A Gothic Grammar, with selections for reading and a glossary

Part 8

Chapter 82,994 wordsPublic domain

§ 158. When a relativ clause refers to a prn. of the 1st or 2nd pers., the relativ particl is affixt to the respectiv pers. prn. Thus, =ikei=, _who_ (1st pers. sg.); --=þuei=, _who_; =þuzei=, _to whom_ (as in Mk. I, 11); =þukei=, _whom_ (2nd pers. sg.); --=juzei=, _who_; =izwizei=, _to whom_ (2nd pers. pl.).

5. INTERROGATIV PRONOUNS.

§ 159. The interrogativ pronoun =ƕas=, _who?_ (= Lt. quis), is formd from the simpl interrogativ stem =ƕa-=. A substantiv following =ƕas= occurs always in the genitiv; e. g., =ƕa mizdônô=, τίνα μισθόν; Mt. V, 46.

Instr. -- =ƕê= | --

NOTE 1. The gen. f. is not extant. The instr. occurs only in the neuter (cp. =sa=, § 153).

NOTE 2. =ƕas= has no plural; cp. however =ƕanzuh=, § 164, n.

NOTE 3. =ƕas= is also employd as an indefinit prn.; cp. § 162, n. 2.

§ 160. From stem =ƕa-= ar derived: =ƕaþar=, _which of two?_, and =ƕarjis=, _which?_ A substantiv following is always put in the gen. Both words inflect like strong adjectivs--=ƕaþar= like =anþar= (cp. § 124, n. 1), =ƕarjis= like =midjis= (§ 125), f. =ƕarja=, the n. =*ƕarjata= like =ƕarjatôh= (§ 165).

§ 161. Compound interrogativs: =ƕileiks=, _what sort of?_, '_qualis?_' (its correlativ being =swaleiks=, _such_, '_talis_'), and =ƕêlauþs=, f. =ƕêlauda=, _how great?_, '_quantus?_' (correlativ =swalauþs=, _so great_, '_tantus_'). These words inflect like a strong adjectiv.

NOTE. =ƕeleiks= (in Lu. I, 29), for =ƕileiks=, is probably miswritn (according to § 10, n. 5).

6. INDEFINIT PRONOUNS.

§ 162. The Goth. indefinit pronoun =sums=, f. =suma=, n. =sum=, =sumata=, =sum= (Gr. τις, τι), inflects like a strong adjectiv and is uzed adjectivly; with the meaning _sum one, a certain one_, it is also uzed substantivly.

NOTE 1. An enumerativ expression is =sums...sums= (= Gr. ὁ μέν...ὁ δέ). In most cases =uh= (§ 24, n. 2) is added to the second =sums=, occasionally also to the first; as, =sumai...sumáih=, or =sumáih...sumáih=, _sum ... others_.

NOTE 2. Also the interrogativ =ƕas= (§ 159) is very often uzed as an indefinit prn., _anyone_.

§ 163. The enclitic particl =-hun= is uzed to form indefinit pronouns which occur only with the negativ particl =ni=. Their meaning is _no one, none_.

(a) The singular of =manna=, _man_ (§ 117), with the suffix =-hun= means _no one_.--The extant forms ar:

n. =ni mannahun=, d. =ni mannhun=, g. =ni manshun=, acc. =ni mannanhun=.

(b) =ni ƕashun= (< =ƕas=, § 159), uzed substantivly, _no one_. It occurs in the nom. sg. m. only.--An analogon to =ƕashun= is =ƕanhun= (< =ƕan=, § 214, n. 1).

(c) =ni ainshun=, the commonest indef. prn., is uzed substantivly (_no one, none_) and adjectivly (_no, not any_). A following sb. occurs always in the (partit.) gen.; e. g., =ni ainshun þiwê=, _no servant_; Lu. XVI, 3.--The declension of =ainshun= differs in sum cases from that of the simpl form =ains= (§ 140).

Sing. M. N. | F. N. =ainshun= =ainhun= | =ainôhun= G. =ainishun= | -- D. =ainummêhun= | =ainaihun= A. =ainnôhun= } =ainhun= | =ainôhun= =ainôhun= } |

NOTE. =-hun= is also affixt to the acc. sg. of the sb. =ƕeila= (§ 97, n. 2): =ƕeilôhun=, _for an hour_ (=ni ƕeilôhun=, οὐδὲ πρὸς ὥραν; Gal. II, 5).

§ 164. '_Every_' is renderd by affixing =-uh= to the interrogativ pronouns.

(a) =ƕazuh=, _every_. A noun or prn. following takes the gen. Its inflection differs in part from that of the simpl form =ƕas= (§ 159):

Plur. | A. =ƕanzuh= -- | --

In the pl. only the acc. =ƕanzuh= occurs.

NOTE 1. The indef. relativ '_whoever, whosoever_' (Lt. quicunque) is renderd: (1) by =ƕazuh saei= or, with =sa= prefixt, =saƕazuh saei=. For =saei= also =izei= is found (§ 157, n. 3).--These forms ar uzed in the nom. sg. only, the nom. n. =þataƕah þei= (=þei= = =þatei=, § 157, n. 2) occurs twice: Jo. XV, 7. 16.--(2) by =þisƕazuh= followd by =saei= or =ei= in all cases; the first component, =þis=, remains uninflected: m. n. =þisƕazuh saei=, dat. =þisƕammêh saei=, acc. =þisƕanôh saei=; --nom. acc. n. =þisƕah þei= (or =þatei=), gen. =þisƕizuh þei=, dat. =þisƕammêh þei=.

NOTE 2. Here may be observd the adverbs: =ƕêh= (instr. of =ƕazuh=), _at least, at any rate, only_, and =þisƕaduh þei=, _whithersoever_, =þisƕaruh þei=, _wheresoever_ (cp. =ƕaþ=, =ƕar=, § 213, n. 1).

§ 165. (b) =ƕarjizuh=, _every, each_.

NOTE. =ƕarjizuh= is also compounded with (uninflected) =ain=: =ainƕarjizuh=, _every one, every, each_, n. =ainƕarjatôh=, dat. =ainƕarjammêh=, etc.

§ 166. _Each of two_ is renderd by =ƕaþaruh=; it occurs only in the dat. =ƕaþarammêh= (Skeir. 46), for the evidently incorrect =ƕaþaramma= (cp. Bernhardt's comment on this passage); --also with =ain-= prefixt (cp. § 165, n. 1): =ainƕaþaruh=, _each one of two_ (only =ainƕaþarammêh= occurs; Skeir. 41).

CHAP. V. CONJUGATION.

GENERAL REMARKS.

§ 167. The Gothic verb has the following forms:

1. Two voices, Activ and Midl. The Activ Voice alone has preservd a great variety of forms. The Midl Voice is retaind in but a few forms of the prs. indicativ and optativ, which occur, however, very often. The midl forms hav a passiv meaning. Therefore the Midl Voice is also calld Passiv or Medio-Passiv Voice.

NOTE 1. The lost passiv forms ar supplied by the pp. along with the corresponding forms of =waírþan= or =wisan=; e. g., =daupjada=, _he is baptized_, but =daupiþs was= or =warþ=, _he was baptized_. Cp. Zs. fdph., 5, 409 et seq.

NOTE 2. The originally inchoativ verbs in =-nan= (§ 194) frequently hav a medial meaning (§ 194).

2. Two tenses, Present and Preterit (Perfect). The Preterit is the general tense for the past. The future is wanting; its place is mostly supplied by the present, seldom by means of auxiliary verbs (=skulan=, _shal_; =haban=, _hav_; =duginnan=, _to begin_).

3. Two complete moods, Indicativ and Optativ (also calld Subjunctiv). An Imperativ occurs only in the present; it has the second persons of all three numbers and a 1st pers. pl.--There ar but few instances of a 3d pers. sg. and pl. imper. This is uzually exprest by the 3d pers. opt. But also the 2nd and 1st pers. imp. ar frequently exprest by the opt.

4. Three numbers: Singular, Dual, and Plural. The 3d pers. du. is wanting.

5. The Present Infinitiv, the Present Participl with an activ meaning, and the Preterit Partic. with a passiv meaning.

§ 168. The Gothic verbs ar, from a Germanic point of view, divided according to the formation of the preterit in relation to the present into two chief classes:

I. STRONG VERBS.

The strong verbs do not form the preterit with an additional suffix, but by change of the radical vowel or by reduplication. Thus, we hav two subdivisions:

1. Ablaut Verbs. The preterit of these verbs is formd without reduplication. It differs from the present only by a regular change of the radical vowel, the so-calld ablaut (cp. § 29); e. g., =binda=, _I bind_, =band=, _I bound_.

2. Reduplicating Verbs. The prt. has reduplication, but no ablaut; e. g., =halda=, _I hold_, =haíhald=, _I held_.

3. Reduplicating Ablaut Verbs. A smaller number of verbs hav the prt. both with ablaut and reduplication; e. g., =lêta=, _I let_; =laílôt=, _I let_ (prt.).

II. WEAK VERBS.

The weak verbs form the preterit by the addition of a suffix beginning with a dental consonant; e. g., =nasja=, _I save_, =nasida=, _I saved_. This suffixal element, =-da=, was formerly regarded as a form of the verb 'do' (Germanic dôn), wherefore the weak prt. was also calld 'compound preterit'.

The weak verbs (except a few) ar derivativ verbs. According to their formativ suffixes, which ar best preservd in the preterit forms, they ar divided into four classes: (1) Suffix =i= (in the present =j=): =nasja=, =nasi-da=. (2) Suffix =ô=: =salbô=, =salbô-da=. (3) Suffix =ai= (in the present in part obscured): =haba=, =habai-da=. (4) Suffix =nô= (in the present =n=): =fullna=, =fullnô-da=.

NOTE. The small number of verbs which can not be referd to the two chief classes must, according to this classification, be considerd 'irregular'.

I. STRONG VERBS.

_A. INFLECTION OF THE STRONG VERBS._

§ 169. The inflection of the strong verbs (by means of personal endings) is the same in all three classes (§ 168). Therefore we first giv the paradims of inflection and then discuss the formation of the tense-stems (which is different in each class). As paradims may serv a reduplicating verb, =haitan=, _to be calld_, and two ablaut verbs, =niman=, _to take_, and =biudan=, _to offer_.

§ 170. +(a) Present (Activ).+

INDICATIV.

Sing. 1. =nima= =biuda= =haita= 2. =nimis= =biudis= =haitis= 3. =nimiþ= =biudiþ= =haitiþ=

Dual 1. =nimôs= =biudôs= =haitôs= 2. =nimats= =biudats= =haitats=

Plur. 1. =nimam= =biudam= =haitam= 2. =nimiþ= =biudiþ= =haitiþ= 3. =nimand= =biudand= =haitand=

OPTATIV.

Sing. 1. =nimau= =biudau= =haitau= 2. =nimais= =biudais= =haitais= 3. =nimai= =biudai= =haitai=

Dual 1. =nimaiwa= =biudaiwa= =haitaiwa= 2. =nimaits= =biudaits= =haitaits=

Plur. 1. =nimaima= =biudaima= =haitaima= 2. =nimaiþ= =biudaiþ= =haitaiþ= 3. =nimaina= =biudaina= =haitaina=

IMPERATIV.

Sing. 2. =nim= =biuþ= =hait= 3. =nimadau= =biudadau= =haitadau=

Dual 2. =nimats= =biudats= =haitats=

Plur. 1. =nimam= =biudam= =haitam= 2. =nimiþ= =biudiþ= =haitiþ= 3. =nimandau= =biudandau= =haitandau=

INFINITIV.

=niman= =biudan= =haitan=

PARTICIPL.

=nimands= =biudands= =haitands=

+(b) Preterit.+

INDICATIV.

Sing. 1. =nam= =bauþ= =haíhait= 2. =namt= =baust= =haíhaist= 3. =nam= =bauþ= =haíhait=

Dual 1. =nêmu= =budu= =haíhaitu= 2. =nêmuts= =buduts= =haíhaituts=

Plur. 1. =nêmum= =budum= =haíhaitum= 2. =nêmuþ= =buduþ= =haíhaituþ= 3. =nêmun= =budun= =haíhaitun=

OPTATIV.

Sing. 1. =nêmjau= =budjau= =haíhaitjau= 2. =nêmeis= =budeis= =haíhaiteis= 3. =nêmi= =budi= =haíhaiti=

Dual 1. =nêmeiwa= =budeiwa= =haíhaiteiwa= 2. =nêmeits= =budeits= =haíhaiteits=

Plur. 1. =nêmeima= =budeima= =haíhaiteima= 2. =nêmeiþ= =budeiþ= =haíhaiteiþ= 3. =nêmeina= =budeina= =haíhaiteina=

+(c) Preterit Participl Passiv.+

=numans= =budans= =haitans=

+(d) Medio-Passiv--Present.+

INDICATIV.

Sing. 1. =nimada= =biudada= =haitada= 2. =nimaza= =biudaza= =haitaza= 3. =nimada= =biudada= =haitada=

Plur. 1. 2. 3. =nimanda= =biudanda= =haitanda=

OPTATIV.

Sing. 1. =nimaidau= =biudaidau= =haitaidau= 2. =nimaizau= =biudaizau= =haitaizau= 3. =nimaidau= =biudaidau= =haitaidau=

Plur. 1. 2. 3. =nimaindau= =biudaindau= =haitaindau=

NOTE 1. =biudan= is subject to the rules for the final soft spirants (§ 79): imper. sg. =biuþ=, prt. =bauþ= (cp. § 374). Likewise =giban=, =gif=, =gaf= (cp. § 56).

NOTE 2. The termination of the 2nd pers. sg. prt. (=-t=) causes the change stated in the rule for consonants before dentals (§ 81). Final =b= of stems becums =f=: =gaft= (inf. =giban=); exampls for =pt= ar wanting: =skôpt= or =skôft=? (inf. =skapjan=); --=g= remains unchanged in =magt= (§ 66, n. 1), other exampls ar wanting; neither ar there any exampls for =kt= (=wôkt= or =wôht=? cp. § 58, n. 2); --dentals becum =s=: =warst= < =waírþan=, =qast= < =qiþan= (§ 71, n. 3), =gastôst= < =standan=, =baust= < =biudan= (§ 75, n. 1), =bigast= < =gitan=, =haíhaist= < =haitan= (§ 69, n. 2).--The extant 2nd pers. prt. of =saísô= (inf. =saian=) is =saísôst=. On account of the scarcity of exampls it is uncertain whether all stems ending in a vowel had =-st=.--The 2nd pers. prt. of =rinnan= is =rant= (§ 80).

NOTE 3. Only one strong verb is found (twice) in the 3d pers. sg. imper.: =atsteigadan=, καταβάτω; Mt. XXVII, 42. Mk. XV, 32 (cp. § 186, n. 1). The 3d pers. pl. may be givn with certainty according to the weak verb (§ 192, n. 1).

NOTE 4. The dual forms of the verb occur very seldom. The 1st pers. du. opt. prt., =nêmeiwa=, etc., which is only givn according to the corresponding form of the prs. =nimaiwa=, is not found at all. Also the 2nd pers. du. opt. prt. is but an inferd form according to the anomalous =wileits= (§ 205).

NOTE 5. Concerning the irregular formation of the present of sum strong verbs with =j=, s. § 206, n.

_B. TENSE-FORMATION OF THE STRONG VERBS._

1. Ablaut Verbs.

§ 171. The ablaut verbs form their tense-stems by a regular change of the radical vowel, the so-calld ablaut. The several ablaut-series and the conditions of their appearance wil be found givn in §§ 30-35. To each of these series belong ablaut verbs, and therefore six ablaut classes must be distinguisht. Each ablaut verb contains four ablaut vowels which appear in the formation of the verb in the following manner: (1) The first vowel belongs to the present and to what is connected with the present (prsp., inf., also medio-passiv). (2) The second vowel is that of the sg. prt. indic. (3) The third vowel appears in the du. and pl. prt. indic. and thruout the prt. opt. (4) The fourth vowel belongs to the pp.

In order to determin the inflection of a strong verb, it is customary to giv the following four forms (principal parts): (1) 1st pers. sg. prs. indic., or the prs. inf.; (2) 1st pers. sg. prt. indic.; (3) 1st pers. pl. prt. indic.; (4) the pp.

In the following we arrange the ablaut verbs according to their classes.

§ 172. Class I. Verbs of the first ablaut series: =ei=--=ái=--=i= (=aí=) (cp. § 30); e. g., =greipa=, =graip=, =gripum=, =gripans=, _to gripe, seiz_; =i= before =h= (=ƕ=) becums =aí= by breaking (§ 20): =leiƕa=, =láiƕ=, =laíƕum=, =laíƕans=, _to lend_.

NOTE 1. Like these inflect: =deigan=, _to knead_; =steigan=, _to mount_; =gateihan=, _to show_; =þeihan=, _to thrive_; =þreihan=, _to throng_; =weihan=, _to fight_; --=beitan=, _to bite_; =dis-kreitan=, _to tear to pieces_; =ga-smeitan=, _to smear_; =-weitan= (=inweitan=, _to wurship_; =fraweitan=, _to punish_); =beidan=, _to wait_; =leiþan=, _to go_; =sneiþan=, _to cut_; --=weipan=, _to crown_; =dreiban=, _to drive_; =bi-leiban=, _to remain_; =sweiban=, _to cease_; --=reisan=, _to rize_; =skeinan=, _to shine_; =hneiwan=, _to decline, bow_; =speiwan=, _to spit_.

NOTE 2. The =n= of =keinan= (OHG. kînan), _to germinate_, occurs only in the prs. stem (cp. § 206, b); the pp. is =kijans= (only in =uskijanata=; Lu. VIII, 6). The prt. =*kai=, =*kijum=, has been replaced by a weak prt. of the IV. weak conjugation (=keinôda=, § 195, n. 2). Cp. Kluge, 'Germ. Conjug.', 143.

NOTE 3. The verb =neiwan=, _to hav a quarrel against_, occurs only in a sumwhat doutful exampl: =naiw=; Mk. VI, 19. Cp. Bernhardt, 'Vulfila', p. 282, and Zs. fdph., 7, 112. 484.

§ 173. Class II. Verbs of the second ablaut series: =iu=--=au=--=u= (=aú=)--=u= (=aú=) (cp. § 31); e. g., =biuda=, =bauþ=, =budum=, =budans=, _to offer_; with breaking (§ 24): =tiuha=, =táuh=, =taúhum=, =taúhans=, _to draw, lead_.

NOTE 1. Like =tiuhan= inflect: =siukan=, _to be sick_; =biugan=, _to bend_; =driugan=, _to perform military service_; =liugan=, _to lie_; =þliuhan=, _to flee_; --=giutan=, _to pour_; =usþriutan=, _to trubl, vex_; =niutan=, _to enjoy_; =liudan=, _to grow_; --=dis-hniupan=, _to break to pieces_; =sliupan=, _to slip_; =af-skiuban=, _to shuv away_; =hiufan=, _to weep_; =driusan=, _to fall_; =kiusan=, _to choose_; =fra-liusan=, _to lose_; =kriustan=, _to gnash_.

NOTE 2. The vowel of the prs. is irregular in =lûka=, =lauk=, =lukum=, =lukans=, _to lock_.

§ 174. Class III. Verbs of the third ablaut series: =i= (=aí=)--=a=--=u= (=aú=)--=u= (=aú=) (cp. § 32); e. g., =binda=, =band=, =bundum=, =bundans=, _to bind_; with breaking (§§ 20. 24): =waírpa=, =warp=, =waúrpum=, =waúrpans=, _to throw, cast_.

NOTE 1. Like these inflect: =brinnan=, _to burn_; =du-ginnan=, _to begin_; =af-linnan=, _to depart_; =rinnan=, _to run_; =spinnan=, _to spin_; =winnan=, _to suffer_; --=trimpan=, _to tred_; --=fra-slindan=, _to devour_; =windan=, _to wind_; =hinþan=, _to cach_; =finþan=, _to find_; =þinsan=, _to draw_; --=stiggan= (only by conjecture in Mt. V, 29), _to sting_; =bliggwan=, _to beat_ (§ 68, 2); =siggwan=, _to sing_; =sigqan=, _to sink_; =stigqan=, _to thrust_; =drigkan=, _to drink_; --=gildan=, _to be of value_; =swiltan=, _to die_; =hilpan=, _to help_; =filhan=, _to hide_; =wilwan=, _to rob_; --=baírgan=, _to hide, keep_; =gaírdan=, _to gird_; =waírþan=, _to becum_; =ga-þaírsan=, _to wither_; =swaírban=, _to wipe_; =ƕaírban=, _to walk_; --=þriskan=, _to thresh_; =ga-wrisqan=, _to bear fruit_ (these two only in the prs. tense, in I. Tim. V, 18. Lu. VIII, 14).

NOTE 2. According to its prs. tense, also =briggan= would belong here; s. § 208.

§ 175. Class IV. Verbs of the fourth ablaut series: =i= (=aí=)--=a=--=ê=--=u= (=aú=) (cp. § 33); e. g., =nima=, =nam=, =nêmum, umans=, _to take_; with breaking (§§ 20. 24): =baíra=, =bar=, =bêrum=, =baúrans=, _to bear_.

NOTE 1. Like these inflect: =qiman=, _to cum_; =ga-timan=, _to suit_; =stilan=, _to steal_; =ga-taíran=, _to tear_; --=brikan=, _to break_ (§ 33, n. 1).

NOTE 2. Here belongs also =trudan=, [=traþ=], [=trêdum=], =trudans=, _to tred_ (ON. troða, trað, traðum, troðinn; in OHG. according to V.: trëtan, trat, trátum, trëtan). According to =trudan=, we should also write =wulan=, _to boil_ (only prsp. =wulandans= occurs; Rom. XII, 11).

§ 176. Class V. Verbs of the fifth ablaut series: =i= (=aí=)--=a=--=ê=--=i= (=aí=) (cp. § 34); e. g., =mita=, =mat=, =mêtum=, =mitans=, _to mezure_; =giba=, =gaf=, =gêbum=, =gibans=, _to giv_.

NOTE 1. Here belong also =wrikan=, _to persecute_; =rikan= (found in the prs. only), _to accumulate_; =ligan=, _to lie_; =ga-wigan=, _to move_; =saíƕan=, _to see_ (cp. § 34, n. 1); --=hlifan=, _to steal_; --=bigitan=, _to get, obtain_; =sitan=, _to sit_; =fitan=, _to bear_ (_children_)?; =widan=, _to bind_; =qiþan=, _to say_; =niþan=, _to help_ (?); --=lisan=, _to gather_; =ga-nisan=, _to recuver_; =wisan=, _to remain_.

NOTE 2. =sniwan=, _to hasten_, has =sniwa=, =snau= (§ 42), =snêwum=, =sniwans=. Onse occurs the prt. =snauh= (with additional =h=; cp. § 62, n. 4), onse =sniwun= for =snêwun= (§ 7, n. 3).--Like =sniwan= inflects probably =diwan=, _to die_, of which only the pp. (=þata=) =diwanô= occurs.

NOTE 3. The prt. sg. of =itan= is, irregularly, =êt=, not =at=; only the cpd. =frêt= (< =fra-itan=, _to eat up_; § 4, n. 1; § 7, b) is extant. Hense =itan=, =êt=, =êtum=, =itans=. Cp. the OHG. prts. âz frâz (ahd. gr., § 343, n. 5), ON. át. Möller, 'Engl. Studien', 3, 154.

NOTE 4. The =n= of =fraíhnan=, _to ask_, occurs only in the prs. stem: =fraíhna=, =frah=, =frêhum=, =fraíhans= (cp. § 206, b).

NOTE 5. The =j= in =bidjan= occurs in the prs. stem only: =bidja=, =baþ=, =bêdum=, =bidans= (cp. § 206, n.). Onse the prs. is found without =j=: =usbida=; Rom. IX, 3.

§ 177. Class VI. Verbs of the sixth ablaut series: =a--ô--ô--a= (cp. § 35); e. g., =slaha=, =slôh=, =slôhum=, =slahans=, _to strike_.

NOTE 1. Like =slahan= go: =sakan=, _to quarrel_; =wakan=, _to wake_; =dragan=, _to carry, load_; =þwahan=, _to wash_; =hlaþan=, _to load_; =ga-daban=, _to becum, fit_; =ga-draban=, _to hew_; =graban=, _to dig_; =skaban=, _to shave_; =alan=, _to grow_; =malan=, _to grind_; =swaran=, _to swear_; =faran=, _to fare, go_; =us-anan=, _to expire_. Sum of these verbs occur only in the prs.: =wakan=, =dragan=, =alan=, =malan=, =faran=.

NOTE 2. Sum verbs of this class hav =j= in the present stem, which is wanting in the prt. and pp.; e. g., =hafjan=, _to heav_, forms: =hafja=, =hôf=, =hôfum=, =hafans=. So do: =fraþjan=, _to understand_; =hlahjan=, _to laf_; =skapjan=, _to shape, make_; =skaþjan=, _to do scath, to injure_; =wahsjan=, _to wax, grow_. Doutful is the prs. form =*garaþjan= which is uzually inferd from the pp. =garaþana= (Mt. X, 30), _to count_.--Cp. § 206, n.

NOTE 3. The =n= of =standan= occurs only in the present stem (cp. § 206, b): =standa=, =stôþ=, =stôþum=. The pp. =*staþans= (ON. staðinn) is wanting; cp. Anz. fda., 14, 286.

2. Reduplicating Verbs.

§ 178. The preterit of the reduplicating verbs is formd by reduplication only, the radical vowel remaining unchanged. The reduplication consists of the initial consonant together with the constant reduplication vowel =aí= (short e; s. § 20); e. g., =haita=, _I am calld_, prt. =haíhait=; =ƕôpa=, _I boast_, prt. =ƕaíƕôp=. When the word begins with two consonants, only the first is repeated; e. g., =fraisa=, _I tempt_, prt. =faífrais=. The initial combinations =st=, =sk=, [=sp=], however, ar repeated together; e. g., =(ga-)stalda=, _I possess_, prt. =staístald=; =skaida=, _I separate_, prt. =skaískaiþ=. When the word begins with a vowel, only the reduplication vowel is prefixt; e. g., =auka=, _I increase_, prt. =aíauk=.

The pp. is formd without reduplication: =haitans=, =fraisans=, etc.

§ 179. The reduplicating verbs may be divided into five classes according to their radical vowels: (1) =a= (=â=). (2) =ê=. (3) =ai=. (4) =ô=. (5) =au=. Sinse the vowel remains unchanged in the hole verb, it causes no change of inflection. Therefore the paradim =haitan= (givn in § 170) is sufficient for all classes.

The preterits of the following reduplicating verbs ar extant:

(1) =haldan=, _to hold_; =falþan=, _to fold_; =staldan=, _to possess_; --=fâhan=, _to cach_ (prt. =faífâh=, pl. =faífâhum=, pp. =fâhans=), =hâhan=, _to hang_ (§ 62, n. 2).

(2) =slêpan=, _to sleep_ (concerning the prt., cp. § 78, n. 3).

(3) =af-aikan=, _to deny_; =fraisan=, _to tempt_; =haitan=, _to be calld_; =laikan=, _to leap_; =maitan=, _to cut off_; =skaidan=, _to separate_.

(4) =ƕôpan=, _to boast_; =flôkan=, _to lament_.--The inf. belonging to the prt. =laílôun= (Jo. IX, 28) is probably (according to § 26, n.) =*lauan=, _to revile_. Cp. § 22, n. 2.

(5) =aukan=, _to increase_.