- Dolichopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- Mesopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- Cercocebus -- 6 -- -- -- -- Cercopithecus -- 41 -- -- -- -- Colobus 1 10 -- -- -- -- Semnopithecus 1 -- 31 -- -- -- Nasalis -- -- 1 -- -- -- SIMIIDÆ. Pliopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- Hylobates 1 -- 7 -- -- -- Dryopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- Simia -- -- 1 -- -- -- Gorilla -- 1 -- -- -- -- Anthropopithecus -- 2 1 -- -- --

The following is a sketch of the past and present distribution of the Primates in the different Sub-regions and Provinces recognised by Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in his paper on the "Zoo-Geographical Areas of the World" already referred to.

{241}The black type indicates extinct or fossil species. The names of species peculiar to a certain area are printed in ordinary type, and those which are common to two or more areas are indicated by italics.

_A._ PALÆARCTIC REGION.

_A^1._ ARCTIC SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

_A^2._ EURASIAN SUB-REGION.

_A^2._ [alpha]. EUROPEAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- 3 | Peculiar genera -- 3 ,, species -- 20 | ,, species -- 9

The following species formerly existed in the Province:--

LEMUROIDEA.

1. Michrochærus antiquus.+ 2. M. erinaceus.+ 3. M. edwardsi.+ 4. M. parvulus.+ 5. M. zitteli.+ 6. M. armatus.+ 7. M. (Cryptopithecus) siderolithicus.+ 8. Plesiadapis remensis.+ 9. P. gervaisi.+ {242}10. P. tournesarti.+ 11. P. daubrei.+ 12. Protoadapis crassicuspidens.+ 13. P. recticuspidens.+ 14. Adapis parisiensis.+ 15. A. lemuroides.+ 16. A. magna.+ 17. A. augustidens.+ 18. A. minor.+ 19. Pelycodus helveticus.+ 20. Hyopsodus jurensis.+

ANTHROPOIDEA.

1. Macacus priscus.+ 2. M. pliocenus.+ 3. M. suevicus.+ 4. Dolichopithecus ruscinensis.+ 5. Colobus grandævus.+ 6. Pliopithecus antiquus.+ 7. P. chantrei.+ 8. Hylobates sp.+ 9. Dryopithecus fontani.+

_A^2._ [beta]. EAST SIBERIAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Peculiar genera absent. | Peculiar genera absent. ,, species ,, | ,, species ,,

_A^3._ MANCHURIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species 2 --

In this Sub-region the following species are found at the present day:--

1. Macacus fuscatus. 2. M. tcheliensis.

{243}_A^4._ MEDITERRANEO-ASIATIC SUB-REGION.

_A^4._ [alpha]. MEDITERRANEAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- 2 ,, species -- -- | ,, species 1 6

The following species are characteristic of this Province:--

1. Papio atlanticus.+ 2. Oreopithecus bambolii.+ 3. Macacus inuus (living and fossil). 4. M. florentinus.+ 5. M. trarensis.+ 6. Mesopithecus pentelici.+ 7. Semnopithecus monspessulanus.+

_A^4._ [beta]. MEDITERRANEO-PERSIC PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Peculiar genera absent. | Peculiar genera absent. ,, species ,, | ,, species ,,

_A^4._ [gamma]. MONGOLIAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

{244}_B._ ETHIOPIAN REGION.

_B^1._ SAHARAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

_B^2._ SOUDANESE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species 3 --

In this Sub-region the following species appear to be found:--

1. _Galago senegalensis._ 2. _G. demidoffi._ 3. _Papio maimon._ 4. _P. babuin._ 5. _P. sphinx._ 6. _P. hamadryas._ 7. _Cercopithecus sabæus._ 8. C. neglectus. 9. C. patas. 10. C. pyrrhonotus.

_B^3._ WEST AFRICAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera 1 -- | Peculiar genera 2 -- ,, species 4 -- | ,, species 37 --

{245}In this Sub-region the following species occur:--