Part 2

(a) Goth. =i= = proethnic Germanic e (OHG. ë or i; cp. ahd. gr., §§ 28-30), as in the prs. tense of verbs of the III.-V. ablaut-series (§§ 32-34): =niman=, OHG. nëman; =giban=, OHG. gëban; =giba=, OHG. gëba; =bindan=, OHG. bintan; =itan=, _to eat_; =midjis=, '_medius_'; =hlifan=, _to steal_; =swistar=, OHG. swëster; =fidwôr=, _four_; =gifts=, _gift_; =-qiss=, _speech_; the pps. of the V. ablaut-series: =gibans=, =itans=, =lisans=, =wigans=, =qiþans=.

(b) Goth. =i= = proethnic Germanic i (OHG. i; ahd. gr., § 31); e. g., =lists=, _stratagem_; =fisks=, _fish_; =is=, _he_; =wissa=, _I knew_; =skritnan=, _to rend_ (intr.); prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the I. ablaut-series (§ 30): =bitun=, =bitans= (inf. =beitan=); =stigun=, =stigans= (inf. =steigan=); =liþun=, =liþans= (inf. =leiþan=).

NOTE 1. Final =i= occurs in =ni=, =bi=, =si=, =hiri=; in the nominativs of feminin and neuter =j=-stems: =bandi= (§ 96), =kuni= (§ 93); in the acc. and voc. sg. of the masculin =j=-stems: =hari= (§ 90); 3d pers. sg. prt. opt.: =nêmi=. This final =i= appears as =j=, when it becums medial (§ 45).

NOTE 2. Final =i= before a following =i= of an enclitic word is elided in =nist= (= =ni-ist=), =sei= (= =si-ei=), =niba= (= =ni-iba=).

NOTE 3. Every =i= before =h= and =r= is broken to =aí=; cp. § 20.

NOTE 4. =ij= is found in =ija=, '_eam_'; =þrija=, '_tria_'; =fijan=, _to hate_; =frijôn=, _to luv_; =sijum=, _we ar_; =kijans=, _germinated_, etc. =i= for =ij= is rare: =fian=, =sium=, etc., but =friaþwa= (beside =frijaþwa=), _luv_, occurs very often.

NOTE 5. Occasionally =e= takes the place of =i=; as, =usdrebi=; Mk. V, 10; =seneigana=; I. Tim. V, 1.

NOTE 6. For =i= in the difthong =iu=, s. §§ 18. 19.

NOTE 7. For a separation of the two =i=s (= OHG. ë and i) in East Gothic names, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 162.

o

§ 11. The Gothic character =o= always denotes a long close =o= approaching sumwhat the sound of =û= (= o in E. home).

NOTE 1. In Greek words =o=, as a rule, corresponds to ω, rarely to ο; e. g., =Makidonja=, Μακεδονία; it also stands for ου: =Iodas=, Ἰούδας; Lu. III, 26.

NOTE 2. =o= in Gothic words often stands for (short) =u= (§ 14, n. 3).

§ 12. =ô= (= OHG. uo; s. ahd. gr., § 38 et seq.) is frequent in Gothic words. E. g., =brôþar=, _brother_; =bôka=, _beech_; =frôþs=, _wise_; =flôdus=, _flud_; =fôtus=, _foot_.

In the prt. of the VI. series (§ 35) and of the =ê--ô=-series (§ 36): =ôl=, =hôf=, =ôg=, pl. =ôlum=, =hôfum=, =ôgum=; =laílôt=, =laílôtum, aísô=. In endings, as in nom. pl. =gibôs=, =dagôs=; wvs. II.: =salbôn=; final, in gen. pl. f. =gibô=, =tuggônô=; nom. sg. =tuggô=, =haírtô=. Prns.: =ƕô=, =þô=, =sô=, =ƕanô-h=, =ainnô-hun=, =ƕarjanô-h=. Verb =salbô=. Advs. in =-ô= (§ 211).

NOTE 1. For =ô= we sumtimes find =u=: =gakrôtûda= (inf. =krôtôn=), _he is crusht_; Lu. XX, 18; =ûhtêdun= (prs. =ôg=), _they feard_; Mk. XI, 32.--In East Gothic names =u= often takes the place of =ô=; s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 164.

NOTE 2. In a few words =ô= before vowels becums =au=; s. § 26.

NOTE 3. =ô= and =u= interchange in the inflection of =fôn=, gen. =funins= (§ 118). Concerning this and other relations between =ô= and =u=, cp. Beitr. 6, 377 et seq.; 564; also Kuhns Zs., 26, 16 et seq.

u

§ 13. The letter =u= in Gothic denotes both a short and a long vowel; the short =u=, however, occurs oftener than long =û=.

NOTE 1. =u= in foren words regularly represents Gr. ου. In unaccented syllabls, however, it stands for Gr. ο: =diabulus=, διάβολος (beside =diabaúlus=), =apaústulus= (beside =apaústaúlus=), =paíntêkustê=, πεντηκοστή.

NOTE 2. =u= for =ô= seldom (§ 12, n. 1), =u= for =áu= (§ 25, n. 3).

§ 14. Short =u= is very frequent in Gothic. E. g.

(a) =juk=, _yoke_; =sunus=, _sun_; =drus=, _fall_; =us-drusts=, _a falling_; =fra-lusts=, _lost_; =lusnan=, _to perish_; --in the prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the II. series (§ 31); e. g., =gutum=, =gutans=; =lusum=, =lusans=; --in endings of the sbs. of the =u=-decl.: =handus=, =handu=; --final, as in =þu=, prn., _thou_; =nu=, _now_; =-u= (interr. particl).

(b) =wulfs=, _wolf_; =wulla=, _wool_; =gaqumþs=, _council_; =gulþ=, _gold_; =swumfsl=, _pond_; =hund=, _100_; =sibun=, _7_; =taíhun=, _10_; =fulls=, _ful_; =un-= (privativ prefix); in the prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the III. series (§ 32): =bundum=, =bundans=; in the pp. of the verbs of the IV. series (§ 33): =numans=, =stulans=.

=brukans=, _broken_; =us-bruknan=, _to break off_ (intr.); =trudan=, _to tred_, pp. =trudans=; =snutrs=, _wise_.

NOTE 1. As a rule, the final =u= of stems is dropt before derivativ =j=-suffixes; e. g., =-hardjan=, _to harden_ (< =hardus=); =-agljan=, _to trubl_ (< =aglus=); =manwjan=, _to prepare_ (< =manwus=); =ufarassjan=, _to increase_ (< =ufarassus=); L. Meyer, 'Got. Spr.', p. 325 et seq. But =skadwjan=, _to overshadow_ (< =skadus=), and =skadweins=, _a shading_ (cp. Zs. fda. 36, 269).--Concerning =u= beside =w=, cp. § 42.

NOTE 2. Every =u= before =h= and =r= is broken to =aú=; cp. § 24.

NOTE 3. =u= is eight times (mostly in Lu.) represented by =o=; e. g., =laúhm~o~ni=, _lightning_: Lu. XVII, 24; =sunj~o~s=, _suns_; Lu. XVI, 8; =ushôf~o~n=; Lu. XVII, 13; =ain~o~mêhun=; Lu. VIII, 43; =faíh~o~=, _muney_; Mk. X, 23.

NOTE 4. In the endings of the =u=-declension =u= is occasionally represented by =au=; as, =sunaus= (nom. sg.); Lu. IV, 3; cp. § 105, n. 2.

§ 15. Long =û= certainly appears in: (a) =ût=, _out_ (=ûta=, etc.); =dûbô=, _duv_; =rûna=, _mystery_; =rûms=, _room, roomy_; =*mûl= (in =faúrmûljan=, _to muzl_); =brûþs=, _bride_; =hûs=, _house_; =skûra=, _shower_; =hlûtrs=, _pure_; =fûls=, _foul_; =*mûks= (in =mûkamôdei=), _meek_; =þûsundi=, _1000_; =brûkjan=, _to uze_ (prt. =brûhta=; adj. =brûks=); =lûkan=, _to lock_ (§ 173, n. 2); =hrûkjan=, _to crow_ (s. Beitr., 6, 379); =hnûþô=, _sting_ (Icel. hnúþa; s. Noreen, Nord. revy, April 1883).

(b) for nasalized =u=, the primitiv nasal being lost (cp. § 5, b; § 50, n. 1): =þûhta= (prt. of =þugkjan=, _to think_), =þûhtus=, _thought_ (adj. =þûhts=); =hûhrus=, _hunger_; =jûhiza= (compar. to =juggs=), _yunger_; =ûhtwô=, _daybreak_; =ûhteigs=, =ûhtiugs=, _seasonabl_; =bi-ûhts=, _accustomd_ (s. Brgm., I, 181).

NOTE 1. =u= is perhaps long in: =þrûtsfill=, _leprosy_ (cp. ON. =þrútinn=, _swoln_; OE. =þrûstfell=; Beitr., 9, 254); =anabûsns=, _commandment_ (Beitr., 9, 152 and 10, 497; Brgm., II, 287); =lûns=, _ransom_ (Brgm., II, 285); =sûts=, _sweet_ (OS. swôti, OE. swête; cp. however Kuhn's Zs., 26, 380); the suff. =-dûþs= (§ 103; cp. Beitr. 6, 380); =jûs=, _ye_ (§ 150; Brgm., III, 374. 398). Sum write also =fidûr-= and =-ûh= (cp. § 24, n. 2).

NOTE 2. In =Rûma=, _Rome_, =Rûmôneis=, _a Roman_, =û= stands for the Lt. o.

NOTE 3. =o= for =û= occurs only in =ôhteigô=; II. Tim. IV, 2 (in codex B, for =ûhteigô= in A).

NOTE 4. For =û= becuming =au= before vowels, s. § 26, b.

ei

§ 16. Like Greek ει at the time of Wulfila, and in imitation of it, Gothic =ei= denotes long =î=.

NOTE 1. In Greek words =ei= uzually stands for ι, but also for =ei=, and sumtimes for η.

NOTE 2. Concerning =ei= for Goth. =ê=, s. § 7, n. 2.

NOTE 3. The difthongal pronunciation of =ei= suggested by J. Grimm is refuted also for linguistic reasons. Cp. J. Schmidt, 'Idg. Vocalismus', I, 485; Litbl. 1886, 485; Brgm., I, 57.

§ 17. =ei= in stem syllabls of Gothic words occurs especially in the prs. tense of the I. series (§ 30): =beitan=, _to bite_; =steigan=, _to mount_; =þeihan=, _to thrive_; in the inflection of these verbs it interchanges with =ai= and =i=.

Other exampls: =ƕeila=, _time_; =eisarn=, _iron_; =leiþu=, _cider_; =þreis=, _3_; =leihts=, _light_; =weihs=, _holy_; =skeirs=, _clear_; pronouns: =weis=, _we_; =meins=, =þeins=, =seins=; --very often in formativ and inflectional syllabls; as, adjs. in =-eigs= (=mahteigs=, _mighty_); in =-eins= (=aiweins=, _eternal_); nomina actionis in =-eins= (=laiseins=, _doctrin_); nom. and gen. sg. of the m. =ja=-stems: =haírdeis=, _herd_; =laisareis=, _teacher_; nom. pl. of the =i=-decl.: =gasteis=; opt. prt.: =nêmeis=; final, in feminins in =-ei=: =managei= (§ 113); imperativs: =sôkei=, etc. (§ 186); the rel. particl =ei= (§ 157), alone and in composition.

NOTE 1. =ei= is quite often represented by =ê=; as =akêtis=; Mt. XXVII, 48; =wêhsa=; Mk. VIII, 26. 27; =akê=; Gal. II, 14; =izê=; Mk. IX, 1. Lu. VIII, 13. 15, etc.--Here perhaps belongs also =awêþi= (§ 7, e), which, however, occurs three times with =ê=: Jo. XVI, 16. I. Cor. IX, 7; cp. Beitr., 11, 32; 18, 286.

NOTE 2. Onse (in =seiteina=; II. Cor. XI, 28) occurs =ei= beside =in= (in =sinteins=, _daily_; =sinteinô=, _always_).

NOTE 3. Beside =gabeigs=, _rich_ (=gabei=, _riches_), which occurs 5 times in Luke, also II. Cor. VIII, 9. Eph. II, 4 (in B), we find more frequently (11 times) =gabigs= (> =gabigjan=, _to enrich_; =gabignan=, _to grow rich_); cp. Brgm., II, 261. 271.

iu

§ 18. In the pronunciation of =iu= the stress is on the =i=, and =u= is a consonant.

NOTE 1. In Gothic words Latin writers render =iu= by eu, eo: =Theudes=, =Theudicodo=; =Theodoricus=. As to this, cp. Wrede, 'Wand', 100 et seq.; 'Ostg.', 167.

NOTE 2. In =sium= (§ 10, n. 4), =niu= (interr. particl = =ni-u=, § 216) =iu= is dissyllabic, i. e. =í-ú=.

§ 19. =iu= is a normal vowel of the present tense of the II. series (§ 31), and here it interchanges with the ablauts =au=, =u=: =biugan=, _to bend_; =biudan=, _to offer_.--In other words; as, =þiuda=, _peple_; =dius=, _animal_; =liuhaþ=, _light_; =diups=, _deep_; =siuks=, _sick_; =niujis=, _new_; =niun=, _9_; =iup=, _upward_.--In formativ and inflectional syllabls =iu= does not occur, except in the isolated =ûhtiugs= (I. Cor. XVI, 12. Cp. Beitr., 12, 202).

NOTE. In =triu=, _tree_; =qiujan=, _to quicken_, etc., =iu= interchanges with =iw= before an inflectional vowel: gen. =triwis=; prt. =qiwida=; cp. § 42.

ai

=ai= in Gothic words denotes two etymologically, and certainly also fonetically, different sounds.

§ 20. I. +The short vowel+ =aí= [= a in E. fat]. =ai= is uzed in Gothic to denote a short, open e[1]-sound. In this case, according to Grimm's exampl, grammarians put an accute accent over the =i= (=aí=) in order to distinguish it from =ái= (§ 21). Gothic =ai= corresponds to e or i in OHG. and in the other Germanic languages. The short =e=-sound represented by =aí= occurs:

(1) before =h= (=ƕ=) and =r=, which sounds hav caused breaking of +every+ preceding short =i= to =e= (aí; § 10, n. 3); e. g., =aírþa=, _erth_; =waírpan=, _to throw_; =baírhts=, _bright_; =faíhu=, _catl_; =maíhstus=, _dung_; =raíhts=, _right_; =taíhun=, _10_; =saíƕan=, _to see_; =þaíhum= (prt. pl. of =þeihan=, _to grow_). (2) in reduplicated syllabls (§ 178 et seq.): =haíhald=, =aíaik=, =laílôt=, =saísô=, etc. Cp. Osthoff, 'Zur Geschichte des Perfects', p. 276 et seq. Brugmann, IV, 15. (3) in the conj. =aíþþau=, _or_ (= OHG. ëddo, ahd. gr. § 167, n. 11; cp. Beitr. 12, 211); probably, also, in =waíla=, _wel_ (= OHG. wëla, ahd. gr., § 29, n. 4), but cp. Beitr. 11, 553.

NOTE 1. The law for the transition of =i= to =ai= before =h= and =r= (so-calld breaking or refraction) is almost without exception, and equally concerns the Germanic i in general and the Gothic =i=s (§ 10) in particular. The =i= before =h=, =r=, is retaind only in the following words: =nih=, '_neque_' (= =ni uh=), =hiri=, _(cum) here!_; du. =hirjats=, pl. =hirjiþ= (219); and in the isolated forms: =sihu=, _victory_ (cp. § 106, n. 1), =þarihis= (a probably corrupt form in Mt. IX, 16), adj. in gen. sg., _not fuld_ (said of cloth). Cp. IF. 4, 334 et seq.

NOTE 2. +Not every+ =ai= before =h=, =r= is =aí=, but may also be the old difthong; e. g., =þáih= (prt. of =þeihan=, like =ráis=, prt. of =reisan=, but pl. =þaíhum=, like =risum=, § 30), =áih=, _I hav_; =áihts=, _property_; =háihs=, _one-eyd_; =fáih=, _deceit_ (Beitr., 12, 397); =áir=, _erly_ (OHG. êr); =sáir= (OHG. sêr), _sorrow_; =áirus=, _messenger_. Whether =ai= has the value of =ái= or =aí= can in most cases only be inferd from the remaining Germanic languages.

NOTE 3. In Latin orthografy =aí= is exprest by e; e. g., Ermanaricus = Goth. =*Aírmanareiks=, Ermenberga = Goth. =*Aírminbaírga=. Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 162.

NOTE 4. =ai= is to be regarded as a difthong (=ái=) in =baitrs=, _bitter_; =jains=, _yon, that_ (and its derivations), while formerly, according to OHG. bittar, jenêr, it was thought to be short (=aí=). Cp. Holtzmann, 'Altd. Gr.', p. 11 et seq.; Brgm., I, 392; Bezzenb. Beitr., 16, 156.--Scherer (Zur Gesch. d. dtsch. Sprache) presumed short =aí= also in the 3d pers. sg. prs. opt. (like =nimai=) and in several forms of the strong inflection of adjs. (nom. pl. m. =blindai=, gen. sg. f. =blindaizôs=, gen. pl. =blindaizê=, =blindaizô=). Hirt (Beitr., 18, 284 et seq.) goes stil farther in this direction.--Cp. also § 22, n. 3. #/

§ 21. II. +The old Difthong+ =ai=. By far the greater number of the Gothic =ai=s express a difthongal sound which is equivalent to OHG. ei or ê (ahd. gr., §§ 43. 44), OS. ê, ON. ei. The Goths of Wulfila's time indeed seem to hav stil pronounced this =ai= as =a= + =i=.--For the difthong =ai= we employ Grimm's sign =ái= whenever it is likely to be confused with =aí=. Exampls of difthongal =ai= (before =h=, =r=, cp. § 20, n. 2): The prts. sg. of the I. ablaut-series (§ 30),--=bait=, _I bit_ (inf. =beitan=); =staig=, _I mounted_ (inf. =steigan=); etc.; =wait= (§ 197); =ains=, _one_; =hlaifs=, (_loaf of_) _bred_; =staiga=, _path_; =laisjan=, _to teach_; --=haitan=, _to be calld_; =maitan=, _to cut_; =skaidan=, _to separate_; =aiws=, _time_; --=hails=, _hale_, _sound_; =dails=, _deal_.

=ai= appears also in inflectional syllabls of the III. Weak Conjugation (§ 191): =habais=, =habaida=, etc.; in the prs. opt.: =nimais=, etc.; =anstais=, gen. sg. of the =i=-decl.; in the str. adjs.: =blindaizôs=, etc. (§ 123); --final: =gibai=, =anstai=, dat. sg.: =nimai=, 3 prs. sg. opt.; =blindai=, dat. sg. f. and nom. pl. m. of the str. adj.; --monosyllabls: =þai=, nom. pl., _these_; =twai=, _2_; =bai=, _both_; =jai=, _yes_; =sai=, _behold!_; =wai=, _woe!_

NOTE 1. Latin writers express the Gothic =ai= predominantly by ai, ei: =Dagalaiphus=, =Gaina=, =Radagaisus=, =Gisaleicus= (cp. Dietrich, 'Ausspr.'), =eils= in a Lt. epigram (Zs. fda., 1, 379). On the Bukarest rune-ring (cp. § 221, n. 3) stands =hailag= (Paul's 'Grundriss', I, 411).--Concerning the difthongal pronunciation of the Gothic =ai=, cp. especially Wrede, 'Wand.', 95 et seq.; about monofthongization in East Goth., s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 165.

NOTE 2. =ai= and =aj= interchange in =wai=, _woe!_; =wai-dêdja=, _evil-doer_, and =waja-mêrjan=, _to blasfeme_; in =aiws=, _time_, and =ajukdûþs=, _eternity_.

§ 22. Many scholars hold that also the =ai= in the reduplicating ablaut vs. (§ 182) =saian= and =waian= is difthongal. This =ai=, however, stands etymologically for Gothic =ê=, and its OHG. equivalent is â (not ei): OHG. sâen, wâen (cp. ahd. gr., § 359, n. 3.) The difthong =ai= before a vowel would becum =aj=; hense, =*sajan=, =*wajan=. Here =ai= perhaps has the sound of long æ, i. e. open e representing close e (ê) when followd by a vowel; thus, =saian=, =waian=, for =sêan=, =wêan=.

NOTE 1. Before the =i= of the 3d pers. sg. prs. a =j= is often found: =saijiþ= (Mk. IV, 14), =saijiþ= (II. Cor. IX, 6 in A, for =saiiþ= in B; Gal. VI, 7. 8. in A, for =saiiþ= in B). Before =a= the =j= occurs but onse: =saijands= (Mk. IV, 14). Cp. Beitr. 11, 75 et seq.

NOTE 2. Here belongs also the isolated =faian= (Rom. IX, 19, in prs. =faianda=); but the prs. to the prt. =laílôun= is =lauan= rather than =laian=. Cp. Beitr. 11, 56.

NOTE 3. Also the =ai= in =armaiô=, _alms_ (Bezzenb. Beitr. 7, 210; Beitr. 11, 74), is likely to belong here.--Concerning the fonetic values of the =ai=s discust here, cp. especially Beitr. 11, 51 et seq.; Brgm., I, pp. 126. 127; Wrede, 'Wand.' 99, who, beside Holtzmann, is inclined to assume a long sound for these =ai=s; Noreen, 'Urg. Lautlehre', p. 35 et seq.

§ 23. That the Goth. =ai= may be both short and long (like a in E. at, fare) is evident from its regular occurrence in Greek words. As a rule, =ai= = ε in =aikklêsjô=, ἐκκλησία; =Aileisabaiþ=, Ἐλισάβεθ; =Baiailzaibul=, Βεελζεβούλ; =Gainnêsaraiþ=, Γεννησαρέτ, etc.; likewise = αι (i. e. long æ): =Idumaia=, Ἰδουμαία; =Haíbraius=, Ἑβραῖος; =hairaísis=, αἵρεσις, etc.

NOTE. Gothic =ai= for Greek η is exceptional; e. g., =Hairodiadins=, gen. to Ἡρωδίας (Mk. VI, 17); =Neikaúdaimus= (Skeir. 52); Νικόδημος (for =Nikaúdêmus= elsewhere.)

au

Also Goth. =au= (like =ai=) stands for historically and fonetically different sounds.

§ 24. I. +The short vowel+ =aú=.--=au= in Gothic denotes a short open =o=-sound. In this case grammarians put an accute accent over the =u= (=aú=) in order to keep it apart from the difthong =au=. Goth. =aú= corresponds to o or u in OHG. and in the other Germanic languages.

The =aú=, before =h= and =r= in Gothic words, has in every instance developt from a short =u= which, when immediately followd by these sounds, was 'broken' to short ŏ. E. g.

=waúrms=, _wurm_; =haúrn=, _horn_; =baúrgs= (OHG. burg), _city_; =waúrd=, _word_; =waúrpum=, prt. pl. of =waírpan=, _to throw_ (cp. § 32); =saúhts= (OHG. suht), _sickness_; =daúhtar=, _daughter_; =aúhsa=, _ox_; =taúhum=, prt. pl. of =tiuhan=, _to pul_; =baúhta=, prt. of =bugjan=, _to buy_.

NOTE 1. =aú= before other sounds is entirely exceptional and sumwhat doutful. Thus, in =auftô=, _perhaps_ (onse also =ufto=; Mt. XXVII, 64), =bisauljan=, _to sully_; =bisaulnan=, _to becum sullied_. Holtzmann (altd. gr., p. 14) regards also =ufbauljan= (II. Tim. III, 4) as belonging to this class.

NOTE 2. The change of short =u= into =aú= before =h= is without exception. An apparent exception is the enclitic =-uh=, _and_, the =u= of which must be referd to a secondary development; it is never found after a short accented vowel, nor after a long vowel or difthong; e. g., =sa-h=, =ni-h=, =þai-h=, =wiljáu-h=, =ƕarjanô-h=; =u= occurs after consonants, and in polysyllabic words in which a final short =a= before the =u= was elided; as, =ƕaz-uh=, =þammuh= (= =þamma uh=), =qiþuh= (= =qiþa uh=). Sum, however, assume =-ûh= (cp. Beitr. 18, 299).--Other =u=s before =h= ar all long: =þûhta= (cp. § 15).--There ar a few cases of =u= before =r= in unaccented syllabls (§ 13, n. 1), namely in the foren words =spaikulâtur= and =paúrpura= (beside =paúrpaúra=), _purpl_; so, also, in the Gothic =fidur-= (§ 141, n. 1) which, however, stands perhaps for =fidûr-= (cp. IF. 4, 334).--The prefix =ur-= (in =urreisan=, =urruns=, etc.) does not belong here; it is a late form for =us= the =s= of which was assimilated to a following =r= (§ 78, n. 4).

NOTE 3. Not every =au= before =h= and =r= has developt from =u=, but may also be the difthong =au=; as, =háuhs=, _high_; =táuh=, prt. of =tiuhan= (but pl. =taúhum=, § 31); =gáurs=, _sorry_ (cp. OHG. gôrag, _wreched_, and Goth. =gaunôn=, _to mourn_).

NOTE 4. The =au= for =u= in the endings of the =u=-declension may be =aú=, but also =áu= which would be due to confusion caused by analogy. Beitr., 18, 280.--Cp. also =uftô= for =auftô=, § 24, n. 1.

NOTE 5. As a rule, the Greek ο is represented by =aú=; e. g., =apaustaulus=, ἀπόστολος; =alabalstraun=, ἀλάβαστρον; =Barþaulaumaius=, Βαρθολομαῖος; =Pauntius=, Πόντιος; =aú= = υ in =Saúr=, Σύρος; =paúrpaúra=, πορφύρα.--Goth. =aú= = o in the East Gothic name =Thorisa=. (Wrede, 'Ostg.', 76. 165).

§ 25. II. +The old difthong+ =au= [= ou in E. house]. Every =au= not broken from =u= (before =h=, =r=; s. § 24 and note 3) is a difthong; it corresponds to OHG. au, ou, or ô (ahd. gr., §§ 45. 46), OS. ô, ON. au. Whenever it is likely to be confused with =aú=, we put (according to Grimm), an accute accent over the =a= (=áu=). E. g.

The prts. sg. of the II. ablaut-series (§ 31): =gaut=, _I pour_ (inf. =giutan=); =laug=, _I lied_, etc.; =laugnjan=, _to deny_; =daupjan=, _to baptize_; =galaubjan=, _to believ_; =galaubeins=, _belief_; =rauþs=, _red_; =dauþus=, _deth_; --=aukan=, _to increase_; =hlaupan=, _to run_; =stautan=, _to push, strike_; --=haubiþ=, _hed_; =augô=, _ey_.

=au= in inflections and final occurs in the =u=-declension: =sunaus=, =sunau=; 1st pers. sg. opt.: =nimau=, =nêmjau=; 3d pers. sg. imper.: =lausjadau=; opt. midl: =haitaidau=.

NOTE 1. =au= often interchanges with =aw= (cp. § 42); e. g., =taujan=, prt. =tawida=, _to do_; =mawi=, gen. =maujôs=, _girl_; =sniwan=, prt. =snau=, _to hasten_.

NOTE 2. Latin writers express Goth. =au= by au; as, =Ausila=, =Austrovaldus=, =Audericus=. Cp. Wrede, 'Wand.', 96 et seq. Concerning East Gothic monofthongizations, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 165 et seq. (Zs. fda., 36, 273²).

NOTE 3. In the =u=-declension =u= is often found for =áu=; cp. § 24, n. 4; § 105, n. 2.

§ 26. Another =au=, historically, and probably also fonetically, different from the preceding ones occurs before vowels.

(a) For original =ô=: =stauida=, prt. of =stôjan=, _to judge_; =staua=, f., _judgment_; =staua=, m., _judge_; =taui=, n., gen. =tôjis=, _deed_ (cp. also =ubiltôjis=, _evil-doer_; =taujan=, _to do_, prt. =tawida=); =afmauidai= and =afdauidai=, pps. of =*afmôjan=, and =*afdôjan=, _to tire out, weary_; =sauil=, n., _sun_.

(b) For û in the other Germanic languages: =trauan= (OHG. trûên), _to trust_; =bauan= (OHG. bûan), _to dwel_; =bnauan=, _to rub_ (_to pieces_ or _powder_. ON. (g)núa, OHG. nûan). Cp. also § 179, n. 2.

Sinse this =au= does not change into =aw= before vowels, it must denote a monofthong which is likely to be the long of =aú=, hense a long open =o= (= a in E. fall), while long close =o= (shading very much to =û=, like ô in E. home) is denoted by =ô=. Accordingly, Goth. antevocalic =ô=, =û= past into =au=. Cp. Brgm., I, 156. For the extensiv literature on this question, s. Noreen's 'Urgerm. Lautlehre', p. 34; also Beitr., 17, 563-567.

NOTE 1. Also Gr. ω before a vowel, which is represented as a rule by =ô=, is renderd by =au=: =Trauada=, Τρῳάς; =Nauêl=, Νωέ; =Lauidja=, Λωίς.

NOTE 2. =ô= before =u= occurs, however, in the preterit forms =waiwôun= (inf. =waian=, § 182), =lailôun= (inf. =*lauan=, § 179, 4). Cp. Beitr., 11, 74².

APPENDIX.

§ 27. Beside the vowel-signs discust in the foregoing paragrafs, a few consonant-signs may likewise discharge the function of vowels, for the Gothic liquids =l=, =r= and the nasals =m=, =n= ar very often vocalic (i. e. syllabic) at the end of a word after a consonant. Here an original suffixal vowel was lost in most cases, and in its place the following liquid or nasal became the bearer of the accent. Thus the Gothic has dissyllabic words with vocalic liquids or vocalic nasals (sonant liquids or sonant nasals); as, =ak~r~s=, _field_; =fug~l~s=, _bird_; =taik~n~s=, _token_; =maiþ~m~s=, _present_.

NOTE In the West Germanic languages a new vowel (OHG. a) has developt from these vocalic liquids and nasals; e. g., OHG. akkar, fogal, zeihhan, OS. mêþom. Cp. ahd. gr., § 65, and Brgm., I, 190. 237.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] For the values of this sign according to 'Amended Spelling', s. 'Standard Dictionary', p. 568.

CHAP. III. TABLE OF THE GOTHIC VOWELS.

A. FONETIC SYSTEM.

§ 28. In the preceding paragrafs the Gothic vowels hav been givn according to the letters by which they ar represented. Now they wil be arranged according to the nature of their +sounds+, the following scale of seven vowels from i to u being taken as a basis:

i e æ a ǫ o u.

e and o denote here the close e and o (which shade very much to i and u, respectivly); æ = open e (= a in fat, fare); ǫ = open o.

In the following survey we shal state after each of these vowel grades whether it occurs in Gothic, and by what letter it is exprest.