A Gothic Grammar, with selections for reading and a glossary

Part 6

Chapter 63,114 wordsPublic domain

NOTE 1. Words not occurring in the nom., dat., acc. pl. can not with certainty be referd to this declension (cp. § 91, n. 1). In many cases, however, we can infer from the remaining Germanic languages to what declension they belong. Accordingly, the word =saiws=, _sea, lake_, belongs here; and, particularly, a number of verbal abstracts like =qums=, _arrival_; =drus=, _fall_; =wlits=, _face_; =runs= (gen. =runis=), _a running_; =grêts=, _weeping_; =krusts=, _gnashing_.

NOTE 2. The =s= of the nom. is dropt according to § 78, n. 2; e. g., =ur-runs=, =ur-runsis=; =drus=, =drusis=; =baúr=, =baúris= (< =baíran=, _to bear_), _sun_.

NOTE 3. =naus=, _a ded person_, is explaind according to the rules for =w= (§ 42); nom. pl. =naweis=, acc. pl. =nawins=; so, also, the acc. and voc. sg. =nau=.

NOTE 4. For =wêgs= and =aiws=, s. § 91, n. 5; for the acc. pl. =andins=, s. § 92, n. 1.

Feminins.

§ 102. Paradim: =ansts=, _favor_ (proethnic Germanic =ansti-z=).

Sing. N. =ansts= Plur. N. =ansteis= G. =anstais= G. =anstê= D. =anstai= D. =anstim= A. =anst= A. =anstins= V. =anst=

§ 103. A great number of feminins belong to this class. Exampls: =qêns=, _woman, wife_; =dails=, _deal_; =wêns=, _hope_; =nauþs=, =nauþais=, _need_; =siuns=, _sight_; =sôkns=, _serch_; =taikns=, _token_; =fahêþs=, =fahêdais=, _joy_; =magaþs= (=þ=), _maid_; =fadreins=, _generation, family_; =arbaiþs= (=d=), _work_; =asans=, _harvest_; =ahaks=, _duv_; those in =-duþs=, =-duþais= (perhaps =-dûþs=; cp. § 15, n. 1): =mikilduþs=, _greatness_; =managduþs=, _abundance_; =ajukduþs=, _eternity_; =gamainduþs=, _communion_.

Very numerous ar the verbal abstracts which may be formd from every strong verb by means of the dental suffix =t= (=þ=, =d=); e. g., =gaskafts=, _creation_; =þaúrfts=, _need_; =ganists=, _salvation_; =fralusts=, _loss_; =gakusts=, _test_; =gabaúrþs=, _birth_; =gataúrþs=, _destruction_; =manasêþs= (=d=), _world_; =dêþs=, _deed_; =gahugds=, _thought_.

NOTE 1. Here belong also the abstracts in =-eins=, =-ôns=, =-ains=, derived from the weak verbs of the I., II., and III. Weak Conjugations, respectivly; e. g., =naseins= (< =nasjan=), _salvation_; =laiseins=, _doctrin_; =háuheins=, _a 'heightening'_, hense _praise_; =galaubeins=, _belief_; =naiteins=, _blasfemy_; =laþôns= (< =laþôn=), _invitation_; =salbôns=, _salv, ointment_; =mitôns=, _consideration_; =þulains= (< =þulan=), _suffering, patience_; =libains=, _life_.--But those in =-eins= hav the nom. and gen. pl. according to the =ô=-declension. Thus, for exampl:

Sing. N. =naiteins= G. =naiteinais= D. =naiteinai= A. V. =naitein= Plur. N. =naiteinôs= G. =naiteinô= D. =naiteinim= A. =naiteinins=.

So in one exampl also the dat. pl.: =unkaúreinôm=; II. Cor. XI, 8.--The pl. of the abstracts in =-ôns=, =-ains= is regular: =mitôneis=, =mitônê=, etc.

NOTE 2. Whether words ar f. or m. is doutful when they do not occur in a distinctiv case; as, =lists=, _craftiness_; =fulleiþs= (or =fulleiþ=, n.), _fulness_.

NOTE 3. The =s= of the nom. is dropt according to § 78, n. 2; e. g., =us-stass=, =us-stassais=, _resurrection_; =garuns=, =-runsais=, _street_.

NOTE 4. =haims=, _village_, forms its pl. according to the =ô=-declension: =haimôs=, etc.

3. U-Declension.

Masculins and Feminins.

§ 104. The masculins and feminins of the =u=-declension ar identical in form. Paradim: =sunus=, _sun_.

Sing. N. =sunus= Plur. N. =sunjus= G. =sunáus= G. =suniwê= D. =sunáu= D. =sunum= A. =sunu= A. =sununs= V. =sunu=

§ 105. Further exampls: (a) masculins; e. g., =áirus=, _messenger_; =asilus=, _ass_; =dauþus=, _deth_; =wulþus=, _glory_; =hûhrus=, _hunger_; =þaúrnus=, _thorn_; =haírus=, _sword_; =liþus=, _lim_; =lustus=, _lust_; =magus=, _boy_; =faírƕus=, _world_; =fôtus=, _foot_; =stubjus=, _dust_; =wrêþus=, _flock_ (§ 7, n. 3); in =-assus= (Kluge, Stammbildg., § 137 et seq.): =draúhtinassus=, _warfare_; =ibnassus=, _evenness_; =þiudinassus=, _kingdom_; in =-ôdus=, =-ôþus= (Kluge, Stammbildg., § 134); e. g., =auhjôdus=, _tumult_; =gabaúrjôþus=, _plezure_.

(b) The only feminins ar certainly only =handus=, _hand_; =kinnus=, _cheek_; =waddjus=, _wall_ (cp. Beitr., 16, 318¹), and perhaps =asilus= (if ὄνου in Lu. XIX, 30. Joh. XII, 15, means _she-ass_).

The gender of sum is doutful; as, =qaírnus=, _mil_; =flôdus=, _flud_; =luftus=, _air_.

NOTE 1. Foren words like =aggilus=, _angel_; =sabbatus=, _sabbath_, fluctuate in the pl. between the =u-= and =i=-decl.; s. § 120, n. 1.

NOTE 2. There is a notewurthy fluctuation between =u= and =au= (=aú=? cp. § 24, n. 4) in the terminations of the sing. All cases of this kind hav been collected by Leo Meyer in his 'Got. Spr.', p. 574. =au= occurs for =u=: nom. =sunaus=; Lu. IV, 3; =faírƕaus=; Gal. VI, 14 (in cod. B = =faírƕus= in cod. A); =Bartimaiaus=; Mt. X, 46; --acc. =handau=; Mk. VII, 32; =þiudinassau=; Lu. IX, 27; =haírau=; Rom. XIII, 4 (in A = =haíru= in Cod. Car.); --voc. =sunau= (often), =magau=; Lu. II, 48.

Reversely we find =u= for =au=: gen. =dauþus=; Lu. I, 79; =wulþus=; Rom. IX, 23; =apaustaulus=; II. Cor. XII, 12 (in A = =apaustaulaus= in B); dat. =wulþu=; Lu. IX, 26; =Paítru=; Gal. II, 7 (in A = =Paítrau= in B).

From the great number of exampls, however, we infer that the abuv paradim is by all means the regular one; the deviations just mentiond ar merely owing to confusion on the part of later copyists. When a word occurs in two manuscripts, it generally has the correct form in one. Especially in Cod. Amb. A and in the gospel of Lu. the =u=-decl. is confused in this way. Cp. Beitr., 18, 280¹.

Neuters.

§ 106. The word =faíhu=, _muney_ (orig. '_catl_', = OHG. fihu) is the only neuter sb. of this class which occurs in several cases in the singular. No n. pl. is found.

N. =faíhu= G. [=faíháus=] D. =faíháu= A. =faíhu=

NOTE 1. Also =gairu=, _sting_, is n. It occurs only in the nom. sg. (II. Cor. XII, 7 in A, as a gloss to =hnûþô=).--The sb. =leiþu=, _fruit-wine_, probably belongs here too; only the acc. sg. =leiþu= occurs (Lu. I, 15); cp. Gallée (§ 223, n. 1), I, p. 38.--The acc. sg. =sihu=, a gloss to the neuter =sigis=, _victory_, in Cod. B I. Cor. XV, 57, is probably miswritn for =sigu= (because the =i= in =sihu= would hav becum =aí=) which may also belong to a masculin (nom. sg. =*sigus= = OHG. sigu). But cp. J. Schmidt, 'Idg. Neutra', 153.

NOTE 2. The gen. =faíháus= has been inferd from the m. (f.) and from the adv. gen. =filaus= (§ 131, n. 3).

B. N-DECLENSION (WEAK DECLENSION).

1. Masculins.

§ 107. Paradim: =guma=, _man_.

Sing. N. =guma= Plur. N. =gumans= G. =gumins= G. =gumanê= D. =gumin= D. =gumam= A. =guman= A. =gumans=

§ 108. Like =guma= inflect a great many masculins; e. g., =staua=, _judge_; =hana=, _cock_; =skula=, _detter_; =mêna=, _moon_; =atta=, _father_; =ahma=, _spirit_; =blôma=, _flower_; =milhma=, _cloud_; =hliuma=, _hearing_; =weiha=, _priest_; =swaíhra=, _father-in-law_; =magula=, _litl boy_; pl. =brôþrahans=, _brothers_ (J. Schmidt, 'Idg. Neutra', 16); --=bandja=, _prisoner_; =haúrnja=, _trumpeter_; =fiskja=, _fisher_; =timrja=, _carpenter_; =arbja=, _heir_; =wilja=, _wil_; =manamaúrþrja=, _(man-)murderer_; =waúrstwja=, _workman_.

NOTE 1. =aba=, _man_, has the gen. pl. =abnê=, dat. pl. =abnam=; of =aúhsa=, _ox_, occurs the gen. pl. =aúhsnê=. Cp. the neuters in § 110, n. 1. Onse (I. Cor. IX, 9) we meet with the acc. pl. =aúhsununs= which either stands for =aúhsuns= (according to § 80, n. 1; cp. Anz. fda. 6, 120) or for =aúhsnuns= (Beitr., 8, 115; 12, 543; Brgm., I, 203).

NOTE 2. The long stems in =-ja= do not contract the =ji= of the gen. and dat. sg. into =ei= (s. § 44, n. 1); hense, =bandja=, gen. =bandjins=, dat. =bandjin=.

2. Neuters.

§ 109. Paradim: =haírtô=, _hart_.

Sing. N. =haírtô= Plur. N. =haírtôna= G. =haírtins= G. =haírtanê= D. =haírtin= D. =haírtam= A. =haírtô= A. =haírtôna=

§ 110. Like =haírtô= inflect but few substantivs: =augô=, _ey_; =ausô=, _ear_; =barnilô=, _litl child_; =auga-daúrô=, _window_; =þaírkô=, _hole_, _ear of a needl_; =kaúrnô=, _corn_; =sigljô=, _seal_. Cp. J. Schmidt, 'Indog. Neutra', 106 et seq.

Also the weak adjectivs (§ 132).

NOTE 1. Irregular forms occur in the pl. of the neuters =namô=, _name_, and =watô=, _water_. The sg. inflects like =haírtô=. Paradim:

Sing. N. =namô= G. =namins= D. =namin= A. =namô= Plur. N. =namna= G. =namnê= D. =namnam= A. =namna=.

The pl. of =watô= occurs only in the dat. =watnam=. Cp. § 108, n. 1.

NOTE 2. To the dat. sg. =sunnin= which occurs (twice) in the frase: =at sunnin urrinnandin= (Mk. IV, 6. XVI, 2), belongs perhaps a neuter =sunnô= (not a m. =sunna=), beside the f. =sunnô=, _sun_ (§ 112).--Cp. Mahlow, 'Die langen vocale a, e, o', p. 156, and Sievers' comments on this in the appendix to the 3d G. edition of this grammar.

NOTE 3. The word =gajukô= which was formerly regarded as n., is f., '_a female cumpanion_'. Cp. Bernhardt's 'Vulfila', comment on Phil. IV, 3.

3. Feminins.

§ 111. The feminins of the =n=-declension ar divided into two classes: stems in =-ôn-= and =-ein-=. Their inflection is the same. Paradims: =tuggô=, _tung_; =managei=, _multitude_.

Sing. N. =tuggô= =managei= G. =tuggôns= =manageins= D. =tuggôn= =managein= A. =tuggôn= =managein=

Plur. N. =tuggôns= =manageins= G. =tuggônô= =manageinô= D. =tuggôm= =manageim= A. =tuggôns= =manageins=

§ 112. Like =tuggô= inflect many substantivs; as, =qinô=, _woman_, _wife_; =ûhtwô=, _dawn_; =swaíhrô=, _mother-in-law_; =azgô=, _ashes_; =gatwô=, _street_; =staírnô=, _star_; =wikô=, _week_; =sunnô=, _sun_ (cp. § 110, n. 2); --=arbjô=, _heiress_; =brunjô=, _brestplate_; =tainjô=, _basket_; =niþjô=, _female cuzin_; =raþjô=, _account_.

NOTE 1. Also the feminins of the weak adjectivs inflect like =tuggô= (§ 132).

§ 113. Nearly all substantivs inflecting like =managei= ar derived from adjectivs. Such an abstract in =-ei= may be formd from every adjectiv, hense the great number of these words; e. g., =diupei=, _depth_; =laggei=, _length_; =bleiþei=, _mercy_; =mikilei=, _greatness_; =braidei=, _bredth_; =frôdei=, _wisdom_; =hardu-haírtei=, _hard-hartedness_; =drugkanei=, _drunkenness_; sum can not be referd to corresponding adjs., but they likewise denote a state; e. g., =þaúrstei=, _thirst_; =magaþei=, _maidenhood_. But very few hav a concrete meaning; as, =aiþei=, _mother_; =þramstei=, _locust_; =kilþei=, _womb_; =marei=, _sea_; =ƕaírnei=, _skul_.

NOTE 1. There is a close resemblance between adjectival abstracts in =-ei= and the verbal abstracts in =-eins= (cp. § 103, n. 1); e. g., =háuhei=, _height_ (< =háuhs=), but =háuheins=, _a heightening_, _praise_ (< =háuhjan=). Both hav the acc. sg. =háuhein=.

In one case there is confusion. In Jo. X, 33 we meet with a gen. sg. =wajamêreins= (nom. =wajamêreins=, _blasfemy_) from which it is customary to infer a nom. =wajamêrei=, tho in its meaning such a form is impossibl.

NOTE 2. In Cod. B. three nominativs sg. in =-ein= ar found: =liuhadein=, _illumination_; II. Cor. IV, 4 (=liuhadeins= in A; comp. this passage in Bernhardt's 'Vulfila'); =wiljahalþein=, _favor_; Col. III, 25 (wanting in A); =gagudein=, _piety_; I. Tim. IV, 8 (=gagudei= in A).

NOTE 3. The comparativs, the superlativs in =-ma=, and the prs. participls form their feminin like =managei= (cp. § 132, n. 4).

C. MINOR DECLENSIONS.

(REMAINS OF CONSONANTAL DECLENSIONS.)

§ 114. Nouns in =-r= denoting relationship. The words =brôþar=, _brother_; =daúhtar=, _daughter_; =swistar=, _sister_; =fadar=, _father_, hav replaced their old consonantal inflection in the nom., acc., and dat. pl. with the forms of the =u=-declension (§ 104). Paradim:

Sing. N. =brôþar= Plur. =brôþrjus= G. =brôþrs= =brôþrê= D. =brôþr= =brôþrum= A. =brôþar= =brôþruns=

NOTE. Cp. the cpd. =brôþru-lubô=, _brotherly luv_ (§ 88ᵃ, n. 3; § 210, n. 1).

§ 115. The present participls in Gothic inflect like weak adjectivs (§ 133). An older (substantival) inflection, however, persists with sum participls uzed substantivly. Paradim: =nasjands=, _savior_.

Sing. N. =nasjands= Plur. =nasjands= G. =nasjandis= =nasjandê= D. =nasjand= =nasjandam= A. =nasjand= =nasjands= V. =nasjand= --

Furthermore: =fijands=, _fiend_; =frijônds=, _frend_ (> =frijôndi=, § 98), =daupjands=, _the Baptist_; =mêrjands=, _preacher_; =bisitands=, _neighbor_; =talzjands=, _teacher_; =-waldands=, _ruler_ (=all-w.=, _the Almighty_; =garda-w.=, _master of the house_); =fraweitands=, _avenger_; =fraujinônds=, _ruler_; =midumônds=, _mediator_; =gibands=, _giver_. Cp. Zs. fdph., 5, 315.

§ 116. +A number of feminins+ following in sum cases the =i=-decl. (=ansts=, § 102) appear in others as short forms which ar remains of an old consonantal inflection. Paradim: =baúrgs=, (_burg_), _town_, _city_.

Sing. N. =baúrgs= Plur. N. =baúrgs= G. =baúrgs= G. =baúrgê= D. =baúrg= D. =baúrgim= A. =baúrg= A. =baúrgs=

Like =baúrgs= inflect also =alhs=, _templ_; =spaúrds=, _race-course_; =brusts=, _brest_; =dulþs=, _feast_; =waíhts=, _thing_; =miluks=, _milk_; =mitaþs= (=d=), _mezure_.

The word =nahts=, _night_, inflects in the sg. like =baúrgs=, in the pl. only the dat. =nahtam= is found. Cp. =nahta-mats=, § 88ᵃ, n. 3.

NOTE 1. =waíhts= and =dulþs= chiefly follow the =i=-declension; hense, g. sg. =waíhtais=, =dulþais=. According to the cons. declension occur onse each the dat. sg. =dulþ= and acc. pl. =waíhts=. Beside =waíhts= there is a n. nom. sg. =waíht= in the combination =ni-waíht=, _nothing_.

§ 117. Masculins with short (consonantal) cases: =manna=, _man_; =mênôþs=, _month_; =reiks=, _ruler_; =weitwôds=, _witness_ (cp. § 74, n. 2). But in point of inflection they ar not fully alike.

(1) =manna= follows in sum cases the =n=-decl. (=guma=, § 107). These cases ar here put in Italics:

Sing. N. _manna_ Plur. N. =mans=, _mannans_ G. =mans= G. =mannê= D. =mann= D. _mannam_ A. _mannan_ A. =mans=, _mannans_

NOTE 1. To =manna= belongs the cpd. =*alamans= (_all men_), found in the dat. pl. =alamannam= (Skeir.) only; also the neuter =gaman= (_cumpanion, cumpany_) which inflects, however, in all the extant forms (nom. acc. sg. =gaman=, dat. sg. =gamana=, dat. pl. =gamanam=) precisely like =waúrd= (§ 93).

NOTE 2. In composition the stem =mana-= (=man-=) appears; s. § 88ᵃ, n. 3.

(2) =mênôþs= and =reiks= follow in the g. sg. the =a=-decl.: =mênôþis=, =reikis=, but in the dat. sg. the short forms =mênôþ= and =reik= (Eph. II, 2) occur. In the nom. acc. pl. the short forms =mênôþs= and =reiks= ar uzed; gen. pl. =reikê=. In the dat. pl. =mênôþum=, but =reikam=.--Beside the nom. sg. =weitwôds= there occur the acc. sg. =weitwôd= and the g. pl. =weitwôdê=.

NOTE 3. The g. sg. =mênôþis= (Neh. VI, 15) is not quite certain; Löbe red =mênôþs=.

NOTE 4. Here belongs also the nom. =bajôþs=, dat. =bajôþum=, _both_ (s. § 140, n. 1).

§ 118. The neuter =fôn=, _fire_, has this form in the nom. acc. sg., but =funins= in the gen., and =funin= in the dat.--No plural occurs. Cp. § 12, n. 3.

NOTE 1. Concerning the neuter genitivs =guþs= and =hatis=, s. § 94, n. 3, and § 94, n. 5, respectivly.

APPENDIX.

DECLENSION OF FOREN WORDS.

§ 119. A number of foren words from the Latin and Greek wer fully adopted into the Gothic language thru commercial and political intercourse, so that their inflection is the same as that of purely Gothic words; e. g., =pund=, n., _pound_; =marikreitus=, m., _perl_; =Krêks=, m., _Greek_; =karkara=, f., '_carcer_'; =alêw=, n., _oil_; =kaisar=, m., _Cæsar_.

§ 120. A second portion of foren words wer at a later period forced on the Gothic language by Christianity and especially by the version of the Bible. To these belong for the most part proper nouns which ar stil felt to be foren elements and hav but imperfectly adopted the Gothic inflection. For their treatment in Gothic no fixt rules can be givn. Sumtimes they retain their Greek inflection, sumtimes they take either similar or arbitrarily formd case-endings.--Cp. Bernhardt's 'Vulfila', p. XXVIII, and especially M. H. Jellinek, 'Beitr. zur erklärung der german. flexion' (Berlin 1891), pp. 76-84.

NOTE 1. Most consistent is the treatment of the Gr. masculins in -ος, Lt. -us, which inflect in Gothic according to the =u=-decl. (§§ 104, 105); e. g., =Paítrus=, =Barþaúlaúmaius=, =Teitus=, =aípiskaúpus=, ἐπίσκοπος; =apaústaúlus=, ἀπόστολος; =aggilus=, ἄγγελος; =sabbatus=, _sabbath_. But only in the sg. pl. forms follow mostly the =i=-decl.; e. g., =apaústaúleis=, =sabbatins=, =aggileis=, =aggilê= beside =aggiljus=.

NOTE 2. Greek case-endings ar retaind in the neuters =alabalstraún=, ἀλάβαστρον; =praitôriaún=, πραιτώριον, etc.; =Israêleitês= has the nom. pl. =Israêleitai= = Ἰσραηλῖται; Rom. IX, 4; or (with Gothic inflection) =Israêleiteis=; II. Cor. XI, 22.

NOTE 3. The following exampl may illustrate arbitrary inflection. The Gr. ἐπιστολή is represented in Goth. by =aípistaúlê= (nom. sg.). But the dat. sg. is =aípistaúlein=, the dat. pl. =aípistaúlêm=, and the acc. pl. =aípistaúlans=.

CHAP. II. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVS.

§ 121. In Gothic, as in all other Germanic languages, adjectivs hav two kinds of inflection, the +strong+ and the +weak+. The strong inflection is the original one corresponding to that of the cognate languages, the weak originated on Germanic soil. Every normal adj. may hav both a strong and a weak inflection. The distinction is a syntactic one: the +weak+ form is employd after the articl (rarely in other positions), the +strong+ form in all other cases, especially when the adj. is uzed predicativly, or attributivly without the articl. Cp. Zs. fda., 18, 17-43.

A. STRONG ADJECTIVS.

§ 122. The strong inflection of adjectivs is in part the same as the vocalic (or strong) inflection of the substantivs with which it was originally identical. In Germanic, however, sum cases of the adj. hav adopted the pronominal inflection, so that the identity between the adjectival inflection and that of the substantivs is now confined to certain cases. The nom. and acc. sg. of the neuter gender hav two forms of the same value, a substantival and a pronominal one (in =-ata=). The latter, however, is not uzed predicativly.

The Gothic adjectiv, like the substantiv, has three vocalic declensions: (1) Adjectivs of the =a=-declension which correspond to the substantival =a=-declension in the m. and n. (§ 89 et seq.) and in the f. of the =ô=-declension (§ 96 et seq.).--A subdivision is formd by the =ja=-stems, just as in the case of the corresponding substantivs. (2) Adjectivs of the =i=-declension which correspond to the substantivs in §§ 99-103. (3) Adjectivs of the =u=-declension belonging to the substantivs in §§ 104-106.

Classes (2) and (3), however, contain but very few remains in Gothic. The few adjectival =ja=-stems hav in most of the inflectional cases past over to the 1st class, so that the normal strong declension of the adjectivs in Gothic embraces only the =a=-declension and its subdivision, the =ja=-stems.

NOTE. Subject to +strong+ inflection ar all pronouns (except =sama= and =silba=, § 132, n. 3), the cardinal numbers, inasmuch as they inflect adjectivly, and =anþar=, _the second_; also the adjectivs of a more general meaning: =alls=, _all_; =ganôhs=, _enuf_; =halbs=, _half_; =midjis=, '_medius_'; =fulls=, _ful_.

§ 123. Paradim of the strong adjectival declension: =blinds=, _blind_. The pronominal forms differing from the inflection of the corresponding substantivs ar in the following paradim put in Italics:

§ 124. Here belong most of the extant adjectivs; e. g., =hails=, _hole, helthy_; =siuks=, _sik_; =juggs=, _yung_; =triggws=, _tru, faithful_; =swinþs=, _strong_; =ubils=, _evil_; =aiweins=, _eternal_; =haiþiwisks=, _wild_; =mahteigs=, _mighty_; =ansteigs=, _gracious_; =manags=, _much, many_; =môdags=, _angry_; =handugs=, _wise_.--Also adjectiv pronouns; as, =meins=, _mine, my_; =þeins=, _thine, thy_; =seins=, _his_; =jains=, _yun_; the superlativs (§ 137) and pps. pass.; as, =numans=, _taken_; =nasiþs=, _saved_ (cp. § 134).

NOTE 1. According to § 78, n. 2, the =s= of the nom. sg. is dropt, (1) after =s=; e. g., =swês=, =swêsis=, _own_; =gaqiss=, =gaqissis=, _consenting_. (2) after =r= preceded by a short vowel: =anþar=, _the second, the other_; =unsar=, _our_; =izwar=, _your_; =ƕaþar=, _which of the two_. Accordingly, the nom. pl. =warai= must hav had a nom. sg. =war=, _wary_.

NOTE 2. The rules for the hardening of final soft spirants (79) must be noted; as, =frôþs=, =frôdis=, _wise_; =gôþs=, =gôdis=, _good_ (§ 74); =liufs=, =liubis=, _dear_; =daufs=, =daubis=, _def_ (§ 56, n. 1).

NOTE 3. Stems having a =w= before the case-endings ar subject to the rule for final =w= (§ 42) in the nom. sg. m. and n. The three words of this kind occur only in other cases. Therefore the noms. pl. =fawai=, =qiwai=, =usskawai= suggest as noms. sg. m. and n. =faus=, =fau=, _few_; =qius=, =qiu=, _alive_; =usskaus=, =usskau=, _wakeful_. According to =usskawjan= (_to awake_, § 42, n. 2), also =usskaws= might be supposed insted of =usskaus=. For =lasiws=, s. § 42, n. 1.

NOTE 4. The pronominal adjectivs in =-ar=: =unsar=, =izwar=, =anþar=, =ƕaþar=, hav in the n. sg. only the shorter forms: =unsar=, =izwar=, etc.

§ 125. Adjectiv-stems with =ja= before the endings (=ja=-stems) hav most of their forms like the paradim =blinds=. Only in few forms a change is caused by the =j=. As in the case of nouns, we distinguish between short and long adjectival =ja=-stems.

Paradim of a short =ja=-stem: =midjis=, _midl_:

§ 126. As regards inflection, the m. =midjis= is closely related to the substantiv =harjis= (§§ 90. 92), the n. =midi= to the substantiv =kuni= (§§ 93. 95). The fem. =midja= shows no deviation whatever.

Only a small number of adjectivs belong to this class: =aljis=, _another_; =sunjis=, _tru_; =ga-wiljis=, _unanimous_; =unsibjis=, _criminal_; =-fraþjis=, _minded_ (only in =grinda-=, =sama-fr.=); =ƕarjis= (§ 160); also those whose stems end in a vowel (§ 44, c): =niujis=, _new_; =-tôjis=, _doing_ (as, =ubiltôjis=, _evil-doing_).