Part 19

1. Perodicticus calabarensis. 2. P. potto. 3. Galago alleni. 4. _G. demidoffi._ 5. G. monteiri. 6. _Papio maimon._ 7. P. leucophæus. 8. _P. babuin._ 9. P. anubis. 10. _P. sphinx._ 11. Cercocebus fuliginosus. 12. C. æthiops. 13. C. albigena. 14. C. aterrimus. 15. Cercopithecus petaurista. 16. C. signatus. 17. C. erythrogaster. 18. C. buettikoferi. 19. C. martini. 20. C. ludio. 21. C. melanogenys. 22. C. nictitans. 23. C. stampflii. 24. C. erythrotis. 25. C. cephus. 26. C. cynosurus. 27. C. callitrichus. 28. C. mona. 29. _C. albigularis._ 30. C. campbelli. 31. _C. leucampyx._ 32. C. grayi. 33. C. pogonias. 34. C. diana. 35. C. palatinus. 36. C. brazzæ. 37. C. talapoin. 38. C. nigripes. 39. C. wolfi. 40. Colobus verus. 41. C. ferrugineus. 42. C. satanas. 43. C. ursinus. 44. C. vellerosus. [?45. _C. angolensis._] 46. _C. guereza._ 47. Gorilla gorilla. 48. Anthropopithecus niger. 49. A. calvus.

_B^4._ ABYSSINIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 1 -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species 5 --

This Sub-region is the habitat of the following species:--

1. Papio doguera. 2. _P. babuin._ 3. P. thoth. 4. _P. hamadryas._ 5. Theropithecus gelada. 6. T. obscurus. 7. _Cercopithecus sabæus._ 8. C. boutourlini. 9. _Colobus guereza._

{246}_B^5._ EAST AFRICAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species 1 -- | ,, species 11 --

In this Sub-region occur the following species:--

1. _Galago senegalensis._ 2. G. garnetti. 3. _G. crassicaudata._ 4. _Papio babuin._ 5. P. ibeanus. 6. _P. sphinx._ 7. P. langheldi. 8. Cercocebus galeritus. 9. Cercopithecus rufo-viridis. 10. C. schmidti. 11. _C. albigularis._ 12. _C. pygerythrus._ 13. C. ochraceus. 14. C. stairsi. 15. C. moloneyi. 16. _C. leucampyx._ 17. Colobus rufo-mitratus. 18. C. kirki. 19. C. angolensis. 20. _C. guereza._ 21. _C. caudatus._

_B^6._ SOUTH-AFRICAN SUB-REGION.

[alpha]. CAPE PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species 1 --

The following species inhabit this Province:--

1. Papio porcarius; _Cercopithecus pygerythrus_.

{247}[beta]. NATALESE PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species 1 --

The following species occur within this Province:--

1. _Galago senegalensis._ 2. _G. crassicaudata._ 3. _Cercopithecus pygerythrus._ 4. _C. albigularis._ 5. _C. samango._

_B^7._ CAMERONIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

In this Sub-region the following species occur:--

1. _Cercopithecus albigularis._ 2. _Colobus caudatus._

_B^8._ LEMURIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera 12 2 | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species 34 2 | ,, species 1 --

{248}The following species are peculiar to this Sub-region:--

1. Chiromys madagascariensis; Chirogale, 4 species; Microcebus, 4 species; Opolemur, 2 species; Lemur, 8 species; Megaladapis madagascariensis+; Gen. ined.+; Mixocebus caniceps; Hapalemur, 2 species, Lepidolemur, 7 species; Avahis laniger; Propithecus, 3 species; Indris brevicaudatus.

_C._ INDIAN REGION.

_C^1._ INDIAN-PENINSULAR SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera 1 -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species 1 -- | ,, species 6 4

The following species are characteristic of this Sub-region:--

1. Loris gracilis. 2. Papio sub-himalayanus.+ 3. P. falconeri.+ 4. _Macacus rhesus._ 5. M. pileatus. 6. M. sinicus. 7. M. sivalensis.+ 8. Semnopithecus entellus.[4] 9. S. priamus. 10. S. hypoleucus. 11. S. cephalopterus. 12. S. palæindicus.+

_C^2._ INDO-MALAYAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 2 -- ,, species 1 -- | ,, species 19 --

PLATE XLIV.

LEMUROIDEA.

PLATE XLV.

ANTHROPOIDEA

{249}The following species are found in this Sub-region:--

1. Tarsius tarsius. 2. _T. fuscus._ 3. _Nycticebus tardigradus._ 4. Macacus rufescens. 5. M. nemestrinus. 6. _M. cynomolegus._ 7. Semnopithecus sabanus. 8. S. hosii. 9. S. thomasi. 10. S. everetti. 11. S. cruciger. 12. _S. obscurus._ 13. S. maurus. 14. S. femoralis. 15. S. rubicundus. 16. S. natunæ. 17. S. frontatus. 18. S. melanolophus. 19. S. mitratus. 20. Nasalis larvatus. 21. _Hylobates agilis._ 22. H. leuciscus. 23. _H. lar._ 24. H. syndactylus. 25. Simia satyrus.

_C^3._ INDO-CHINESE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species 13 --

The following species inhabit this Sub-region:--

1. _Nycticebus tardigradus._ 2. Macacus leoninus. 3. _M. rhesus._ 4. M. sancti-johannis. 5. M. Cyclops. 6. _M. cynomologus._ 7. Semnopithecus barbii. 8. S. pileatus. 9. _S. obscurus._ 10. S. germaini. 11. S. phayrii. 12. S. nemæus. 13. S. nigripes. 14. S. siamensis.[5] 15. _Hylobates agilis._ 16. H. leucogenys. 17. H. hoolock. 18. _H. lar._ 19. H. hainanus.

_C^4._ HIMALO-CHINESE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species 3 --

{250}The following species occur in this Sub-region:--

1. _Macacus arctoides._ 2. M. lasiotis. 3. Semnopithecus roxellanæ. 4. S. schistaceus.

_C^5._ HIMALO-MALAYAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species 4 --

The following species occur in this Sub-region:--

1. _Macacus arctoides._ 2. M. assamensis. 3. M. silenus. 4. Semnopithecus johni. 5. S. ursinus.

_D._ AUSTRALIAN REGION.

_D^1._ CELEBESIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species 2 --

The following species are found within this Sub-region:--

1. _Tarsius fuscus._ 2. Cynopithecus niger. 3. Macacus maurus. 4. _M. cynomologus._

{251}_D^2._ MOLUCCAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

Only one species is found in this Sub-region:--

_Macacus cynomologus._ (Timor; Lombock.)

_D^3._ PAPUAN. _D^4._ AUSTRALIAN. _D^5._ NEW ZEALAND. _D^6._ FIJIAN. _D^7._ HAWAIAN SUB-REGIONS.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

Both orders are unknown in these Sub-regions.

_E._ NEARCTIC REGION.

_E^1._ ARCTIC SUB-REGION.

[alpha]. ARCTIC PROVINCE.

1. Lemuroidea and Anthropoidea--recent and extinct--unknown.

{252}[beta]. ALASKAN ARCTIC PROVINCE.

1. Lemuroidea and Anthropoidea--recent and extinct--unknown.

_E^2._ WARM TEMPERATE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- 15 | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- 30 | ,, species -- --

The following species have been found fossil in this Sub-region:--

1. Mixodectes pungens.+ 2. M. crassiusculus.+ 3. Cynodontomys latidens.+ 4. Omomys carteri.+ 5. Anaptomorphus æmulus.+ 6. A. homunculus.+ 7. Adapis tenebrosus.+ 8. Tomitherium rostratum.+ 9. Laopithecus robustus.+ 10. L. lemurinus.+ 11. Pelycodus jarrovii.+ 12. P. tutus.+ 13. P. frugivorus.+ 14. P. angulatus.+ 15. Microsyops spierianus.+ 16. M. elegans.+ 17. M. scottianus.+ 18. Hyopsodus acolytus.+ 19. H. paulus.+ 20. H. minusculus.+ 21. H. vicarius.+ 22. H. powellianus.+ 23. Indrodon sp.+ 24. Opisthotomus sp.+ 25. Apheliscus sp.+ 26. Sarcolemur sp.+ 27. Hipposyus sp.+ 28. Bathrodon sp.+ 29. Mesacodon sp.+ 30. Stenacodon sp.+

{253}_E^3._ COLD TEMPERATE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

Both the orders of Primates are absent from this Sub-region.

_F._ NEOTROPICAL REGION.

_F^1._ ANTILLEAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

Both orders of the Primates are absent from this Sub-region.

_F^2._ CENTRAL AMERICAN SUB-REGION.

[alpha]. MEXICAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

{254}The following species is recognised from this Province[6]:--

1. _Ateles vellerosus._

[beta]. ISTHMIAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species 4 --

The following species are inhabitants of this Province:--

1. _Midas rosalia._ 2. _M. geoffroyi._ 3. Chrysothrix oerstedi. 4. Nyctipithecus rufipes. 5. Alouatta villosa. 6. A. palliata. 7. _Cebus hypoleucus._ 8. _Ateles geoffroyi._ 9. _A. rufiventris._ 10. _A. ater._ 11. _A. vellerosus._

_F^3._ SUB-ANDEAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species 7 --

The following species are recorded as inhabiting this Sub-region:--

1. Hapale leucopus. 2. _Midas rosalia._ 3. _M. geoffroyi._ 4. M. oedipus. 5. _Chrysothrix sciurea._ 6. Callithrix ornata. 7. _Nyctipithecus {255}temurinus._ 8. _N. felinus._ 9. _Alouatta senicula._ 10. _Cebus hypoleucus._ 11. _C. fatuellus._ 12. _C. capucinus._ 13. _C. albifrons._ 14. C. chrysopus. 15. Lagothrix lagothrix. 16. _L. infumatus._ 17. _Ateles variegatus._ 18. _A. geoffroyi._ 19. _A. rufiventris._ 20. _A. ater._ 21. A. fusciceps. 22. A. cucullatus.

_F^4._ AMAZONIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 2 -- ,, species -- -- | ,, species 34 --

The following species are found in this Sub-region:--

1. Hapale jacchus. 2. H. humeralifer. 3. H. chrysoleuca. 4. H. pygmæa. 5. _H. melanura._ 6. Midas labiatus. 7. M. rufiventer. 8. M. mystax. 9. M. pileatus. 10. M. weddelli. 11. M. nigricollis. 12. M. illigeri. 13. M. bicolor. 14. M. midas. 15. M. ursulus. 16. _Chrysothrix sciurea._ 17. _C. usta._ 18. Callithrix torquata. 19. C. cuprea. 20. C. amicta. 21. C. cinerascens. 22. C. personata. 23. C. nigrifrons. 24. _C. castaneiventris._ 25. Nyctipithecus trivirgatus. 26. _N. lemurinus._ 27. _N. felinus._ 28. Brachyurus melanocephalus. 29. B. rubicundus. 30. B. calvus. 31. Pithecia monachus. 32. P. pithecia. 33. P. satanas. 34. P. chiropotes. 35. P. albinasa. 36. _Alouatta senicula._ 37. A. beelzebul. 38. A. ursina. 39. _Cebus monachus._ 40. _C. fatuellus._ 41. C. cirrifer. 42. _C. albifrons._ 43. _Lagothrix infumatus._ 44. _Ateles variegatus._ 45. A. paniscus. 46. A. marginatus. 47. _A. ater._

{256}_F^5._ BRAZILIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 1 1 ,, species -- -- | ,, species 20 5

The following species are recorded from this Sub-region. In many cases, however, the habitat "Brazil" may be found to be erroneous, as it was often made, in olden days, to include Amazonia.

1. Hapale aurita. 2. _H. melanura._ 3. H. jacchus.+ 4. H. grandis.+ 5. _Midas rosalia._ 6. M. fuscicollis. 7. M. chrysopygus. 8. _Chrysothrix usta._ 9. C. entomophaga.[7] 10. Callithrix moloch. 11. _C. castaneiventris._ 12. C. melanochir. 13. C. gigot. 14. C. chlorocnomys.+ 15. C. primæva.+ 16. Nyctipithecus azaræ. 17. Alouatta nigra. 18. A. ursina.+ 19. Cebus lunatus. 20. C. flavus. 21. _C. capucinus._ 22. _C. monachus._ 23. C. variegatus. 24. C. robustus. 25. C. annellatus. 26. _C. albifrons._ 27. C. flavescens. 28. C. fatuellus.+ 29. C. cirrifer.+ 30. C. macrognathus.+ 31. C. vellerosus. 32. C. subcristatus. 33. C. capillatus. 34. C. azaræ. 35. Brachyteles arachnoides. 36. Protopithecus brasiliensis.+

PLATE XLVI.

ANTHROPOIDEA

PLATE XLVII.

ANTHROPOIDEA

{257}_F^6._ PATAGONIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- 4 ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- 4

The following fossil species have been recorded from this Sub-region:--

1. Homunculus patagonicus.+ 2. Anthropops perfectus.+ 3. Homocentrus argentinus.+ 4. Eudiastus lingulatus.+

{259}APPENDIX.

During the passage of this volume through the press, a good deal of additional material has come into the author's hands, while the results of important recent explorations have also been published. The following appendix has, therefore, been added to include the latest additions to our knowledge of the Anthropoids dealt with in its pages.

On page 82, the Talapoin (_Cercopithecus talapoin_) has been relegated to a group (and, indeed, it had been assigned by Geoffrey to a distinct genus--_Miopithecus_), in which it is the sole example on account of the supposed peculiarity of possessing but three tubercles on the posterior lower molar. A specimen which the author has recently examined shows that this character is not invariable, and the species should, therefore, in his opinion, be transferred to among the Green Guenons--Group II., CERCOPITHECI CHLORONOTI--and be placed next after the Tantalus Guenon on page 62.

The extremely important collections made by his friend Dr. Forsyth Major during his adventurous explorations in Madagascar in the years 1894 to 1896--from which he has but just returned--have made it necessary to add on page 212 a new family to the _Anthropoidea_. In the marshes of Sirabé, in Central Madagascar, he discovered the fossil remains of a species of true monkey--a group hitherto unknown to occur in that island--which must have been a contemporary of the Æpyornis, the well-known giant moa-like ratite bird which once lived there, but is now extinct. The fragments so far recovered show that in this creature the orbits were directed straight forward and {260}were separated from the temporal fossæ by a bony wall. The lachrymal foramen was situated inside the margin of the orbit; the inner upper incisors were in contact in the middle line; the nasals were broad and concave in profile, while the facial contour, viewed from the side, was very high. The pattern of the molars closely agreed with that seen in the Guenons (_Cercopithecidæ_). "The nasals are broad," continues Dr. Major, "and so is the whole of the interorbital region, its transversal diameter almost equalling that of the orbits, and therefore exceeding that obtained in the genera of _Anthropoidea_, which show the maximum of external extension of the region (_Mycetes_, _Hylobates_, _Homo_)." This is about the only point in which the fossil approaches some of the _Lemuroidea_. The formula of its upper teeth is I 2, C 1, P 3, M 3 = 18, or that which has been found heretofore to be characteristic of the New World monkeys. "The three molars are each composed of four tubercles, the outer and inner pairs being placed opposite one another and connected together by transverse ridges. This is the pattern of the _Cercopithecidæ_; but, unlike the Old World monkeys, the molars decrease in size from before backwards" (_Major_). In the lower jaw the formula appears to have been I 2, C 1, P 2, M 3 = 16. Hence "whilst the dental formula of the upper teeth agrees with that of the _Cebidæ_, it is quite peculiar in the lower jaw, and whilst the pattern of the molars is that of the _Cercopithecidæ_, the premolars differ alike from Old and New World monkeys.... These combined characters amply justify the establishment of a separate family of _Anthropoidea_ for the Malagasy fossil, intermediate in some respects between the South American _Cebidæ_ and the Old World _Cercopithecidæ_, besides presenting characters of its own." Dr. Forsyth Major has, therefore, proposed the new genus _Nesopithecus_ for the reception of this most remarkable monkey, under the new family of _Nesopithecidæ_. The discovery of _Nesopithecus roberti_, {261}as he has designated the species, suggests, as Dr. Major has set forth in the _Geological Magazine_ for October, 1896, page 436, "the following general conclusions:--

"(1) We may look forward in Continental Africa likewise for the discovery of Tertiary monkeys, intermediate between _Cebidæ_ and _Cercopithecidæ_.

"(2) The recent African _Cercopithecidæ_ are not invaders from the North-East, as has been supposed; on the contrary, most, if not all, of the Tertiary monkeys of Europe and Asia are derived from the Ethiopian region. The home of a part at least of the _Anthropoidea_ seems to have been in the Southern Hemisphere. This assumption is corroborated by the two facts--that _Anthropoidea_ make their appearance for the first time in the later Tertiary of Europe and Asia, and that they are entirely absent from the Tertiary of North America."

After the first paragraph on page 219, the discoveries of Dr. Eugene Dubois, made since these pages were written, necessitate the insertion of the following paragraphs.

In the year 1892 this distinguished geologist made one of the most important contributions to our knowledge of the antiquity of man. In that year he disinterred a large number of vertebrate remains from beds--determined to be of late Pliocene, if not of Miocene age--"of cemented volcanic tuff, consisting of clay, sand, and consolidated lapilli," at Trinil on the slope of the Kendeng Hills in Java. Among these remains were a portion of a cranium, two molar teeth, and a femur, presenting mixed simian and human characters. The dimensions of the skull-cap showed that the internal capacity of the cranium was about 1,000 cubic centimetres, while the largest skulls of the _Simiidæ_ averaged only about 500 centimetres. With the exception of this large capacity, the calvarium presented few characters which were not strongly {262}simian, and of all the apes it most resembled the Gibbons' (_Hylobates_); but it was far superior in its cranial arch--low and depressed as the arch was--to that of any ape. The frontal region was narrow and the supraciliary ridges prominent. The neck area of the occipital bone was also ape-like in form. The thigh-bone (_femur_), on the other hand, presented human characters in a very marked degree, and gave no indication that the individual who owned it was in the habit of sitting on his hams. The molar teeth were likewise more human than ape-like, although they presented many strong simian characters. Dr. Dubois has assigned these remarkable fossils to a species which he has named _Pithecanthropus erectus_ (the Erect Ape-man), as he believes that their owner occupied a place in the genealogical tree below the point of devarication of the anthropoid apes from the human line. Dr. Cunningham, of Dublin, however, who is one of our most eminent anatomists and anthropologists, would place it "on the human line, a short distance above the point at which the anthropoid branch is given off"; for he could "not believe that an ape-form with a cranial capacity of 1,000 centimetres could be the progenitor of the man-like apes, the largest of which had a capacity of only 500. Such a supposition would necessarily involve the assumption that the anthropoid apes were a degenerated branch from the common stem." Altogether, then, a study of these important remains tends to show that _Pithecanthropus_ had the lowest human cranium known, and was the most ape-like ancestor of the human race yet described. He was very nearly as much below the Neanderthal man as he was below the normal European. It should be stated that some doubt has been expressed whether all the remains belong to one and the same species of animal. Dr. Dubois' arguments for their really belonging to the same individual appear, however, very convincing.

{263}On page 223, after the close of the first paragraph, insert:--