A Gothic Grammar, with selections for reading and a glossary

Part 7

Chapter 73,052 wordsPublic domain

NOTE 1. On account of the small number of these adjs. sum forms of the abuv paradim ar not extant. Thus, the short form of the neuter =midi= is givn in conformity with the long stems (§ 127), and that of =niujis= would be =niwi=; only =niujata= occurs; the n. of =-tôjis= would be =-taúi= (§ 26, a).

NOTE 2. The adj.-stem =frija-=, _free_, which occurs in the f. sg. =frija=, =frijaizôs=, =frijai=, =frija=, and in the m. forms, acc. sg. =frijana=, nom. pl. =frijai=, acc. =frijans=, has a contracted nom. sg. m. =freis= (for =frijis=). Also the gen. sg., if extant, would be =freis=.

NOTE 3. The nom. sg. f. of =niujis= is =niuja= (contrary to =þiwi=, § 98, n. 1).

§ 127. The long =ja=-stems inflect in the pl. like =midjis=. Paradim =wilþeis= (stem =wilþja-=), _wild_, in the sg.:

§ 128. The infl. of the m. is related to that of the sb. =haírdeis= (§§ 90. 92), the infl. of the f. to that of =bandi= (§§ 96. 98; only =wôþi= occurs; II. Cor. II, 15). None of the few adjs. of this class occurs in the gen. sg.; =wilþjis= (Rom. XI, 24) probably stands for =wilþjins=; s. § 132, n. 1.

Further exampls: =alþeis=, _old_; =faírneis=, _old_; =aírzeis=, _astray_; =wôþeis=, _sweet_.

* * * * *

§ 129. According to § 122, only remains of the original adjs. of the =i-= and =u=-declension ar extant in Gothic, viz.: nom. sg. of all genders, acc. sg. n., and gen. sg. m. and n. All other extant cases hav past over to the inflection of the =ja=-stems (§§ 125-127). The same rule applies to the weak forms (§ 132, n. 1).

NOTE. The old form of the gen. sg. [m.] n. is seen in =skeiris= (Skeir. 45) for the =i=-decl., in =filaus= (§ 131, n. 3) for the =u=-decl.; the latter, of course, is only a partial proof for the adj.

§ 130. The adjectival =i=-stems ar connected with the substantivs =balgs=, =ansts= (§§ 99-103). Exampls: =hrains=, _clean_; =gamains=, _common_; =brûks=, _uzeful_; =analaugns=, _hidn_; =anasiuns=, _visibl_; =andanêms=, _agreeabl_; =andasêts=, _abominabl_; =sêls=, _kind_ (=unsêls=, _wicked_); =suts=, _sweet_; =skeirs=, _clear_; =gafáurs=, _sober_ (=unfáurs=, _talkativ_); =aljakuns=, _of different kind_. The paradim =hrains= inflects thus:

Plur. | N. =hrainjai= =hrainja= | =hrainjôs= etc. |

NOTE 1. A gen. sg. f. as wel as a longer n. form (like =hrainjata=) ar not extant.

NOTE 2. A word may with certainty be referd to this class, (1) if it occurs in the nom. sg. f. (=hrains=), (2) if besides the nom. sg. m. and n. also cases with =j= ar found. But if only the nominativs m. and n. (=hrains=, =hrain=) occur, the word may inflect like =blinds= (123); if only =j=-cases (as, =hrainjamma=) ar found, it may decline like =wilþeis=, =midjis= (§§ 127. 125).--Other adjectivs, however, ar without sufficient proof, but for other considerations, included in this class; e. g., =skauns=, _beutiful_; =auþs=, _desolate_, _waste_; =hauns=, _base_; =bleiþs=, _merciful_; =gadôfs=, _fit_; =*mêrs=, _famous_ (in =wailamêr=, nom. sg. n.).--Cp. Kluge, Stammbildg., §§ 178. 197. 229-231; Beitr., 14, 167; 15, 489; Brgm., II, 287.

NOTE 3. Adjectival =i=-stems may be inferd from adverbs in =-iba= (§ 210); e. g., =arniba=, =gatêmiba=.

§ 131. The adjectival =u=-stems ar related to the substantivs =sunus= (fem. =handus=), =faíhu= (§§ 104-106). Exampls: =hardus=, _hard_; =qaírrus=, _meek_; =þaúrsus=, _dry_; =tulgus=, _stedfast_; =manwus=, _redy_; =aggwus=, _narrow_; =aglus=, _difficult_; =seiþus=, _late_; =þlaqus=, _tender_; =twalibwintrus=, _twelv years_ (lit. _winters_) _old_. Paradim =hardus=:

Sing. M. N. F. N. =hardus= =hardu=, =hardjata= | =hardus= G. [=hardaus=?] | [=hardjaizôs=] D. [=hardjamma=] | [=hardjai=] A. =hardjana= =hardu=, =hardjata= | =hardja=

Plur. | N. =hardjai= [=hardja=] | =hardjôs= etc. |

NOTE 1. Whether adjectivs belong to this class is seen from the nom. sg. in which the abuv adduced exampls occur (the only f. forms being =þaúrsus= and =tulgus=; Beitr., 15, 570; 16, 318). =laushandus=, _empty-handed_; =hnasqus=, _soft_; =kaúrus=, _hevy_, ar merely inferd from their =ja=-cases.

NOTE 2. From the adv. =glaggwuba= (§ 210) an adj. =glaggwus= (§ 68) can be inferd.

NOTE 3. The original adj. =*filus=, _much_, is preservd in Goth. in the nom. acc. sg. n. uzed substantivly and adverbially: =filu=, the gen. =filaus= being uzed adverbially.

B. WEAK ADJECTIVS.

§ 132. The weak declension of adjectivs is fully identical with the weak or =n=-declension of nouns (§§ 107-112). But it must be noticed that the f. of the weak adj. inflects like the paradim =tuggô= (cp. § 112, n. 1).--Exampl of an inflected weak adj. (=blinds=, § 123):

Sing. M. N. F. N. =blinda= =blindô= | =blindô= G. =blindins= | =blindôns= D. =blindin= | =blindôn= A. =blindan= =blindô= | =blindôn=

NOTE 1. Like =blinda= inflect all weak adjectivs. Of =ja=-stems: nom. sg. =niuja=, =niujô=, =niujô= (cp. § 126), =wilþja= (§ 127); --=i=-stems: =hrainja=, =hrainjô=; =u=-stems: =hardja=, =hardjô= (cp. § 129 et seq.).--In the cases with =i= (gen. dat. sg. m. n.) of the long stems in =-ja-= (=-i-=, =-u-=) the forms with =-ji-= appear as the regular ones (as in the sb., § 108, n. 2; contrary to § 44, c); cp. =wilþji(n)s=; Rom. XI, 24; =unhrainjin=; Mk. IX, 25. Lu. VIII, 29; =unsêljin=; Mt. V, 39. Jo. XVII, 15. But beside =unsêljins=; Eph. VI, 16 (in A) =unsêleins= (in B); beside =faírnjin=; Mk. II, 21. Lu. V, 36, also =faírnin=; II. Cor. VIII, 10. IX, 2.

NOTE 2. Sum adjectivs occur only in the weak forms; as, =usgrudja=, _idle, despondent_; =alaþarba=, _poor_; =usfaírina=, _blameless_; =inkilþô=, _pregnant_, and a few more of which sum ar probably to be regarded as substantivs (cp. Zs. fda., 18, 41, note).--The weak form =ainaha= (no strong form occurs), _only_, has in Lu. VIII, 42 the nom. sg. f. =ainôhô= (cp. Beitr., 12, 203) which is certainly incorrect for =ainahô=.

NOTE 3. All ordinals except 1st and 2nd (cp. § 146), and the prns. =sama= and =silba= (§ 156) follow the +weak+ inflection only.

NOTE 4. Lastly, the prs. ptcs. (§ 133), comparativs (§ 136), and the superlativs in =-ma= (§ 139) inflect exclusivly like weak adjs. But all these words hav the f. according to the paradim =managei= (§ 113, n. 3).

C. DECLENSION OF THE PARTICIPLS.

§ 133. The present participl has lost its strong inflection and declines like a weak adj., but with the f. in =-ei= (§ 132, n. 4). Only the nom. sg. m. has frequently both the strong and the weak inflection. Paradim =gibands=, _giving_:

Sing. M. N. | F. N. =gibands= } =gibandô= | =gibandei= =gibanda= } | G. =gibandins= | =gibandeins= D. =gibandin= | =gibandein= A. =gibandan= =gibandô= | =gibandein= | Plur. | N. =gibandans= =gibandôna= | =gibandeins= G. =gibandanê= | =gibandeinô= D. =gibandam= | =gibandeim= A. =gibandans= =gibandôna= | =gibandeins=

NOTE 1. Concerning the shorter inflection of sum participls uzed substantivly, s. § 115.

§ 134. The prt. ptc. pass., like an ordinary adj., follows the strong and weak inflection; e. g., the pp. of the stv. =giban=:

Strong: m. =gibans= n. =giban=, =gibanata= f. =gibana= Weak: =gibana= =gibanô= =gibanô=

The pp. of the wv. =nasjan=:

Strong: m. =nasiþs= n. =nasiþ=, =nasidata= f. =nasida= Weak: =nasida= =nasidô= =nasidô=

NOTE. Concerning the interchange between =þ= and =d= in the pp. of the weak verbs, s. § 74.

D. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVS.

_1. COMPARATIV._

§ 135. The comparativ degree of adjectivs in Gothic is formd by means of two suffixes, =-iz-= and =-ôz-=, to which the terminations of the weak adjectivs ar added.

The formation with the suff. =-iz-= is more general than the other. It is found in adjs. of all kinds; e. g., =managiza= (< =manags=, =a=-stem), =alþiza= (< =alþeis=, §§ 127. 128), =hardiza= (< =hardus=, § 131).--But the suffix =-ôz-= occurs in =a=-stems only: =frôdôza= (< =frôþs=), =swinþôza= (< =swinþs=).

NOTE. The adj. =juggs=, _yung_, has the compar. =jûhiza= (according to § 50, n. 1). Its superlativ is not extant.

§ 136. The comparativs inflect exactly like weak adjectivs, but the f. ends in =-ei= (§ 132, n. 4):

Sing. N. m. =frôdôza= n. =frôdôzô= f. =frôdôzei= G. =frôdôzins= =frôdôzeins=,

etc., like the prs. ptc. (§ 133).

_2. SUPERLATIV._

§ 137. The superlativ degree, like the comparativ, is formd in two ways, in =-ist-= or in =-ôst-=; e. g., =managists= (< =manags=), =armôsts= (< =arms=, _poor_). The inflection of the superlativs is precisely the same as that of ordinary adjectivs--strong and weak.

NOTE. No rule can be givn for the appearance of the =ô= or the =i= in the suffix, except that the =ô=-form occurs only with =a=-stems. We may suppose that a word which forms the compar. by means of =i=, has =i= in the superl. also, and that, in like manner, the =ô=-forms correspond to each other. This supposition, however, is only founded on a few extant exampls.

_3. IRREGULAR COMPARISON._

§ 138. The lack of comparison of sum adjectivs is supplied by comparativs and superlativs with a corresponding meaning, but without a positiv:

=gôþs= (=d=), _good_ Compar. =batiza= Superl. =batists= =ubils=, _evil_ " =waírsiza= " -- =mikils=, _great_ " =maiza= " =maists= =leitils=, _litl_ " =minniza= " =minnists= =sineigs=, _old_ " -- " =sinista=.

§ 139. A superlativ with an =m=-suffix is found in six words, which ar derived from adverbial stems and appear without a positiv. The =m=-suffix is either simpl: =fru-ma=, =innu-ma=, =aúhu-ma=, or compound: =af-tuma=, =if-tuma=, =hlei-duma=.

Two of them hav assumed a comparativ meaning: =aúhuma=, _higher_; =hleiduma=, _left_ (ἀριστερός); the others hav a superlativ or an intensiv signification: =aftuma=, _the last_; =iftuma=, _the next_; =innuma=, _the inmost_; =fruma=, _the first_.

These words follow the weak inflection, but hav the f. in =-ei=, exactly like the comparativs.

NOTE. Sum superlativs in =-ma= ar compared anew in the uzual manner: =aftumists=, _the last_; =aúhumists=, oftener than =aúhmists= (cp. OE. ŷmest, Sievers-Cook, OE. Gr., § 314, n. 3), _the highest_; =frumists=, _the first_.--The forms =hindumists=, _hindmost_, =spêdumists=, _last_ (< =*spêþs=, beside =spêdiza=, =spêdists=), suggest the missing =hinduma= and =spêduma=. Also =miduma=, =midst=, =midumônds=, _mediator_, point to a form =*miduma=, _midl_ (cp. OE. meodume, midmest).

CHAP. III. NUMERALS.

1. CARDINALS.

§ 140. The first three numerals ar declinabl in all cases and genders.

1. =ains=, n. =ain= and =ainata=, f. =aina=, inflects entirely like a strong adj. (=blinds=, § 123). Plural forms mean _only_, _alone_. No weak inflection is found. (§ 122, n. 1).

The nom. of the m. and f., which is not extant, may with certainty be givn as =þreis=.

NOTE. The definit dual number '_both_', ἀμφότεροι, is renderd by =bai=, which inflects like =twai=. The extant forms ar nom. m. =bai=, dat. =baim=, acc. =bans=, nom. acc. n. =ba=.--There occurs also an extended form with the same meaning, its inflection being that of a consonantal substantiv (§ 117, n. 4): nom. =bajôþs=, dat. =bajôþum=.

§ 141. The numerals from 4 to 19 ar of one gender. Extant ar: =fidwôr=, _4_; =fimf=, _5_; =saíhs=, _6_; =sibun=, _7_; =ahtau=, _8_; =niun=, _9_; =taíhun=, _10_; =ainlif= (§ 56, n. 1), _11_; =twalif=, _12_; =fidwôrtaíhun=, _14_; =fimftaíhun=, _15_. These numerals ar uzed uninflected, but may take an inflected gen. and dat. according to the =i=-declension (§ 99 et seq.). Thus, =fidwôr=, dat. =fidwôrim=; =niun=, gen. =niunê=; =taíhun=, dat. =taíhunim=; =ainlif=, dat. =ainlibim=; =twalif=, gen. =twalibê=, dat. =twalibim=.

NOTE. For =fidwôr= appears =fidur-= (s. § 24, n. 2) in cpds.: =fidurfalþs=, _fourfold_; =fidurdôgs=, _time of four days_; =fidurragineis=, _tetrarch_. Cp. Beitr., 6, 394; Brgm., III, 11.

§ 142. The tens from 20 to 60 ar formd by means of the pl. =tigjus= (< =*tigus=, _a decad_), preceded by the units. =tigjus= inflects regularly like =sunus= (§ 104). The object counted is always givn in the gen.--=twai tigjus=, _20_; =*þreis tigjus=, _30_ (extant in gen. =þrijê tigiwê=, acc. =þrins tiguns=), =fidwôr tigjus=, _40_; =fimf tigjus=, _50_; =saíhs tigjus=, _60_.

§ 143. From 70 to 100 =-têhund= takes the place of =tigjus=: =sibuntêhund=, _70_; =ahtautêhund=, _80_; =niuntêhund=, _90_; =taíhuntêhund= and =taíhuntaíhund=, _100_. The numerals in =-têhund= ar substantivs which ar as a rule indeclinabl. Onse (Lu. XV, 7) we meet with an inflected gen. sg.; =in niuntêhundis jah niunê garaíhtaizê=.--Cp. Brgm., III, 40.

§ 144. The hundreds ar formd by means of the plural of a neuter =hund= (_a hundred_). The following ar extant: =twa hunda=, _200_; =þrija hunda=, _300_; =fimf hunda=, _500_; =niun hunda=, _900_.

§ 145. =þûsundi=, _1000_, is a f. sb. (inflecting like =bandi=, § 96), with a gen. pl.; several thousands ar exprest by =þûsundjôs=.--Onse (Ezra II, 14) occurs a n. pl. =twa þûsundja=. Cp. ahd. gr., § 275. OE. Gr., § 327, and Mahlow, 'Die langen Vocale', p. 98.

The extant thousands ar: =twôs þûsundjôs=, _2000_; =.g. þûsundjôs=, _3000_; =fidwôr þûsundjôs=, _4000_; =fimf þûsundjôs=, _5000_; =taíhun þ.=, _10000_; =miþ twaim tigum= (dat.) =þûsundjô= (gen.), _with 20000_.

NOTE (to §§ 141-145). The numerals ar very often denoted by letters (cp. § 1, n. 2). Therefore so many words for numerals ar wanting.

2. ORDINALS.

§ 146. The first two ordinals differ in point of stem from the corresponding cardinals. 1. m. =fruma=, n. =frumô=, f. =frumei= (s. § 139), and the superl. =frumists=, _first_ (§ 139, n. 1). 2. =anþar=, _second, other_, inflects like a strong adj. (§ 122, n. 1; § 124, ns. 1. 4).--All subsequent ordinals ar derived from the cardinals and inflect like weak adjectivs (§ 132, n. 3). The extant ordinals ar: =þridja=, _3d_; =*fimfta= (only in 15th), _fifth_; =saíhsta=, _6th_; =ahtuda=, _8th_; =niunda=, _9th_; =taíhunda=, _tenth_; =fimftataíhunda=, _15th_. Only the second component is declined: dat. sg. (=in jêra=) =fimftataíhundin=; Lu. III, 1.

3. OTHER NUMERALS.

§ 147. A distributiv numeral is =tweihnai=, _two apiece, two-and-two_, extant in the dat. f. =tweihnaim= and acc. f. =tweihnôs=.

NOTE. All other distributivs ar exprest by means of the cardinals along with =ƕazuh=, =ƕarjizuh= (§§ 164. 165) or the prep. =bi=; as (=insandida ins=) =twans ƕanzuh=, _two and two_; Lu. X, 1; =bi twans=; I. Cor. XIV, 27.

§ 148. Multiplicativs ar formd by means of the adj. =falþ-=: =ainfalþs=, _onefold_; =fidurfalþs=, _fourfold_; =taíhuntaíhund-falþs=, _hundredfold_; =managfalþs=, _manifold_.

§ 149. Numeral adverbs answering the question 'how many times', 'how often'? ar exprest by the dat. sg. =sinþa= or by the dat. pl. =sinþam= (nom. sg. =sinþs=, _time_, lit. '_a going_') preceded by the cardinals: =ainamma sinþa=, _onse_; =twaim sinþam=, _twice_; =þrim sinþam=, _thrice_; =fimf s.=, _five times_; =sibun s.=, _seven times_.--With an ordinal numeral: =anþaramma sinþa=, _a second time_.

NOTE. Also the n. =þridjô=, _a third time_, is uzed adverbially (II. Cor. XII, 14).

CHAP. IV. PRONOUNS.

1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS WITHOUT GENDER (REFLEXIV).

§ 150.

1. Person. 2. Person. Reflexiv. Sing. N. =ik= =þu= -- G. =meina= =þeina= =seina= D. =mis= =þus= =sis= A. =mik= =þuk= =sik=

Dual N. =wit= -- -- G. =ugkara= =igqara= =seina= D. =ugkis= =igqis= =sis= A. =ugkis=, =ugk= =igqis= =sik=

Plur. N. =weis= =jus= -- G. =unsara= =izwara= =seina= D. =uns=, =unsis= =izwis= =sis= A. =uns=, =unsis= =izwis= =sik=

NOTE 1. =ugkis=, =igqis=, etc., are also speld =uggkis=, =iggqis=; cp. § 67, n. 1.

NOTE 2. The nom. du. 2nd pers. is not extant; it was undoutedly =jut=. For =jus= (=jûs=?), s. § 15, n. 1.

§ 151. From the stems of these pronouns adjectivs ar derived, the so-calld possessiv pronouns. 1st pers.: m. =meins=, n. =mein=, =meinata=; f. =meina=, _my_ (_mine_); 2nd pers.: =þeins=, _thy_ (_thine_); refl. =seins=, _his_. Plurals: 1st pers. =unsar=, _our_; 2nd pers. =izwar=, _your_. The only extant dual poss. prn. is =igqar=, the 1st pers. would be =ugkar=.

NOTE 1. The inflection of these pronominal adjectivs is identical with that of the strong adj.; concerning =unsar=, =izwar=, cp. § 124, ns. 1 and 4.--No weak inflection occurs.

NOTE 2. The reflexiv =*seins= occurs only in the gen., dat., acc.; insted of the nominativs of all genders and numbers the genitivs of the prn. of the 3d pers. (=is=, =izôs=; =izê=, =izô=; § 152) ar employd.

2. PRONOUNS OF THE THIRD PERSON.

§ 152.

NOTE. The acc. and gen. pl. n. and the nom. pl. f. ar not extant, but the inferd forms ar undoutedly correct.

3. DEMONSTRATIV PRONOUNS.

§ 153. The simpl dem. prn. =sa=, =sô=, =þata= is uzed both as dem. prn., _this_, _that_ (for the Gr. οὗτος or αὐτός), and, with a weakend force, as articl, _the_. The latter uze is predominant.--The neuter sing. (like the interrog., § 159) has preservd the instrumental case.

Instr. -- =þê= | --

NOTE 1. The final =a=s of the dissyllabic forms ar dropt in combination with enclitics beginning with a vowel; cp. § 4, n. 1.--For =þei= from =*þa-ei=, s. § 157, n. 2.

NOTE 2. The instr. n. =þê= is preservd only in the combinations =bi-þê=, =du-þê= (=duþþê=), =jaþ-þê= (§ 62, n. 3), =þêei= (§ 157, n. 1), and, like =þana= (in =þanamais=, =þanaseiþs=), before a comparativ (= E. 'the' in 'the more').

§ 154. A compound demonstrativ pronoun is formd by affixing the enclitic particl =-uh= to the simpl demonstrativ. Cp. § 24, n. 2. Its meaning is always that of the simpl =sa= uzed demonstrativly, _this_, _that_ (= Gr. οὗτος or αὐτός).--It inflects thus:

NOTE 1. The forms in square brackets ar not extant.

NOTE 2. The instr. n. =þêh= occurs only in the adv. =bi-þêh=.

§ 155. A defectiv demonstrativ pronoun =hi-= (nom. =*his= = =is=, § 152), _this_, occurs only in temporal frases in the dativ m. and n. =himma= and in the acc. m. =hina=, n. =hita=; e. g., =himma daga=, _to-day_; =und hina dag=, _to this day_; =und hita=, _til now_.

§ 156. =jains= (concerning the vowel =ai=, cp. § 20, n. 4), n. =jainata=, f. =jaina= (_yon_), _that_, inflects like a strong adj. (=blinds=, § 124).

Like weak adjectivs inflect =silba=, _self_, and =sama=, _same_, or with the articl: =sa sama=, _the same_ (cp. § 132, n. 3).

4. RELATIV PRONOUNS.

§ 157. A simpl relativ pronoun is not found in the Gothic language. A relativ prn. of the 3d pers. is formd from the simpl demonstrativ pronoun by affixing the particl =ei= which, when uzed independently, has the force of a conjunction, _that, in order that_. This relativ pronoun inflects as follows:

NOTE 1. The instr. n. =þêei= is uzed only as a conjunction.

NOTE 2. Beside =þatei= occurs =þei=, which is employd, however, only in combination with =ƕah= (§ 164, n. 1), and (like =þatei=) as a conjunction, _that_. Cp. Beitr., 4, 467; 6, 402; Zs. fda., 29, 366 et seq.

NOTE 3. Insted of the nom. sg. =saei=, m., =sôei=, f., also =izei=, m., =sei= (i. e. =si-ei=, § 10, n. 2), f., (formd from the 3d pers. of the pers. prn., § 152) ar employd. The form =sei= occurs even more frequently than =sôei=. Sumtimes =izei= stands as nom. pl. m. (for =eizei= which is not found); e. g., =þai izei bimaitanai sind=; Gal. VI, 13.--For =izei= the form =izê= is often found; cp. § 17, n. 1.

NOTE 4. Concerning the change of final =s= before =ei= into =z=, s. § 78, c.