li. 735, maintains that there were two persons of the name, one the

daughter of Nycteus, and the other of Asopus and mother of Amphion and Zethus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 17.――_Ovid_, bk. 6, _Metamorphoses_, li. 110.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 15.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 259.――_Hyginus_, fables 7, 8, & 155.――――A daughter of Thespius or Thestius, mother of Alopius by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A daughter of Mars, queen of the Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules, and given in marriage to Theseus. She is also called Hippolyte. _See:_ Hippolyte. ――――A daughter of Æolus, mother of Bœotus and Hellen by Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――A daughter of Pilon, who married Eurytus. _Hippolyte_, fable 14.

=Antiōrus=, a son of Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Antipăros=, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Paros, from which it is about six miles distant.

=Antipăter=, son of Iolaus, was soldier under king Philip, and raised to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great. When Alexander went to invade Asia, he left Antipater supreme governor of Macedonia, and of all Greece. Antipater exerted himself in the cause of his king; he made war against Sparta, and was soon after called into Persia with a reinforcement by Alexander. He has been suspected of giving poison to Alexander, to raise himself to power. After Alexander’s death his generals divided the empire among themselves, and Macedonia was allotted to Antipater. The wars which Greece, and chiefly Athens, meditated under Alexander’s life, now burst forth with uncommon fury as soon as the news of his death was received. The Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, and equipped 200 ships against Antipater, who was master of Macedonia. Their expedition was attended with much success; Antipater was routed in Thessaly, and even besieged in the town of Lamia. But when Leosthenes the Athenian general was mortally wounded under the walls of Lamia, the fortune of the war was changed. Antipater obliged the enemy to raise the siege, and soon after received a reinforcement from Craterus, from Asia, with which he conquered the Athenians at Cranon in Thessaly. After this defeat Antipater and Craterus marched into Bœotia, and conquered the Ætolians, and granted peace to the Athenians, on the conditions which Leosthenes had proposed to Antipater when besieged in Lamia, _i.e._ that he should be absolute master over them. Besides this, he demanded from their ambassadors, Demades, Phocion, and Xenocrates, that they should deliver into his hands the orators Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose eloquence had inflamed the minds of their countrymen, and had been the primary causes of the war. The conditions were accepted, a Macedonian garrison was stationed in Athens, but the inhabitants still were permitted the free use of their laws and privileges. Antipater and Craterus were the first who made hostile preparations against Perdiccas; and during that time Polyperchon was appointed over Macedonia. Polyperchon defeated the Ætolians, who made an invasion upon Macedonia. Antipater gave assistance to Eumenes in Asia against Antigonus, according to _Justin_, bk. 14, ch. 2. At his death, B.C. 319, Antipater appointed Polyperchon master of all his possessions; and as he was the oldest of all the generals and successors of Alexander, he recommended that he might be the supreme ruler in their councils, that everything might be done according to his judgment. As for his son Cassander, he left him in a subordinate station under Polyperchon. But Cassander was of too aspiring a disposition tamely to obey his father’s injunctions. He recovered Macedonia, and made himself absolute. _Curtius_, bks. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, & 10.――_Justin_, bks. 11, 12, 13, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 17, 18, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Phocion_ & _Eumenes_.――_Plutarch_, _Eumenes_, _Alexander_, &c.――――A son of Cassander king of Macedonia, and son-in-law of Lysimachus. He killed his mother, because she wished his brother Alexander to succeed to the throne. Alexander, to revenge the death of his mother, solicited the assistance of Demetrius; but peace was re-established between the two brothers by the advice of Lysimachus, and soon after Demetrius killed Antipater, and made himself king of Macedonia, 294 B.C. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 1.――――A king of Macedonia, who reigned only 45 days, 277 B.C.――――A king of Cilicia.――――A powerful prince, father to Herod. He was appointed governor of Judæa by Cæsar, whom he had assisted in the Alexandrine war. _Josephus._――――An Athenian archon.――――One of Alexander’s soldiers, who conspired against his life with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――――A celebrated sophist of Hieropolis, preceptor to the children of the emperor Severus.――――A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 144 years B.C.――――A poet of Sidon, who could compose a number of verses extempore, upon any subject. He ranked Sappho among the Muses, in one of his epigrams. He had a fever every year on the day of his birth, of which at last he died. He flourished about 80 years B.C. Some of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 51.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Officiis_, bk. 3; _De Quæstiones Academicæ_, bk. 4.――――A philosopher of Phœnicia, preceptor to Cato of Utica. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――A Stoic philosopher, disciple of Diogenes of Babylon. He wrote two books on divination, and died at Athens. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 3; _Quæstiones Academicæ_, bk. 4, ch. 6; _de Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote two books of letters.――――A poet of Thessalonica, in the age of Augustus.

=Antipatria=, a city of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27.

=Antipatrĭdas=, a governor of Telmessus. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Antipătris=, a city of Palestine.

=Antiphănes=, an ingenious statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A comic poet of Rhodes, or rather of Smyrna, who wrote above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year of his age, by the fall of an apple upon his head.――――A physician of Delos, who used to say that diseases originated from the variety of food that was eaten. _Clement of Alexandria._――_Athenæus._

=Antiphătes=, a king of the Læstrygones, descended from Lamus, who founded Formiæ. Ulysses returning from Troy, came upon his coasts, and sent three men to examine the country. Antiphates devoured one of them, and pursued the others, and sunk the fleet of Ulysses with stones, except the ship in which Ulysses was. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 232.――――A son of Sarpedon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 696.――――The grandfather of Amphiaraus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A man killed in the Trojan war by Leonteus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, li. 191.

=Antiphĭli Portus=, a harbour on the African side of the Red sea. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Antiphĭlus=, an Athenian who succeeded Leosthenes at the siege of Lamia against Antipater. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――――A noble painter who represented a youth leaning over a fire and blowing it, from which the whole house seemed to be illuminated. He was an Egyptian by birth; he imitated Apelles, and was disciple to Ctesidemus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Antĭphon=, a poet.――――A native of Rhamnusia, called Nestor, from his eloquence and prudence. The 16 orations that are extant under his name, are supposititious.――――An orator who promised Philip king of Macedonia that he would set on fire the citadel of Athens, for which he was put to death, at the instigation of Demosthenes. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_ & _Demosthenes_. ――――A poet who wrote on agriculture. _Athenæus._――――An author who wrote a treatise on peacocks.――――A rich man introduced by Xenophon as disputing with Socrates.――――An Athenian who interpreted dreams, and wrote a history of his art. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bks. 1 & 2.――――A foolish rhetorician.――――A poet of Attica, who wrote tragedies, epic poems, and orations. Dionysius put him to death because he refused to praise his compositions. Being once asked by the tyrant what brass was the best, he answered, “That with which the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton are made.” _Plutarch._ ――_Aristotle._

=Antiphŏnus=, a son of Priam, who went with his father to the tent of Achilles to redeem Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.

=Antĭphus=, a son of Priam, killed by Agamemnon during the Trojan war. ――――A son of Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went to the Trojan war in 30 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 185.――――An intimate friend of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17.――――A brother of Ctimenus, was son of Ganyctor the Naupactian. These two brothers murdered the poet Hesiod, on the false suspicion that he had offered violence to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. The poet’s dog discovered them, and they were seized and convicted of the murder. _Plutarch_, _de Sollertia Animalium_.

=Antipœnus=, a noble Theban, whose daughters sacrificed themselves for the public safety. _See:_ Androclea.

=Antipŏlis=, a city of Gaul, built by the people of Marseilles. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Antirrhium=, a promontory of Ætolia, opposite Rhium in Peloponnesus, whence the name.

=Antissa=, a city at the north of Lesbos.――――An island near it. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 287.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 89.

=Antisthĕnes=, a philosopher, born of an Athenian father and of a Phrygian mother. He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils the famous Diogenes; but when he had heard Socrates, he shut up his school, and told his pupils, “Go seek for yourselves a master; I have now found one.” He was at the head of the sect of the Cynic philosophers. One of his pupils asked him what philosophy had taught him. “To live with myself,” said he. He sold his all, and preserved only a very ragged coat, which drew the attention of Socrates, and tempted him to say to the Cynic, who carried his contempt of dress too far, “Antisthenes, I see thy vanity through the holes of thy coat.” Antisthenes taught the unity of God, but he recommended suicide. Some of his letters are extant. His doctrines of austerity were followed as long as he was himself an example of the cynical character, but after his death they were all forgotten. Antisthenes flourished 396 years B.C. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 35. ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――――A disciple of Heraclitus.――――An historian of Rhodes. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Antistius Labeo=, an excellent lawyer at Rome, who defended the liberties of his country against Augustus, for which he is taxed with madness by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 54.――――Petro of Gabii, was the author of a celebrated treaty between Rome and his country, in the age of Tarquin the Proud. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――――Caius Reginus, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gaul War_, bks. 6 & 7.――――A soldier of Pompey’s army, so confident of his valour, that he challenged all the adherents of Cæsar. _Hirtius_, ch. 25, _Spanish War_.

=Antitaurus=, one of the branches of mount Taurus, which runs in a north-east direction through Cappadocia towards Armenia and the Euphrates.

=Antitheus=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.

=Antium=, a maritime town of Italy, built by Ascanius, or, according to others, by a son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32 miles east from Ostium. It was the capital of the Volsci, who made war against the Romans for above 200 years. Camillus took it, and carried all the beaks of their ships to Rome, and placed them in the Forum on a tribunal, which from thence was called _Rostrum_. This town was dedicated to the goddess of Fortune, whose statues, when consulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the head, or other different signs. Nero was born there. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 35.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Antomĕnes=, the last king of _Corinth_. After his death, magistrates with regal authority were chosen annually.

=Antōnia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Antony the consul, A.U.C. 710. It abrogated the _lex Atia_, and renewed the _lex Cornelia_, by taking away from the people the privilege of choosing priests, and restoring it to the college of priests, to which it originally belonged. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 44.――――Another by the same, A.U.C. 703. It ordained that a new decury of judges should be added to the two former, and that they should be chosen from the centurions. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, speeches 1 & 5.――――Another by the same. It allowed an appeal to the people, to those who were condemned _de majestate_, or of perfidious measures against the state.――――Another by the same, during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to propose ever after the election of a dictator, and for any person to accept of the office. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk. 3.

=Antōnia=, a daughter of Marcus Antony by Octavia. She married Domitius Ænobarbus, and was mother of Nero and of two daughters. ――――A sister of Germanicus.――――A daughter of Claudius and Ælia Petina. She was of the family of the Tuberos, and was repudiated for her levity. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11.――――The wife of Drusus, the son of Livia and brother to Tiberius. She became mother of three children, Germanicus, Caligula’s father, Claudius the emperor, and the debauched Livia. Her husband died very early, and she never would marry again, but spent her time in the education of her children. Some people suppose that her grandson Caligula ordered her to be poisoned, A.D. 38. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A castle of Jerusalem, which received this name in honour of Marcus Antony.

=Antōnii=, a patrician and plebeian family, which were said to derive their origin from Antones, a son of Hercules, as _Plutarch_, _Antonius_ informs us.

=Antonīna=, the wife of Belisarius, &c.

=Antonīnus Titus=, surnamed _Pius_, was adopted by the emperor Adrian, to whom he succeeded. This prince is remarkable for all the virtues that can form a perfect statesman, philosopher, and king. He rebuilt whatever cities had been destroyed by wars in former reigns. In cases of famines or inundation, he relieved the distressed, and supplied their wants with his own money. He suffered the governors of the provinces to remain long in the administration, that no opportunity of extortion might be given to new comers. In his conduct towards his subjects, he behaved with affability and humanity, and listened with patience to every complaint brought before him. When told of conquering heroes, he said with Scipio, “I prefer the life and preservation of a citizen to the death of 100 enemies.” He did not persecute the christians like his predecessors, but his life was a scene of universal benevolence. His last moments were easy, though preceded by a lingering illness. When consul of Asia, he lodged at Smyrna in the house of a sophist, who in civility obliged the governor to change his house at night. The sophist, when Antoninus became emperor, visited Rome, and was jocosely desired to use the palace as his own house, without any apprehension of being turned out at night. He extended the boundaries of the Roman province in Britain, by raising a rampart between the friths of Clyde and Forth; but he waged no war during his reign, and only repulsed the enemies of the empire who appeared in the field. He died in the 75th year of his age, after a reign of 23 years, A.D. 161. He was succeeded by his adopted son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, surnamed the philosopher, a prince as virtuous as his father. He raised to the imperial dignity his brother Lucius Verus, whose voluptuousness and dissipation were as conspicuous as the moderation of the philosopher. During their reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and Marcomanni were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in Greek, entitled τα καθ’ ἑαυτον, _concerning himself_, the best editions of which are the 4to, Oxford, 1704. After the war with the Quadi had been finished, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Antoninus survived him eight years, and died in his 61st year, after a reign of 29 years and 10 days. _Dio Cassius._――――Bassianus Caracalla, son of the emperor Septimus Severus, was celebrated for his cruelties. He killed his brother Geta in his mother’s arms, and attempted to destroy the writings of Aristotle, observing that Aristotle was one of those who sent poison to Alexander. He married his mother, and publicly lived with her, which gave occasion to the people of Alexandria to say, that he was an Œdipus, and his wife a Jocasta. This joke was fatal to them; and the emperor, to punish their ill language, slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. After assuming the name and dress of Achilles, and styling himself the conqueror of provinces which he had never seen, he was assassinated at Edessa by Macrinus, April 8, in the 43rd year of his age, A.D. 217. His body was sent to his wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight. ――――There is extant a Greek itinerary, and another book called _Iter Britannicum_, which some have attributed to the emperor Antoninus, though it was more probably written by a person of that name whose age is unknown.

=Antoniopŏlis=, a city of Mesopotamia. _Marcellinus_, bk. 8.

=Marcus Antōnius Gnipho=, a poet of Gaul, who taught rhetoric at Rome. Cicero and other illustrious men frequented his school. He never asked anything for his lectures, whence he received more from the liberality of his pupils. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_, ch. 7.――――An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the same name. He was killed in the civil wars of Marius, and his head was hung in the Forum. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 121.――――Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the same name, by means of Cotta and Cethegus, obtained from the senate the office of managing the corn on the maritime coasts of the Mediterranean, with unlimited power. This gave him many opportunities of plundering the provinces and enriching himself. He died of a broken heart. _Sallust_. _Fragments of the Histories_.――――Caius, a son of the orator of that name, who obtained a troop of horse from Sylla, and plundered Achaia. He was carried before the pretor Marcus Lucullus, and banished from the senate by the censors for pillaging the allies, and refusing to appear when summoned before justice.――――Caius, son of Antonius Caius, was consul with Cicero, and assisted him to destroy the conspiracy of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Macedonia as his province, and fought with ill success against the Dardani. He was accused at his return, and banished.――――Marcus, the triumvir, was grandson to the orator Marcus Antonius, and son of Antonius, surnamed _Cretensis_ from his wars in Crete. He was augur and tribune of the people, in which he distinguished himself by his ambitious views. He always entertained a secret resentment against Cicero, which arose from Cicero’s having put to death Cornelius Lentulus, who was concerned in Catiline’s conspiracy. This Lentulus had married Antonius’s mother after his father’s death. When the senate was torn by the factions of Pompey’s and Cæsar’s adherents, Antony proposed that both should lay aside the command of their armies in the provinces; but as this proposition met not with success, he privately retired from Rome to the camp of Cæsar, and advised him to march his army to Rome. In support of his attachment, he commanded the left wing of his army at Pharsalia, and, according to a premeditated scheme, offered him a diadem in the presence of the Roman people. When Cæsar was assassinated in the senate house, his friend Antony spoke an oration over his body; and to ingratiate himself and his party with the populace, he reminded them of the liberal treatment they had received from Cæsar. He besieged Mutina, which had been allotted to Decimus Brutus, for which the senate judged him an enemy to the republic at the remonstration of Cicero. He was conquered by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and by young Cæsar, who soon after joined his interest with that of Antony, and formed the celebrated triumvirate, which was established with such cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not even spare his own uncle, that he might strike off the head of his enemy Cicero. The triumvirate divided the Roman empire among themselves; Lepidus was set over all Italy, Augustus had the west, and Antony returned into the east, where he enlarged his dominions by different conquests. Antony had married Fulvia, whom he repudiated to marry Octavia the sister of Augustus, and by this connection to strengthen the triumvirate. He assisted Augustus at the battle of Philippi against the murderers of Julius Cæsar, and he buried the body of Marcus Brutus, his enemy, in a most magnificent manner. During his residence in the east, he became enamoured of the fair Cleopatra queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia to marry her. This divorce incensed Augustus, who now prepared to deprive Antony of all his power. Antony, in the mean time, assembled all the forces of the east, and with Cleopatra marched against Octavius Cæsar. These two enemies met at Actium, where a naval engagement soon began, but Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the battle, and ruined his cause. After the battle of Actium, Antony followed Cleopatra into Egypt, where he was soon informed of the defection of all his allies and adherents, and saw the conqueror on his shores. He stabbed himself, and Cleopatra likewise killed herself by the bite of an asp. Antony died in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 30, and the conqueror shed tears when he was informed that his enemy was no more. Antony left seven children by his three wives. He has been blamed for his great effeminacy, for his uncommon love of pleasures, and his fondness of drinking. It is said that he wrote a book in praise of drunkenness. He was fond of imitating Hercules, from whom, according to some accounts, he was descended; and he is often represented as Hercules, with Cleopatra in the form of Omphale, dressed in the arms of her submissive lover, and beating him with her sandals. In his public character, Antony was brave and courageous, but, with the intrepidity of Cæsar, he possessed all his voluptuous inclinations. He was prodigal to a degree, and did not scruple to call, from vanity, his sons by Cleopatra, kings of kings. His fondness for low company, and his debauchery, form the best parts of Cicero’s Philippics. It is said, that the night of Cæsar’s murder, Cassius supped with Antony; and, being asked whether he had a dagger with him, answered, “Yes, if you, Antony, aspire to sovereign power.” _Plutarch_ has written an account of his life. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 685.――_Horace_, ltr. 9.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 122. ――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_.――_Justin_, bks. 41 & 42.――――Julius, son of Antony the triumvir by Fulvia, was consul with Paulus Fabius Maximus. He was surnamed Africanus, and put to death by order of Augustus. Some say that he killed himself. It is supposed that he wrote an heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books. _Horace_ dedicated his _Ode_ 4 to him. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 44.――――Lucius, the triumvir’s brother, was besieged in Pelusium by Augustus, and obliged to surrender himself, with 300 men, by famine. The conqueror spared his life. Some say that he was killed at the shrine of Cæsar.――――A noble but unfortunate youth. His father Julius was put to death by Augustus for his criminal conversation with Julia, and he himself was removed by the emperor to Marseilles, on pretence of finishing his education. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 44.――――Felix, a freedman of Claudius, appointed governor of Judæa. He married Drusilla the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――Flamma, a Roman condemned for extortion under Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 45.――――Musa, a physician of Augustus. _Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 1. ――――Merenda, a decemvir at Rome, A.U.C. 304. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 35. ――――Quintus Merenda, a military tribune, A.U.C. 332. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 42.

=Antorĭdes=, a painter, disciple to Aristippus. _Pliny._

=Antro Coracius.= _See:_ ♦Coracius.

♦ Reference not found.

=Antylla.= _See:_ Anthylla.

=Anūbis=, an Egyptian deity, represented under the form of a man with the head of a dog, because when Osiris went on his expedition against India, Anubis accompanied him, and clothed himself in a sheep’s skin. His worship was introduced from Egypt into Greece and Italy. He is supposed by some to be Mercury, because he is sometimes represented with a _caduceus_. Some make him brother of Osiris, some his son by Nepthys the wife of Typhon. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 331.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 686.――_Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 698.

=Anxius=, a river of Armenia, falling into the Euphrates.

=Anxur=, called also Tarracina, a city of the Volsci, taken by the Romans, A.U.C. 348. It was sacred to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter Anxur, and represented in the form of a beardless boy. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 59.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 26.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 84. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 799.

=Anyta=, a Greek woman, some of whose elegant verses are still extant.

=Any̆tus=, an Athenian rhetorician, who, with Melitus and Lycon, accused Socrates of impiety, and was the cause of his condemnation. These false accusers were afterwards put to death by the Athenians. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 13. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_. ――――One of the Titans.

=Anzābe=, a river near the Tigris. _Marcellinus_, bk. 18.

=Aollius=, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, afterwards called Abillius.

=Aon=, a son of Neptune, who came to Eubœa and Bœotia from Apulia, where he collected the inhabitants into cities, and reigned over them. They were called _Aones_, and the country _Aonia_, from him.

=Aŏnes=, the inhabitants of _Aonia_, called afterwards Bœotia. They came there in the age of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to settle with the Phœnicians. The muses have been called _Aonides_, because Aonia was more particularly frequented by them. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 3, 7, 10, 13; _Tristia_, poem 5, li. 10; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 456; bk. 4, li. 245.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 11.

=Aonia=, one of the ancient names of Bœotia.

=Aōris=, a famous hunter, son of Aras king of Corinth. He was so fond of his sister Arathyræa, that he called part of the country by her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――The wife of Neleus, called more commonly Chloris. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Aornos=, =Aornus=, =Aornis=, a lofty rock, supposed to be near the Ganges in India, taken by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it, but was never able to conquer it. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Arrian_, bk. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A place in Epirus, with an oracle. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 80.――――A certain lake near Tartessus.――――Another near Baiæ and Puteoli. It was also called Avernus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 242.

=Aōti=, a people of Thrace, near the Getæ, on the Ister. _Pliny_, bk. 4.

=Apaĭtæ=, a people of Asia Minor. _Strabo._

=Apāma=, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who married Pharnabazus satrap of Ionia.――――A daughter of Antiochus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Apāme=, the mother of Nicomedes by Prusias king of Bithynia.――――The mother of Antiochus Soter by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter founded a city which he called by his mother’s name.

=Apamia=, or =Apamēa=, a city of Phrygia, on the Marsyas.――――A city of Bithynia,――――of Media,――――of Mesopotamia.――――Another near the Tigris.

=Aparni=, a nation of shepherds near the Caspian sea. _Strabo._

=Apatūria=, a festival of Athens, which received its name from ἀπατη, _deceit_, because it was instituted in memory of a stratagem by which Xanthus king of Bœotia was killed by Melanthus king of Athens, upon the following occasion. When a war arose between the Bœotians and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided their territories, Xanthus made a proposal to the Athenian king to decide the battle by single combat. Thymœtes, who was then on the throne of Athens, refused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the challenge. When they began the engagement, Melanthus exclaimed that his antagonist had some person behind him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked behind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this success Jupiter was called ἀπατηνωρ, _deceiver_, and Bacchus, who was supposed to be behind Xanthus, was called Μελαναιγις, clothed in the skin of a _black goat_. Some derive the word from ἀπατορια, _i.e._ ὁμοτορια, because, on the day of the festival, the children accompanied their fathers to be registered among the citizens. The festival lasted three days. The first day was called δορπια, because suppers, δορποι, were prepared for each separate tribe. The second day was called ἀναρρυσις ἀπο του ἀνω ἐρυειν, because sacrifices were offered to Jupiter and Minerva, and the head of the victim was generally turned up towards the heavens. The third was called Κουρεωτις, from Κουρος, a _youth_, or Κουρα, _shaving_, because the young men had their hair cut off before they were registered, when their parents swore that they were freeborn Athenians. They generally sacrificed two ewes and a she-goat to Diana. This festival was adopted by the Ionians, except the inhabitants of Ephesus and Colophon.――――A surname of Minerva,――――of Venus.

=Apeauros=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Polybius_, bk. 4.

=Apella=, a word, _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 10, which has given much trouble to critics and commentators. Some suppose it to mean circumcised (_sine pelle_), an epithet highly applicable to a Jew. Others maintain that it is a proper name, upon the authority of Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 19, who mentions a person of the same name.

=Apelles=, a celebrated painter of Cos, or, as others say, of Ephesus or Colophon, son of Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the Great, who honoured him so much that he forbade any man but Apelles to draw his picture. He was so attentive to his profession that he never spent a day without employing his pencil, whence the proverb of _Nulla dies sine lineâ_. His most perfect picture was Venus Anadyomene, which was not totally finished when the painter died. He made a painting of Alexander holding thunder in his hand, so much like life that Pliny, who saw it, says that the hand of the king with the thunder seemed to come out of the picture. This picture was placed in Diana’s temple at Ephesus. He made another of Alexander, but the king expressed not much satisfaction at the sight of it: and at that moment a horse, passing by, neighed at the horse which was represented in the piece, supposing it to be alive; upon which the painter said, “One would imagine that the horse is a better judge of painting than your Majesty.” When Alexander ordered him to draw the picture of Campaspe, one of his mistresses, Apelles became enamoured of her, and the king permitted him to marry her. He wrote three volumes upon painting, which were still extant in the age of Pliny. It is said that he was accused in Egypt of conspiring against the life of Ptolemy, and that he would have been put to death had not the real conspirator discovered himself, and saved the painter. Apelles never put his name to any pictures but three; a sleeping Venus, Venus Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The proverb of _Ne sutor ultra crepidam_ is applied to him by some. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 238.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 1, ltr. 9.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 401. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――A tragic writer. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 33.――――A Macedonian general, &c.

=Apellĭcon=, a Teian peripatetic philosopher, whose fondness for books was so great that he is accused of stealing them, when he could not obtain them with money. He bought the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, but greatly disfigured them by his frequent interpolations. The extensive library, which he had collected at Athens, was carried to Rome when Sylla had conquered the capital of Attica, and among the valuable books was found an original manuscript of Aristotle. He died about 86 B.C. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Apennīnus=, a ridge of high mountains which run through the middle of Italy, from Liguria to Ariminum and Ancona. They are joined to the Alps. Some have supposed that they ran across Sicily by Rhegium before Italy was separated from Sicily. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 306. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 226.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 743.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Aper Marcus=, a Latin orator of Gaul, who distinguished himself as a politician, as well as by his genius. The dialogue of the orators, inserted with the works of Tacitus and Quintilian, is attributed to him. He died A.D. 85.――――Another. _See:_ Numerianus.

=Aperopia=, a small island on the coast of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Apĕsus=, =Apesas=, or =Apesantus=, a mountain of Peloponnesus near Lerna. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 461.

=Aphaca=, a town of Palestine, where Venus was worshipped, and where she had a temple and an oracle.

=Aphæa=, a name of Diana, who had a temple in Ægina. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Aphar=, the capital city of Arabia, near the Red sea. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.

=Apharētus=, fell in love with Marpessa daughter of Œnomaus, and carried her away.

=Aphareus=, a king of Messenia, son of Perieres and Gorgophone, who married Arene daughter of Œbalus, by whom he had three sons. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A relation of Isocrates, who wrote 37 tragedies.

=Aphas=, a river of Greece, which falls into the bay of Ambracia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Aphellas=, a king of Cyrene, who, with the aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce all Africa under his power. _Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 7.

=Aphĕsas=, a mountain in Peloponnesus, whence, as the poets have imagined, Perseus attempted to fly to heaven. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 461.

=Aphētæ=, a city of Magnesia, where the ship Argo was launched. _Apollodorus._

=Aphīdas=, a son of Arcas king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8.

=Aphidna=, a part of Attica, which received its name from Aphidnus, one of the companions of Theseus. _Herodotus._

=Aphidnus=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 702.

=Aphœbētus=, one of the conspirators against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Aphrīces=, an Indian prince, who defended the rock Aornus, with 20,000 foot and 15 elephants. He was killed by his troops, and his head sent to Alexander.

=Aphrodisia=, an island in the Persian gulf, where Venus is worshipped. ――――Festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts of Greece, but chiefly in Cyprus. They were first instituted by Cinyras, from whose family the priests of the goddess were always chosen. All those that were initiated offered a piece of money to Venus as a harlot, and received as a mark of the favours of the goddess, a measure of salt and a θαλλος; the salt, because Venus arose from the sea; the θαλλος, because she is the goddess of wantonness. They were celebrated at Corinth by harlots, and in every part of Greece they were very much frequented. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Athenæus._

=Aphrodisias=, a town of Caria, sacred to Venus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 62.

=Aphrodisium= (or a), a town of Apulia, built by Diomede in honour of Venus.

=Aphrodīsum=, a city on the eastern parts of Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis.――――A promontory with an island of the same name on the coast of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Aphrodīte=, the Grecian name of Venus, from ἀφρος, froth, because Venus is said to have been born from the froth of the ocean. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 195.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Aphȳtæ=, or =Aphytis=, a city of Thrace, near Pallena, where Jupiter Ammon was worshipped. Lysander besieged the town; but the god of the place appeared to him in a dream, and advised him to raise the siege, which he immediately did. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Apia=, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, which it received from king Apis. It was afterwards called Ægialea, Pelasgia, Argia, and at last Peloponnesus, or the island of Pelops. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 270. Also the name of the earth, worshipped among the Lydians as a powerful deity. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 59.

=Apiānus=, or =Apion=, was born at Oasis in Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, of which he was deemed a citizen. He succeeded Theus in the profession of rhetoric in the reign of Tiberius, and wrote a book against the Jews, which Josephus refuted. He was at the head of an embassy which the people of Alexandria sent to Caligula, to complain of the Jews. _Seneca_, ltr. 88.――_Pliny_, preface, _Natural History_.

=Apicāta=, married Sejanus, by whom she had three children. She was repudiated. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Apicius=, a famous glutton in Rome. There were three of the same name, all famous for their voracious appetite. The first lived in the time of the republic, the second in the reign of Augustus and Tiberius, and the third under Trajan. The second was the most famous, as he wrote a book on the pleasures and incitements of eating. He hanged himself after he had consumed the greatest part of his estate. The best edition of Apicius Cælius _de Arte Coquinariâ_, is that of Amsterdam, 12mo, 1709. _Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 3.――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 69.

=Apidănus=, one of the chief rivers of Thessaly, at the south of the Peneus, into which it falls a little above Larissa. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 372.

=Apĭna= and =Apinæ=, a city of Apulia, destroyed with Trica, in its neighbourhood, by Diomedes; whence came the proverb of _Apina et Trica_, to express trifling things. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 1. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Apiŏla= and =Apiolæ=, a town of Italy, taken by Tarquin the Proud. The Roman Capitol was begun with the spoils taken from that city. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Apion=, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the descendants of Ptolemy Lagus. ――――A grammarian. _See:_ Apianus.

=Apis=, one of the ancient kings of Peloponnesus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice. Some say that Apollo was his father, and that he was king of Argos, while others call him king of Sicyon, and fix the time of his reign above 200 years earlier, which is enough to show he is but obscurely known, if known at all. He was a native of Naupactum, and descended from Inachus. He received divine honours after death, as he had been munificent and humane to his subjects. The country where he reigned was called Apia; and afterwards it received the name of Pelasgia, Argia, or Argolis, and at last that of Peloponnesus, from Pelops. Some, amongst whom is Varro and St. Augustine, have imagined that Apis went to Egypt with a colony of Greeks, and that he civilized the inhabitants, and polished their manners, for which they made him a god after death, and paid divine honours to him under the name of Serapis. This tradition, according to some of the moderns, is without foundation. _Æschylus_, _Suppliant Maidens_. ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Jason, born in Arcadia; he was killed by the horses of Ætolus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1. ――――A town of Egypt on the lake Mareotis.――――A god of the Egyptians, worshipped under the form of an ox. Some say that Isis and Osiris are the deities worshipped under this name, because during their reign they taught the Egyptians agriculture. The Egyptians believed that the soul of Osiris was really departed into the ox, where it wished to dwell, because that animal had been of the most essential service in the cultivation of the ground, which Osiris had introduced into Egypt. The ox that was chosen was always distinguished by particular marks: his body was black; he had a square white spot upon the forehead, the figure of an eagle upon the back, a knot under the tongue like a beetle; the hairs of his tail were double, and his right side was marked with a whitish spot, resembling the crescent of the moon. Without these, an ox could not be taken as the god Apis; and it is to be imagined that the priests gave these distinguishing characteristics to the animal on which their credit and even prosperity depended. The festival of Apis lasted seven days; the ox was led in a solemn procession by the priests, and every one was anxious to receive him into his house, and it was believed that the children who smelt his breath received the knowledge of futurity. The ox was conducted to the banks of the Nile with much ceremony, and if he had lived to the time which their sacred books allowed, they drowned him in the river, and embalmed his body, and buried it in solemn state in the city of Memphis. After his death, which sometimes was natural, the greatest cries and lamentations were heard in Egypt, as if Osiris was just dead; the priests shaved their heads, which was a sign of the deepest mourning. This continued till another ox appeared, with the proper characteristics to succeed as the deity, which was followed with the greatest acclamations, as if Osiris was returned to life. This ox, which was found to represent Apis, was left 40 days in the city of the Nile before he was carried to Memphis, during which time none but women were permitted to appear before him, and this they performed, according to their superstitious notions, in a wanton and indecent manner. There was also an ox worshipped at Heliopolis, under the name of Mnevis; some suppose that he was Osiris, but others maintain that the Apis of Memphis was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis to Isis. When Cambyses came into Egypt, the people were celebrating the festivals of Apis with every mark of joy and triumph, which the conqueror interpreted as an insult upon himself. He called the priests of Apis, and ordered the deity itself to come before him. When he saw that an ox was the object of their veneration, and the cause of such rejoicings, he wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to be chastised, and commanded his soldiers to slaughter such as were found celebrating such riotous festivals. The god Apis had generally two stables, or rather temples. If he ate from the hand, it was a favourable omen; but if he refused the food that was offered him, it was interpreted as unlucky. From this Germanicus, when he visited Egypt, drew the omens of his approaching death. When his oracle was consulted, incense was burnt on an altar, and a piece of money placed upon it, after which the people that wished to know futurity applied their ear to the mouth of the god, and immediately retired, stopping their ears till they had departed from the temple. The first sounds that were heard, were taken as the answer of the oracle to their questions. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22.――_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 3. ――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 38, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Iside et Osiride_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 39, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 4 & 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Apisāon=, son of Hippasus, assisted Priam against the Greeks, at the head of a Pæonian army. He was killed by Lycomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 348.――――Another on the same side.

=Apitius Galba=, a celebrated buffoon in the time of Tiberius. _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 4.

=Apollināres ludi=, games celebrated at Rome in honour of Apollo. They originated from the following circumstance. An old prophetic poem informed the Romans, that if they instituted yearly games to Apollo, and made a collection of money for his service, they would be able to repel the enemy whose approach already threatened their destruction. The first time they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed by the approach of the enemy, and instantly the people rushed out of the city, and saw a cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on the troops of the enemy. With this heavenly assistance they easily obtained the victory. The people generally sat crowned with laurel at the representation of these games, which were usually celebrated at the option of the pretor, till the year A.U.C. 545, when a law was passed to settle the celebration yearly on the same day about the nones of July. When this alteration happened, Rome was infested with a dreadful pestilence, which, however, seemed to be appeased by this act of religion. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 12.

=Apollināris, Caius Sulpitius=, a grammarian of Carthage, in the second century, who is supposed to be the author of the verses prefixed to Terence’s plays as arguments.――――A writer better known by the name of Sidonius. _See:_ Sidonius.

=Apollinīdes=, a Greek in the wars of Darius and Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Apollĭnis arx=, a place at the entrance of the Sibyl’s cave. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6.――――Promontorium, a promontory of Africa. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 24.――――Templum, a place in Thrace,――――in Lycia. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Apollo=, son of Jupiter and Latona, called also Phœbus, is often confounded with the sun. According to Cicero, bk. 3, _de Natura Deorum_, there were four persons of this name. The first was son of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the Athenians. The second was son of Corybas, and was born in Crete, for the dominion of which he disputed even with Jupiter himself. The third was son of Jupiter and Latona, and came from the nations of the Hyperboreans to Delphi. The fourth was born in Arcadia, and called Nomion, because he gave laws to the inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona all the actions of the others seem to have been attributed. The Apollo, son of Vulcan, was the same as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the most ancient, from whom the actions of the others have been copied. The three others seem to be of Grecian origin. The tradition that the son of Latona was born in the floating island of Delos, is taken from the Egyptian mythology, which asserts that the son of Vulcan, which is supposed to be Orus, was saved by his mother Isis from the persecution of Typhon, and entrusted to the care of Latona, who concealed him in the island of Chemmis. When Latona was pregnant by Jupiter, Juno, who was ever jealous of her husband’s amours, raised the serpent Python to torment Latona, who was refused a place to give birth to her children, till Neptune, moved at the severity of her fate, raised the island of Delos from the bottom of the sea, where Latona brought forth Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of all the fine arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and eloquence, of all which he was deemed the inventor. He had received from Jupiter the power of knowing futurity, and he was the only one of the gods whose oracles were in general repute over the world. His amours with Leucothoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis, Clymene, Cyrene, Chione, Acacallis, Calliope, &c., are well known, and the various shapes he assumed to gratify his passion. He was very fond of young Hyacinthus, whom he accidentally killed with a quoit; as also of Cyparissus, who was changed into a cypress tree. When his son Æsculapius had been killed with the thunders of Jupiter for raising the dead to life, Apollo, in his resentment, killed the Cyclops who had fabricated the thunderbolts. Jupiter was incensed at this act of violence, and he banished Apollo from heaven, and deprived him of his dignity. The exiled deity came to Admetus king of Thessaly, and hired himself to be one of his shepherds, in which ignoble employment he remained nine years; from which circumstance he was called the god of shepherds, and at his sacrifices a wolf was generally offered, as that animal is the declared enemy of the sheepfold. During his residence in Thessaly, he rewarded the tender treatment of Admetus. He gave him a chariot drawn by a lion and a bull, with which he was able to obtain in marriage Alceste the daughter of Pelias; and soon after, the Parcæ granted, at Apollo’s request, that Admetus might be redeemed from death, if another person laid down his life for him. He assisted Neptune in building the walls of Troy; and when he was refused the promised reward from Laomedon the king of the country, he destroyed the inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon as he was born, Apollo destroyed with arrows the serpent Python, whom Juno had sent to persecute Latona; hence he was called Pythius; and he afterwards vindicated the honour of his mother, by putting to death the children of the proud Niobe. _See:_ Niobe. He was not the inventor of the lyre, as some have imagined, but Mercury gave it him, and received as a reward the famous caduceus with which Apollo was wont to drive the flocks of Admetus. His contest with Pan and Marsyas, and the punishment inflicted upon Midas, are well known. He received the surnames of Phœbus, Delius, Cynthius, Pœan, Delphicus, Nomius, Lycius, Clarius, Ismenius, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c., for reasons which are explained under those words. Apollo is generally represented with long hair, and the Romans were fond of imitating his figure, and therefore in their youth they were remarkable for their fine heads of hair, which they cut short at the age of 17 or 18. He is always represented as a tall, beardless young man, with a handsome shape, holding in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre; his head is generally surrounded with beams of light. He was the deity who, according to the notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues, and in that moment he appeared surrounded with clouds. His worship and power were universally acknowledged: he had temples and statues in every country, particularly in Egypt, Greece, and Italy. His statue, which stood upon mount Actium, as a mark to mariners to avoid the dangerous coasts, was particularly famous, and it appeared to a great distance at sea. Augustus, before the battle of Actium, addressed himself to it for victory. The griffin, the cock, the grasshopper, the wolf, the crow, the swan, the hawk, the olive, the laurel, the palm tree, &c., were sacred to him; and in his sacrifices, wolves and hawks were offered, as they were the natural enemies of the flocks, over which he presided. Bullocks and lambs were also immolated to him. As he presided over poetry, he was often seen on mount Parnassus with the nine muses. His most famous oracles were at Delphi, Delos, Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, and Patara. His most splendid temple was at Delphi, where every nation and individual made considerable presents when they consulted the oracle. Augustus, after the battle of Actium, built him a temple on mount Palatine, which he enriched with a valuable library. He had a famous colossus in Rhodes, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. Apollo has been taken for the sun; but it may be proved by different passages in the ancient writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Phœbus, and Hyperion, were all different characters and deities, though confounded together. When once Apollo was addressed as the Sun, and represented with a crown of rays on his head, the idea was adopted by every writer, and from thence arose the mistake. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables 9 & 10; bk. 4, fable 3, &c. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 7, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 30, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 9, 14, 50, 93, 140, 161, 202, 203, &c. ――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, li. 560.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 3. ――_Plutarch_, _de Amore Prolis_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Hymn to Apollo_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2, 3, &c.; _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 323.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 10.――_Lucian_, ♦_Dialogi Deorum_. ――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 28.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Apollo_. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 3, 4, & 9; bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs. 5, 10, & 12.――――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 171.――――Also a temple of Apollo upon mount Leucas, which appeared at a great distance at sea; and served as a guide to mariners, and reminded them to avoid the dangerous rocks that were along the coast. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 275.

♦ ‘Dial. Mer. & Vulc.’ replaced with ‘Dialogi Deorum’

=Apollocrătes=, a friend of Dion, supposed by some to be the son of Dionysius.

=Apollodōrus=, a famous grammarian and mythologist of Athens, son of Asclepias and disciple to Panætius the Rhodian philosopher. He flourished about 115 years before the christian era, and wrote a history of Athens, besides other works. But of all his compositions, nothing is extant but his _Bibliotheca_, a valuable work, divided into three books. It is an abridged history of the gods, and of the ancient heroes, of whose actions and genealogy it gives a true and faithful account. The best edition is that of Heyne, Göttingen, in 8vo, 4 vols., 1782. _Athenæus._――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 13.――――A tragic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tragedies entitled Ulysses, Thyestes, &c.――――A comic poet of Gela in Sicily, in the age of Menander, who wrote 47 plays.――――An architect of Damascus, who directed the building of Trajan’s bridge across the Danube. He was put to death by Adrian, to whom, when in a private station, he had spoken in too bold a manner.――――A writer who composed a history of Parthia.――――A disciple of Epicurus, the most learned of his school, and deservedly surnamed the illustrious. He wrote about 40 volumes on different subjects. _Diogenes Laërtius._ ――――A painter of Athens, to whom Zeuxis was a pupil. Two of his paintings were admired at Pergamus, in the age of Pliny; a priest in a suppliant posture, and Ajax struck with Minerva’s thunders. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 9.――――A statuary in the age of Alexander. He was of such an irascible disposition, that he destroyed his own pieces upon the least provocation. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A rhetorician of Pergamus, preceptor and friend to Augustus, who wrote a book on rhetoric. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A tragic poet of Tarsus. ――――A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry.――――A physician of Tarentum. ――――Another of Cytium.

=Apollonia=, a festival at Ægialea in honour of Apollo and Diana. It arose from this circumstance: these two deities came to Ægialea, after the conquest of the serpent Python; but they were frightened away, and fled to Crete. Ægialea was soon visited with an epidemical distemper, and the inhabitants, by the advice of their prophets, sent seven chosen boys, with the same number of girls, to entreat them to return to Ægialea. Apollo and Diana granted their petition, in honour of which a temple was raised to πειθω, the goddess of _persuasion_; and ever after a number of youths, of both sexes, were chosen to march in solemn procession, as if anxious to bring back Apollo and Diana. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.――――A town of Mygdonia, ――――of Crete,――――of Sicily,――――on the coast of Asia Minor.――――Another on the coast of Thrace, part of which was built on a small island of Pontus, where Apollo had a temple.――――A town of Macedonia, on the coasts of the Adriatic.――――A city of Thrace.――――Another on mount Parnassus.

=Apolloniădes=, a tyrant of Sicily, compelled to lay down his power by Timoleon.

=Apollonias=, the wife of Attalus king of Phrygia, to whom she bore four children.

=Apollonĭdes=, a writer of Nicæa.――――A physician of Cos at the court of Artaxerxes, who became enamoured of Amytis, the monarch’s sister, and was some time after put to death for slighting her after the reception of her favours.

=Apollonius=, a Stoic philosopher of Chalcis, sent for by Antoninus Pius, to instruct his adopted son Marcus Antoninus. When he came to Rome, he refused to go to the palace, observing that the master ought not to wait upon his pupil, but the pupil upon him. The emperor hearing this, said, laughing, “It was then easier for Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, than from Rome to the palace.”――――A geometrician of Perge in Pamphylia, whose works are now lost. He lived about 240 years before the christian era, and composed a commentary on Euclid, whose pupils he attended at Alexandria. He wrote treatises on conic sections, eight of which are now extant; and he first endeavoured to explain the causes of the apparent stopping and retrograde motion of the planets, by cycles and epicycles, or circles within circles. The best edition of Apollonius is Dr. Halley’s, Oxford, folio, 1710.――――A poet of Naucratis in Egypt, generally called Apollonius of _Rhodes_, because he lived for some time there. He was pupil, when young, to Callimachus and Panætius, and succeeded to Eratosthenes as third librarian of the famous library of Alexandria, under Ptolemy Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his master Callimachus, who wrote a poem against him, in which he denominated him _Ibis_. Of all his works, nothing remains but his poem on the expedition of the Argonauts, in four books. The best editions of Apollonius are those printed at Oxford, in 4to, by Shaw, 1777, 2 vols.; and in 1 vol., 8vo, 1779; and that of Brunck, Strasbourg, 12mo, 1780. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a native of Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, and had Julius Cæsar and Cicero among his pupils. He discouraged the attendance of those whom he supposed incapable of distinguishing themselves as orators, and he recommended to them pursuits more congenial to their abilities. He wrote a history, in which he did not candidly treat the people of Judæa, according to the complaint of Josephus, _against Apion_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, chs. 28, 75, 126, & 130; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 16; _De Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 81.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 12, ch. 6.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A Greek historian about the age of Augustus, who wrote upon the philosophy of Zeno and of his followers. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A Stoic philosopher, who attended Cato of Utica in his last moments. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――An officer set over Egypt by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A wrestler. _Pausanias_, bk. 5.――――A physician of Pergamus, who wrote on agriculture. _Varro._――――A grammarian of Alexandria.――――A writer in the age of Antoninus Pius. ――――Thyaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher, well skilled in the secret arts of magic. Being one day haranguing the populace at Ephesus, he suddenly exclaimed, “Strike the tyrant, strike him; the blow is given, he is wounded, and fallen!” At that very moment the emperor Domitian had been stabbed at Rome. The magician acquired much reputation when this circumstance was known. He was courted by kings and princes, and commanded unusual attention by his numberless artifices. His friend and companion, called Damis, wrote his life, which 200 years after engaged the attention of Philostratus. In his history the biographer relates so many curious and extraordinary anecdotes of the hero, that many have justly deemed it a romance; yet for all this, Hierocles had the presumption to compare the impostures of Apollonius with the miracles of Jesus Christ.――――A sophist of Alexandria, distinguished for his _Lexicon Græcum Iliadis et Odysseæ_, a book that was beautifully edited by Villoison, in 4to, 2 vols., Paris, 1773. Apollonius was one of the pupils of Didymus, and flourished in the beginning of the first century.――――A physician. ――――A son of Sotades at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――Syrus, a Platonic philosopher.――――Herophilus, wrote concerning ointments. ――――A sculptor of Rhodes.

=Apollŏphănes=, a Stoic, who greatly flattered king Antigonus, and maintained that there existed but one virtue, prudence. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A physician in the court of Antiochus. _Polybius_, bk. 5.――――A comic poet. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 6.

=Apomyīos=, a surname of Jupiter.

=Aponiana=, an island near Lilybæum. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 2.

=Marcus Aponius=, a governor of Mœsia, rewarded with a triumphal statue by Otho, for defeating 9000 barbarians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 79.

=Apŏnus=, now _Abano_, a fountain, with a village of the same name, near Patavium in Italy. The waters of the fountain, which were hot, were wholesome, and were supposed to have an oracular power. _Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 194.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 14.

=Apostrophia=, a surname of Venus in Bœotia, who was distinguished under these names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apostrophia. The former was the patroness of a pure and chaste love; the second of carnal and sensual desires; and the last incited men to illicit and unnatural gratifications, to incests, and rapes. Venus Apostrophia was invoked by the Thebans, that they might be saved from such unlawful desires. She is the same as the Verticordia of the Romans. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 15.

=Apotheōsis=, a ceremony observed by the ancient nations of the world, by which they raised their kings, heroes, and great men to the rank of deities. The nations of the east were the first who paid divine honours to their great men, and the Romans followed their example, and not only deified the most prudent and humane of their emperors, but also the most cruel and profligate. _Herodian_, bk. 4, ch. 2, has left us an account of the apotheosis of a Roman emperor. After the body of the deceased was burnt, an ivory image was laid on a couch for seven days, representing the emperor under the agonies of disease. The city was in sorrow, the senate visited it in mourning, and the physicians pronounced it every day in a more decaying state. When the death was announced, a band of young senators carried the couch and image to the Campus Martius, where it was deposited on an edifice in the form of a pyramid, where spices and combustible materials were thrown. After this the knights walked round the pile in solemn procession, and the images of the most illustrious Romans were drawn in state, and immediately the new emperor, with a torch, set fire to the pile, and was assisted by the surrounding multitude. Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from the middle of the pile, which was supposed to carry the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he was ranked among the gods. If the deified was a female, a peacock, and not an eagle, was sent from the flames. The Greeks observed ceremonies much of the same nature.

=Appia via=, a celebrated road leading from the porta Capena at Rome to Brundusium, through Capua. Appius Claudius made it as far as Capua, and it received its name from him. It was continued and finished by Gracchus, Julius Cæsar, and Augustus. _See:_ Via. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 285.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 12.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 104.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 14.

=Appiădes=, a name given to these five deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta, Concord, and Peace, because a temple was erected to them near the Appian road. The name was also applied to those courtesans at Rome who lived near the temple of Venus by Appiæ Aquæ, and the forum of Julius Cæsar. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 452.

=Appiānus=, a Greek historian of Alexandria, who flourished A.D. 123. His universal history, which consisted of 24 books, was a series of history of all the nations that had been conquered by the Romans, in the order of time; and in the composition, the writer displayed, with a style simple and unadorned, a great knowledge of military affairs, and described his battles in a masterly manner. This excellent work is greatly mutilated, and there is extant now only the account of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatic, and Spanish wars, with those of Illyricum and the civil dissensions, with a fragment of the Celtic wars. In his preface, Appian has enlarged on the boundaries of that mighty empire, of which he was the historian. The best editions are those of Tollius and Variorum, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1670, and that of Schweigheuserus, 3 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1785. He was so eloquent that the emperor highly promoted him in the state.

=Appii Forum=, now _Borgo Longo_, a little village not far from Rome, built by the consul Appius. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5.

=Appius=, the prænomen of an illustrious family at Rome.――――A censor of that name, A.U.C. 442. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6.

=Appius Claudius=, a decemvir who obtained his power by force and oppression. He attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom her father killed to preserve her chastity. This act of violence was the cause of a revolution in the state, and the ravisher destroyed himself when cited to appear before the tribunal of his country. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 33.――――Claudius Cæcus, a Roman orator, who built the Appian way and many aqueducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who was come to assist the Tarentines against Rome, demanded peace of the senators, Appius, grown old in the service of the republic, caused himself to be carried to the senate house, and by his authority dissuaded them from granting a peace which would prove dishonourable to the Roman name. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_ & _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4.――――A Roman who, when he heard that he had been proscribed by the triumvirs, divided his riches among his servants, and embarked with them for Sicily. In their passage the vessel was shipwrecked, and Appius alone saved his life. _Appian_, bk. 4.――――Claudius Crassus, a consul, who, with Spurius Naut. Rutilius, conquered the Celtiberians, and was defeated by Perseus king of Macedonia. _Livy._――――Claudius Pulcher, a grandson of Appius Claudius Cæcus, consul in the age of Sylla, retired from grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a private life.――――Clausus, a general of the Sabines, who, upon being ill treated by his countrymen, retired to Rome with 5000 of his friends, and was admitted into the senate in the early ages of the republic. _Plutarch_, _Poplicola [Publicola]_.――――Herdonius, seized the capitol with 4000 exiles, A.U.C. 292, and was soon after overthrown. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――――Claudius Lentulus, a consul with Marcus Perpenna.――――A dictator who conquered the Hernici.――――The name of Appius was common in Rome, and particularly to many consuls, whose history is not marked by any uncommon event.

=Appŭla=, an immodest woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 64.

=Apries= and =Aprius=, one of the kings of Egypt in the age of Cyrus, supposed to be the Pharaoh Hophra of Scripture. He took Sidon, and lived in great prosperity till his subjects revolted to Amasis, by whom he was conquered and strangled. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Apsinthii=, a people of Thrace. They received their name from a river called Apsinthus, which flowed through their territory. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Apsinus=, an Athenian sophist in the third century, author of a work called _Præceptor de Arte Rhetoricâ_.

=Apsus=, a river of Macedonia falling into the Ionian sea between Dyrrhachium and Apollonia. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 46.

=Aptĕra=, an inland town of Crete. _Ptolemy._――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Apuleia lex=, was enacted by Lucius Apuleius the tribune, A.U.C. 652, for inflicting a punishment upon such as were guilty of raising seditions, or showing violence in the city.――――Varilia, a granddaughter of Augustus, convicted of adultery with a certain Manlius, in the reign of Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, ch. 50.

=Apuleius=, a learned man, born at Madaura in Africa. He studied at Carthage, Athens, and Rome, where he married a rich widow called Pudentilla, for which he was accused by some of her relations of using magical arts to win her heart. His apology was a masterly composition. In his youth, Apuleius had been very expensive; but he was, in a maturer age, more devoted to study, and learnt Latin without a master. The most famous of his works extant is the _Golden Ass_, in 11 books, an allegorical piece, replete with morality. The best editions of Apuleius are the Delphin, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1688, and Pricæi, 8vo, Goudæ, 1650.

=Apūlia=, now _Puglia_, a country of Italy between Daunia and Calabria. It was part of the ancient Magna Græcia, and generally divided into Apulia Daunia and Apulia Peucetia. It was famous for its wool, superior to all the produce of Italy. Some suppose that it is called after Apulus, an ancient king of the country before the Trojan war. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 43. ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Martial_, _Apophoreta_, ltr. 155.

=Apuscidāmus=, a lake of Africa. All bodies, however heavy, were said to swim on the surface of its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.

=Aquarius=, one of the signs of the zodiac, rising in January and setting in February. Some suppose that Ganymede was changed into this sign. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 304.

=Aquilaria=, a place of Africa. _Cæsar_, bk. 2, _Civil War_, ch. 23.

=Aquileia=, or =Aquilegia=, a town founded by a Roman colony, called from its grandeur, _Roma secunda_, and situate at the north of the Adriatic sea, on the confines of Italy. The Romans built it chiefly to oppose the frequent incursions of the barbarians. The Roman emperors enlarged and beautified it, and often made it their residence. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 605.――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 25.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Aquilius Niger=, an historian mentioned by _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 11.――――Marcus, a Roman consul who had the government of Asia Minor. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.――――Sabinus, a lawyer of Rome, surnamed the Cato of his age. He was father to Aquilia Severus, whom Heliogabalus married.――――Severus, a poet and historian in the age of Valentinian.

=Aquillia= and =Aquilia=, a patrician family at Rome, from which few illustrious men rose.

=Aquĭlo=, a wind blowing from the north. Its name is derived, according to some, from _Aquila_, on account of its keenness and velocity.

=Aquilonia=, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 38.

=Aquinius=, a poet of moderate capacity. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_.

=Aquīnum=, a town of Latium, on the borders of the Samnites, where Juvenal was born. A dye was invented there, which greatly resembled the real purple. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 27.――_Strabo._―― _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 404.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 319.

=Aquitania=, a country of Gaul, bounded on the west by Spain, north by the province of Lugdunum, south by the province called Gallia Narbonensis. Its inhabitants are called Aquitani. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Ara=, a constellation, consisting of seven stars, near the tail of the Scorpion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 138.

=Ara lugdunensis=, a place at the confluence of the Arar and Rhone. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44.

=Arabarches=, a vulgar person among the Egyptians, or perhaps an unusual expression for the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 130. Some believe that Cicero, bk. 2, ltr. 17, _Letters to Atticus_, alluded to Pompey under the name of Arabarches.

=Arăbia=, a large country of Asia, forming a peninsula between the Arabian and Persian gulfs. It is generally divided into three different parts, Petræa, Deserta, and Felix. It is famous for its frankincense and aromatic plants. The inhabitants were formerly under their own chiefs, an uncivilized people, who paid adoration to the sun, moon, and even serpents, and who had their wives in common, and circumcised their children. The country has often been invaded, but never totally subdued. Alexander the Great expressed his wish to place the seat of his empire in their territories. The soil is rocky and sandy, the inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged, and the country without water. In Arabia, whatever woman was convicted of adultery was capitally punished. The Arabians for some time supported the splendour of literature which was extinguished by the tyranny and superstition which prevailed in Egypt, and to them we are indebted for the invention of algebra, or the application of signs and letters to represent lines, numbers, and quantities, and also for the numerical characters of 1, 2, 3, &c., first used in Europe, A.D. 1253.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Xenophon._ ――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 2.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 57.――――Also the name of the wife of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Arabĭcus sinus=, a sea between Egypt and Arabia, different, according to some authors, from the Red sea, which they supposed to be between Æthiopia and India, and the Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt and Arabia. It is about 40 days’ sail in length, and not half a day’s in its most extensive breadth. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Strabo._

=Arăbis=, =Arabius=, =Arbis=, an Indian river. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10.

=Arabs= and =Arăbus=, a son of Apollo and Babylone, who first invented medicine, and taught it in Arabia, which is called after his name. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.

=Aracca= and =Arecca=, a city of Susiana. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1.

=Arachne=, a woman of Colophon, daughter to Idmon a dyer. She was so skilful in working with the needle, that she challenged Minerva, the goddess of the art, to a trial of skill. She represented on her work the amours of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Leda, Asteria, Danae, Alcmene, &c.; but though her piece was perfect and masterly, she was defeated by Minerva, and hanged herself in despair, and was changed into a spider by the goddess. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 1, &c.――――A city of Thessaly.

=Arachosia=, a city of Asia, near the Massagetæ. It was built by Semiramis.――――One of the Persian provinces beyond the Indus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Arachōtæ= and =Arachōti=, a people of India, who received their name from the river Arachotus which flows down from mount Caucasus. _Dionysius Periegetes._――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Arachthias=, one of the four capital rivers of Epirus near Nicopolis, falling into the bay of Ambracia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Aracillum=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Aracosii=, an Indian nation. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.

=Aracynthus=, a mountain of Acarnania, between the Achelous and Evenus, not far from the shore, and thence called Actæus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 24.

=Arădus=, an island near Phœnicia, joined to the continent by a bridge. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Aræ=, rocks in the middle of the Mediterranean, between Africa and Sardinia, where the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It was upon them that Æneas lost the greatest part of his fleet. They are supposed to be those islands which are commonly called Ægates. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 113.

=Aræ Philænorum=, a maritime city of Africa, on the borders of Cyrene. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 19 & 79.

=Arar=, now the _Saone_, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Rhone, over which Cæsar’s soldiers made a bridge in one day. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 452.

=Arărus=, a Scythian river flowing through Armenia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 48.

=Arathyrea=, a small province of Achaia, afterwards called Asophis, with a city of the same name. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Arātus=, a Greek poet of Cilicia, about 277 B.C. He was greatly esteemed by Antigonus Gonatas king of Macedonia, at whose court he passed much of his time, and by whose desire he wrote a poem on astronomy, in which he gives an account of the situations, rising and setting, number and motion of the stars. Cicero represented him as unacquainted with astrology, yet capable of writing upon it in elegant and highly finished verses, which, however, from the subject, admit of little variety. Aratus wrote, besides, hymns and epigrams, &c., and had among his interpreters and commentators many of the learned men of Greece whose works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius, and Germanicus Cæsar, who in their youth, or moments of relaxation, translated the _Phænomena_ into Latin verse. The best editions of Aratus are, Grotius, 4to, apud Raphalengius, 1600; and Oxford, 8vo, 1672. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 41.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 26.――――The son of Clinias and Aristodama, was born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the river Asopus. When he was but seven years of age, his father, who held the government of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas, who made himself absolute. After some revolutions, the sovereignty came into the hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murdered to restore his country to liberty. He was so jealous of tyrannical power, that he even destroyed a picture which was the representation of a tyrant. He joined the republic of Sicyon to the Achæan league, which he strengthened, by making a treaty of alliance with the Corinthians, and with Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was chosen chief commander of the forces of the Achæans, and drove away the Macedonians from Athens and Corinth. He made war against the Spartans, but was conquered in a battle by their king Cleomenes. To repair the losses he had sustained, he solicited the assistance of king Antigonus, and drove away Cleomenes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, where he killed himself. The Ætolians soon after attacked the Achæans; and Aratus, to support his character, was obliged to call to his aid Philip king of Macedonia. His friendship with this new ally did not long continue. Philip showed himself cruel and oppressive; and put to death some of the noblest of the Achæans, and even seduced the wife of the son of Aratus. Aratus, who was now advanced in years, showed his displeasure by withdrawing himself from the society and friendship of Philip. But this rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the power and influence of Aratus, and therefore he caused him and his son to be poisoned. Some days before his death, Aratus was observed to spit blood; when apprised of it by his friends, he replied, “Such are the rewards which a connection with kings will produce.” He was buried with great pomp by his countrymen; and two solemn sacrifices were annually made to him, the first on the day that he delivered Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the day of his birth. During those sacrifices, which were called _Arateia_, the priests wore a ribbon bespangled with white and purple spots, and the public schoolmaster walked in procession at the head of his scholars, and was always accompanied by the richest and most eminent senators, adorned with garlands. Aratus died in the 62nd year of his age, B.C. 213. He wrote a history of the Achæan league, much commended by Polybius. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Roman Emperors_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.

=Araxes=, now _Arras_, a celebrated river which separates Armenia from Media, and falls into the Caspian sea. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 19; bk. 7, li. 188.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 728. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.――――Another in Europe, now called Wolga.

=Arbāces=, a Mede who revolted with Belesis against Sardanapalus, and founded the empire of Media upon the ruins of the Assyrian power, 820 years before the christian era. He reigned above 50 years, and was famous for the greatness of his undertakings, as well as for his valour. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Arbēla= (orum), now _Irbil_, a town of Persia, on the river Lycus, famous for a battle fought there between Alexander and Darius, the 2nd of October, B.C. 331. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Arbĕla=, a town of Sicily, whose inhabitants were very credulous.

=Arbis=, a river on the western boundaries of India. _Strabo._

=Arbocāla=, a city taken by Annibal as he marched against Rome.

=Arbuscŭla=, an actress on the Roman stage, who laughed at the hisses of the populace while she received the applauses of the knights. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 77.

=Arcădia=, a country in the middle of Peloponnesus, surrounded on every side by land, situate between Achaia, Messenia, Elis, and Argolis. It received its name from Arcas son of Jupiter, and was anciently called Drymodes, on account of the great number of _oaks_ (δρυς) which it produced, and afterwards Lycaonia and Pelasgia. The country has been much celebrated by the poets, and was famous for its mountains. The inhabitants were for the most part all shepherds, who lived upon acorns, were skilful warriors, and able musicians. They thought themselves more ancient than the moon. Pan, the god of shepherds, chiefly lived among them.――Aristotle, bk. 4, _Metaphysics_, says that the wine of Arcadia, when placed in a goat’s skin near a fire, will become chalky, and at last be turned into salt. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 1, 2, &c. ――_Athenæus_, bk. 14.――――A fortified village of Zacynthus.

=Arcadius=, eldest son of Theodosius the Great, succeeded his father A.D. 395. Under him the Roman power was divided into the eastern and western empire. He made the eastern empire his choice, and fixed his residence at Constantinople; while his brother Honorius was made emperor of the west, and lived in Rome. After this separation of the Roman empire, the two powers looked upon one another with indifference; and, soon after, their indifference was changed into jealousy, and contributed to hasten their mutual ruin. In the reign of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the western empire, and plundered Rome. Arcadius married Eudoxia, a bold and ambitious woman, and died in the 31st year of his age, after a reign of 13 years, in which he bore the character of an effeminate prince, who suffered himself to be governed by favourites, and who abandoned his subjects to the tyranny of ministers, while he lost himself in the pleasures of a voluptuous court.

=Arcānum=, a villa of Cicero’s near the Minturni. _Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.

=Arcas=, a son of Jupiter and Calisto. He nearly killed his mother, whom Juno had changed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, which from him was called Arcadia, and taught his subjects agriculture and the art of spinning wool. After his death, Jupiter made him a constellation with his mother. As he was one day hunting, he met a wood nymph, who begged his assistance, because the tree over which she presided, and on whose preservation her life depended, was going to be carried away by the impetuous torrent of a river. Arcas changed the course of the waters, and preserved the tree, and married the nymph, by whom he had three sons, Azan, Aphidas, and Elatus, among whom he divided his kingdom. The descendants of Azan planted colonies in Phrygia. Aphidas received for his share Tegea, which on that account has been called the inheritance of Aphidas; and Elatus became master of mount Cyllene, and some time after passed into Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 155 & 176.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 470.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.

=Arce=, a daughter of Thaumas, son of Pontus and Terra. _Ptolemy Hephæstion_.

=Arcēna=, a town of Phœnicia, where Alexander Severus was born.

=Arcens=, a Sicilian who permitted his son to accompany Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 581, &c.

=Arcesilāus=, son of Battus king of Cyrene, was driven from his kingdom in a sedition, and died B.C. 575. The second of that name died B.C. 550. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 41.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 159.――――One of Alexander’s generals, who obtained Mesopotamia at the general division of the provinces after the king’s death.――――A chief of Catana, which he betrayed to Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A philosopher of Pitane in Æolia, disciple of Polemon. He visited Sardis and Athens, and was the founder of the middle academy, as Socrates founded the ancient, and Carneades the new one. He pretended to know nothing, and accused others of the same ignorance. He acquired many pupils in the character of teacher; but some of them left him for Epicurus, though no Epicurean came to him; which gave him occasion to say that it is easy to make a eunuch of a man, but impossible to make a man of a eunuch. He was very fond of Homer, and generally divided his time among the pleasures of philosophy, love, reading, and the table. He died in his 75th year, B.C. 241, or 300 according to some. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Persius_, bk. 3, li. 78.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus_.――――The name of two painters,――――a statuary,――――a leader of the Bœotians during the Trojan war.――――A comic and elegiac poet.

=Arcēsius=, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 144.

=Archæa=, a city of Æolia.

=Archæănax= of Mitylene, was intimate with Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. He fortified Sigæum with a wall from the ruins of ancient Troy. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Archæatĭdas=, a country of Peloponnesus. _Polybius._

=Archăgăthus=, son of Archagathus, was slain in Africa by his soldiers, B.C. 285. He killed his grandfather, Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 5, &c., says that he was put to death by Archesilaus.――――A physician at Rome, B.C. 219.

=Archander=, father-in-law to Danaus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98.

=Archandros=, a town of Egypt.

=Arche=, one of the Muses, according to Cicero.

=Archegētes=, a surname of Hercules.

=Archelāus=, a name common to some kings of Cappadocia. One of them was conquered by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates.――――A person of that name married Berenice, and made himself king of Egypt; a dignity he enjoyed only six months, as he was killed by the soldiers of Gabinius, B.C. 56. He had been made priest of Comana by Pompey. His grandson was made king of Cappadocia by Antony, whom he assisted at Actium, and he maintained his independence under Augustus, till Tiberius perfidiously destroyed him.――――A king of Macedonia, who succeeded his father Perdiccas II. As he was but a natural child, he killed the legitimate heirs to gain the kingdom. He proved himself to be a great monarch; but he was at last killed by one of his favourites, because he had promised him his daughter in marriage, and given her to another, after a reign of 23 years. He patronized the poet Euripides. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 4. ――_Ælian_. _Varia Historia_, bks. 2, 8, 12, 14.――――A king of the Jews, surnamed Herod. He married Glaphyre, daughter of Archelaus king of Macedonia, and widow of his brother Alexander. Cæsar banished him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, where he died. _Dio Cassius._――――A king of Lacedæmon, son of Agesilaus. He reigned 42 years with Charilaus, of the other branch of the family. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A general of Antigonus the younger appointed governor of the Acrocorinth, with the philosopher Persæus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――――A celebrated general of Mithridates against Sylla. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――――A philosopher of Athens or Messenia, son of Apollodorus and successor to Anaxagoras. He was preceptor to Socrates, and was called _Physicus_. He supposed that heat and cold were the principles of all things. He first discovered the voice to be propagated by the vibration of the air. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5. ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_. ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.――――A man set over Susa by Alexander, with a garrison of 3000 men. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2. ――――A Greek philosopher, who wrote a history of animals, and maintained that goats breathed not through the nostrils, but through the ears. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 50.――――A son of Electryon and Anaxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A Greek poet who wrote epigrams. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――A sculptor of Priene, in the age of Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, a piece of sculpture highly admired, and said to have been discovered under ground, A.D. 1658.――――A writer of Thrace.

=Archemăchus=, a Greek writer, who published a history of Eubœa. _Athenæus_, bk. 6.――――A son of Hercules,――――of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.

=Archemŏrus=, or =Opheltes=, son of Lycurgus king of Nemæa, in Thrace, by Eurydice, was brought up by Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos, who had fled to Thrace, and was employed as a nurse in the king’s family. Hypsipyle was met by the army of Adrastus, who was going against Thebes: and she was forced to show them a fountain where they might quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she put down the child on the grass, and at her return found him killed by a serpent. The Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune, that they instituted games in honour of Archemorus, which were called Nemæan, and king Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and was victorious. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6.

=Archepŏlis=, a man in Alexander’s army, who conspired against the king with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Archeptolĕmus=, son of Iphitus king of Elis, went to the Trojan war, and fought against the Greeks. As he was fighting near Hector, he was killed by Ajax son of Telamon. It is said that he re-established the Olympic games. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 128.

=Archestrătus=, a tragic poet, whose pieces were acted during the Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――――A man so small and lean, that he could be placed in a dish without filling it, though it contained no more than an obolus.――――A follower of Epicurus, who wrote a poem in commendation of gluttony.

=Archetīmus=, the first philosophical writer in the age of the seven wise men of Greece. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Archetius=, a Rutulian, killed by the Trojans. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 459.

=Archia=, one of the Oceanides, wife to Inachus. _Hyginus_, fable 143.

=Archias=, a Corinthian descended from Hercules. He founded Syracuse, B.C. 732. Being told by an oracle to make choice of health or riches, he chose the latter. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――A poet of Antioch, intimate with the Luculli. He obtained the rank and name of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, who defended him in an elegant oration, when his enemies had disputed his privileges of citizen of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cimbrian war and began another concerning Cicero’s consulship, which are now lost. Some of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. _Cicero_, _For Archias_.――――A polemarch of Thebes, assassinated in the conspiracy of Pelopidas, which he could have prevented, if he had not deferred to the morrow the reading of a letter which he had received from Archias the Athenian high priest, and which gave him information of his danger. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――A high priest of Athens, contemporary and intimate with the polemarch of the same name. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――A Theban taken in the act of adultery, and punished according to the law, and tied to a post in the public place, for which punishment he abolished the oligarchy. _Aristotle._

=Archibiădes=, a philosopher of Athens, who affected the manners of the Spartans, and was very inimical to the views and measures of Phocion. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――An ambassador of Byzantium, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 44.

=Archibius=, the son of the geographer Ptolemy.

=Archidamia=, a priestess of Ceres, who, on account of her affection for Aristomenes, restored him to liberty when he had been taken prisoner by her female attendants at the celebration of their festivals. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Cleadas, who upon hearing that her countrymen the Spartans were debating whether they should send away their women to Crete against the hostile approach of Pyrrhus, seized a sword, and ran to the senate house, exclaiming that the women were as able to fight as the men. Upon this the decree was repealed. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Archidāmus=, son of Theopompus king of Sparta, died before his father. _Pausanias._――――Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus, succeeded by Agasicles.――――Another, son of Agesilaus of the family of the Proclidæ.――――Another, grandson of Leotychidas by his son Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, and reigned in conjunction with Plistoanax. He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and privately assisted the Phocians in plundering the temple of Delphi. He was called to the aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and killed there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. ――_Xenophon._――――Another, son of Eudamidas.――――Another, who conquered the Helots, after a violent earthquake. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A son of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the battle of Leuctra, and was killed in a battle against the Lucanians. B.C. 338.――――A son of Xenius Theopompus. _Pausanias._

=Archidas=, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his troops.

=Archidēmus=, a Stoic philosopher, who willingly exiled himself among the Parthians. _Plutarch_, _de Exilio_.

=Archidēus=, a son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Archidium=, a city of Crete, named after Archidius son of Tegeates. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Archigallus=, the high priest of Cybele’s temple. _See:_ Galli.

=Archigĕnes=, a physician, born at Apamea in Syria. He lived in the reign of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73rd year of his age. He wrote a treatise on adorning the hair, as also 10 books on fevers. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 235.

=Archilŏchus=, a poet of Paros; who wrote elegies, satires, odes, and epigrams, and was the first who introduced iambics in his verses. He had courted Neobule the daughter of Lycambes, and had received promises of marriage; but the father gave her to another superior to the poet in rank and fortune; upon which Archilochus wrote such a bitter satire, that Lycambes hanged himself in a fit of despair. The Spartans condemned his verses on account of their indelicacy, and banished him from their city as a petulant and dangerous citizen. He flourished 685 B.C., and it is said that he was assassinated. Some fragments of his poetry remain, which display vigour and animation, boldness and vehemence, in the highest degree; from which reason, perhaps, Cicero calls virulent edicts, _Archilochia edicta_. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 79.――_Athenæus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――――A son of Nestor, killed by Memnon in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A Greek historian who wrote a chronological table, and other works, about the 20th or 30th olympiad.

=Archimēdes=, a famous geometrician of Syracuse, who invented a machine of glass that faithfully represented the motion of all the heavenly bodies. When Marcellus the Roman consul besieged Syracuse Archimedes constructed machines which suddenly raised up in the air the ships of the enemy from the bay before the city, and let them fall with such violence into the water that they sunk. He set them also on fire with his burning glasses. When the town was taken, the Roman general gave strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Archimedes, and he even offered a reward to him who should bring him alive and safe into his presence. All these precautions were useless; the philosopher was so deeply engaged in solving a problem, that he was even ignorant that the enemy were in possession of the town; and a soldier, without knowing who he was, killed him, because he refused to follow him, B.C. 212. Marcellus raised a monument over him, and placed upon it a cylinder and a sphere; but the place remained long unknown, till Cicero, during his questorship in Sicily, found it near one of the gates of Syracuse, surrounded with thorns and brambles. Some suppose that Archimedes raised the site of the towns and villages of Egypt, and began those mounds of earth by means of which communication is kept from town to town during the inundations of the Nile. The story of his burning glasses had always appeared fabulous to some of the moderns, till the experiments of Buffon demonstrated it beyond contradiction. These celebrated glasses were supposed to be reflectors made of metal, and capable of producing their effect at the distance of a bowshot. The manner in which he discovered how much brass a goldsmith had mixed with gold in making a golden crown for the king is well known to every modern hydrostatic, as well as the pumping screw which still bears his name. Among the wild schemes of Archimedes, is his saying that, by means of his machines, he could move the earth with ease, if placed on a fixed spot near it. Many of his works are extant, especially treatises _de sphærâ et cylindro, circuli dimensio_, _de lineis spiralibus_, _de quadraturâ paraboles_, _de numero arenæ_, &c.; the best edition of which is that of David Rivaltius, folio, Paris, 1615. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 25; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 34.――_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.――_Polybius_, bk. 7. ――_Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.

=Archīnus=, a man who, when he was appointed to distribute new arms among the populace of Argos, raised a mercenary band, and made himself absolute. _Polyænus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――A rhetorician of Athens.

=Archipĕlăgus=, a part of the sea where islands in great number are interspersed such as that part of the Mediterranean which lies between Greece and Asia Minor, and is generally called Mare Ægeum.

=Archipŏlis=, or =Archepolis=, a soldier who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Archippe=, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an earthquake, and lost in the lake of Fucinus. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Archippus=, a king of Italy, from whom, perhaps, the town of Archippe received its name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 752.――――A philosopher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras.――――An archon at Athens. ――――A comic poet of Athens, of whose eight comedies only one obtained the prize.――――A philosopher in the age of Trajan.

=Archītis=, a name of Venus, worshipped on mount Libanus.

=Archon=, one of Alexander’s generals, who received the provinces of Babylon, at the general division after the king’s death. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.

=Archontes=, the name of the chief magistrates of Athens. They were nine in number, and none were chosen but such as were descended from ancestors who had been free citizens of the republic for three generations. They were also to be without deformity in all the parts and members of their body, and were obliged to produce testimonies of their dutiful behaviour to their parents, of the services they had rendered their country, and the competency of their fortune to support their dignity. They took a solemn oath that they would observe the laws, administer justice with impartiality, and never suffer themselves to be corrupted. If they ever received bribes, they were compelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi a statue of gold of equal weight with their body. They all had the power of punishing malefactors with death. The chief among them was called _Archon_. The year took its denomination from him; he determined all causes between man and wife, and took care of legacies and wills; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, and punished drunkenness with uncommon severity. If he suffered himself to be intoxicated during the time of his office, the misdemeanour was punished with death. The second of the archons was called _Basileus_. It was his office to keep good order, and to remove all causes of quarrel in the families of those who were dedicated to the service of the gods. The profane and the impious were brought before his tribunal; and he offered public sacrifices for the good of the state. He assisted at the celebration of the Eleusinian festivals, and other religious ceremonies. His wife was to be related to the whole people of Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He had a vote among the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among them without his crown. The _Polemarch_ was another archon of inferior dignity. He had the care of all foreigners, and provided a sufficient maintenance from the public treasury for the families of those who had lost their lives in defence of their country. These three chief archons generally chose each of them two persons of respectable character, and of an advanced age, whose counsels and advice might assist and support them in their public capacity. The six other archons were indistinctly called _Thesmothetæ_, and received complaints against persons accused of impiety, bribery, and ill behaviour. They settled all disputes between the citizens, redressed the wrongs of strangers and forbade any laws to be enforced but such as were conducive to the safety of the state. These officers of state were chosen after the death of king Codrus; their power was originally for life, but afterwards it was limited to 10 years, and at last to one year. After some time, the qualifications which were required to be an archon were not strictly observed. Adrian, before he was elected emperor of Rome, was made archon at Athens, though a foreigner; and the same honours were conferred upon Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the death of Codrus, were Medon, whose office began B.C. 1070; Acastus, 1050; Archippus, 1014; Thersippus, 995; Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923; Diognetus, 893; Pherecles, 865; Ariphron, 846; Thespius, 826; Agamestor, 799; Æschylus, 778; Alcmæon, 756; after whose death the archons were decennial, the first of whom was Charops, who began 753; Æsimedes, 744; Clidicus, 734; Hippomenes, 724; Leocrates, 714; Apsander, 704; Eryxias, 694; after whom the office became annual, and of these annual archons Creon was the first. _Aristophanes_, _The Clouds_ & _The Birds_.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 1.――_Demosthenes._――_Pollux._――_Lysias._

=Archy̆lus Thurius=, a general of Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Archytas=, a musician of Mitylene, who wrote a treatise on agriculture. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――The son of Hestiæus of Tarentum, was a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able astronomer and geometrician. He redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands of the tyrant Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven times chosen, by his fellow-citizens, governor of Tarentum. He invented some mathematical instruments, and made a wooden pigeon which could fly. He perished in a shipwreck about 394 years before the christian era. He is also the reputed inventor of the screw and the pulley. A fragment of his writings has been preserved by Porphyry. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _On Oratory_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.

=Arcĭtĕnens=, an epithet applied to Apollo, from his bearing a _bow_, with which, as soon as born, he destroyed the serpent Python. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 75.

=Arctīnus=, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil to Homer. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Arctophy̆lax=, a star near the great bear, called also Bootes. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 42.

=Arctos=, a mountain near Propontis, inhabited by giants and monsters. ――――Two celestial constellations near the north pole, commonly called Ursa Major and Minor; supposed to be Arcas and his mother, who were made constellations. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1.――_Aratus._ ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 107.

=Arctūrus=, a star near the tail of the great bear, whose rising and setting were generally supposed to portend great tempests. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 1. The name is derived from its situation, ἀρκτος _ursus_, οὐρα _cauda_. It rises now about the beginning of October, and Pliny tells us it rose in his age on the 12th, or, according to Columella, on the 5th of September.

=Ardălus=, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the first who invented the pipe. He gave it to the Muses, who on that account have been called _Ardalides_ and _Ardalīotides_. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Ardalia=, a country of Egypt. _Strabo._

=Ardaxānus=, a small river of Illyricum. _Polybius._

=Ardea=, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, built by Danae, or, according to some, by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital of the Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the inhabitants publicly reported that their city had been changed into a bird, called by the Latins _Ardea_. It was rebuilt, and it became a rich and magnificent city, whose enmity to Rome rendered it famous. Tarquin the Proud was pressing it with a siege, when his son ravished Lucretia. A road called _Ardeatina_ branched from the Appian road to Ardea. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 3, ch. 71; bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 412.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 573.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Ardericca=, a small town on the Euphrates, north of Babylon.

=Ardiæi=, a people of Illyricum, whose capital was called Ardia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Ardonea=, a town of Apulia. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.

=Ardua=, an ancient name of Ardea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 411.

=Arduenna=, now _Ardenne_, a large forest of Gaul, in the time of Julius Cæsar, which extended 50 miles from the Rhine to the borders of the Nervii. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 8, ch. 42.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 29.

=Arduine=, the goddess of hunting among the Gauls; represented with the same attributes as the Diana of the Romans.

=Ardyenses=, a nation near the Rhone. _Polybius_, bk. 3.

=Ardys=, a son of Gyges king of Lydia, who reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made war against Miletus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Area=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple on Mars’ hill (ἀρης) erected by Orestes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.

=Areacidæ=, a nation of Numidia. _Polybius._

=Areas=, a general chosen by the Greeks against Ætolia. _Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 1.

=Aregŏnis=, the mother of Mopsus by Ampyx. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.

=Arelātum=, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Arellius=, a celebrated painter of Rome in the age of Augustus. He painted the goddesses in the form of his mistresses. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.――――A miser in _Horace_.

=Aremorĭca=, a part of Gaul, at the north of the Loire, now called Britany. _Pliny_, bk. 4.

=Arēna= and =Arene=, a city of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Arenăcum=, a town of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Areopagītæ=, the judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a small eminence near Athens, whose name is derived from Αρεος παγος, _the hill of Mars_, because Mars was the first who was tried there, for the murder of Hallirhotius, who had offered violence to his daughter Alcippe. Some say that the place received the name of Areopagus because the Amazons pitched their camp there, and offered sacrifices to their progenitor Mars, when they besieged Athens; and others maintain that the name was given to the place because Mars is the god of bloodshed, war, and murder, which were generally punished by that court. The time in which this celebrated seat of justice was instituted is unknown. Some suppose that Cecrops, the founder of Athens, first established it, while others give the credit of it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The number of judges that composed this august assembly is not known. They have been limited by some to 9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a greater number. The most worthy and religious of the Athenians were admitted as members, and such archons as had discharged their duty with care and faithfulness. In the latter ages of the republic, this observance was often violated, and we find some of their members of loose and debauched morals. If any of them were convicted of immorality, if they were seen sitting at a tavern, or had used any indecent language, they were immediately expelled from the assembly, and held in the greatest disgrace, though the dignity of a judge of the Areopagus always was for life. The Areopagites took cognizance of murders, impiety, and immoral behaviour, and particularly of idleness, which they deemed the cause of all vice. They watched over the laws, and they had the management of the public treasury; they had the liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and of inflicting severe punishment upon such as blasphemed against the gods, or slighted the celebration of the holy mysteries. They always sat in the open air, because they took cognizance of murder; and by their laws it was not permitted for the murderer and his accuser to be both under the same roof. This custom also might originate because the persons of the judges were sacred, and they were afraid of contracting pollution by conversing in the same house with men who had been guilty of shedding innocent blood. They always heard causes and passed sentence in the night, that they might not be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or of the defendant by seeing them. Whatever causes were pleaded before them, were to be divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest eloquence should charm their ears and corrupt their judgment. Hence arose the most just and most impartial decisions, and their sentence was deemed sacred and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant were equally convinced of its justice. The Areopagites generally sat on the 27th, 28th, and 29th days of every month. Their authority continued in its original state till Pericles, who was refused admittance among them, resolved to lessen their consequence and destroy their power. From that time the morals of the Athenians were corrupted, and the Areopagites were no longer conspicuous for their virtue and justice; and when they censured the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of the family of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if they wished to make a reform in Athens, they must begin at home.

=Areopăgus=, a hill in the neighbourhood of Athens. _See:_ Areopagitæ.

=Arestæ=, a people of India, conquered by Alexander. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 8.

=Aresthanas=, a countryman, whose goat suckled Æsculapius, when exposed by his mother. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.

=Arestorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the hundred-eyed Argus, as son of Arestor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 584.

=Arĕta=, the mother of Aristippus the philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2.――――A daughter of Dionysius, who married Dion. She was thrown into the sea. _Plutarch_, _Dion_.――――A female philosopher of Cyrene, B.C. 377.

=Arēta=, a daughter of Rhexenor, descended from Neptune, who married her uncle Alcinous, by whom she had Nausicaa. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 & 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Aretæus=, a physician of Cappadocia, very inquisitive after the operations of nature. His treatise on agues has been much admired. The best edition of his works which are extant, is that of Boerhaave, Leiden, folio, 1735.

=Aretaphĭla=, the wife of Melanippus, a priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her husband to marry her. She, however, was so attached to Melanippus, that she endeavoured to poison Nicocrates, and at last caused him to be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his brother, upon which Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown into the sea. After this she retired to a private station. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_. ――_Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Aretāles=, a Cnidian, who wrote a history of Macedonia, besides a treatise on islands. _Plutarch._

=Arēte.= _See:_ Areta.

=Arētes=, one of Alexander’s officers. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Arethūsa=, a nymph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana’s attendants. As she returned one day from hunting, she sat near the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. The god of the river was enamoured of her, and he pursued her over the mountains and all the country, when Arethusa, ready to sink under fatigue, implored Diana, who changed her into a fountain. The Alpheus immediately mingled his streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret passage under the earth and under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, and rose in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse in Sicily. The river Alpheus followed her also under the sea, and rose also in Ortygia; so that, as mythologists relate, whatever is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, rises again, after some time, in the fountain Arethusa near Syracuse. _See:_ Alpheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 10.――_Athenæus_, bk. 7.――_Pausanias._――――One of the Hesperides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A daughter of Herileus, mother of Abas by Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Hyginus_, fable 181.――――A lake of Upper Armenia, near the fountains of the Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――――A town of Thrace.――――Another in Syria.

=Aretīnum=, a Roman colony in Etruria. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 123.

=Arētus=, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 413.――――A Trojan against the Greeks. He was killed by Automedon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 494.――――A famous warrior, whose only weapon was an iron club. He was treacherously killed by Lycurgus king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Areus=, a king of Sparta, preferred in the succession to Cleonymus, brother of Acrotatus, who had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He assisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and died at Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Plutarch._――――A king of Sparta, who succeeded his father Acrotatus II., and was succeeded by his son Leonidas, son of Cleonymus.――――A philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Augustus. _Suetonius._――――A poet of Laconia.――――An orator mentioned by _Quintilian_.

=Argæus= and =Argēus=, a son of Apollo and Cyrene. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 7.――――A son of Perdiccas, who succeeded his father in the kingdom of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A mountain of Cappadocia, covered with perpetual snows, at the bottom of which is the capital of the country called Maxara. _Claudian._――――A son of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.――――A son of Licymnius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Argălus=, a king of Sparta, son of Amyclas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Argathŏna=, a huntress of Cios in Bithynia, whom Rhesus married before he went to the Trojan war. When she heard of his death, she died in despair. _Parthenius_, _Narrationum Amatoriarum Libellus_, ch. 36.

=Argathōnius=, a king of Tartessus, who, according to _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48, lived 120 years, and 300 according to _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 396.

=Arge=, a beautiful huntress changed into a stag by Apollo. _Hyginus_, fable 205.――――One of the Cyclops. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Argea=, a place at Rome where certain Argives were buried.

=Argæāthæ=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Argennum=, a promontory of Ionia.

=Arges=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who had only one eye in his forehead. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Argestrătus=, a king of Lacedæmon, who reigned 35 years.

=Argēus=, a son of Perdiccas king of Macedonia, who obtained the kingdom when Amyntas was deposed by the Illyrians. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Argi= (plural, masculine). _See:_ Argos.

=Argīa=, daughter of Adrastus, married Polynices, whom she loved with uncommon tenderness. When he was killed in the war, she buried his body in the night, against the positive orders of Creon, for which pious action she was punished with death. Theseus revenged her death by killing Creon. _Hyginus_, fables 69 & 72.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12. _See:_ Antigone and Creon.――――A country of Peloponnesus, called also Argolis, of which Argos was the capital.――――One of the Oceanides. _Hyginus_, _preface_.――――The wife of Inachus, and mother of Io. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――The mother of Argos by Polybus. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A daughter of Autesion, who married Aristodemus, by whom she had two sons, Eurysthenes and Procles. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Argias=, a man who founded Chalcedon, A.U.C. 148.

=Argilētum=, a place at Rome near the Palatium, where the tradesmen generally kept their shops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 355. ――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 4.

=Argilius=, a favourite youth of Pausanias, who revealed his master’s correspondence with the Persian king to the Ephori. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_.

=Argillus=, a mountain of Egypt near the Nile.

=Argĭlus=, a town of Thrace near the Strymon, built by a colony of Andrians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 103.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 115.

=Arginūsæ=, three small islands near the continent, between Mitylene and Methymna, where the Lacedæmonian fleet was conquered by Conon the Athenian. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Argiŏpe=, a nymph of mount Parnassus, mother of Thamyris by Philammon the son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Argiphontes=, a surname given to Mercury, because he _killed_ the hundred-eyed _Argus_, by order of Jupiter.

=Argippēi=, a nation among the Sauromatians, born bald, and with flat noses. They lived upon trees. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 23.

=Argīva=, a surname of Juno, worshipped at Argos. She had also a temple at Sparta, consecrated to her by Eurydice the daughter of Lacedæmon. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 547.

=Argīvi=, the inhabitants of the city of Argos and the neighbouring country. The word is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all the inhabitants of Greece.

=Argius=, a steward of Galba, who privately interred the body of his master in his gardens. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 49.

=Argo=, the name of the famous ship which carried Jason and his 54 companions to Colchis, when they resolved to recover the golden fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has often been disputed. Some derive it from Argos, the person who first proposed the expedition, and who built the ship. Others maintain that it was built at Argos, whence its name. Cicero, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 20, calls it Argo, because it carried Grecians, commonly called Argives. Diodorus, bk. 4, derives the word from ἀργος, which signifies _swift_. Ptolemy says, but falsely, that Hercules built the ship, and called it Argo after a son of Jason, who bore the same name. The ship Argo had 50 oars. According to many authors, she had a beam on her prow, cut in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which had the power of giving oracles to the Argonauts. This ship was the first that ever sailed on the sea, as some report. After the expedition was finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn aground at the isthmus of Corinth, and consecrated to the god of the sea. The poets have made her a constellation in heaven. Jason was killed by a beam which fell from the top, as he slept on the ground near it. _Hyginus_, fable 14; _Poetica astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 37. ――_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and Thetis_.――_Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 93, &c.――_Phædras_, bk. 4, fable 6.――_Seneca_, _Medea_. ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_.――_Apollodorus._――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 1.

=Argolĭcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis.

=Argŏlis= and =Argia=, a country of Peloponnesus between Arcadia and the Ægean sea. Its chief city was called Argos.

=Argon=, one of the descendants of Hercules, who reigned in Lydia 505 years before Gyges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Argonautæ=, a name given to those ancient heroes who went with Jason on board the ship Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the taking of Troy, or 1263 B.C. The causes of this expedition arose from the following circumstance:――Athamas king of Thebes had married Ino the daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. As Nephele was subject to certain fits of madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a second time Ino, by whom he had soon after two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. As the children of Nephele were to succeed to their father by right of birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred against them, and she caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by poisoning all the grain which had been sown in the earth. Upon this the oracle was consulted; and as it had been corrupted by means of Ino, the answer was, that Nephele’s children should be immolated to the gods. Phryxus was apprised of this, and he immediately embarked with his sister Helle, and fled to the court of Æetes king of Colchis, one of his near relations. In the voyage Helle died, and Phryxus arrived safe at Colchis, and was received with kindness by the king. The poets have embellished the flight of Phryxus, by supposing that he and Helle fled through the air on a ram which had a golden fleece and wings, and was endowed with the faculties of speech. This ram, as they say, was the offspring of Neptune’s amours, under the form of a ram, with the nymph Theopane. As they were going to be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, and instantly disappeared in the air. On their way Helle was giddy, and fell into that part of the sea which from her was called the Hellespont. When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or, according to others, to Mars, to whom he also dedicated the golden fleece. He soon after married Chalciope the daughter of Æetes; but his father-in-law envied him the possession of the golden fleece, and therefore to obtain it he murdered him. Some time after this event, when Jason the son of Æson demanded of his uncle Pelias the crown which he usurped [_See:_ Pelias, Jason, Æson], Pelias said that he would restore it to him, provided he avenged the death of their common relation Phryxus, whom Æetes had basely murdered in Colchis. Jason, who was in the vigour of youth, and of an ambitious soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and embarked with all the young princes of Greece in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island of Lemnos, where they remained two years, and raised a new race of men from the Lemnian women who had murdered their husbands. _See:_ Hypsipyle. After they had left Lemnos, they visited Samothrace, where they offered sacrifices to the gods, and thence passed to Troas and Cyzicum. Here they met with a favourable reception from Cyzicus the king of the country. The night after their departure, they were driven back by a storm again on the coast of Cyzicum, and the inhabitants, supposing them to be their enemies, the Pelasgi, furiously attacked them. In this nocturnal engagement the slaughter was great, and Cyzicus was killed by the hand of Jason, who, to expiate the murder he had ignorantly committed, buried him in a magnificent manner, and offered a sacrifice to the mother of the gods, to whom he built a temple on mount Dindymus. From Cyzicum they visited Bebrycia, otherwise called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted the challenge of Amycus king of the country in the combat of the cestus, and slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia by a storm to Salmydessa, on the coast of Thrace, where they delivered Phineus king of the place from the persecution of the harpies. Phineus directed their course through the Cyanean rock or the Symplegades [_See:_ Cyaneæ], and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They visited the country of the Mariandynians, where Lycus reigned, and lost two of their companions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot. After they had left this coast, they were driven upon the island of Arecia, where they found the children of Phryxus, whom Æetes their grandfather had sent to Greece to take possession of their father’s kingdom. From this island they at last arrived safe in Æa, the capital of Colchis. Jason explained the causes of his voyage to Æetes; but the conditions on which he was to recover the golden fleece were so hard, that the Argonauts must have perished in the attempt, had not Medea the king’s daughter fallen in love with their leader. She had a conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths of fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herself to deliver the Argonauts from her father’s hard conditions, if Jason married her, and carried her with him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls, which had brazen feet and horns, and which vomited clouds of fire and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made of adamant stone, and to plough a field of two acres of ground never before cultivated. After this he was to sow in the plain the teeth of a dragon, from which an armed multitude were to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his hands. This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful dragon, which was at the bottom of the tree, on which the golden fleece was suspended. All these labours were to be performed in one day; and Medea’s assistance, whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and potions was unparalleled, easily extricated Jason from all danger to the astonishment and terror of his companions, and of Æetes, and the people of Colchis, who had assembled to be spectators of this wonderful action. He tamed the bulls with ease, ploughed the field, sowed the dragon’s teeth, and when the armed men sprang from the earth, he threw a stone in the midst of them, and they immediately turned their weapons one against the other, till they all perished. After this he went to the dragon and by means of enchanted herbs, and a draught which Medea had given him he lulled the monster to sleep, and obtained the golden fleece, and immediately set sail with Medea. He was soon pursued by Absyrtus the king’s son, who came up to them, and was seized and murdered by Jason and Medea. The mangled limbs of Absyrtus were strewed in the way through which Æetes was to pass, that his further pursuit might be stopped. After the murder of Absyrtus, they entered the Palus Mæotis, and by pursuing their course towards the left, according to the foolish account of poets who were ignorant of geography, they came to the island Peucestes, and to that of Circe. Here Circe informed Jason that the cause of all his calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, of which she refused to expiate him. Soon after, they entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, and passed the straits of Charybdis and Scylla, where they must have perished, had not Tethys the mistress of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. They were preserved from the Sirens by the eloquence of Orpheus, and arrived in the island of the Phæacians, where they met the enemy’s fleet, which had continued their pursuit by a different course. It was therefore resolved that Medea should be restored, if she had not been actually married to Jason; but the wife of Alcinous the king of the country, being appointed umpire between the Colchians and Argonauts, had the marriage privately consummated by night, and declared that the claims of Æetes to Medea were now void. From Phæacia the Argonauts came to the bay of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a storm upon the coast of Africa, and, after many disasters, at last came in sight of the promontory of Melea in the Peloponnesus, where Jason was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon after arrived safe in Thessaly. The impracticability of such a voyage is well known. Apollonius Rhodius gives another account, equally improbable. He says that they sailed from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering another mouth of the river. After they had continued their voyage for some leagues, the waters decreased, and they were obliged to carry the ship Argo across the country to the Adriatic, upwards of 150 miles. Here they met with Absyrtus, who had pursued the same measures, and conveyed his ships in like manner over the land. Absyrtus was immediately put to death; and soon after the beam of Dodona [_See:_ Argo] gave an oracle, that Jason should never return home if he was not previously purified of the murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of Æa, where Circe, who was the sister of Æetes, expiated him without knowing who he was. There is a third tradition, which maintains that they returned to Colchis a second time, and visited many places of Asia. This famous expedition has been celebrated in the ancient ages of the world; it has employed the pen of many writers, and among the historians, Diodorus, Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus, and Justin; and among the poets, Onomacritus, more generally called Orpheus, Apollonius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, have extensively given an account of its most remarkable particulars. The number of the Argonauts is not exactly known. Apollodorus and Diodorus say that they were 54. Tzetzes admits the number of 50, but Apollodorus mentions only 45. The following list is drawn from the various authors who have made mention of the Argonautic expedition. Jason son of Æson, as is well known, was the chief of the rest. His companions were Acastus son of Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus, Admetus son of Pheres, Æsculapius son of Apollo, Ætalides son of Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son of Mars, Amphiaraus son of Œcleus, Amphidamus son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hyperasius, Anceus a son of Lycurgus, and another of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of the ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Armenus, Ascalaphus son of Mars, Asterion son of Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas son of Sol, Atalanta daughter of Schœneus, disguised in a man’s dress, Autolycus son of Mercury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Calais son of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, Castor son of Jupiter, Ceneus son of Elatus, Cepheus son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius and Iphitus sons of Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion son of Minos, Echion son of Mercury and Antianira, Ergynus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Neptune and Macionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus son of Cisteus, Eurydamus and Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Hercules son of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus, Ialmenus son of Mars, Idmon son of Abas, Iolaus son of Iphiclus, Iphiclus son of Thestius, Iphiclus son of Philacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lynceus son of Aphareus, Iritus son of Naubolus, Laertes son of Arcesius, Laocoon, Leodatus son of Bias, Leitus son of Alector, Meleager son of Œneus, Menœtius son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphycus, Nauplius son of Neptune, Neleus the brother of Peleus, Nestor son of Neleus, Oileus the father of Ajax, Orpheus son of Œager, Palemon son of Ætolus, Peleus and Telamon sons of Æacus, Periclymenes son of Neleus, Peneleus son of Hipalmus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Phlias, Pollux son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates, Pœas son of Thaumacus, Phanus son of Bacchus, Phalerus son of Alcon, Phocas and Priasus sons of Ceneus one of the Lapithæ, Talaus, Tiphys son of Aginus, Staphilus son of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphitus, Theseus son of Ægeus, with his friend Pirithous. Among these Æsculapius was physician, and Tiphys was pilot.

=Argos= (singular neuter, and Argi, masculine plural), an ancient city, capital of Argolis in Peloponnesus, about two miles from the sea, on the bay called _Argolicus sinus_. Juno was the chief deity of the place. The kingdom of Argos was founded by Inachus 1856 years before the christian era, and after it had flourished for about 550 years, it was united to the crown of Mycenæ. Argos was built according to Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_, lis. 152, 534, by seven Cyclops who came from Syria. These Cyclops were not Vulcan’s workmen. The nine first kings of Argos were called _Inachides_, in honour of the founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, Argus, Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus, and Gelanor. Gelanor gave a kind reception to Danaus, who drove him from his kingdom in return for his hospitality. The descendants of Danaus were called _Belides_. Agamemnon was king of Argos during the Trojan war; and, 80 years after, the Heraclidæ seized the Peloponnesus and deposed the monarchs. The inhabitants of Argos were called _Argivi_ and _Argolici_; and this name has been often applied to all the Greeks without distinction. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 13, &c.; bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, 4to, &c.――――A town of Thessaly, called Pelasgicon by the Pelasgians. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 355.――――Another in Epirus, called Amphilochium.

=Argus=, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 years.――――A son of Arestor, whence he is often called _Arestorides_. He married Ismene the daughter of the Asopus. As he had 100 eyes, of which only two were asleep at one time, Juno set him to watch Io, whom Jupiter had changed into a heifer: but Mercury, by order of Jupiter, slew him, by lulling all his eyes asleep with the sound of his lyre. Juno put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her divinity. _Moschus_, _Idyl_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables 12 & 13.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, li. 585, &c.; poem 3.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Agenor. _Hyginus_, fable 145. ――――A son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. _Hyginus_, fable 14. ――――A Son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first child which the father of the gods had by a mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne the daughter of Strymon. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A son of Pyras and Callirhoe. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A son of Phryxus. _Hyginus_, fable 3.――――A son of Polybus. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Apollodorus._――――A dog of Ulysses, which knew his master after an absence of 20 years. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17, li. 300.

=Argyllæ=, an ancient name of Cære in Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 478.

=Argynnis=, a name of Venus, which she received from _Argynnus_, a favourite youth of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephisus. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 5, li. 52.

=Argy̆ra=, a nymph greatly beloved by a shepherd called Selimnus. She was changed into a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the same name, whose waters made lovers forget the object of their affections. _See:_ Selimnus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.――――A city of Troas.――――Also the native place of Diodorus Siculus in Sicily.

=Argy̆raspĭdes=, a Macedonian legion which received this name from their silver helmets. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Argy̆re=, an island beyond the mouth of the river Indus, abounding in metal. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Argyrĭpa=, a town of Apulia built by Diomedes after the Trojan war, and called by Polybius _Argipana_. Only ruins remain to show where it once stood, though the place still preserves the name of Arpi. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 246.

=Aria=, a country of Asia, situate at the east of Parthia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The wife of Pætus Cecinna of Padua, a Roman senator who was accused of conspiracy against Claudius, and carried to Rome by sea. She accompanied him, and in the boat she stabbed herself, and presented the sword to her husband, who followed her example. _Pliny_, bk. 7.

=Ariadne=, daughter of Minos II. king of Crete by Pasiphae, fell in love with Theseus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devoured by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of thread, by which he extricated himself from the difficult windings of his confinement. After he had conquered the Minotaur, he carried her away according to the promise he had made, and married her; but when he arrived at the island of Naxos he forsook her, though she was already pregnant, and repaid his love with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne was so disconsolate upon being abandoned by Theseus, that she hung herself, according to some; but Plutarch says that she lived many years after, and had some children by Onarus the priest of Bacchus. According to some writers, Bacchus loved her after Theseus had forsaken her, and he gave her a crown of seven stars, which, after her death, was made a constellation. The Argives showed Ariadne’s tomb, and when one of their temples was repaired, her ashes were found in an earthen urn. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 320, says that Diana detained Ariadne at Naxos. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 2; _Heroides_, poem 10; _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 462.――_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and Thetis_; poem 61.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 43, 270. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Ariæus=, an officer who succeeded to the command of the surviving army after the death of Cyrus the younger, after the battle of Cunaxa. He made peace with Artaxerxes. _Xenophon._

=Ariāni= and =Ariēni=, a people of Asia. _Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 714.

=Ariantas=, a king of Scythia, who yearly ordered every one of his subjects to present him with an arrow. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 81.

=Ariamnes=, a king of Cappadocia, son of Ariarathes III.

=Ariarāthes=, a king of Cappadocia, who joined Darius Ochus in his expedition against Egypt, where he acquired much glory.――――His nephew, the second of that name, defended his kingdom against Perdiccas the general of Alexander, but he was defeated and hung on a cross in the 81st year of his age, 321 B.C.――――His son Ariarathes III. escaped the massacre which attended his father and his followers; and after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered Cappadocia, by conquering Amyntas the Macedonian general. He was succeeded by his son Ariamnes.――――Ariarathes IV. succeeded his father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos. He died after a reign of 28 years, B.C. 220, and was succeeded by his son Ariarathes V., a prince who married Antiochia the daughter of king Antiochus, whom he assisted against the Romans. Antiochus being defeated, Ariarathes saved his kingdom from invasion by paying the Romans a large sum of money remitted at the instance of the king of Pergamus.――――His son, the sixth of that name, called _Philopater_, from his piety, succeeded him 166 B.C. An alliance with the Romans shielded him against the false claims that were laid to his crown by one of the favourites of Demetrius king of Syria. He was maintained on his throne by Attalus, and assisted his friends of Rome against Aristonicus the usurper of Pergamus; but he was killed in the war, B.C. 130, leaving six children, five of whom were murdered by his surviving wife Laodice.――――The only one who escaped, Ariarathes VII., was proclaimed king, and soon after married Laodice the sister of Mithridates Eupator, by whom he had two sons. He was murdered by an illegitimate brother, upon which his widow Laodice gave herself and kingdom to Nicomedes king of Bithynia. Mithridates made war against the new king, and raised his nephew to the throne. The young king, who was the eighth of the name of Ariarathes, made war against the tyrannical Mithridates, by whom he was assassinated in the presence of both armies, and the murderer’s son, a child eight years old, was placed on the vacant throne. The Cappadocians revolted, and made the late monarch’s brother, Ariarathes IX., king; but Mithridates expelled him, and restored his own son. The exiled prince died of a broken heart, and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the power of the tyrant, interested the Romans in the affairs of Cappadocia. The arbiters wished to make the country free; but the Cappadocians demanded a king, and received Ariobarzanes, B.C. 91. On the death of Ariobarzanes, his brother ascended the throne, under the name of Ariarathes X.; but his title was disputed by Sisenna, the eldest son of Glaphyra by Arthelaus priest of Comana. Marcus Antony, who was umpire between the contending parties, decided in favour of Sisenna; but Ariarathes recovered it for a while, though he was soon after obliged to yield in favour of Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra, B.C. 36. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――_Justin_, bks. 13 & 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Aribbæus=, a general mentioned by _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 29.

=Arīcia=, an Athenian princess, niece to Ægeus, whom Hippolytus married after he had been raised from the dead by Æsculapius. He built a city in Italy, which he called by her name. He had a son by her called Virbius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 544.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 762, &c.――――A very ancient town of Italy, now _Riccia_, built by Hippolytus son of Theseus, after he had been raised from the dead by Æsculapius, and transported into Italy by Diana. In a grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, Theseus built a temple to Diana, where he established the same rites as were in the temple of that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this temple, called _Rex_, was always a fugitive, and the murderer of his predecessor, and went always armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever attempts might be made upon his life by one who wished to be his successor. The Arician forest, frequently called _nemorensis_ or _nemoralis sylva_, was very celebrated, and no horses would ever enter it, because Hippolytus had been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite nymph, and invisible protectress of Numa, generally resided in this famous grove, which was situated on the Appian way, beyond mount Albanus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 263. ――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 74.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.

=Aricīna=, a surname of Diana, from her temple near Aricia. _See:_ Aricia.――――The mother of Octavius. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Philippics_, ch. 6.

=Aridæus=, a companion of Cyrus the younger. After the death of his friend he reconciled himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the surviving Greeks in their return. _Diodorus._――――An illegitimate son of Philip, who, after the death of Alexander, was made king of Macedonia till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alexander brought into the world a legitimate male successor. Aridæus had not the free enjoyment of his senses; and therefore Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s generals, declared himself his protector, and even married his sister to strengthen their connection. He was seven years in possession of the sovereign power, and was put to death, with his wife Eurydice, by Olympias. _Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Diodorus._

=Ariēnis=, daughter of Alyattes, married Astyages king of Media. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 74.

=Arigæum=, a town of India, which Alexander found burnt, and without inhabitants. _Arrian_, bk. 4.

=Arīi=, a savage people of India,――――of Arabia. _Pliny_, bk. 6.――――Of Scythia. _Herodotus._――――Of Germany. _Tacitus._

=Arĭma=, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where Typhœus was overwhelmed under the ground. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Arimarius=, a god of Persia and Media.

=Arimaspi=, a people conquered by Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Arimaspias=, a river of Scythia with golden sands. The neighbouring inhabitants had but one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and waged continual wars against the griffins, monstrous animals that collected the gold of the river. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 13.

=Arimasthæ=, a people near the Euxine sea. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.

=Arimazes=, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, who treated Alexander with much insolence, and even asked whether he could fly to aspire to so extensive a dominion. He surrendered and was exposed on a cross with his friends and relations. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 11.

=Arĭmi=, a nation of Syria. _Strabo._

=Arīmĭnum= (now _Rimini_), an ancient city of Italy, near the Rubicon, on the borders of Gaul, on the Adriatic founded by a colony of Umbrians. It was the cause of Cæsar’s civil wars. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 231.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Ariminus=, a river of Italy rising in the Apennine mountains. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Arimphœi=, a people of Scythia near the Riphæan mountains, who lived chiefly upon berries in the woods, and were remarkable for their innocence and mildness. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Arĭmus=, a king of Mysia. _Varro._

=Ariobarzānes=, a man made king of Cappadocia by the Romans, after the troubles which the false Ariarathes had raised had subsided. Mithridates drove him from his kingdom, but the Romans restored him. He followed the interest of Pompey, and fought at Pharsalia against Julius Cæsar. He and his kingdom were preserved by means of Cicero. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 29.――_Horace_, ltr. 6, li. 38.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A satrap of Phrygia, who, after the death of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it for 26 years. He was succeeded by the son of Mithridates. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A general of Darius, who defended the passes of Susa with 15,000 foot against Alexander. After a bloody encounter with the Macedonians, he was killed as he attempted to seize the city of Persepolis. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Curtius_, bks. 4 & 5.――――A Mede of elegant stature and great prudence, whom Tiberius appointed to settle the troubles of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――――A mountain between Parthia and the country of the Massagetæ. ――――A satrap, who revolted from the Persian king.

=Ariomandes=, son of Gobryas, was general of Athens against the Persians. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.

=Ariomardus=, a son of Darius, in the army of Xerxes when he went against Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 78.

=Ariomēdes=, a pilot of Xerxes.

=Arīon=, a famous lyric poet and musician, son of Cyclos of Methymna, in the island of Lesbos. He went into Italy with Periander tyrant of Corinth, where he obtained immense riches by his profession. Some time after, he wished to revisit his country; and the sailors of the ship in which he embarked resolved to murder him, to obtain the riches which he was carrying to Lesbos. Arion, seeing them inflexible in their resolution, begged that he might be permitted to play some melodious tune; and as soon as he had finished it, he threw himself into the sea. A number of dolphins had been attracted round the ship by the sweetness of his music; and it is said that one of them carried him safe on his back to Tænarus, whence he hastened to the court of Periander, who ordered all the sailors to be crucified at their return. _Hyginus_, fable 194.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 23 & 24.――_Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 13, ch. 45. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 17. ――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A horse, sprung from Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she travelled over the world in quest of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the figure of a mare, to avoid the importuning addresses of Neptune. The god changed himself also into a horse, and from their union arose a daughter called Hera, and the horse Arion, which had the power of speech, the feet on the right side like those of a man, and the rest of the body like a horse. Arion was brought up by the Nereides, who often harnessed him to his father’s chariot, which he drew over the sea with uncommon swiftness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, who presented him to Hercules. Adrastus king of Argos received him as a present from Hercules and with this wonderful animal he won the prize at the Nemæan games. Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of Adrastus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 37.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Ariovistus=, a king of Germany, who professed himself a friend of Rome. When Cæsar was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched against him, and was conquered with the loss of 80,000 men. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4.

=Aris=, a river of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.

=Arisba=, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an earthquake. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――A colony of the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 264.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.――――The name of Priam’s first wife, divorced that the monarch might marry Hecuba.

=Aristænĕtus=, a writer whose epistles have been beautifully edited by Abresch. Zwollæ, 1749.

=Aristæum=, a city of Thrace at the foot of mount Hæmus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Aristæus=, son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, was born in the deserts of Libya, and brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nectar and ambrosia. His fondness for hunting procured him the surname of Nomus and Agreus. After he had travelled over the greatest part of the world, Aristæus came to settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a son called Actæon. He fell in love with Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her in the fields. She was stung by a serpent that lay in the grass, and died, for which the gods destroyed all the bees of Aristæus. In this calamity he applied to his mother, who directed him to seize the sea-god Proteus, and consult him how he might repair the losses he had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease the manes of Eurydice by the sacrifice of four bulls and four heifers; and as soon as he had done it and left them in the air, swarms of bees immediately sprang from the rotten carcases, and restored Aristæus to his former prosperity. Some authors say that Aristæus had the care of Bacchus when young, and that he was initiated in the mysteries of this god. Aristæus went to live on mount Hæmus, where he died. He was, after death, worshipped as a demi-god. Aristæus is said to have learned from the nymphs the cultivation of olives, and the management of bees, &c., which he afterwards communicated to the rest of mankind. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 317.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 363.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17. ――_Hyginus_, fables 161, 180, 247.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 4, &c.――_Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――――A general who commanded the Corinthian forces at the siege of Potidæa. He was taken by the Athenians and put to death.

=Aristagŏras=, a writer who composed a history of Egypt. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 12.――――A son-in-law of Histiæus tyrant of Miletus, who revolted from Darius, and incited the Athenians against Persia, and burnt Sardis. This so exasperated the king, that every evening before supper he ordered his servants to remind him of punishing Aristagoras. He was killed in a battle against the Persians, B.C. 499. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 30, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A man of Cyzicus.――――Another of Cumæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 4.

=Aristander=, a celebrated soothsayer, greatly esteemed by Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Pliny_, bk. 17, ch. 25.――――An Athenian, who wrote on agriculture.

=Aristandros=, a statuary of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Aristarche=, a matron of Ephesus, who by order of Diana sailed to the coasts of Gaul with the Phocæans, and was made priestess. _Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Aristarchus=, a celebrated grammarian of Samos, disciple of Aristophanes. He lived the greatest part of his life at Alexandria, and Ptolemy Philometer entrusted him with the education of his sons. He was famous for his critical powers, and he revised the poems of Homer with such severity that ever after all severe critics were called _Aristarchi_. He wrote above 800 commentaries on different authors, much esteemed in his age. In his old age he became dropsical, upon which he starved himself, and died in his 72nd year, B.C. 157. He left two sons called Aristarchus and Aristagoras, both famous for their stupidity. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 499. ――_Ovid_, bk. 3, _ex Ponto_, ltr. 9, li. 24.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 11; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 14. ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia, about 454 years B.C. He composed 70 tragedies, of which two only were rewarded with the prize. One of them, called Achilles, was translated into Latin verse by Ennius. _Suidas._――――A physician to queen Berenice the widow of Antiochus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――An orator of Ambracia.――――An astronomer of Samos, who first supposed that the earth turned round its axis, and revolved round the sun. This doctrine nearly proved fatal to him, as he was accused of disturbing the peace of the gods Lares. He maintained that the sun was 19 times further distant from the earth than the moon, and that the moon was 56 semi-diameters of our globe, and little more than one-third, and the diameter of the sun six or seven times more than that of the earth. The age in which he flourished is not precisely known. His treatise on the largeness and the distance of the sun and moon is extant, of which the best edition is that of Oxford, 8vo, 1688.

=Aristazānes=, a noble Persian in favour with Artaxerxes Ochus. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Aristeas=, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as fables report, appeared seven years after his death to his countrymen, and 540 years after to the people of Metapontum in Italy, and commanded them to raise him a statue near the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic poem on the Arimaspi in three books, and some of his verses are quoted by Longinus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Maximus Tyrius_, bk. 22.――――A ♦physician of Rhodes.――――A geometrician, intimate with Euclid.――――A poet, son of Demochares, in the age of Crœsus.

♦ ‘physican’ replaced with ‘physician’

=Aristĕræ=, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Aristeus=, a man of Argos, who excited king Pyrrhus to take up arms against his countrymen the Argives. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 68.

=Aristhĕnes=, a shepherd who found Æsculapius, when he had been exposed in the woods by his mother Coronis.

=Aristhus=, an historian of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Aristībus=, a river of Pæonia. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Aristīdes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of Lysimachus, whose great temperance and virtue procured him the surname of _Just_. He was rival to Themistocles, by whose influence he was banished for 10 years, B.C. 484; but before six years of his exile had elapsed, he was recalled by the Athenians. He was at the battle of Salamis, and was appointed chief commander with Pausanias against Mardonius, who was defeated at Platæa. He died so poor, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed at the public charge, and his two daughters, on account of their father’s virtues, received a dowry from the public treasury when they were come to marriageable years. Poverty, however, seemed hereditary in the family of Aristides, for the grandson was seen in the public streets, getting his livelihood by explaining dreams. The Athenians became more virtuous in imitating their great leader: and from the sense of his good qualities, at the representation of one of the tragedies of Æschylus, on the mentioning of a sentence concerning moral goodness, the eyes of the audience were all at once turned from the actor to Aristides. When he sat as judge, it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusation, mentioned the injuries his opponent had done to Aristides. “Mention the wrongs you have received,” replied the equitable Athenian; “I sit here as judge, and the lawsuit is yours, and not mine.” _Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――――An historian of Miletus, fonder of stories, and of anecdotes, than of truth. He wrote a history of Italy, of which the 40th volume has been quoted by _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――An athlete, who obtained a prize at the Olympian, Nemæan, and Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16. ――――A painter of Thebes in Bœotia, in the age of Alexander the Great, for one of whose pieces Attalus offered 6000 sesterces. _Pliny_, bks. 7 & 35.――――A Greek orator who wrote 50 orations, besides other tracts. When Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake, he wrote so pathetic a letter to Marcus Aurelius, that the emperor ordered the city immediately to be rebuilt, and a statue was in consequence raised to the orator. His works consist of hymns in prose in honour of the gods, funeral orations, apologies, panegyrics, and harangues, the best edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vols., 4to, Oxoford, 1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo, 3 vols., of Canterus apud P. Steph. 1604.――――A man of Locris, who died by the bite of a weasel. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14.――――A philosopher of Mysia, intimate with Marcus Antoninus.――――An Athenian, who wrote treatises on animals, trees, and agriculture.

=Aristillus=, a philosopher of the Alexandrian school, who about 300 years B.C. attempted, with Timocharis, to determine the place of the different stars in the heavens, and to trace the course of the planets.

=Aristio=, a sophist of Athens, who by the support of Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, seized the government of his country, and made himself absolute. He poisoned himself when defeated by Sylla. _Livy_, bks. 81, 82.

=Aristippus=, _the elder_, a philosopher of Cyrene, disciple to Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the flatterers of Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished himself for his epicurean voluptuousness, in support of which he wrote a book, as likewise a history of Libya. When travelling in the deserts of Africa, he ordered his servants to throw away the money they carried, as too burdensome. On another occasion, discovering that the ship in which he sailed belonged to pirates, he designedly threw his property into the sea, adding, that he chose rather to lose it than his life. Many of his sayings and maxims are recorded by _Diogenes Laërtius_, in his life. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 100.――――His grandson of the same name, called _the younger_, was a warm defender of his opinions, and supported that the principles of all things were pain and pleasure. He flourished about 363 years B.C.――――A tyrant of Argos, whose life was one continued series of apprehension. He was killed by a Cretan in a battle against Aratus, B.C. 242. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A man who wrote a history of Arcadia. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2.

=Marcus Aristius=, a tribune of the soldiers in Cæsar’s army. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 42.――――Another. _See:_ Fuscus.――――A satirist, who wrote a poem called Cyclops.

=Aristo.= _See:_ Ariston.

=Aristobūla=, a name given to Diana by Themistocles.

=Aristobūlus=, a name common to some of the high priests and kings of Judæa, &c. _Josephus._――――A brother of Epicurus.――――One of Alexander’s attendants, who wrote the king’s life, replete with adulation and untruth.――――A philosopher of Judæa, B.C. 150.

=Aristoclēa=, a beautiful woman, seen naked by Strato as she was offering a sacrifice. She was passionately loved by Callisthenes, and was equally admired by Strato. The two rivals so furiously contended for her hand, that she died during their quarrel, upon which Strato killed himself, and Callisthenes was never seen after. _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ Narrationes_.

=Aristŏcles=, a peripatetic philosopher of Messenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on philosophy, the opinions of his predecessors. The 14th book of this treatise is quoted, &c. He also wrote on rhetoric, and likewise nine books on morals.――――A grammarian of Rhodes.――――A stoic of Lampsacus.――――An historian. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――――A musician. _Athenæus_, &c.――――A prince of Tegæa, &c. _Polyænus._――――This name is common to many Greeks, of whom few or no particulars are recorded.

=Aristoclīdes=, a tyrant of Orchomenes, who, because he could not win the affection of Stymphalis, killed her and her father, upon which all Arcadia took up arms and destroyed the murderer.

=Aristocrătes=, a king of Arcadia, put to death by his subjects for offering violence to the priestess of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――His grandson, of the same name, was stoned to death for taking bribes, during the second Messenian war, and being the cause of the defeat of his Messenian allies, B.C. 682. _Pausanias_, _ibid._――――A Rhodian.――――A man who endeavoured to destroy the democratical power at Athens.――――An Athenian general sent to the assistance of Corcyra with 25 galleys. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An Athenian who was punished with death for flying from the field of battle.――――A Greek historian, son of Hipparchus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Aristocreon=, the writer of a book on geography.

=Aristocrĭtus=, wrote a treatise concerning Miletus.

=Aristodēme=, a daughter of Priam.

=Aristodēmus=, son of Aristomachus, was one of the Heraclidæ. He, with his brothers Temenus and Cresphontes, invaded Peloponnesus, conquered it, and divided the country among themselves, 1104 years before the christian era. He married Argia, by whom he had the twins Procles and Eurysthenes. He was killed by a thunderbolt at Naupactum, though some say that he died at Delphi in Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131.――――A king of Messenia, who maintained a famous war against Sparta. After some losses, he recovered his strength, and so effectually defeated the enemy’s forces, that they were obliged to prostitute their women to repeople their country. The offspring of this prostitution were called Partheniæ, and 30 years after their birth they left Sparta, and seized upon Tarentum. Aristodemus put his daughter to death for the good of his country; but being afterwards persecuted in a dream by her manes, he killed himself, after a reign of six years and some months, in which he had obtained much military glory, B.C. 724. His death was lamented by his countrymen, who did not appoint him a successor, but only invested Damis, one of his friends, with absolute power to continue the war, which was at last terminated after much bloodshed and many losses on both sides. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――A tyrant of Cumæ.――――A philosopher of Ægina.――――An Alexandrian who wrote some treatises, &c. ――――A Spartan who taught the children of Pausanias.――――A man who was preceptor to the children of Pompey.――――A tyrant of Arcadia.――――A Carian who wrote a history of painting.――――A philosopher of Nysa, B.C. 68.

=Aristogĕnes=, a physician of Cnidos, who obtained great reputation by the cure of Demetrius Gonatus king of Macedonia.――――A Thasian who wrote 24 books on medicine.

=Aristogīton= and =Harmodius=, two celebrated friends of Athens, who by their joint efforts delivered their country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. They received immortal honours from the Athenians, and had statues raised to their memory. These statues were carried away by Xerxes when he took Athens. The conspiracy of Aristogiton was so secretly planned, and so wisely carried into execution, that it is said a courtesan bit her tongue off, not to betray the trust reposed in her. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 55.――_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.――――An Athenian orator, surnamed _Canis_, from his impudence. He wrote orations against Timarchus, Timotheus, Hyperides, and Thrasyllus.――――A statuary. _Pausanias._

=Aristolāus=, a painter. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 11.

=Aristomăche=, the wife of Dionysius of Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 20.――――The wife of Dion.――――A poetess. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A daughter of Priam, who married Critolaus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.

=Aristomăchus=, an Athenian, who wrote concerning the preparation of wine. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 9.――――A man so excessively fond of bees, that he devoted 58 years of his life in raising swarms of them. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 9.――――The son of Cleodæus and grandson of Hyllus, whose three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aristodemus, called Heraclidæ, conquered Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Herodotus_, bks. 6, 7, & 8.――――A man who laid aside his sovereign power at Argos, at the persuasion of Aratus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8.

=Aristomēdes=, a Thessalian general in the interest of Darius III. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Aristomĕnes=, a commander of the fleet of Darius on the Hellespont, conquered by the Macedonians. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A famous general of Messenia, who encouraged his countrymen to shake off the Lacedæmonian yoke under which they had laboured for above 30 years. He once defended the virtue of some Spartan women, whom his soldiers had attempted; and when he was taken prisoner and carried to Sparta, the women whom he had protected interested themselves so warmly in his cause that they procured his liberty. He refused to assume the title of king, but was satisfied with that of commander. He acquired the surname of _Just_, from his equity, to which he joined the true valour, sagacity, and perseverance of a general. He often entered Sparta without being known and was so dexterous in eluding the vigilance of the Lacedæmonians, who had taken him captive, that he twice escaped from them. As he attempted to do it a third time, he was unfortunately killed, and his body being opened, his heart was found all covered with hair. He died 671 years B. C., and it is said that he left dramatical pieces behind him. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. ――_Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――A Spartan sent to the assistance of Dionysius. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.

=Ariston=, the son of Agasicles king of Sparta. Being unable to raise children by two wives, he married another famous for her beauty, by whom he had, after seven months, a son Demaratus, whom he had the impudence to call not his own. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 61, &c.――――A general of Ætolia.――――A sculptor.――――A Corinthian who assisted the Syracusans against the Athenians.――――An officer in Alexander’s army.――――A tyrant of Methymna, who, being ignorant that Chios had surrendered to the Macedonians, entered into the harbour, and was taken and put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A philosopher of Chios, pupil to Zeno the stoic, and founder of a sect which continued but a little while. He supported that the nature of the divinity is unintelligible. It is said that he died by the heat of the sun, which fell too powerfully upon his bald head. In his old age he was much given to sensuality. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A lawyer in Trajan’s reign, whose eulogium has been written by Pliny, ltr. 22, bk. 1.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, who wrote concerning the course of the Nile. _Strabo._――――A wrestler of Argos, under whom Plato performed some exercises.――――A musician of Athens.――――A tragic poet.――――A peripatetic of Cos.――――A native of Pella, in the age of Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of the Jews.

=Aristonautæ=, the naval dock of Pellene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.

=Aristonīcus=, son of Eumenes by a concubine of Ephesus, 126 B.C., invaded Asia and the kingdom of Pergamus, which Attalus had left by his will to the Roman people. He was conquered by the consul Perpenna, and strangled in prison. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――――A musician of Olynthus.――――A grammarian of Alexandria, who wrote a commentary on Hesiod and Homer, besides a treatise on the museum established in Alexandria by the Ptolemies.

=Aristonĭdes=, a noble statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.

=Aristŏnus=, a captain of Alexander’s cavalry. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Aristony̆mus=, a comic poet under Philadelphus, keeper of the library at Alexandria. He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th year. _Athenæus._――――One of Alexander’s musicians. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Aristophănes=, a celebrated comic poet of Athens, son of Philip of Rhodes. He wrote 54 comedies, of which only 11 are come down to us. He lived in the age of Socrates, Demosthenes, and Euripides, B.C. 434, and lashed the vices of his age with a masterly hand. The wit and excellence of his comedies are well known; but they abound sometimes too much with obscenity; and his attack upon the venerable character of Socrates has been always censured, and with justice. As a reward for his mental greatness, the poet received a crown of olive, in a public assembly; but if he deserved praise, he merited blame for his licentiousness, which spared not even the gods, and was so offensive to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made a law at Athens, which forbade the comic writers from mimicking or representing on the stage any living character by name. Aristophanes has been called the prince of ancient comedy, as Menander of the new. The play called _Nubes_ is pointedly against Socrates, and the philosopher is exposed to ridicule, and his precepts placed in a most ludicrous point of view by the introduction of one of his pupils in the characters of the piece. It is said that St. Chrysostom used to keep the comedies of Aristophanes under his pillow, on account of the brilliancy of the composition. Plutarch has made a comparison between the princes of the new and old comedy, which abounds with many anecdotes concerning these original characters. The best editions of the works of Aristophanes are, Kuster’s, folio, Amsterdam, 1710, and the 12mo, Leiden, 1670, and that of Brunck, 4 vols., 8vo, Strasbourg, 1783, which would still be more perfect did it contain the valuable scholia. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 1. ――――A grammarian of Byzantium, keeper of the library of Alexandria under Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a treatise on the harlots of Attica. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plutarch_ & _Epicurus_.――_Athenæus_, bk. 9.――――A Greek historian of Bœotia, quoted by _Plutarch_, _de Herodoti Malignitate_.――――A writer on agriculture.

=Aristophilīdes=, a king of Tarentum in the reign of Darius son of Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.

=Aristŏphon=, a painter in the age of Socrates. He drew the picture of Alcibiades softly reclining on the bosom of the courtesan Nemea, and all the people of Athens ran in crowds to be spectators of the masterly piece. He also made a painting of Mars leaning on the arm of Venus. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.――――A comic poet in the age of Alexander, many of whose fragments are collected in Athenæus.

=Aristor=, the father of Argus the hundred-eyed keeper of Io.

=Aristorĭdes=, the patronymic of Argus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 624.

=Aristoteleia=, festivals in honour of Aristotle, because he obtained the restitution of his country from Alexander.

=Aristotĕles=, a famous philosopher, son of the physician Nicomachus by Festiada, born at Stagira. After his father’s death he went to Athens to hear Plato’s lectures, where he soon signalized himself by the brightness of his genius. He had been of an inactive and dissolute disposition in his youth, but now he applied himself with uncommon diligence; and after he had spent 20 years in hearing the instructions of Plato, he opened a school for himself, for which he was accused of ingratitude and illiberality by his ancient master. He was moderate in his meals; he slept little, and always had one arm out of his couch with a bullet in it, which by falling into a brazen basin underneath, early awakened him. He was, according to some, 10 years preceptor to Alexander, who received his instructions with much pleasure and deference, and always respected him. According to Plutarch, the improvement that Alexander made under Aristotle was of more service to him than all the splendour and power which he received from Philip. Almost all his writings, which are composed on a variety of subjects, are extant: he gave them to Theophrastus at his death, and they were bought by one of the Ptolemies, and placed in the famous library of Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given us a very extensive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a deformed countenance, but his genius was a sufficient compensation for all his personal defects. He has been called by Plato the philosopher of truth; and Cicero compliments him with the title of a man of eloquence, universal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of invention, and fecundity of thought. The writings of Aristotle have been compared with those of Plato; but the one are the effusions of a lively and fruitful imagination, whilst the philosopher of Stagira studied nature more than art, and had recourse to simplicity of expression more than ornament. He neither worshipped nor cared for the divinity, concerning which his opinions were ever various and dissonant; and the more he disregarded the mythology of the ancients, the greater was the credit he acquired over his less philosophical predecessors. He was so authoritative in his opinions, that, as Bacon observes, he wished to establish the same dominion over men’s minds, as his pupil over nations. Alexander, it is said, wished and encouraged his learned tutor to write the history of animals; and the more effectually to assist him, he supplied him with 800 talents, and in his Asiatic expedition employed above 1000 men to collect animals, either in fishing, hunting, or hawking, which were carefully transmitted to the philosopher. Aristotle’s logic has long reigned in the schools, and been regarded as the perfect model of all imitation. As he expired, the philosopher is said to have uttered the following sentiment: _Fœde hunc mundum intravi, anxius vixi, perturbatus egredior, causa causarum miserere mei_. The letter which Philip wrote to Aristotle has been preserved, and is in these words: “I inform you I have a son; I thank the gods, not so much for making me a father, as for giving me a son in an age when he can have Aristotle for his instructor. I hope you will make him a successor worthy of me, and a king worthy of Macedonia.” Aristotle wished to make his wife Pythias a deity, and to pay her the same worship as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63rd year of his age, B.C. 322. His treatises have been published separately; but the best edition of the works collectively, is that of Duval, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1629. Tyrwhitt’s edition of the Poetica, Oxford, 4to, 1794, is a valuable acquisition to literature. He had a son whom he called Nicomachus, by the courtesan Herpyllis. Some have accused him of being accessary to the death of Alexander, and said that he drowned himself in the Euripus, because he could not find out the cause of its flux and reflux. There are, however, different reports about the manner of his death, and some believe that he died at Athens of a cholic, two years after Alexander’s death. The people of Stagira instituted festivals in his honour, because he had rendered important services to their city. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_ & _de Alexandri Magni Fortuna Aut Virtute_, &c.――_Cicero_, _Academica Quæstiones_, bk. 4; _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Finibus_, bk. 5.――_Quintilian_, bks. 1, 2, 5, 10.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 12. ――_Justin Martyr._――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_, bks. 2, 4, 5, &c.――_Athenæus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6, &c. There were besides seven of the same name. A magistrate of Athens. ――――A commentator on Homer’s Iliad.――――An orator of Sicily, who answered the panegyric of Isocrates.――――A friend of Æschines.――――A man of Cyrene who wrote on poetry.――――A schoolmaster mentioned in Plato’s life, written by Aristoxenus.――――An obscure grammarian. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Aristotle_.

=Aristotīmus=, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years B.C. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Aristoxĕnus=, a celebrated musician, disciple of Aristotle, and born at Tarentum. He wrote 453 different treatises on philosophy, history, &c., and was disappointed in his expectations of succeeding in the school of Aristotle, for which he always spoke with ingratitude of his learned master. Of all his works nothing remains but three books upon music, the most ancient on that subject extant.――――A philosopher of Cyrene. _Athenæus._――――A physician whose writings are quoted by Galen.――――A poet of Selinus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.

=Aristus=, a Greek historian of Salamas, who wrote an account of Alexander’s expedition. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Arrian_, bk. 7.

=Aristyllus=, an obscure poet. _Aristophanes._――――An astronomer of Alexandria, 292 B.C.

=Arius=, a river of Gaul, and――――of Asia. The inhabitants in the neighbourhood are called Arii.――――A celebrated writer, the origin of the Arian controversy, that denied the eternal divinity and consubstantiality of the Word. Though he was greatly persecuted for his opinions, he gained the favour of the emperor Constantine, and triumphed over his powerful antagonist Athanasius. He died the very night he was going to enter the church of Constantinople in triumph. Pressed by nature, he went aside to ease himself; but his bowels gushed out, and he expired on the spot, A.D. 336. _Athanasius._

=Armĕnes=, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 1.

=Armenia=, a large country of Asia, divided into Upper and Lower Armenia. Upper Armenia, called also Major, has Media on the east, Iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on the south. Lower Armenia, or Minor, is bounded by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia, and the Euphrates. The Armenians were a long time under the dominion of the Medes and Persians, till they were conquered with the rest of Asia, by Alexander and his successors. The Romans made it one of their provinces, and under some of the emperors the Armenians had the privilege of choosing their own kings, but they were afterwards reduced. The country received its name from Armenus, who was one of the Argonauts, and of Thessalian origin. They borrowed the names and attributes of their deities from the Persians. They paid great adoration to Venus Anaitis, and the chiefest of the people always prostituted their daughters in honour of this goddess. Armenia Major is now called Turcomania, and Minor, Aladulia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 194; bk. 5, ch. 49.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 5, ch. 1. ――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 11.――_Mela_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 4, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2.

=Armentarius=, a Cæsar in Diocletian’s reign.

=Armillatus=, one of Domitian’s favourites. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 53.

=Armilustrium=, a festival at Rome on the 19th of October. When the sacrifices were offered, all the people appeared under arms. The festival has often been confounded with that of the Salii, though easily distinguished; because the latter was observed the 2nd of March, and on the celebration of the Armilustrium they always played on a flute, and the Salii played upon the trumpet. It was instituted A.U.C. 543. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 37.

=Arminius=, a warlike general of the Germans, who supported a bloody war against Rome for some time, and was at last conquered by Germanicus in two great battles. He was poisoned by one of his friends, A.D. 19, in the 37th year of his age. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 56.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, &c.

=Armorĭcæ=, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous for the warlike, rebellious, and inconstant disposition of the inhabitants called Armorici. Armorica extended between the rivers Liger and Sequana, and comprehended those rich and populous provinces now called Britany and Normandy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Arne=, a city of Lycia, called afterwards Xanthus.――――A town of Umbria in Italy.――――A daughter of Æolus, who gave her name to two towns, one in Thessaly, the other in Bœotia. Neptune changed himself into a bull to enjoy her company. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.

=Arni=, a people of Italy, destroyed by Hercules.

=Arniensis=, a tribe in Rome. _Livy_, bk. 6.

=Arnobius=, a philosopher in Diocletian’s reign, who became a convert to christianity. He applied for ordination, but was refused by the bishops till he gave them a proof of his sincerity. Upon this he wrote his celebrated treatise, in which he exposed the absurdity of irreligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods. Opinions are various concerning the purity of his style, though all agree in praise of his extensive erudition. The book that he wrote, _De Rhetoricâ Institutione_, is not extant. The best edition of his treatise _Adversus Gentes_ is the 4to, printed Leiden, 1651.

=Arnus=, a river of Etruria, rising in the Apennine mountains, and falling into the Mediterranean. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 2.

=Aroa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7.

=Aroma=, a town of Caria,――――of Cappadocia.

=Arpāni=, a people of Italy.

=Arpi=, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes after the Trojan war. _Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 28.

=Arpīnum=, a town of the Volsci, famous for giving birth to Cicero and Marius. The words _Arpinæ chartæ_ are sometimes applied to Cicero’s works. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 19.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 237. ――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, speech 3.――――A town of Magna Græcia.

=Arræi=, a people of Thrace. _Pliny._

=Arrharæus=, the king of a nation in the neighbourhood of Macedonia, who greatly distressed Archelaus. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_, ch. 10.

=Arria=. _See:_ Aria.

=Arria Galla=, a beautiful but immodest woman in the reign of the emperors. _Tacitus_, bk. 15, ch. 19.

=Arriānus=, a philosopher of Nicomedia, priest of Ceres and Proserpine, and disciple of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon, from the elegance and sweetness of his diction, and distinguished for his acquaintance with military and political life. He wrote seven books on Alexander’s expedition, the periplus of the Euxine and Red seas, four books on the dissertations of Epictetus, besides an account of the Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He flourished about the 140th year of Christ, and was rewarded with the consulship and government of Cappadocia, by Marcus Antoninus. The best edition of Arrian’s _Expeditio Alexandri_, is the folio Gronovii, Leiden, 1704, and the 8vo, à Raphelio, 2 vols., 1757, and the Tactica, 8vo, Amsterdam, 1683.――――A Greek historian.――――An Athenian who wrote a treatise on hunting, and the manner of keeping dogs.――――A poet who wrote an epic poem in 24 books on Alexander; also another poem on Attalus king of Pergamus. He likewise translated Virgil’s Georgics into Greek verse.

=Arrius=, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptuous feast _Horace_ describes, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 86.――――Aper, a Roman general who murdered the emperor, &c.

=Arrius= and =Arius=, a philosopher of Alexandria, who so ingratiated himself with Augustus, after the battle of Actium, that the conqueror declared the people of Alexandria owed the preservation of their city to three causes; because Alexander was their founder, because of the beauty of the situation, and because Arrius was a native of the place. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Arruntius=, a Roman consul.――――A famous geographer who, upon being accused of adultery and treason, under Tiberius, opened his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6.

=Arsabes=, a satrap of Armenia.――――Of Persia. _Polyænus._

=Arsăces=, a man of obscure origin, who, upon seeing Seleucus defeated by the Gauls, invaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of the province called Andragoras, and laid the foundations of an empire, 250 B.C. He added the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly acquired possessions, and spent his time in establishing his power, and regulating the laws. After death he was made a god of his nation, and all his successors were called, in honour of his name, _Arsacidæ_. _Justin_, bk. 41, chs. 5 & 6.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 12.――――His son and successor bore the same name. He carried war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, who entered the field with 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He afterwards made peace with Antiochus, and died B.C. 217. _Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 5.――――The third king of Parthia, of the family of the Arsacidæ, bore the same name, and was also called Priapatius. He reigned 12 years, and left two sons, Mithridates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as being the elder, and at his death he left his kingdom to his brother, though he had many children; observing that a monarch ought to have in view, not the dignity of his family, but the prosperity of his subjects. _Justin_, bk. 31, ch. 5.――――A king of Pontus and Armenia, in alliance with the Romans. He fought long with success against the Persians, till he was deceived by the snares of king Sapor, his enemy, who put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him of life. _Marcellinus._――――The eldest son of Artabanus, appointed over Armenia by his father, after the death of king Artaxias. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 6.――――A servant of Themistocles.

=Arsacĭdæ=, a name given to some of the monarchs of Parthia, in honour of Arsaces, the founder of the empire. Their power subsisted till the 229th year of the christian era, when they were conquered by Artaxerxes king of Persia. _Justin_, bk. 41.

=Arsamĕnes=, a satrap of Persia, at the battle of the Granicus.

=Arsametes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.

=Arsamosāta=, a town of Armenia Major, 70 miles from the Euphrates. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.

=Arsānes=, the son of Ochus and father of Codomanus.

=Arsanias=, a river of Armenia, which, according to some, flows into the Tigris, and afterwards into the Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Arsēna=, a marsh of Armenia Major whose fishes are all of the same sort. _Strabo._

=Arses=, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the eunuch Bagoas raised to the throne of Persia, and destroyed with his children, after a reign of three years. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Arsia=, a wood of Etruria, famous for a battle between the Romans and the Veientes. _Plutarch_, _Poplicola_.――――A small river between Illyricum and Istria, falling into the Adriatic.――――A river of Italy, flowing through Campania.

=Arsidæus=, a son of Datames, &c.

=Arsinoe=, daughter of Leucippus and Philodice, was mother of Æsculapius by Apollo, according to some authors. She received divine honours after death at Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A daughter of Phlegeus, promised in marriage to Alcmæon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A fountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――The sister and wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after death under the name of Venus Zephyritis. Dinochares began to build her a temple with loadstones, in which there stood a statue of Arsinoe suspended in the air by the power of the magnet; but the death of the architect prevented its being perfected. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Lysimachus king of Macedonia. After her husband’s death, Ceraunus, her own brother, married her, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. He previously murdered Lysimachus and Philip, the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in their mother’s arms. Arsinoe was some time after banished to Samothrace. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 1, &c.――――A younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra. Antony despatched her to gain the good graces of her sister. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 4.――_Appian._――――The wife of Magas king of Cyrene, who committed adultery with her son-in-law. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Lysimachus. _Pausanias._――――A town of Egypt, situated near the lake of Mœris, on the western shore of the Nile, where the inhabitants paid the highest veneration to the crocodiles. They nourished them in a splendid manner, and embalmed them after death, and buried them in the subterraneous cells of the labyrinth. _Strabo._――――A town of Cilicia,――――of Æolia,――――of Syria, ――――of Cyprus,――――of Lycia, &c.

=Arsites=, a satrap of Paphlagonia.

=Artabānus=, son of Hystaspes, was brother to Darius I. He dissuaded his nephew Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, and at his return, he assassinated him with the hopes of ascending the throne. Darius the son of Xerxes was murdered in a similar manner; and Artaxerxes his brother would have shared the same fate, had not he discovered the snares of the assassin, and punished him with death. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 38; bk. 7, ch. 10, &c.――――A king of Parthia, after the death of his nephew Phraates II. He undertook a war against a nation of Scythia, in which he perished. His son Mithridates succeeded him, and merited the appellation of Great. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2.――――A king of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the expulsion of Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king there. He invaded Armenia, from whence he was driven away by one of the generals of Tiberius. He was expelled from his throne, which Tiridates usurped; and some time after he was restored again to his ancient power, and died A.D. 48. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, &c.――――A king of Parthia, very inimical to the interest of Vespasian.――――Another king of Parthia, who made war against the emperor Caracalla, who had attempted his life on pretence of courting his daughter. He was murdered, and the power of Parthia abolished, and the crown transferred to the Persian monarchs. _Dio Cassius._――_Herodian._

=Artabazānes=, or =Artamĕnes=, the eldest son of Darius, when a private person. He attempted to succeed to the Persian throne, in preference to Xerxes. _Justin._

=Artabāzus=, a son of Pharnaces, general in the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. _Herodotus_, bks. 7, 8, & 9.――――A general who made war against Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He was afterwards reconciled to his prince, and became the familiar friend of Darius III. After the murder of this prince, he surrendered himself up with his sons to Alexander, who treated him with much humanity and confidence. _Curtius_, bk. 5, chs. 9 & 12; bk. 6, ch. 5; bk. 7, chs. 3 & 5; bk. 8, ch. 1.――――An officer of Artaxerxes against Datames. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Artabri= and =Artabrĭtæ=, a people of Lusitania, who received their name from Artabrum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, now called _Finisterre_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 362.

=Artacæas=, an officer in the army of Xerxes, the tallest of all the troops, the king excepted.

=Artacæna=, a city of Asia, near Aria.

=Artăce=, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. It did not exist in the age of Pliny. There was in its neighbourhood a fountain called Artacia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Procopius_, _The Persian War_, bk. 1, ch. 25.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A city of Phrygia.――――A fortified place of Bithynia.

=Artacēne=, a country of Assyria near Arbela, where Alexander conquered Darius. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Artăcia=, a fountain in the country of the Læstrygones. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 60.

=Artæi=, a name by which the Persians were called among their neighbours. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61.

=Artagreras=, a town of Upper Armenia. _Strabo._

=Artagerses=, a general in the army of Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Artanes=, a king of the southern parts of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 11. ――――A river of Thrace flowing into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.――――A river of Colchis.

=Artaphernes=, a general whom Darius sent into Greece with Datis. He was conquered at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. _See:_ Datis. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.――_Herodotus._

=Artatus=, a river of Illyria. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19.

=Artavasdes=, a son of Tigranes king of Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and shone as an elegant orator and faithful historian. He lived in alliance with the Romans, but Crassus was defeated, partly on account of his delay. He betrayed Marcus Antony in his expedition against Parthia, for which Antony reduced his kingdom, and carried him to Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the conqueror led in golden chains. He was some time after murdered. _Strabo_, bk. 11. ――――The crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a person of the same name, who was expelled.――――Augustus had also raised to the throne of Armenia a person of the same name. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2.

=Artaxa= and =Artaxias=, a general of Antiochus the Great, who erected the province of Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on the friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was one of his successors. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Artaxăta= (orum), now _Ardesh_, a strongly fortified town of Upper Armenia, the capital of the empire, where the kings generally resided. It is said that Annibal built it for Artaxias the king of the country. It was burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, who called it _Neronea_, in honour of Nero. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Artaxerxes I.=, succeeded to the kingdom of Persia, after his father Xerxes. He destroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes, and attempted to cut off the whole royal family to raise himself to the throne. He made war against the Bactrians, and reconquered Egypt that had revolted, with the assistance of the Athenians, and was remarkable for his equity and moderation. One of his hands was longer than the other, whence he has been called _Macrochir_ or _Longimanus_. He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 425. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――The second of that name, king of Persia, was surnamed Mnemon, on account of his extensive memory. He was son of Darius II. by Parysatis the daughter of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes, and Oxathres. His name was Arsaces, which he changed into Artaxerxes when he ascended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of such an ambitious disposition, that he resolved to make himself king, in opposition to Artaxerxes. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and when he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she obtained his pardon by her entreaties and influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, assembled a large army under various pretences, and at last marched against his brother at the head of 100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was killed, and his forces routed. It has been reported that Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of the honour, that he put to death two men for saying that they had killed him. The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother, though at the distance of above 600 leagues from their country, made their way through the territories of the enemy; and nothing is more famous in the Grecian history, than the retreat of the 10,000. After he was delivered from the attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes stirred up a war among the Grecian states against Sparta, and exerted all his influence to weaken the power of the Greeks. He married two of his own daughters, called Atossa and Amestria, and named his eldest son Darius to be his successor. Darius, however, conspired against his father, and was put to death; and Ochus, one of the younger sons, called also Artaxerxes, made his way to the throne, by causing his elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to be assassinated. It is said that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in consequence of his son’s unnatural behaviour, in the 94th year of his age, after a reign of 46 years, B.C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his 350 concubines, and only four legitimate sons. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.――_Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 1, &c. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 13, &c.――――The third, surnamed Ochus, succeeded his father Artaxerxes II., and established himself on his throne by murdering above 80 of his nearest relations. He punished with death one of his officers who conspired against him, and recovered Egypt, which had revolted, destroyed Sidon, and ravaged all Syria. He made war against the Cadusii, and greatly rewarded a private man called Codomanus for his uncommon valour. But his behaviour in Egypt, and his cruelty towards the inhabitants, offended his subjects, and Bagoas at last obliged his physician to poison him, B.C. 337, and afterwards gave his flesh to be devoured by cats, and made handles for swords with his bones. Codomanus, on account of his virtues, was soon after made king by the people; and that he might seem to possess as much dignity as the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under the name of Darius III. _Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Artaxerxes=, or =Artaxares I.=, a common soldier of Persia, who killed Artabanus, A.D. 228, and erected Persia again into a kingdom, which had been extinct since the death of Darius. Severus the Roman emperor conquered him, and obliged him to remain within his kingdom. _Herodian_, bk. 5.――――One of his successors, son of Sapor, bore his name, and reigned 11 years, during which he distinguished himself by his cruelties.

=Artaxias=, son of Artavasdes king of Armenia, was proclaimed king by his father’s troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he was defeated, and became so odious that the Romans, at the request of the Armenians, raised Tigranes to the throne.――――Another, son of Polemon, whose original name was Zeno. After the expulsion of Vonones from Armenia, he was made king by Germanicus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 31. ――――A general of Antiochus. _See:_ Artaxa.

=Artayctes=, a Persian appointed governor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung on a cross by the Athenians for his cruelties. _Herodotus_, bks. 7 & 9.

=Artaynta=, a Persian lady whom Xerxes gave in marriage to his son Darius. She was one of the mistresses of her father-in-law. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 103, &c.

=Artayntes=, a Persian appointed over a fleet in Greece by Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 13; bk. 9, ch. 107.

=Artembares=, a celebrated Mede in the reign of Cyrus the Great. _Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 9.

=Artemidōrus=, a native of Ephesus, who wrote a history and description of the earth, in 11 books. He flourished about 104 years B.C.――――A physician in the age of Adrian.――――A man in the reign of Antoninus, who wrote a learned work on the interpretation of dreams, still extant; the best edition of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, 4to, 1604, to which is annexed _Achmetis oneirocritica_.――――A man of Cnidus, son to the historian Theopompus. He had a school at Rome, and he wrote a book on illustrious men, not extant. As he was the friend of Julius Cæsar, he wrote down an account of the conspiracy which was formed against him. He gave it to the dictator from among the crowd as he was going to the senate, but Julius Cæsar put it with other papers which he held in his hand, thinking it to be of no material consequence. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Artĕmis=, the Greek name of Diana. Her festivals, called Artemisia, were celebrated in several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi, where they offered to the goddess a mullet, which, as was supposed, bore some affinity to the goddess of hunting, because it is said to hunt and kill the sea-hare. There was a solemnity of the same name at Syracuse; it lasted three days, which were spent in banqueting and diversions. _Athenæus_, bk. 7.

=Artemisia=, daughter of Lygdamis of Halicarnassus, reigned over Halicarnassus and the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerxes in his expedition against Greece with a fleet, and her valour was so great that the monarch observed that all his men fought like women, and all his women like men. The Athenians were so ashamed of fighting against a woman, that they offered a reward of 10,000 drachms for her head. It is said that she was fond of a youth of Abydos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish his disdain, she put out his eyes while he was asleep, and afterwards leaped down the promontory of Leucas. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99; bk. 8, ch. 68, &c. ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――There was also another queen of Caria of that name, often confounded with the daughter of Lygdamis. She was daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria or Halicarnassus, and was married to her own brother Mausolus famous for his personal beauty. She was so fond of her husband, that at his death she drank in her liquor his ashes after his body had been burned, and erected to his memory a monument, which, for its grandeur and magnificence, was called one of the seven wonders of the world. This monument she called _Mausoleum_, a name which has been given from that time to all monuments of unusual splendour. She invited all the literary men of her age, and proposed rewards to him who composed the best elegiac panegyric upon her husband. The prize was adjudged to Theopompus. She was so inconsolable for the death of her husband that she died through grief two years after. _Vitruvius._――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Artemisia.= _See:_ Artemis.

=Artemisium=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Diana had a temple. The neighbouring part of the sea bore the same name. The fleet of Xerxes had a skirmish there with the Grecian ships. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 175, &c.――――A lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple sacred to Artemis, whence the name.

=Artemīta=, a city at the east of Seleucia.――――An island opposite the mouth of the Achelous. _Strabo._

=Artĕmon=, an historian of Pergamus.――――A native of Clazomenæ, who was with Pericles at the siege of Samos, where it is said he invented the battering ram, the _testudo_, and other equally valuable military engines.――――A man who wrote a treatise on collecting books.――――A native of Magnesia, who wrote the history of illustrious women.――――A physician of Clazomenæ.――――A painter.――――A Syrian, whose features resembled, in the strongest manner, those of Antiochus. The queen, after the king’s murder, made use of Artemon to represent her husband in a lingering state, that, by his seeming to die a natural death, she might conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked purpose. _See:_ Antiochus.

=Artimpasa=, a name of Venus among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 59.

=Artobarzănes=, a son of Darius, who endeavoured to ascend the throne in preference to his brother Xerxes, but to no purpose. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, chs. 2 & 3.

=Artochmes=, a general of Xerxes, who married one of the daughters of Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 73.

=Artōna=, a town of the Latins, taken by the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 43.

=Artontes=, a son of Mardonius. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_.

=Artonius=, a physician of Augustus, who, on the night previous to the battle of Philippi, saw Minerva in a dream, who told him to assure Augustus of victory. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Artoxares=, a eunuch of Paphlagonia, in the reign of Artaxerxes I., cruelly put to death by Parysatis.

=Arturius=, an obscure fellow, raised to honours and wealth by his flatteries, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 29.

=Artynes=, a king of Media.

=Artynia=, a lake of Asia Minor.

=Artystŏna=, a daughter of Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 88.

=Aruæ=, a people of Hyrcania, where Alexander kindly received the chief officers of Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Arvāles=, a name given to 12 priests who celebrated the festivals called Ambarvalia. According to some, they were descended from the 12 sons of Acca Laurentia, who suckled Romulus. They wore a crown of ears of corn, and a white fillet. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4. _See:_ Ambarvalia.

=Arueris=, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis and Osiris. According to some accounts, Osiris and Isis were married together in their mother’s womb, and Isis was pregnant of Arueris before she was born.

=Arverni=, a powerful people of Gaul, now _Auvergne_, near the Ligeris, who took up arms against Julius Cæsar. They were conquered with great slaughter. They pretended to be descended from the Trojans as well as the Romans. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Arvĭrăgus=, a king of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 127.

=Arvīsium= and =Arvīsus=, a promontory of Chios, famous for its wine. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 5.

=Lucius Arunculeius Costa [Cotta]=, an officer sent by Julius Cæsar against the Gauls, by whom he was killed. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Aruns=, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of Marius. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 586.――――A soldier who slew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of Diana. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 759.――――A brother of Tarquin the Proud. He married Tullia, who murdered him to espouse Tarquin, who had assassinated his wife.――――A son of Tarquin the Proud, who, in the battle that was fought between the partisans of his father and the Romans, attacked Brutus the Roman consul, who wounded him and threw him down from his horse. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A son of Porsenna king of Etruria, sent by his father to take Aricia. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Aruntius=, a Roman who ridiculed the rites of Bacchus, for which the god inebriated him to such a degree that he offered violence to his daughter Medullina, who murdered him when she found that he acted so dishonourably to her virtue. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A man who wrote an account of the Punic wars in the style of Sallust, in the reign of Augustus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.――_Seneca_, ltr. 14.――――Another Latin writer. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 6. ――――Paterculus, a man who gave Æmylius Censorinus tyrant of Ægesta a brazen horse to torment criminals. The tyrant made the first experiment upon the body of the donor. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――Stella, a poet descended of a consular family in the age of Domitian.

=Arupīnus=, a maritime town of Istria. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 110.

=Aruspex.= _See:_ Haruspex.

=Aryxăta=, a town of Armenia, near the Araxes. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Aryandes=, a Persian appointed governor of Egypt by Cambyses. He was put to death because he imitated Darius in whatever he did, and wished to make himself immortal. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 166.

=Arybas=, a native of Sidon, whose daughter was carried away by pirates. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 425.――――A king of the Molossi, who reigned 10 years.

=Aryptæus=, a prince of the Molossi, who privately encouraged the Greeks against Macedonia, and afterwards embraced the party of the Macedonians.

=Asander=, a man who separated, by a wall, Chersonesus Taurica from the continent. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Asbestæ= and =Asbystæ=, a people of Libya above Cyrene, where the temple of Ammon is built. Jupiter is sometimes called, on that account, _Asbystius_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 170.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Asbŏlus= (_black hair_), one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Ascalăphus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who was among the Argonauts, and went to the Trojan war at the head of the Ochomenians, with his brother Ialmenus. He was killed by Deiphobus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 13; bk. 9, li. 82; bk. 13, li. 518.――――A son of Acheron by Gorgyra or Orphne, stationed by Pluto to watch over Proserpine in the Elysian fields. When Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her daughter’s freedom and return upon earth, provided she had eaten nothing in the kingdom of Pluto, Ascalaphus discovered that she had eaten some pomegranates from a tree; upon which Proserpine was ordered by Jupiter to remain six months with Pluto, and the rest of the year with her mother. Proserpine was so displeased with Ascalaphus, that she sprinkled water on his head, and immediately turned him into an owl. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 5. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 8.

=Ascălon=, a town of Syria, near the Mediterranean, about 520 stadia from Jerusalem, still in being. It was anciently famous for its onions. _Josephus_, _The Jewish War_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Theophrastus_, _Enquiry into Plants_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Ascania=, an island of the Ægean sea.――――A city of Troas, built by Ascanius.

=Ascănius=, son of Æneas by Creusa, was saved from the flames of Troy by his father, whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy. He was afterwards called Iulus. He behaved with great valour in the war which his father carried on against the Latins, and succeeded Æneas in the kingdom of Latinus, and built Alba, to which he transferred the seat of his empire from Lavinium. The descendants of Ascanius reigned in Alba for above 420 years, under 14 kings, till the age of Numitor. Ascanius reigned 38 years; 30 at Lavinium, and eight at Alba; and was succeeded by Sylvius Posthumus son of Æneas by Lavinia. Iulus the son of Ascanius disputed the crown with him; but the Latins gave it in favour of Sylvius, as he was descended from the family of Latinus, and Iulus was invested with the office of high priest, which remained a long while in his family. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――――According to _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15, &c., the son of Æneas by Lavinia was also called Ascanius.――――A river of Bithynia. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 270.

=Ascii=, a nation of India, in whose country objects at noon have no shadow. _Pliny_, bk. 2.

=Asclēpia=, festivals in honour of Asclepius, or Æsculapius, celebrated all over Greece, when prizes for poetical and musical compositions were honourably distributed. At Epidaurus they were called by a different name.

=Asclēpiădes=, a rhetorician in the age of Eumenes, who wrote an historical account of Alexander. _Arrian_.――――A disciple of Plato. ――――A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and very intimate with Menedemus. The two friends lived together, and that they might not be separated when they married, Asclepiades married the daughter, and Menedemus, though much the younger, the mother. When the wife of Asclepiades was dead, Menedemus gave his wife to his friend, and married another. He was blind in his old age, and died in Eretria. _Plutarch_.――――A physician of Bithynia, B.C. 90, who acquired great reputation at Rome, and was the founder of a sect in physic. He relied so much on his skill that he laid a wager he should never be sick; and won it, as he died of a fall, in a very advanced age. Nothing of his medical treatises is now extant.――――An Egyptian, who wrote hymns on the gods of his country, and also a treatise on the coincidence of all religions.――――A native of Alexandria, who gave a history of the Athenian archons.――――The writer of a treatise on Demetrius Phalereus.――――A disciple of Isocrates, who wrote six books on those events which had been the subject of tragedies.――――A physician in the age of Pompey.――――A tragic poet.――――Another physician of Bithynia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and was a great favourite of the emperor’s court.

=Asclepiodōrus=, a painter in the age of Apelles, 12 of whose pictures of the gods were sold, for 300 minæ each, to an African prince. _Pliny_, bk. 35.――――A soldier who conspired against Alexander with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Asclepiodotus=, a general of Mithridates.

=Asclepius.= _See:_ Æsculapius.

=Ascletarion=, a mathematician in the age of Domitian, who said that he should be torn by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put to death, and his body carefully secured; but as soon as he was set on the burning pile, a sudden storm arose which put out the flames, and the dogs came and tore to pieces the mathematician’s body. _Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 15.

=Asclus=, a town of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.

=Ascolia=, a festival in honour of Bacchus, celebrated about December by the Athenian husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat to the god, because that animal is a great enemy to the vine. They made a bottle with the skin of the victim, which they filled with oil and wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He who could stand upon it first was victorious, and received the bottle as a reward. This was called ἀσκωλιαζειν παρα το ἐπι ἀσκον ἀλλεσθαι, _leaping upon the bottle_, whence the name of the festival is derived. It was also introduced in Italy, where the people besmeared their faces with the dregs of wine, and sang hymns to the god. They always hanged some small images of the god on the tallest trees in their vineyards, and these images they called Oscilla. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 384.――_Pollux_, bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Asconius Labeo=, a preceptor of Nero.――――Pedia, a man intimate with Virgil and Livy.――――Another of the same family in the age of Vespasian, who became blind in his old age, and lived 12 years after. He wrote, besides some historical treatises, annotations on Cicero’s orations.

=Ascra=, a town of Bœotia, built, according to some, by the giants Otus and Ephialtes, at the foot of Mount Helicon. Hesiod was born there, whence he is often called the _Ascrean_ poet, and whatever poem treats on agricultural subjects _Ascræum carmen_. The town received its name from Ascra, a nymph, mother of Œoclus by Neptune. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1.

=Ascŭlum=, now _Ascoli_, a town of Picenum, famous for the defeat of Pyrrhus by Curius and Fabricius. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――――Another in Apulia, near the Aufidus.

=Asdrŭbal=, a Carthaginian, son-in-law of Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in the Numidian war, and was appointed chief general on the death of his father-in-law, and for eight years presided with much prudence and valour over Spain, which submitted to his arms with cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of new Carthage, and saw it complete. To stop his progress towards the east, the Romans, in a treaty with Carthage, forbade him to pass the Iberus, which was faithfully observed by the general. He was killed in the midst of his soldiers, B.C. 220, by a slave whose master he had murdered. The slave was caught and put to death in the greatest torments, which he bore with patience, and even ridiculed. Some say that he was killed in hunting. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 165.――_Appian_, _Wars in Spain_.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 2, &c.――――A son of Hamilcar, who came from Spain with a large reinforcement for his brother Annibal. He crossed the Alps and entered Italy; but some of his letters to Annibal having fallen into the hands of the Romans, the consuls Marcus Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero attacked him suddenly near the Metaurus, and defeated him, B.C. 207. He was killed in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his fate, and 5400 were taken prisoners; about 8000 Romans were killed. The head of Asdrubal was cut off, and some days after thrown into the camp of Annibal, who, in the moment that he was in the greatest expectations for a promised supply, exclaimed at the sight, “In losing Asdrubal, I lose all my happiness, and Carthage all her hopes.” Asdrubal had before made an attempt to penetrate into Italy by sea, but had been defeated by the governor of Sardinia. _Livy_, bks. 21, 23, 27, &c. ――_Polybius._――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4.――――A Carthaginian general, surnamed _Calvus_, appointed governor of Sardinia, and taken prisoner by the Romans. _Livy._――――Another, son of Gisgon, appointed general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the time of the great Annibal. He made head against the Romans in Africa, with the assistance of Scyphax, but he was soon after defeated by Scipio. He died B.C. 206. _Livy._――――Another, who advised his countrymen to make peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for laughing in the Carthaginian senate. _Livy._――――A grandson of Masinissa, murdered in the senate house by the Carthaginians.――――Another, whose camp was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, though at the head of 20,000 men, in the last Punic war. When all was lost, he fled to the enemy, and begged his life. Scipio showed him to the Carthaginians, upon which his wife, with a thousand imprecations, threw herself and her two children into the flames of the temple of Æsculapius, which she and others had set on fire. He was not of the same family as Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 51.――――A Carthaginian general, conquered by Lucius Cæcilius Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in which he lost 130 elephants. These animals were led in triumph all over Italy by the conquerors.

=Asellio Sempronius=, an historian and military tribune, who wrote an account of the actions in which he was present. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Asia=, one of the three parts of the ancient world, separated from Europe by the Tanais, the Euxine, Ægean, and Mediterranean seas. The Nile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It received its name from Asia the daughter of Oceanus. This part of the globe has given birth to many of the greatest monarchies of the universe, and to the ancient inhabitants of Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and sciences. The soil is fruitful, and abounds with all the necessaries as well as luxuries of life. Asia was divided into many different empires, provinces, and states, of which the most conspicuous were the Assyrian and Persian monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy, according to Eusebius, lasted 1240 years, and according to Justin 1300 years, down to the year of the world 4380. The empire of Persia existed 228 years, till the death of Darius III., whom Alexander the Great conquered. The empire of the Medes lasted 259 years, according to Eusebius, or less, according to others, till the reign of Astyages, who was conquered by Cyrus the Great, who transferred the power from the Medes, and founded the Persian monarchy. It was in Asia that the military valour of the Macedonians, and the bold retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicuously displayed. It is in that part of the world that we are to look for the more visible progress of luxury, despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and dissipation. Asia was generally divided into Major and Minor. Asia Major was the most extensive, and comprehended all the eastern parts; and Asia Minor was a large country in the form of a peninsula, whose boundaries may be known by drawing a line from the bay of Issus, in a northern direction, to the eastern part of the Euxine sea. Asia Minor has been subject to many revolutions. It was tributary to the Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, and was a long time in the power of the Lydians, Medes, &c. The western parts of Asia Minor were the receptacle of all the ancient emigrations from Greece, and it was totally peopled by Grecian colonies. The Romans generally and indiscriminately called Asia Minor by the name of Asia. _Strabo._ ――_Mela._――_Justin._――_Pliny._――_Tacitus_, &c.――――One of the Oceanides, who married Japetus, and gave her name to one of the three divisions of the ancient globe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2. ――――One of the Nereides. _Hyginus._――――A mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Asia Palus=, a lake in Mysia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 701.

=Asiātĭcus=, a Gaul in the age of Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2.――――The surname of one of the Scipios, and others, from their conquests or campaigns in Asia.

=Asĭlas=, an augur, who assisted Æneas against Turnus.――――A Trojan officer. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 9, 10, &c.

=Asināria=, a festival in Sicily, in commemoration of a victory obtained over Demosthenes and Nicias at the river Asinarius.

=Asinārius=, a river of Sicily, where the Athenian generals, Demosthenes and Nicias, were taken prisoners.

=Asĭne=, one of the Sporades.――――An island of the Adriatic.――――Three towns of Peloponnesus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, Argolis, and Messenia.

=Asĭnes=, a river of Sicily.

=Asinius Gallus=, son of Asinius Pollio the orator, married Vipsania, after she had been divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave rise to a secret enmity between the emperor and Asinius, who starved himself to death, either voluntarily, or by order of his imperial enemy. He had six sons by his wife. He wrote a comparison between his father and Cicero, in which he gave a decided superiority to the former. _Tacitus_ bks. 1 & 5, _Annals_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 58.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ltr. 4.――――Marcellus, grandson of Asinius Pollio, was accused of some misdemeanours, but acquitted, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 14, _Annals_. ――――Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and historian, intimate with Augustus. He triumphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an account of the wars of Cæsar and Pompey, in 17 books, besides poems. He refused to answer some verses against him by Augustus, “because,” said he, “you have the power to proscribe me, should my answer prove offensive.” He died in the 80th year of his age, A.D. 4. He was consul with Cnaeus Domitius Calvinus, A.U.C. 714. It is to him that the fourth of Virgil’s Bucolics is inscribed. _Quintilian._ ――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, chs. 30 & 55.――_Dio Cassius_, bks. 37, 49, 55.――_Seneca_, _de Tranquilitate Animi_ & ltr. 100.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30.――_Tacitus_, bk. 6.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A commander of Mauritania, under the first emperors, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2.――――An historian in the age of Pompey. ――――Another in the third century.――――Quadratus, a man who published the history of Parthia, Greece, and Rome.

=Asius=, a son of Dymas, brother of Hecuba. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 342; bk. 12, li. 95; bk. 13, li. 384.――――A poet of Samos, who wrote about the genealogy of ancient heroes and heroines. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――――A son of Imbracus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 123.

=Asius Campus=, a place near the Cayster.

=Asnāus=, a mountain of Macedonia, near which the river Aous flows. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 5.

=Asōphis=, a small country of Peloponnesus, near the Asopus.

=Asōpia=, the ancient name of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Asōpiădes=, a patronymic of Æacus, son of Ægina, the daughter of Asopus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 484.

=Asōpis=, the daughter of the Asopus.――――A daughter of Thespius mother of Mentor. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Asōpus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the bay of Malta at the north of Thermopylæ. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A river of Bœotia, rising near Platæa, and flowing into the Euripus, after it has separated the country of the Thebans and Platæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4. ――――A river of Asia, flowing into the Lycus, near Laodicea.――――A river of Peloponnesus, passing by Sicyon.――――Another of Macedonia, flowing near Heraclea. _Strabo_, &c.――――A river of Phœnicia.――――A son of Neptune, who gave his name to a river of Peloponnesus. Three of his daughters are particularly celebrated, Ægina, Salamis, and Ismene. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Aspa=, a town of Parthia, now _Ispahan_, the capital of the Persian empire.

=Aspamithres=, a favourite eunuch of Xerxes, who conspired with Artabanus to destroy the king and the royal family, &c. _Ctesias._

=Asparagium=, a town near Dyrrhachium. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 30.

=Aspăsia=, a daughter of Hermotimus of Phocæa, famous for her personal charms and elegance. She was priestess of the sun, mistress to Cyrus, and afterwards to his brother Artaxerxes, from whom she passed to Darius. She was called _Milto_, _vermilion_, on account of the beauty of her complexion. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――Another woman, daughter of Axiochus, born at Miletus. She came to Athens, where she taught eloquence, and Socrates was proud to be among her scholars. She so captivated Pericles, by her mental and personal accomplishments, that he became her pupil, and at last took her for his mistress and wife. He was so fond of her, that he made war against Samos at her instigation. The behaviour of Pericles towards Aspasia greatly corrupted the morals of the Athenians, and introduced dissipation and lasciviousness into the state. She, however, possessed the merit of a superior excellence in mind as well as person, and her instructions helped to form the greatest and most eloquent orators of Greece. Some have confounded the mistress of Pericles with Aspasia the daughter of Hermotimus. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 11.――――The wife of Xenophon was also called Aspasia, if we follow the improper interpretation given by some to _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 31.

=Aspasius=, a peripatetic philosopher in the second century, whose commentaries on different subjects were highly valued.――――A sophist, who wrote a panegyric on Adrian.

=Aspastes=, a satrap of Carmania, suspected of infidelity to his trust while Alexander was in the east. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 20.

=Aspathīnes=, one of the seven noblemen of Persia who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 70, &c.――――A son of Prexaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7.

=Aspendus=, a town of Pamphylia, at the mouth of the river Eurymedon. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 20. The inhabitants sacrificed swine to Venus.

=Asphaltītes=, a lake. _See:_ Mare Mortuum.

=Aspis=, a satrap of Chaonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.――――A city and mountain of Africa.――――One of the Cyclades.――――A city of Macedonia.

=Asplēdon=, a son of Neptune by the nymph Midea. He gave his name to a city of Bœotia, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 38.

=Asporēnus=, a mountain of Asia Minor near Pergamus, where the mother of the gods was worshipped, and called _Asporena_. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Assa=, a town near mount Athos.

=Assabīnus=, the Jupiter of the Arabians.

=Assărăcus=, a Trojan prince, son of Tros by Callirhoe. He was father to Capys, the father of Anchises. The Trojans were frequently called the descendants of Assaracus, _Gens Assaraci_. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1.――――Two friends of Æneas in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 124.

=Asserīni=, a people of Sicily.

=Assōrus=, a town of Sicily, between Enna and Argyrium.

=Assos=, a town of Lycia on the sea coast.

=Assy̆ria=, a large country of Asia, whose boundaries have been different in its flourishing times. At first it was bounded by the Lycus and Caprus; but the name of Assyria, more generally speaking, is applied to all that territory which lies between Media, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Babylon. The Assyrian empire is the most ancient in the world. It was founded by Ninus or Belus, B.C. 2059, according to some authors, and lasted till the reign of Sardanapalus, the 31st sovereign since Ninus, B.C. 820. According to Eusebius, it flourished for 1240 years; according to Justin, 1300 years; but Herodotus says that its duration was not above 500 or 600 years. Among the different monarchs of the Assyrian empire Semiramis greatly distinguished herself, and extended the boundaries of her dominions as far as Æthiopia and Libya. In ancient authors the Assyrians are often called Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians. The Assyrians assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and sent him Memnon with an army. The king of Assyria generally styled himself king of kings, as a demonstration of his power and greatness. The country is now called Curdistan. _See:_ Syria. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Justin_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 13 & 26.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Asta=, a city in Spain.

=Astacœni=, a people of India near the Indus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Astăcus=, a town of Bithynia, built by Acastus son of Neptune and Olbia, or rather by a colony from Megara and Athens. Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants to the town of Nicomedia, which was then lately built. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 12.――_Arrian._ ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A city of Acarnania. _Pliny_, bk. 5.

=Astăpa=, a town of Hispania Bætica. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 20.

=Astăpus=, a river of Æthiopia, falling into the Nile.

=Astarte=, a powerful divinity of Syria, the same as the Venus of the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, which was served by 300 priests, who were always employed in offering sacrifices. She was represented in medals with a long habit, and a mantle over it, tucked up on the left arm. She had one hand stretched forward, and held in the other a crooked staff in the form of a cross. _Lucian_, _de Deâ Syriâ_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Aster=, a dexterous archer of Amphipolis, who offered his service to Philip king of Macedonia. Upon being slighted, he retired into the city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, who pressed it with a siege. The arrow, on which was written “Aimed at Philip’s right eye,” struck the king’s eye, and put it out; and Philip, to return the pleasantry, threw back the same arrow, with these words, “If Philip takes the town, Aster shall be hanged.” The conqueror kept his word. _Lucian_, _Quomodo historia conscribenda sit_.

=Astĕria=, a daughter of Ceus, one of the Titans, by Phœbe daughter of Cœlus and Terra. She married Perses son of Crius, by whom she had the celebrated Hecate. She enjoyed for a long time the favours of Jupiter, under the form of an eagle; but falling under his displeasure, she was changed into a quail, called _Ortyx_ by the Greeks; whence the name of _Ortygia_, given to that island in the Archipelago, where she retired. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 58.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c. ――――A town of Greece, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 782.――――One of the daughters of Danaus, who married Chætus son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――One of the daughters of Atlas, mother of Œnomaus king of Pisa. _Hyginus_, fable 250.――――A mistress of Gyges, to whom Horace wrote three odes to comfort her during her lover’s absence.

=Astĕrion= and =Astĕrius=, a river of Peloponnesus, which flowed through the country of Argolis. This river had three daughters, Eubœa, Prosymna, and Acræa, who nursed the goddess Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――A son of Cometes, who was one of the Argonauts. _Apollonius_, bk. 1.――――A statuary, son of Æschylus. _Pausanias._ ――――A son of Minos II., king of Crete, by Pasiphæ. He was killed by Theseus, though he was thought the strongest of his age. Apollodorus supposes him to be the same as the famous Minotaur. According to some, Asterion was son of Teutamus, one of the descendants of Æolus, and they say that he was surnamed Jupiter, because he had carried away Europa, by whom he had Minus I. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.――――A son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Asterodia=, the wife of Endymion. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Asterŏpe= and =Asteropēa=, one of the Pleiades, who were beloved by the gods and most illustrious heroes, and made constellations after death.――――A daughter of Pelias king of Iolchos, who assisted her sisters to kill her father, whom Medea promised to restore to life. Her grave was seen in Arcadia, in the time of _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――A daughter of Deion by Diomede. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――The wife of Æsacus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.

=Asteropæus=, a king of Pæonia, son of Pelegon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed, after a brave resistance, by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, &c.

=Asterūsius=, a mountain at the south of Crete.――――A town of Arabia Felix.

=Astinŏme=, the wife of Hipponous.

=Astiŏchus=, a general of Lacedæmon, who conquered the Athenians near Cnidus, and took Phocæa and Cumæ, B.C. 411.

=Astræa=, a daughter of Astræus king of Arcadia, or, according to others, of Titan, Saturn’s brother, by Aurora. Some make her daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and others consider her to be the same as Rhea wife of Saturn. She was called _Justice_, of which virtue she was the goddess. She lived upon the earth, as the poets mention, during the golden age, which is often called the age of Astræa; but the wickedness and impiety of mankind drove her to heaven in the brazen and iron ages, and she was placed among the constellations of the zodiac, under the name of Virgo. She is represented as a virgin, with a stern but majestic countenance, holding a pair of scales in one hand and a sword in the other. _Seneca_, _Octavia_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 149. ――_Aratus_, bk. 1, _Phænomena_, li. 98.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.

=Astræus=, one of the Titans who made war against Jupiter.――――A river of Macedonia, near Thermæ. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 15, ch. 1.

=Astu=, a Greek word which signifies _city_, generally applied, by way of distinction, to Athens, which was the most capital city of Greece. The word _urbs_ is applied with the same meaning of superiority to Rome, and πολις to Alexandria the capital of Ægypt, as also to Troy.

=Astur=, an Etrurian who assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 180.

=Astŭra=, a small river and village of Latium, where Antony’s soldiers cut off Cicero’s head.

=Astŭres=, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, who spent all their lives in digging for mines of ore. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 298.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 231.

=Astyăge=, a daughter of Hypseus, who married Periphas, by whom she had some children, among whom was Antion the father of Ixion.

=Astyăges=, a son of Cyaxares, was the last king of Media. He was father to Mandane, whom he gave in marriage to Cambyses, an ignoble person of Persia, because he was told by a dream that his daughter’s son would dispossess him of his crown. From such a marriage he hoped that none but mean and ignorant children could be raised; but he was disappointed, and though he had exposed his daughter’s son by the effects of a second dream, he was deprived of his crown by his grandson, after a reign of 35 years. Astyages was very cruel and oppressive; and Harpagus, one of his officers, whose son he had wantonly murdered, encouraged Mandane’s son, who was called Cyrus, to take up arms against his grandfather, and he conquered him and took him prisoner, 559 B.C. Xenophon, in his Cyropædia, relates a different story, and asserts that Cyrus and Astyages lived in the most undisturbed friendship together. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 74, 75, &c.――――A grammarian who wrote a commentary on Callimachus.――――A man changed into a stone by Medusa’s head. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6.

=Astyălus=, a Trojan killed by Neoptolemus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.

=Astyănax=, a son of Hector and Andromache. He was very young when the Greeks besieged Troy; and when the city was taken, his mother saved him in her arms from the flames. Ulysses, who was afraid lest the young prince should inherit the virtues of his father, and one day avenge the ruin of his country upon the Greeks, seized him, and threw him down from the walls of Troy. According to Euripides, he was killed by Menelaus; and Seneca says that Pyrrhus the son of Achilles put him to death. Hector had given him the name of Scamandrius; but the Trojans, who hoped he might prove as great as his father, called him Astyanax, or the bulwark of the city. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 400; bk. 22, li. 500.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 457; bk. 3, li. 489.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 415. ――――An Arcadian, who had a statue in the temple of Jupiter, on mount Lyceus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.――――A son of Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A writer in the age of Gallienus.

=Astycratia=, a daughter of Æolus. _Homer_, _Iliad_.――――A daughter of Amphion and Niobe.

=Astydămas=, an Athenian, pupil to Isocrates. He wrote 240 tragedies, of which only 15 obtained the poetical prize.――――A Milesian, three times victorious at Olympia. He was famous for his strength, as well as for his voracious appetite. He was once invited to a feast by king Ariobarzanes, and he ate what had been prepared for nine persons. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.――――Two tragic writers bore the same name, one of whom was disciple to Socrates.――――A comic poet of Athens.

=Astydămīa=, or =Astyadamia=, daughter of Amyntor king of Orchomenos in Bœotia, married Acastus son of Pelias, who was king of Iolchos. She became enamoured of Peleus son of Æacus, who had visited her husband’s court, and because he refused to gratify her passion, she accused him of attempting her virtue. Acastus readily believed his wife’s accusation; but as he would not violate the laws of hospitality by punishing his guest with instant death, he waited for a favourable opportunity, and dissembled his resentment. At last they went in a hunting party to mount Pelion, where Peleus was tied to a tree by order of Acastus, that he might be devoured by wild beasts. Jupiter was moved at the innocence of Peleus, and sent Vulcan to deliver him. When Peleus was set at liberty, he marched with an army against Acastus, whom he dethroned, and punished with death the cruel and false Astydamia. She is called by some Hippolyte, and by others Cretheis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Pindar_, _Nemean_, bk. 4.――――A daughter of Ormenus, carried away by Hercules, by whom she had Tlepolemus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 50.

=Asty̆lus=, one of the centaurs who had the knowledge of futurity. He advised his brothers not to make war against the Lapithæ. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 338.――――A man of Crotona, who was victorious three successive times at the Olympic games. _Pausanias._

=Astymedūsa=, a woman whom Œdipus married after he had divorced Jocasta.

=Astynŏme=, the daughter of Chryses the priest of Apollo, sometimes called _Chryseis_. She fell to the share of Achilles, at the division of the spoils of Lyrnessus.――――A daughter of Amphion,――――of Talaus. _Hyginus._

=Astynous=, a Trojan prince. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 144.

=Astyŏche= and =Astyochīa=, a daughter of Actor, who had by Mars, Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, who were at the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 20.――――A daughter of Phylas king of Ephyre, who had a son called Tlepolemus by Hercules. _Hyginus_, fables 97, 162. ――――A daughter of Laomedon by Strymo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A daughter of the Simois, who married Erichthonius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――The wife of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon.

=Astypalæa=, one of the Cyclades, between Cos and Carpathos, called after Astypalæa the daughter of Phœnix, and mother of Ancæus by Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Astyphĭlus=, a soothsayer, well skilled in the knowledge of futurity. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.

=Astȳron=, a town built by the Argonauts on the coast of Illyricum. _Strabo._

=Asychis=, a king of Egypt, who succeeded Mycerinus, and made a law, that whoever borrowed money, must deposit his father’s body in the hand of his creditors, as a pledge of his promise of payment. He built a magnificent pyramid. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 136.

=Asȳlas=, a friend of Æneas, skilled in auguries. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 571; bk. 10, li. 175.

=Asyllus=, a gladiator. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 266.

=Atābŭlus=, a wind which was frequent in Apulia. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 78.

=Atabȳris=, a mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was surnamed _Atabyris_. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Atăce=, a town of Gaul, whence the adjective _Atacinus_.

=Atalanta=, a daughter of Schœneus king of Scyros. According to some she was the daughter of Jasus or Jasius by Clymene; but others say that Menalion was her father. This uncertainty of not rightly knowing the name of her father has led the mythologists into error, and some have maintained that there were two persons of that name, though their supposition is groundless. Atalanta was born in Arcadia, and according to Ovid she determined to live in perpetual celibacy; but her beauty gained her many admirers, and to free herself from their importunities, she proposed to run a race with them. They were to run without arms, and she was to carry a dart in her hand. Her lovers were to start first, and whoever arrived at the goal before her would be made her husband; but all those whom she overtook were to be killed by the dart with which she had armed herself. As she was almost invincible in running, many of her suitors perished in the attempt, till Hippomenes the son of Macareus proposed himself as her admirer. Venus had presented him with three golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides, or, according to others, from an orchard in Cyprus; and as soon as he had started in the course, he artfully threw down the apples at some distance one from the other. While Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped to gather the apples, Hippomenes hastened on his course, arrived first at the goal, and obtained Atalanta in marriage. These two fond lovers, in the impatience of consummating their nuptials, entered the temple of Cybele; and the goddess was so offended at their impiety, and at the profanation of her house, that she changed them into two lions. Apollodorus says that Atalanta’s father was desirous of raising male issue, and that therefore she was exposed to wild beasts as soon as born. She was, however, suckled by a she-bear, and preserved by shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunting, and resolved to live in celibacy. She killed two centaurs, Hyleus and Rhecus, who attempted her virtue. She was present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar, which she first wounded, and she received the head as a present from Meleager, who was enamoured of her. She was also at the games instituted in honour of Pelias, where she conquered Peleus; and when her father, to whom she had been restored, wished her to marry, she consented to give herself to him who could overcome her in running, as has been said above. She had a son called Parthenopæus by Hippomenes. Hyginus says that that son was the fruit of her love with Meleager; and Apollodorus says she had him by Milanion, or, according to others, by the god Mars. _See:_ Meleager. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 9, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 36, 45, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 99, 174, 185, 270. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4; bk. 10, fable 11.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_.――――An island near Eubœa and Locris. _Pausanias._

=Atarantes=, a people of Africa, ten days’ journey from the Garamantes. There was in their country a hill of salt with a fountain of sweet water upon it. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 184.

=Atarbĕchis=, a town in one of the islands of the Delta, where Venus had a temple.

=Atargătis=, a divinity among the Syrians represented as a Syren. She is considered by some to be the same as Venus, and honoured by the Assyrians under the name of Astarte. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Atarnea=, a part of Mysia opposite Lesbos, with a small town in the neighbourhood of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.

=Atas= and =Athas=, a youth of wonderful velocity, who is said to have run 75 miles between noon and the evening. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 19. ――_Pliny_, bk. 7.

=Atax=, now _Aude_, a river of Gaul Narbonensis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and falling into the Mediterranean sea. _Mela_, bk. 2.

=Ate=, the goddess of all evil, and daughter of Jupiter. She raised such jealousy and sedition in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter dragged her away by the hair, and banished her for ever from heaven, and sent her to dwell on earth, where she incited mankind to wickedness, and sowed commotions among them. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 19. She is the same as the Discord of the Latins.

=Atella=, a town of Campania, famous for a splendid amphitheatre, where interludes were first exhibited, and thence called Atellanæ fabulæ. _Juvenal_, satire 6.

=Atenomārus=, a chieftain of Gaul, who made war against the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Athamānes=, an ancient people of Epirus, who existed long before the Trojan war, and still preserved their name and customs in the age of Alexander. There was a fountain in their territories, whose waters, about the last quarter of the moon, were so sulphureous that they would set wood on fire. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 311. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Athămas=, king of Thebes in Bœotia, was son of Æolus. He married Themisto, whom some call Nephele, and Pindar, Demotice, and by her he had Phryxus and Helle. Some time after, on pretence that Nephele was subject to fits of madness, he married Ino the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became jealous of the children of Nephele. Because they were to ascend their father’s throne in preference to her own, therefore she resolved to destroy them; but they escaped from her fury to Colchis, on a golden ram. _See:_ Phryxus and Argonautæ. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 22, Ino attempted to destroy the corn of the country; and as if it were the consequence of divine vengeance, the soothsayers, at her instigation, told Athamas, that before the earth would yield her usual increase, he must sacrifice one of the children of Nephele to the gods. The credulous father led Phryxus to the altar, where he was saved by Nephele. The prosperity of Ino was displeasing to Juno, and more particularly because she was descended from Venus. The goddess therefore sent Tisiphone, one of the furies, to the house of Athamas, who became inflamed with such sudden fury that he took Ino to be a lioness, and her two sons to be whelps. In this fit of madness he snatched Learchus from her, and killed him against a wall; upon which Ino fled with Melicerta, and, with him in her arms, she threw herself into the sea from a high rock, and was changed into a sea deity. After this, Athamas recovered the use of his senses; and as he was without children, he adopted Coronus and Aliartus, the sons of Thersander his nephew. _Hyginus_, fables 1, 2, 5, 239.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 467, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 419.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 10.――――A stage dancer. _Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 36.――――A tragic poet. _Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 20.――――One of the Greeks, concealed in the wooden horse at the siege of Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 263.

=Athamantiădes=, a patronymic of Melicerta, Phryxus, or Helle, children of Athamas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 319; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 903.

=Athanasius=, a bishop of Alexandria, celebrated for his sufferings, and the determined opposition he maintained against Arius and his doctrines. His writings, which were numerous, and some of which have perished, contain a defence of the mystery of the Trinity, the divinity of the Word and of the Holy Ghost, and an apology to Constantine. The creed which bears his name, is supposed by some not to be his composition. Athanasius died 2nd May, 373 A.D., after filling the archiepiscopal chair 47 years, and leading alternately a life of exile and of triumph. The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, 3 vols., folio, Paris, 1698.

=Athanis=, a man who wrote an account of Sicily. _Athenæus_, bk. 3.

=Atheas=, a king of Scythia, who implored the assistance of Philip of Macedonia against the Istrians, and laughed at him when he had furnished him with an army. _Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 2.

=Athēna=, the name of Minerva among the Greeks; and also among the Egyptians, before Cecrops had introduced the worship of the goddess into Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Athēnæ=, a celebrated city of Attica, founded about 1556 years before the christian era, by Cecrops and an Egyptian colony. It was called _Cecropia_ from its founder, and afterwards _Athenæ_ in honour of Minerva, who had obtained the right of giving it a name in preference to Neptune. _See:_ Minerva. It was governed by 17 kings in the following order:――After a reign of 50 years, Cecrops was succeeded by Cranaus, who began to reign 1506 B.C.; Amphictyon, 1497; Erichthonius, 1487; Pandion, 1437; Erichtheus, 1397; Cecrops II., 1347; Pandion II., 1307; Ægeus, 1283; Theseus, 1235; Menestheus, 1205; Demophoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 1149; Aphidas, 1137; Thymœtes, 1136; Melanthus, 1128; and Codrus, 1091, who was killed after a reign of 21 years. The history of the 12 first of these monarchs is mostly fabulous. After the death of Codrus the monarchical power was abolished, and the state was governed by 13 perpetual, and 317 years after, by seven decennial, and lastly, B.C. 684, after an anarchy of three years, by annual magistrates, called Archons. _See:_ Archontes. Under this democracy, the Athenians signalized themselves by their valour in the field, their munificence, and the cultivation of the fine arts. They were deemed so powerful by the Persians, that Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms against Athens, which he took and burnt. Their military character was chiefly displayed in the battles of Marathon, of Salamis, of Platæa, and of Mycale. After these immortal victories, they rose in consequence and dignity, and they demanded the superiority in the affairs of Greece. The town was rebuilt and embellished by Themistocles, and a new and magnificent harbour erected. Their success made them arrogant, and they raised contentions among the neighbouring states, that they might aggrandize themselves by their fall. The luxury and intemperance, which had been long excluded from the city by the salutary laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, crept by degrees among all ranks of people, and soon after all Greece united to destroy that city, which claimed a sovereign power over all the rest. The Peloponnesian war, though at first a private quarrel, was soon fomented into a universal war; and the arms of all the states of Peloponnesus [_See:_ Peloponnesiacum bellum] were directed against Athens, which, after 28 years of misfortunes and bloodshed, was totally ruined, the 24th April, 404 years before the christian era, by Lysander. After this, the Athenians were oppressed by 30 tyrants, and for a while laboured under the weight of their own calamities. They recovered something of their usual spirit in the age of Philip, and boldly opposed his ambitious views; but their short-lived efforts were not of great service to the interest of Greece, and they fell into the hands of the Romans, B.C. 86. The Athenians have been admired in all ages for their love of liberty, and for the great men that were born among them; but favour there was attended with danger; and there are very few instances in the history of Athens that can prove that the jealousy and frenzy of the people did not persecute and disturb the peace of the man who had fought their battles and exposed his life in the defence of his country. Perhaps, not one single city in the world can boast, in such a short space of time, of such a number of truly illustrious citizens, equally celebrated for their humanity, their learning, and their military abilities. The Romans, in the more polished ages of their republic, sent their youths to finish their education at Athens, and respected the learning, while they despised the military character of the inhabitants. The reputation which the Athenian schools had acquired under Socrates and Plato was maintained by their degenerate and less learned successors; and they flourished with diminished lustre, till an edict of emperor Justinian suppressed, with the Roman consulship, the philosophical meetings of the academy. It has been said by Plutarch that the good men whom Athens produced were the most just and equitable in the world; but that its bad citizens could not be surpassed in any age or country, for their impiety, perfidiousness, or cruelties. Their criminals were always put to death by drinking the juice of hemlock. The ancients, to distinguish Athens in a more particular manner, called it Astu, one of the eyes of Greece, the learned city, the school of the world, the common patroness of Greece. The Athenians thought themselves the most ancient nation of Greece, and supposed themselves the original inhabitants of Attica, for which reason they were called ἀυτοχθονες, produced from the _same earth_ which they inhabited, γηγενες _sons of the earth_, and τεττιγες _grasshoppers_. They sometimes wore golden grasshoppers in their hair as badges of honour, to distinguish them from other people of later origin and less noble extraction, because those insects are supposed to be sprung from the ground. The number of men able to bear arms at Athens in the reign of Cecrops was computed at 20,000, and there appeared no considerable augmentation in the more civilized age of Pericles; but in the time of Demetrius Phalereus there were found 21,000 citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and 40,000 slaves. Among the numerous temples and public edifices none was more celebrated than that of Minerva, which, after being burnt by the Persians, was rebuilt by Pericles, with the finest marble, and still exists a venerable monument of the hero’s patriotism, and of the abilities of the architect. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, Against Verres, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 2, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 13, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_.――_Plutarch_, _in vitis_, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Valerius Maximus._――_Livy_, bk. 31, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_, &c.――_Polybius._――_Paterculus._

=Athenæa=, festivals celebrated at Athens in honour of Minerva. One of them was called ♦_Panathenæa_, and the other _ Chalcea_; for an account of which see those words.

♦ ‘Bana, thenæe’ replaced with ‘Panathenæa’

=Athenæum=, a place at Athens sacred to Minerva, where the poets, philosophers, and rhetoricians generally declaimed and repeated their compositions. It was public to all the professors of the liberal arts. The same thing was adopted at Rome by Adrian, who made a public building for the same laudable purposes.――――A promontory of Italy.――――A fortified place between Ætolia and Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 1; bk. 39, ch. 25.

=Athenæus=, a Greek cosmographer.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the time of Augustus. _Strabo._――――A Spartan sent by his countrymen to Athens, to settle the peace during the Peloponnesian war.――――A grammarian of Naucratis, who composed an elegant and miscellaneous work, called ♦_Deipnosophistæ_, replete with very curious and interesting remarks and anecdotes of the manners of the ancients, and likewise valuable for the scattered pieces of ancient poetry which it preserves. The work consists of 15 books, of which the two first, part of the third, and almost the whole of the last, are lost. Athenæus wrote, besides this, a history of Syria, and other works now lost. He died A.D. 194. The best edition of his works is that of Casaubon, folio, 2 vols., Lugdunum, 1612, by far superior to the editions of 1595 and 1657.――――An historian, who wrote an account of Semiramis. _Diodorus._――――A brother of king Eumenes II., famous for his paternal affection.――――A Roman historian, in the age of Gallienus, who is supposed to have written a book on military engines.――――A physician of Cilicia in the age of Pliny, who made heat, cold, wet, dry, and air the elements, instead of the four commonly received.

♦ ‘Deipnosphistæ’ replaced with ‘Deipnosophistæ’

=Athenagŏras=, a Greek in the time of Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave the government of Chios, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A writer on agriculture. _Varro._――――A christian philosopher, in the age of Aurelius, who wrote a treatise on the resurrection, and an apology for the christians, still extant. He died A.D. 177. The best edition of his works is that of Dechair, 8vo, Oxford, 1706. The romance of Theagenes and Charis is falsely ascribed to him.

=Athenāis=, a Sibyl of Erythræa, in the age of Alexander. _Strabo._ ――――A daughter of the philosopher Leontius.

=Athenion=, a peripatetic philosopher, 108 B.C.――――A general of the Sicilian slaves.――――A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Ariston.

=Athenŏcles=, a general, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――A turner of Mitylene. _Pliny_, bk. 34.

=Athenodōrus=, a philosopher of Tarsus, intimate with Augustus. The emperor often profited by his lessons, and was advised by him always to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet before he gave way to the impulse of anger. Athenodorus died in his 82nd year, much lamented by his countrymen. _Suetonius._――――A poet who wrote comedy, tragedy, and elegy, in the age of Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. ――――A stoic philosopher of Cana, near Tarsus, in the age of Augustus. He was intimate with Strabo. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A philosopher, disciple to Zeno, and keeper of the royal library at Pergamus.――――A marble sculptor.――――A man assassinated at Bactra for making himself absolute.

=Atheos=, a surname of Diagoras and Theodorus, because they denied the existence of a deity. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Athĕsis=, now _Adige_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, near the Po, falling into the Adriatic sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 680.

=Athos=, a mountain of Macedonia, 150 miles in circumference, projecting into the Ægean sea like a promontory. It is so high that it overshadows the island of Lemnos, though at the distance of 87 miles; or, according to modern calculation, only 8 leagues. When Xerxes invaded Greece, he made a trench of a mile and a half in length at the foot of the mountain, into which he brought the sea water, and conveyed his fleet over it, so that two ships could pass one another, thus desirous either to avoid the danger of sailing round the promontory, or to show his vanity and the extent of his power. A sculptor, called Dinocrates, offered Alexander to cut mount Athos, and to make with it a statue of the king holding a town in his left hand, and in the right a spacious basin to receive all the waters which flowed from it. Alexander greatly admired the plan, but objected to the place; and he observed, that the neighbouring country was not sufficiently fruitful to produce corn and provisions for the inhabitants which were to dwell in the city, in the hand of the statue. Athos is now called Monte Santo, famous for monasteries, said to contain some ancient and valuable manuscripts. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 44; bk. 7, ch. 21, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 672.――_Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 13, ch. 20, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10. ――_Aeschines_, _Against Ctesiphon_.

=Athrulla=, a town of Arabia. _Strabo._

=Athymbra=, a city of Caria, afterwards called Nyssa. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Atia=, a city of Campania.――――A law enacted A.U.C. 690 by Titus Atius Labienus, the tribune of the people. It abolished the Cornelian law, and put in full force the Lex Domitia, by transferring the right of electing priests from the college of priests to the people.――――The mother of Augustus. _See:_ Accia.

=Atilia lex=, gave the pretor and a majority of the tribunes power of appointing guardians to those minors who were not previously provided for by their parents. It was enacted about A.U.C. 560. ――――Another, A.U.C. 443, which gave the people power of electing 20 tribunes of the soldiers in four legions. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 30.

=Atilius=, a freedman, who exhibited combats of gladiators at Fidenæ. The amphitheatre, which contained the spectators, fell during the exhibition, and about 50,000 persons were killed or mutilated. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 62.

=Atilla=, the mother of the poet Lucan. She was accused of conspiracy by her son, who expected to clear himself of the charge. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 56.

=Atīna=, an ancient town of the Volsci, one of the first which began hostilities against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 630.

=Atinas=, a friend of Turnus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 869.

=Atinia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Atinius. It gave a tribune of the people the privileges of a senator, and the right of sitting in the senate.

=Atlantes=, a people of Africa, in the neighbourhood of mount Atlas, who lived chiefly on the fruits of the earth, and were said not to have their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. They daily cursed the sun at his rising and at his setting, because his excessive heat scorched and tormented them. _Herodotus._

=Atlantiades=, a patronymic of Mercury as grandson of Atlas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 639.

=Atlantĭdes=, a people of Africa near mount Atlas. They boasted of being in possession of the country in which all the gods of antiquity received their birth. Uranus was their first king, whom, on account of his knowledge in astronomy, they enrolled in the number of their gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――The daughters of Atlas, were seven in number, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, Merope, Alcyone, and Celæno. They married some of the gods, and most illustrious heroes, and their children were founders of many nations and cities. The Atlantides were called nymphs, and even goddesses, on account of their great intelligence and knowledge. The name of Hesperides was also given them, on account of their mother Hesperis. They were made constellations after death. _See:_ Pleiades.

=Atlantis=, a celebrated island mentioned by the ancients. Its situation is unknown, and even its existence is doubted by some writers.

=Atlas=, one of the Titans, son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Menœtius. His mother’s name, according to Apollodorus, was Asia. He married Pleione daughter of Oceanus, or Hesperis, according to others, by whom he had seven daughters, called Atlantides. _See:_ Atlantides. He was king of Mauritania, and master of 1000 flocks of every kind, as also of beautiful gardens, abounding in every species of fruit, which he had entrusted to the care of a dragon. Perseus, after the conquest of the Gorgons, passed by the palace of Atlas, and demanded hospitality. The king, who was informed by an oracle of Themis that he should be dethroned by one of the descendants of Jupiter, refused to receive him, and even offered him violence. Perseus, who was unequal in strength, showed him Medusa’s head, and Atlas was instantly changed into a large mountain. This mountain, which runs across the deserts of Africa east and west, is so high that the ancients have imagined that the heavens rested on its top, and that Atlas supported the world on his shoulders. Hyginus says that Atlas assisted the giants in their wars against the gods, for which Jupiter compelled him to bear the heavens on his shoulders. The fable that Atlas supported the heavens on his back, arises from his fondness for astronomy, and his often frequenting elevated places and mountains, whence he might observe the heavenly bodies. The daughters of Atlas were carried away by Busiris king of Egypt, but redeemed by Hercules, who received, as a reward from the father, the knowledge of astronomy, and a celestial globe. This knowledge Hercules communicated to the Greeks; whence the fable has further said, that he eased for some time the labours of Atlas by taking upon his shoulders the weight of the heavens. According to some authors there were two other persons of that name, a king of Italy, father of Electra, and a king of Arcadia, father of Maia the mother of Mercury. _Virgil_,, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 8, li. 186. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3. ――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 667, &c.――_Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 5. ――_Hyginus_, fables 83, 125, 155, 157, 192.――_Aratus_, _Astronomia_. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 508, &c.――――A river flowing from mount Hæmus into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Atossa=, a daughter of Cyrus, who was one of the wives of Cambyses, of Smerdis, and afterwards of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes. She was cured of a dangerous cancer by Democedes. She is supposed by some to be the Vashti of scripture. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 68, &c.

=Atrăces=, a people of Ætolia, who received their name from Atrax son of Ætolus. Their country was called Atracia.

=Atramyttium=, a town of Mysia.

=Atrăpes=, an officer of Alexander, who, at the general division of the provinces, received Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.

=Atrax=, son of Ætolus, or, according to others, of the river Peneus. He was king of Thessaly, and built a town which he called Atrax or Atracia. This town became so famous that the word _Atracias_ has been applied to any inhabitant of Thessaly. He was father of Hippodamia, who married Pirithous, and whom we must not confound with the wife of Pelops, who bore the same name. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 25.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, li. 106.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 209.――――A city of Thessaly, whence the epithet of Atracius.――――A river of Ætolia, which falls into the Ionian sea.

=Atrebātæ=, a people of Britain, who were in possession of the modern counties of Berks, Oxford, &c.

=Atrĕbātes=, now _Artois_, a people of Gaul, who, together with the Nervii, opposed Julius Cæsar with 15,000 men. They were conquered, and Comius, a friend of the general, was set over them as king. They were reinstated in their former liberty and independence, on account of the services of Comius. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, &c.

=Atrēni=, a people of Armenia.

=Atreus=, a son of Pelops by Hippodamia, daughter of Œnomaus king of Pisa, was king of Mycenæ, and brother to Pittheus, Trœzon, Thyestes, and Chrysippus. As Chrysippus was an illegitimate son, and at the same time a favourite of his father, Hippodamia resolved to remove him. She persuaded her sons Thyestes and Atreus to murder him; but their refusal exasperated her more, and she executed it herself. This murder was grievous to Pelops: he suspected his two sons, who fled away from his presence. Atreus retired to the court of Eurystheus king of Argos, his nephew, and upon his death he succeeded him on the throne. He married, as some report, Ærope, his predecessor’s daughter, by whom he had Plisthenes, Menelaus, and Agamemnon. Others affirm that Ærope was the wife of Plisthenes, by whom he had Agamemnon and Menelaus, who are the reputed sons of Atreus, because that prince took care of their education, and brought them up as his own. _See:_ Plisthenes. Thyestes had followed his brother to Argos, where he lived with him, and debauched his wife, by whom he had two, or, according to some, three children. This incestuous commerce offended Atreus, and Thyestes was banished from his court. He was, however, soon after recalled by his brother, who determined cruelly to revenge the violence offered to his bed. To effect this purpose, he invited his brother to a sumptuous feast, where Thyestes was served up with the flesh of the children he had had by his sister-in-law the queen. After the repast was finished, the arms and the heads of the murdered children were produced, to convince Thyestes of what he had feasted upon. This action appeared so cruel and impious, that the sun is said to have shrunk back in his course at the bloody sight. Thyestes immediately fled to the court of Thesprotus, and thence to Sicyon, where he ravished his own daughter Pelopea, in a grove sacred to Minerva, without knowing who she was. This incest he committed intentionally, as some report, to revenge himself on his brother Atreus, according to the words of the oracle, which promised him satisfaction for the cruelties he had suffered only from the hand of a son who should be born of himself and his own daughter. Pelopea brought forth a son whom she called Ægisthus, and soon after she married Atreus, who had lost his wife. Atreus adopted Ægisthus, and sent him to murder Thyestes, who had been seized at Delphi and imprisoned. Thyestes knew his son, and made himself known to him; he made him espouse his cause, and instead of becoming his father’s murderer, he rather avenged his wrongs, and returned to Atreus, whom he assassinated. _See:_ Thyestes, Ægisthus, Pelopea, Agamemnon, and Menelaus. _Hyginus_, fables 83, 86, 87, 88, & 258.――_Euripides_, _Orestes_; _Iphigeneia in Taurus_.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Seneca_ on _Atreus_.

=Atrīdæ=, a patronymic given by Homer to Agamemnon and Menelaus, as being the sons of Atreus. This is false, upon the authority of Hesiod, Lactantius [Placidus], Dictys of Crete, &c., who maintain that these princes were not the sons of Atreus, but of Plisthenes, and that they were brought up in the house and under the eye of their grandfather. _See:_ Plisthenes.

=Atronius=, a friend of Turnus, killed by the Trojans. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10.

=Atropatia=, a part of Media. _Strabo._

=Atrŏpos=, one of the Parcæ, daughters of Nox and Erebus. According to the derivation of her name (_a non_, τρεπω _muto_), she is inexorable and inflexible, and her duty among the three sisters is to cut the thread of life, without any regard to sex, age, or quality. She was represented by the ancients in a black veil, with a pair of scissors in her hand. _See:_ Parcæ.

=T. Q. Atta=, a writer of merit in the Augustan age, who seems to have received this name from some deformity in his legs or feet. His compositions, dramatical as well as satirical, were held in universal admiration, though Horace thinks of them with indifference. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 79.

=Attălia=, a city of Pamphylia, built by king Attalus. _Strabo._

=Attalĭcus.= _See:_ Attalus III.

=Attălus I.=, king of Pergamus, succeeded Eumenes I. He defeated the Gauls who had invaded his dominions, extended his conquests to mount Taurus, and obtained the assistance of the Romans against Antiochus. The Athenians rewarded his merit with great honours. He died at Pergamus after a reign of 44 years, B.C. 197. _Livy_, bks. 26, 27, 28, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――――The second of that name was sent on an embassy to Rome by his brother Eumenes II., and at his return was appointed guardian to his nephew Attalus III., who was then an infant. Prusias made successful war against him, and seized his capital; but the conquest was stopped by the interference of the Romans, who restored Attalus to his throne. Attalus, who has received the name of _Philadelphus_, from his fraternal love, was a munificent patron of learning, and the founder of several cities. He was poisoned by his nephew in the 82nd year of his age, B.C. 138. He had governed the nation with great prudence and moderation for 20 years. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Polybius_, bk. 5.――――The third succeeded to the kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder of Attalus II., and made himself odious by his cruelty to his relations and his wanton exercise of power. He was son to Eumenes II., and surnamed _Philopater_. He left the cares of government to cultivate his garden, and to make experiments on the melting of metals. He lived in great amity with the Romans; and as he died without issue by his wife Berenice, he left in his will the words _Populus Romanus meorum hæres esto_, which the Romans interpreted as themselves, and therefore took possession of his kingdom, B.C. 133, and made of it a Roman province, which they governed by a proconsul. From this circumstance, whatever was a valuable acquisition, or an ample fortune, was always called by the epithet _Attalicus_. Attalus, as well as his predecessors, made themselves celebrated for the valuable libraries which they collected at Pergamus, and for the patronage which merit and virtue always found at their court. _Livy_, bk. 24, &c.――_Pliny_, bks. 7, 8, 33, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 39.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 1.――――An officer in Alexander’s army. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――――Another very inimical to Alexander. He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alexander was accused of the murder. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 8, ch. 1.――――A philosopher, preceptor to Seneca. _Seneca_ ltr. 108.――――An astronomer of Rhodes.

=Attarras=, an officer who seized those that had conspired with Dymnus against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 6.

=Atteius Capĭto=, a consul in the age of Augustus, who wrote treatises on sacerdotal laws, public courts of justice, and the duty of a senator. _See:_ ♦Ateius.

♦ No reference to ‘Ateius’ found.

=Attes=, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was born impotent. He introduced the worship of Cybele among the Lydians, and became a great favourite of the goddess. Jupiter was jealous of his success, and sent a wild boar to lay waste the country and destroy Attes. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17. =Atthis=, a daughter of Cranaus II. king of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, according to _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14. =Attĭca=, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at the south of Bœotia, west of the Ægean sea, north of the Saronicus Sinus, and east of Megara. It received its name from Atthis, the daughter of Cranaus. It was originally called Ionia, from the Ionians, who settled there; and also Acte, which signifies _shore_, and Cecropia, from Cecrops the first of its kings. The most famous of its cities is called Athens, whose inhabitants sometimes bear the name of _Attici_. Attica was famous for its gold and silver mines, which constituted the best part of the public revenues. The face of the country was partly level and partly mountainous, divided into the 13 tribes of Acamantis, Æantis, Antiochis, Attalis, Ægeis, Erechtheis, Adrianis, Hippothoontis, Cecropis, Leontis, Æneis, Ptolemais, and Pandionis; whose inhabitants were numbered in the 116th olympiad, at 31,000 citizens, and 400,000 slaves, within 174 villages, some of which were considerable towns. _See:_ Athenæ.

=Attĭcus=, one of Galba’s servants, who entered his palace with a bloody sword, and declared he had killed Otho. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1.――――Titus Pomponius, a celebrated Roman knight, to whom Cicero wrote a great number of letters, which contained the general history of the age. They are now extant, and divided into 17 books. In the time of Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired to Athens, where he so endeared himself to the citizens, that after his departure they erected statues to him in commemoration of his munificence and liberality. He was such a perfect master of the Greek writers, and spoke their language so fluently, that he was surnamed _Atticus_; and, as a proof of his learning, he favoured the world with some of his compositions. He behaved in such a disinterested manner, that he offended neither of the inimical parties at Rome, and both were equally anxious of courting his approbation. He lived in the greatest intimacy with the illustrious men of his age, and he was such a lover of truth, that he not only abstained from falsehood even in a joke, but treated with the greatest contempt and indignation a lying tongue. It is said that he refused to take aliments when unable to get the better of a fever; and died in the 77th year, B.C. 32, after bearing the amiable character of peacemaker among his friends. _Cornelius Nepos_, one of his intimate friends, has written a minute account of his life. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, &c.――――Herodes, an Athenian in the age of the Antonines, descended from Miltiades, and celebrated for his munificence. His son of the same name was honoured with the consulship, and he generously erected an aqueduct at Troas, of which he had been made governor by the emperor Adrian, and raised, in other parts of the empire, several public buildings as useful as they were magnificent. _Philostratus_, _Lives of the Sophists_, bk. 2, p. 548.――_Aulus Gellius_, _Noctes Atticæ_.――――A consul in the age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.

=Attĭla=, a celebrated king of the Huns, a nation in the southern parts of Scythia, who invaded the Roman empire in the reign of Valentinian, with an army of 500,000 men, and laid waste the provinces. He took the town of Aquileia, and marched against Rome; but his retreat and peace were purchased with a large sum of money by the feeble emperor. Attila, who boasted in the appellation of _the scourge of God_, died A.D. 453, of an uncommon effusion of blood, the first night of his nuptials. He had expressed his wish to extend his conquests over the whole world; and he often feasted his barbarity by dragging captive kings in his train. _Jornandes_, _Getica_.

=Attilius=, a Roman consul in the first Punic war. _See:_ Regulus. ――――Calatinus, a Roman consul who fought the Carthaginian fleet. ――――Marcus, a poet who translated the Electra of Sophocles into Latin verse, and wrote comedies whose unintelligible language procured him the appellation of _Ferreus_.――――Regulus, a Roman censor who built a temple to the goddess of concord. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 23, &c.――――The name of Attilius was common among the Romans, and many of the public magistrates are called Attilii; their life, however, is not famous for any illustrious event.

=Attinas=, an officer set over Bactriana by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8.

=Attius Pelignus=, an officer of Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1. ――――Tullius, the general of the Volsci, to whom Coriolanus fled when banished from Rome. _Livy._――――Varius seized Auxinum in Pompey’s name, whence he was expelled. After this he fled to Africa, which he alienated from Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, bk. 1, _Civil War_.――――A poet. _See:_ Accius.――――The family of the Attii was descended from Atys, one of the companions of Æneas, according to the opinion which Virgil has adopted, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 568.

=Atūrus=, a river of Gaul, now the _Adour_, which runs at the foot of the Pyrenean mountains into the bay of Biscay. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 420.

=Atyădæ=, the descendants of Atys the Lydian.

=Atys=, an ancient king of Lydia, who sent away his son Tyrrhenus with a colony of Lydians, who settled in Italy. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A son of Crœsus king of Lydia. He was forbidden the use of all weapons by his father, who had dreamt that he had been killed. Some time after this, Atys prevailed on his father to permit him to go to hunt a wild boar which laid waste the country of Mysia, and he was killed in the attempt by Adrastus, whom Crœsus had appointed guardian over his son, and thus the apprehensions of the monarch were realized. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 34, &c. _See:_ Adrastus.――――A Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and is supposed to be the progenitor of the family of the Atti at Rome. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 568.――――A youth to whom Ismene the daughter of Œdipus was promised in marriage. He was killed by Tydeus before his nuptials. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 598.――――A son of Limniace the daughter of the river Ganges, who assisted Cepheus in preventing the marriage of Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus with a burning log of wood. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 47.――――A celebrated shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the mother of the gods, generally called Cybele, became enamoured. She entrusted him with the care of her temple, and made him promise that he always would live in celibacy. He violated his vow by an amour with the nymph Sangaris, for which the goddess made him so insane and delirious, that he castrated himself with a sharp stone. This was afterwards intentionally done by his sacerdotal successors in the service of Cybele, to prevent their breaking their vows of perpetual chastity. This account is the most general and most approved. Others say that the goddess became fond of Atys, because he had introduced her festivals in the greatest part of Asia Minor, and that she herself mutilated him. _Pausanias_ relates, in _Achaia_, ch. 17, that Atys was the son of the daughter of the Sangar, who became pregnant by putting the bough of an almond tree in her bosom. Jupiter, as the passage mentions, once had an amorous dream, and some of the impurity of the god fell upon the earth, which soon after produced a monster of a human form, with the characteristics of the two sexes. This monster was called Agdistis, and was deprived by the gods of those parts which distinguished the male sex. From the mutilated parts which were thrown upon the ground, rose an almond tree, one of whose branches a nymph of the Sangar gathered, and placed in her bosom as mentioned above. Atys, as soon as born, was exposed in a wood, but preserved by a she-goat. The genius Agdistis saw him in the wood, and was captivated with his beauty. As Atys was going to celebrate his nuptials with the daughter of the king of Pessinus, Agdistis, who was jealous of his rival, inspired by his enchantments the king and his future son-in-law with such an uncommon fury, that they both attacked and ♦mutilated one another in the struggle. _Ovid_ says, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 2, &c., that Cybele changed Atys into a pine tree as he was going to lay violent hands upon himself, and ever after that tree was sacred to the mother of the gods. After his death, Atys received divine honours, and temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Dymæ. _Catullus_, _the Adventures of Atys [Attis] and Berecynthia [Cybele]_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 3; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 223, &c. ――_Lucian_, _Deâ Syriâ_.――――Sylvius, son of Albius Sylvius, was king of Alba. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

♦ ‘multilated’ replaced with ‘mutilated’

=Avarīcum=, a strong and fortified town of Gaul, now called Bourges, the capital of Berry. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.

=Avella=, a town of Campania, abounding in nuts, whence nuts have been called _avellinæ_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 45, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, ♦bk. 7, li. 740.

♦ ‘Book 7’ omitted from reference

=Aventīnus=, a son of Hercules by Rhea, who assisted Turnus against Æneas, and distinguished himself by his valour. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 657.――――A king of Alba, buried upon mount Aventine. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 51.――――One of the seven hills on which part of the city of Rome was built, it was 13,300 feet in circumference, and was given to the people to build houses upon, by king Ancus Martius. It was not reckoned within the precincts of the city till the reign of the emperor Claudius, because the soothsayers looked upon it as a place of ill omen, as Remus had been buried there, whose blood had been criminally shed. The word is derived, according to some, _ab avibus_, because birds were fond of the place. Others suppose that it receives its name because Aventinus, one of the Alban kings, was buried upon it. Juno, the Moon, Diana, Bona Dea, Hercules, and the goddess of Victory and Liberty, had magnificent temples built upon it. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 235.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Avernus=, or =Averna=, a lake of Campania near Baiæ, whose waters were so unwholesome and putrid, that no birds were seen on its banks; hence its original name was ἀορνος, _avibus carens_. The ancients made it the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers. Its circumference was five stadia, and its depth could not be ascertained. The waters of the Avernus were indispensably necessary in all enchantments and magical processes. It may be observed, that all lakes whose stagnated waters were putrid and offensive to the smell, were indiscriminately called Averna. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, lis. 5, 12, &c.; bk. 6, li. 201, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Aristotle_, _on Admethics [Ethics]_.

=Avesta=, a book composed by Zoroaster.

=Aufeia aqua=, called afterwards Marcia, was the sweetest and most wholesome water in Rome, and it was first conveyed into the city by Ancus Martius.

=Aufidēna=, now _Alfidena_, a city of the Peligni in Italy, whose inhabitants, called _Aufidenates_, were among the Sabines. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Aufĭdia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Aufidius Lurco, A.U.C. 692. It ordained, that if any candidate, in canvassing for an office, promised money to the tribunes, and failed in the performance, he should be excused; but if he actually paid it, he should be compelled to pay every tribune 6000 sesterces.

=Aufidius=, an effeminate person of Chios. _Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 25. ――――Bassus, a famous historian in the age of Quintilian, who wrote an account of Germany, and of the civil wars.――――A Roman senator, famous for his blindness and abilities. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 5.――――Lurco, a man who enriched himself by fattening peacocks, and selling them for meat. _Pliny_, bk. 10. ――――Luscus, a man obscurely born, and made pretor of Fundi, in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 34.

=Aufĭdus=, a river of Apulia falling into the Adriatic sea, and now called Ofanto. It was on its banks that the Romans were defeated by Hannibal at Cannæ. The spot is still shown by the inhabitants, and bears the name of the field of blood. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 30; bk. 4, ode 9.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 405.

=Auga=, =Auge=, and =Augea=, daughter of Aleus king of Tegea by Neæra, was ravished by Hercules, and brought forth a son, whom she exposed in the woods to conceal her amours from her father. The child was preserved, and called Telephus. Aleus was informed of his daughter’s shame, and gave her to Nauplius to be put to death. Nauplius refused to perform the cruel office, and gave Auge to Teuthras king of Mysia, who, being without issue, adopted her as his daughter. Some time after the dominions of Teuthras were invaded by an enemy, and the king promised his crown and daughter to him who could deliver him from the impending calamity. Telephus, who had been directed by the oracle to go to the court of Teuthras, if he wished to find his parents, offered his services to the king, and they were accepted. As he was going to unite himself to Auge, in consequence of the victory he had obtained, Auge rushed from him with secret horror, and the gods sent a serpent to separate them. Auge implored the aid of Hercules, who made her son known to her, and she returned with him to Tegea. _Pausanias_ says, that Auge was confined in a coffer with her infant son, and thrown into the sea, where, after being preserved and protected by Minerva, she was found by king Teuthras. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 99 & 100.

=Augarus=, an Arabian who, for his good offices obtained the favours of Pompey, whom he vilely deceived. _Dio Cassius._――――A king of Osroene, whom Caracalla imprisoned, after he had given him solemn promises of friendship and support. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 78.

=Augeæ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――――Another of Locris.

=Augias= and =Augeas=, son of Eleus, or Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and afterwards ascended the throne of Elis. He had an immense number of oxen and goats, and the stables in which they were kept had never been cleaned, so that the task seemed an impossibility to any man. Hercules undertook it, on promise of receiving as a reward the tenth part of the herds of Augias, or something equivalent. The hero changed the course of the river Alpheus, or, according to others, of the Peneus, which immediately carried away the dung and filth from the stables. Augias refused the promised recompense on pretence that Hercules had made use of artifice, and had not experienced any labour or trouble, and he further drove his own son Phyleus from his kingdom, because he supported the claims of the hero. The refusal was a declaration of war. Hercules conquered Elis, put to death Augias, and gave the crown to Phyleus. _Pausanias_ says, bk. 5, chs. 2 & 3, that Hercules spared the life of Augias for the sake of his son, and that Phyleus went to settle in Dulichium; and that at the death of Augias his other son, Agasthenes succeeded to the throne. Augias received, after his death, the honours which were generally paid to a hero. Augias has been called the son of Sol, because Elius signifies the sun. The proverb of _Augean stable_ is now applied to an impossibility. _Hyginus_, fables 14, 30, 157. ――_Pliny_, bk. 17, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Augĭlæ=, a people of Africa, who supposed that there were no gods except the manes of the dead, of whom they sought oracles. _Mela_, bk. 1.

=Augīnus=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 2.

=Augŭres=, certain officers at Rome who foretold future events, whence their name, _ab avium garritu_. They were first created by Romulus, to the number of three. Servius Tullius added a fourth, and the tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 454, increased the number to nine; and Sylla added six more during his dictatorship. They had a particular college, and the chief amongst them was called _Magister collegii_. Their office was honourable; and if any one of them was convicted of any crime, he could not be deprived of his privileges; an indulgence granted to no other sacerdotal body at Rome. The augur generally sat on a high tower to make his observations. His face was turned towards the east, and he had the north to his left, and the south at his right. With a crooked staff he divided the face of the heavens into four different parts, and afterwards sacrificed to the gods, covering his head with his vestment. There were generally five things from which the augurs drew omens. The first consisted in observing the phænomena of the heavens, such as thunder, lightning, comets, &c. The second kind of omen was drawn from the chirping or flying of birds. The third was from the sacred chickens, whose eagerness or indifference in eating the bread which was thrown to them, was looked upon as lucky or unlucky. The fourth was from quadrupeds, from their crossing or appearing in some unaccustomed place. The fifth was from different casualties, which were called _Dira_, such as spilling salt upon a table, or wine upon one’s clothes, hearing strange noises, stumbling or sneezing, meeting a wolf, hare, fox, or pregnant bitch. From such superstitious notions did the Romans draw their prophecies. The sight of birds on the left hand was always deemed a lucky object, and the words _sinister_ and _lævus_, though generally supposed to be terms of ill luck, were always used by the augurs in an auspicious sense. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_.――_Livy_, bk. 1, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_.

♦=Augurīnus Julius=, a Roman knight who conspired against Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, ♠_Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 70.

♦ ‘Tugurīnus Julius’ replaced with ‘Augurīnus Julius’ Placed in correct alphebetical order. ♠ ‘H. 15, c. 70’ replaced with ‘Annals, bk. 15, ch. 50’

=Augusta=, a name given to 70 cities in the Roman provinces in honour of Augustus Cæsar.――――London, as capital of the country of the Trinobantes, was called Augusta Trinobantia.――――Messalina, famous for her debaucheries, was called Augusta, as wife of the emperor Claudius. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 118.

=Augustālia=, a festival at Rome, in commemoration of the day on which Augustus returned to Rome, after he had established peace over the different parts of the empire.

=Augustīnus=, a bishop of Hippo in Africa, distinguished himself by his writings, as well as by the austerity of his life. In his works, which are numerous, he displayed the powers of a great genius, and an extensive acquaintance with the philosophy of Plato. He died in the 76th year of his age, A.D. 430. The best edition of his works is that of the Benedict, folio, Antwerp, 1700 to 1703, 12 vols.

=Augustodūnum=, now _Autun_, a town of Gaul, the capital of the ancient Ædui.

=Augustŭlus=, the last Roman emperor of the west, A.D. 475, conquered by Odoacer king of the Heruli.

=Augustus Octaviānus Cæsar=, second emperor of Rome, was son of Octavius a senator, and Accia daughter of Julius, and sister to Julius Cæsar. He was adopted by his uncle Cæsar, and inherited the greatest part of his fortune. He lost his father at the age of four; and though only 18 when his uncle was murdered, he hastened to Rome, where he ingratiated himself with the senate and people, and received the honours of the consulship two years after, as the reward of his hypocrisy. Though his youth and his inexperience were ridiculed by his enemies, who branded him with the appellation of _boy_, yet he rose in consequence by his prudence and valour, and made war against his opponents, on pretence of avenging the death of his murdered uncle. But when he perceived that by making him fight against Antony, the senate wished to debilitate both antagonists, he changed his views, and uniting himself with his enemy, soon formed the second triumvirate, in which his cruel proscriptions shed the innocent blood of 300 senators and 200 knights, and did not even spare the life of his friend Cicero. By the divisions which were made among the triumvirs, Augustus retained for himself the more important provinces of the west, and banished, as it were, his colleagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more distant territories. But as long as the murderers of Cæsar were alive, the reigning tyrants had reason for apprehension, and therefore the forces of the triumvirate were directed against the partisans of Brutus and the senate. The battle was decided at Philippi, where it is said that the valour and conduct of Antony alone preserved the combined armies, and effected the defeat of the republican forces. The head of the unfortunate Brutus was carried to Rome, and in insolent revenge thrown at the feet of Cæsar’s statue. On his return to Italy, Augustus rewarded his soldiers with the lands of those that had been proscribed; but among the sufferers were many who had never injured the conqueror of Philippi, especially Virgil, whose modest application procured the restitution of his property. The friendship which subsisted between Augustus and Antony was broken as soon as the fears of a third rival vanished away, and the aspiring heir of Cæsar was easily induced to take up arms by the little jealousies and resentment of Fulvia. Her death, however, retarded hostilities; the two rivals were reconciled; their united forces were successfully directed against the younger Pompey; and, to strengthen their friendship, Antony agreed to marry Octavia the sister of Augustus. But as this step was political, and not dictated by affection, Octavia was slighted, and Antony resigned himself to the pleasures and company of the beautiful Cleopatra. Augustus was incensed, and immediately took up arms to avenge the wrongs of his sister, and perhaps more eagerly to remove a man whose power and existence kept him in continual alarms, and made him dependent. Both parties met at Actium, B.C. 31, to decide the fate of Rome. Antony was supported by all the power of the east, and Augustus by Italy. Cleopatra fled from the battle with 60 ships, and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, who followed her into Egypt. The conqueror soon after passed into Egypt, besieged Alexandria, and honoured, with a magnificent funeral, the unfortunate Roman and the celebrated queen, whom the fear of being led in the victor’s triumph at Rome had driven to commit suicide. After he had established peace all over the world, Augustus shut up the gates of the temple of Janus, the year our Saviour was born. It is said he twice resolved to lay down the supreme power, immediately after the victory obtained over Antony, and afterwards on account of his ill-health; but his friend Mecænas dissuaded him, and observed that he would leave it to be the prey of the most powerful, and expose himself to ingratitude and to danger. He died at Nola, in the 76th year of his age, A.D. 14, after he had held the sovereign power during 44 years. Augustus was an active emperor, and consulted the good of the Romans with the most anxious care. He visited all the provinces except Africa and Sardinia, and his consummate prudence and experience gave rise to many salutary laws, but it may be said, that be finished with a good grace what he began with cruelty. While making himself absolute, he took care to leave his countrymen the shadow of liberty; and if, under the character and office ♦of perpetual tribune, of priest and imperator, he was invested with all the power of sovereignty, he guarded against offending the jealous Romans, by not assuming the regal title. His refusal to read the letters he found after Pompey’s defeat arose more from fear than honour, and he dreaded the discovery of names which would have perhaps united to sacrifice his ambition. His good qualities, and many virtues he perhaps never possessed, have been transmitted to posterity by the pen of adulation or gratitude, in the poems of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscurity of the Octavii, and, if possible, to suppress the remembrance of his uncle’s violent fate, he aspired after a new title; and the submissive senate yielded to his ambition, by giving him the honourable appellation of _Augustus_. He has been accused of licentiousness and adultery by his biographer; but the goodness of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship, which in some instances he possessed, made some amends for his natural foibles. He was ambitious of being thought handsome; and as he was publicly reported to be the son of Apollo, according to his mother’s declaration, he wished his flatterers to represent him with the figure and attributes of that god. Like Apollo, his eyes were clear, and he affected to have it thought that they possessed some divine irradiation; and was well pleased if, when he fixed his looks upon anybody, they held down their eyes as if overcome by the glaring brightness of the sun. He distinguished himself by his learning; he was a perfect master of the Greek language, and wrote some tragedies, besides memoirs of his life, and other works, all now lost. He was married three times; to Claudia, to Scribonia, and to Livia; but he was unhappy in his matrimonial connections, and his only daughter Julia by Scribonia disgraced herself and her father by the debauchery and licentiousness of her manners. He recommended, at his death, his adopted son Tiberius as his successor. He left his fortune, partly to Tiberius and to Drusus, and made donations to the army and to the Roman people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem at the desire of Augustus, whom he represented under the amiable and perfect character of Æneas. _Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.――_Horace._――_Virgil._ ――_Pausanias._――_Tacitus._――_Paterculus._――_Dio Cassius._――_Ovid._ ――――The name of _Augustus_ was afterwards given to the successors of Octavianus in the Roman empire as a personal, and the name of _Cæsar_ as a family, distinction. In a more distant period of the empire, the title of Augustus was given only to the emperor, while that of Cæsar was bestowed on the second person in the state, who was considered as presumptive heir.

♦ ‘or’ replaced with ‘of’

=Avĭdiēnus=, a rich and sordid man, whom _Horace_ styles happy, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 55.

=Avidius Cassius=, a man saluted emperor, A.D. 175. He reigned only three months, and was assassinated by a centurion. He was called a second Catiline, from his excessive love of bloodshed. _Diodorus._

=Rufus Festus Aviēnus=, a poet in the age of Theodosius, who translated the phænomena of Aratus, as also all Livy, into iambic verses. The best edition of what remains of him is that of Cannegetier, 8vo, 1731.

=Avitus=, a governor of Britain under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14.――――Alcinus, a christian poet, who wrote a poem in six books on original sin, &c.

=Avium=, a city between Tyre and Sidon. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Aulerci=, a people of Gaul, between the Seine and the Loire.

=Aulestes=, a king of the Etrurians when Æneas came into Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 290.

=Aulētes=, a general who assisted Æneas in Italy, with 100 ships. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 207.――――The surname of one of the Ptolemean kings, father to Cleopatra.

=Aulis=, a daughter of Ogyges. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_.――――A town of Bœotia near Chalcis on the sea coast, where all the Greeks conspired against Troy. They were detained there by contrary winds, by the anger of Diana, whose favourite stag had been killed by Agamemnon. To appease the resentment of the goddess, Agamemnon was obliged to sacrifice his own daughter Iphigenia, whom, however, Diana spared by substituting a ram. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 426.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 9, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 303.

=Aulon=, a mountain of Calabria, opposite Tarentum, famous for its wine, which, according to _Horace_ bk. 2, ode 6, li. 18, is superior to that of Falernum. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 125.――_Strabo_, bk. 6. ――――A place of Messenia. _Pausanias._

=Aulonius=, a surname of Æsculapius.

=Aulus=, a prænomen common among the Romans.――――Gellius. _See:_ Gellius.

=Auras=, a European river, flowing into the Ister from mount Hæmus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Aurelia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 653, by the pretor Lucius Aurelius Cotta, to invest the Senatorian and Equestrian orders, and the Tribuni Ærarii, with judicial power.――――Another, A.U.C. 678. It abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia and permitted the tribunes to hold other offices after the expiration of the tribuneship.

=Aurelia=, a town of Hispania Bætica.――――The mother of Julius Cæsar. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 74.――――A fishwoman. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 98.

=Aureliānus=, emperor of Rome after Flavius Claudius, was austere, and even cruel in the execution of the laws, and punished his soldiers with unusual severity. He rendered himself famous for his military character; and his expedition against Zenobia, the celebrated queen of Palmyra, gained him great honours. He beautified Rome, was charitable to the poor, and the author of many salutary laws. He was naturally brave, and in all the battles he fought, it is said, he killed no less than 800 men with his own hand. In his triumph, he exhibited to the Romans people of 15 different nations, all of which he had conquered. He was the first emperor who wore a diadem. After a glorious reign of six years, as he marched against the northern barbarians, he was assassinated near Byzantium, A.D. 275, January 29th, by his soldiers, whom Mnestheus had incited to rebellion against their emperor. This Mnestheus had been threatened with death, for some ill behaviour to the emperor, and therefore he meditated his death. The soldiers, however, soon repented of their ingratitude and cruelty to Aurelian, and threw Mnestheus to be devoured by wild beasts.――――A physician of the fourth century.

=Aurelius=, emperor of Rome. _See:_ Antoninus Bassianus.――――A painter in the age of Augustus. _Pliny_, bk. 35.――――Victor, an historian in the age of Julian, two of whose compositions are extant――an account of illustrious men, and a biography of all the Cæsars to Julian. The best edition of Aurelius are the 4to of Artuzenius, Amsterdam, 1733, and the 8vo of Pitiscus, Utrecht, 1696.――――Antoninus, an emperor. _See:_ Antoninus.

=Aureolus=, a general who assumed the purple in the age of Gallienus.

=Aurinia=, a prophetess held in great veneration by the Germans. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 8.

=Aurōra=, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion and Thia or Thea, or, according to others, of Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son of Crius and brother to Perseus, was her father; hence her surname of _Pallantias_. She married Astræus, by whom she had the winds, the stars, &c. Her amours with Tithonus and Cephalus are also famous; by the former she had Memnon and Æmathion, and Phaeton by the latter. _See:_ Cephalus and Tithonus. She had also an intrigue with Orion, whom she carried to the island of Delos, where he was killed by Diana’s arrows. Aurora is generally represented by the poets drawn in a rose-coloured chariot, and opening with her rosy fingers the gates of the east, pouring the dew upon the earth, and making the flowers grow. Her chariot is generally drawn by white horses, and she is covered with a veil. Nox and Somnus fly before her, and the constellations of heaven disappear at her approach. She always sets out before the sun, and is the forerunner of his rising. The Greeks call her Eos. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8; _Odyssey_, bk. 10; _Hymn to Aphrodite_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 3, 9, 15.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 535.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Hyginus_, preface to fables.

=Aurunce=, an ancient town of Latium, built by Auson the son of Ulysses by Calypso. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 727, &c.

=Auschīsæ=, a people of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 171.

=Ausci=, a people of Gaul.

=Auser=, =Auseris=, and =Anser=, a river of Etruria, which joins the Arnus before it falls into the Tyrrhene sea.

=Auses=, a people of Africa, whose virgins yearly fight with sticks in honour of Minerva. She who behaves with the greatest valour receives unusual honour, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 180.

=Auson=, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from whom the Ausones, a people of Italy, are descended.

=Ausonia=, one of the ancient names of Italy, which it received from Auson the son of Ulysses. If Virgil makes Æneas speak of Ausonia, it is by anticipation. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 171.

=Decimius Magnus Ausōnius=, a poet, born at Bordeaux in Gaul, in the fourth century, preceptor to Gratian son of the emperor Valentinian, and made consul by the means of his pupil. His compositions have been long admired. The thanks he returned the emperor Gratian is one of the best of his poems, which were too often hurried for publication, and consequently not perfect. He wrote the _consular fasti_ of Rome, a useful performance, now lost. His style is occasionally obscene, and he has attempted upon the words of Virgil, what revolts everything against his indelicacy. The best edition is that of Tollius, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; or that of Jaubert, with a French translation, 4 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1769.

=Auspĭces=, a sacerdotal order at Rome, nearly the same as the Augurs. _See:_ Augures.

=Auster=, one of the winds blowing from the south, whose breath was pernicious to flowers as well as to health. He was parent of rain. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 58. _See:_ Venti.

=Austesion=, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. His son Theras led a colony into an island which, from him, was called Thera. _Herodotus_, bk. 4. ――_Pausanias._

=Autobūlus=, a painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35.

=Autochthŏnes=, the original inhabitants of a country who are the first possessors of it, and who never have mingled with other nations. The Athenians called themselves Autochthones, and boasted that they were as old as the country which they inhabited. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Tacitus_, _Germania_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 83.

=Autŏcles=, an Athenian, sent by his countrymen with a fleet to the assistance of Alexander of Pheræ.

=Autocrătes=, an historian mentioned by _Athenæus_, bks. 9 & 11.

=Autolŏlæ=, a people of Mauritania descended from the Gætuli. They excelled all their neighbours in running. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 677.

=Autŏly̆cus=, a son of Mercury by Chione a daughter of Dædalion. He was one of the Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been greatly celebrated. He stole the flocks of his neighbours, and mingled them with his own, after he had changed their marks. He did the same to Sisyphus son of Æolus; but Sisyphus was as crafty as Autolycus, and he knew his own oxen by a mark which he had made under their feet. Autolycus was so pleased with the artifice of Sisyphus, that he immediately formed an intimacy with him, and even permitted him freely to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, who became pregnant of Ulysses, and was soon after married to Laertes. _See:_ Sisyphus, Laertes. _Hyginus_, fable 200, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 14.――――A son of Phryxus and Chalciope. _Hyginus_, fable 14.

=Automăte=, one of the Cyclades, called also Hera. _Pliny_, bks. 2, 6, 37.――――A daughter of Danaus.

=Automĕdon=, a son of Dioreus, who went to the Trojan war with 10 ships. He was the charioteer of Achilles, after whose death he served Pyrrhus in the same capacity. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 9, 16, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 477.

=Automedūsa=, a daughter of Alcathous, killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Automĕnes=, one of the Heraclidæ, king of Corinth. At his death, B.C. 779, annual magistrates, called Prytanes, were chosen at Corinth, and their power continued 90 years, till Cypselus and his son Periander made themselves absolute.

=Automŏli=, a nation of Æthiopia. _Herodotus_, bk. 2.

=Autonoe=, a daughter of Cadmus, who married Aristæus, by whom she had Actæon, often called _Autoneius heros_. The death of her son [_See:_ Actæon] was so painful to her, that she retired from Bœotia to Megara, where she soon after died. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44. ――_Hyginus_, fable 179.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 720. ――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――One of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A female servant of Penelope. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 18.

=Autophradātes=, a satrap of Lydia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. _Diodorus._

=Autūra=, the _Eure_, a river of Gaul which falls into the Seine.

=Auxesia= and =Damia=, two virgins who came from Crete to Trœzene, where the inhabitants stoned them to death in a sedition. The Epidaurians raised them statues by order of the oracle, when their country was become barren. They were held in great veneration at Trœzene. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 82.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Axĕnus=, the ancient name of the Euxine sea. The word signifies _inhospitable_, which was highly applicable to the manners of the ancient inhabitants of the coast. _Ovid_, bk. 4; _Tristia_, poem 4, li. 56.

=Axiŏchus=, a philosopher, to whom Plato dedicated a treatise concerning death.

=Axīon=, brother of Alphesibœa, murdered Alcmæon his sister’s husband, because he wished to recover from her a golden necklace. _See:_ Alcmæon and Alphesibœa.

=Axiotea=, a woman who regularly went in a man’s dress to hear the lectures of Plato.

=Axiothea=, the wife of Nicocles king of Cyprus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Axis=, a town of Umbria. _Propertius_, poem 4.

=Axius=, a river of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Axona=, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls into the Seine below Paris. The inhabitants of the neighbourhood were called Axones.

=Axur= and =Anxur=, a surname of Jupiter, who had a temple at Trachis in Thessaly. He was represented as a beardless youth.

=Axus=, a town about the middle of Crete. _Apollodus._

=Azan=, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Cybele.――――A son of Arcas king of Arcadia by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his father’s kingdom with his brothers Aphidas and Elatus, and called his share Azania. There was in Azania a fountain called _Clitorius_, whose waters gave a dislike for wine to those who drank them. _Vitruvius_, bk. 8, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 322.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Azīris=, a place of Libya, surrounded on both sides by delightful hills covered with trees, and watered by a river where Battus built a town. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 157.

=Azonax=, a man who taught Zoroaster the art of magic. _Pliny_, bk. 30.

=Azorus=, one of the Argonauts.

=Azōtus=, now _Asdod_, a large town of Syria on the borders of the Mediterranean. _Josephus_, _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 15.

B

=Babilius=, a Roman, who, by the help of a certain herb, is said to have passed in six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. _Pliny_, preface to ch. 19.

=Babilus=, an astrologer in Nero’s age, who told the emperor to avert the danger which seemed to hang upon his head, from the appearance of a hairy comet, by putting all the leading men of Rome to death. His advice was faithfully followed. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 36.

=Baby̆lon=, a son of Belus, who, as some suppose, founded a city which bears his name.――――A celebrated city, the capital of the Assyrian empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 100 brazen gates; and its walls, which were cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlarged and embellished by the activity of Semiramis; measured 480 stadia in circumference, 50 cubits in thickness, and 200 in height. It was taken by Cyrus, B.C. 538, after he had drained the waters of the Euphrates into a new channel, and marched his troops by night into the town, through the dried bed; and it is said that the fate of the extensive capital was unknown to the inhabitants of the distant suburbs till late in the evening. Babylon became famous for the death of Alexander, and for the new empire which was afterwards established there under the Seleucidæ. _See:_ Syria. Its greatness was so reduced in succeeding ages, according to Pliny’s observations, that in his time it was but a desolate wilderness, and at present the place where it stood is unknown to travellers. The inhabitants were early acquainted with astrology. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26. ――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――_Justin_, bk. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_, bk. 7, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 2.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 77.――――There is also a town of the same name near the Bubastic branch of the Nile, in Egypt.

=Babylōnia=, a large province of Assyria, of which Babylon was the capital. The inhabitants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and afterwards became very powerful.――――The surname of Seleucia, which arose from the ruins of Babylon, under the successors of Alexander. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Babylōnii=, the inhabitants of Babylon, famous for their knowledge of astrology, first divided the year into 12 months, and the zodiac into 12 signs.

=Babyrsa=, a fortified castle near Artaxata. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Babytăce=, a city of Armenia, whose inhabitants despise gold. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Bacabasus=, betrayed the snares of Artabanus, brother of Darius, against Artaxerxes. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Bacchæ=, the priestesses of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Bacchanālia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. _See:_ Dionysia.

=Bacchantes=, ♦priestesses of Bacchus, who are represented at the celebration of the orgies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, with a thyrsus, and dishevelled hair. Their looks are wild, and they utter dreadful sounds, and clash different musical instruments together. They were also called Thyades and Menades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 592.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 25.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 21.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 674.

♦ ‘priestessess’ replaced with ‘priestesses’

=Bacchi=, a mountain of Thrace, near Philippi. _Appian._

=Bacchiădæ=, a Corinthian family descended from Bacchia daughter of Dionysius. In their nocturnal orgies they, as some report, tore to pieces Actæon son of Mellissus, which so enraged the father, that before the altar he entreated the Corinthians to revenge the death of his son, and immediately threw himself into the sea. Upon this the Bacchiadæ were banished, and went to settle in Sicily, between Pachynum and Pelorus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 407. ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Bacchĭdes=, a general who betrayed the town of Sinope to Lucullus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Bacchis=, or =Balus=, king of Corinth, succeeded his father Prumnides. His successors were always called _Bacchidæ_, in remembrance of the equity and moderation of his reign. The Bacchidæ increased so much, that they chose one of their number to preside among them with regal authority, and it is said that the sovereign power continued in their hands near 200 years. Cypselus overturned this institution by making himself absolute. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 407.

=Bacchium=, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Smyrna. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Bacchius= and =Bithus=, two celebrated gladiators of equal age and strength; whence the proverb to express equality: _Bithus contra Bacchium_. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 7, li. 20.

=Bacchus=, was son of Jupiter and Semele the daughter of Cadmus. After she had enjoyed the company of Jupiter, Semele was deceived, and perished by the artifice of Juno. This goddess, always jealous of her husband’s amours, assumed the shape of Beroe, Semele’s nurse, and persuaded Semele that the lover whom she entertained was not Jupiter, but a false lover, and that to prove his divinity she ought to beg of him, if he really were Jupiter, to come to her bed with the same majesty as when he courted the embraces of Juno. The artifice succeeded, and when Jupiter promised his mistress whatever she asked, Semele required him to visit her with all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was unable to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling to retract it; therefore, as she was a mortal, and unable to bear the majesty of Jupiter, she was consumed and reduced to ashes. The child, of which she had been pregnant for seven months, was with difficulty saved from the flames, and put in his father’s thigh, where he remained the full time which he naturally was to have been in his mother’s womb. From this circumstance Bacchus has been called _Bimater_. According to some, Dirce, a nymph of the Achelous, saved him from the flames. There are different traditions concerning the manner of his education. Ovid says that, after his birth, he was brought up by his aunt Ino, and afterwards entrusted to the care of the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes that Mercury carried him, as soon as born, to the nymphs of Nysa; and Apollonius says that he was carried by Mercury to a nymph in the island of Eubœa, whence he was driven by the power of Juno, who was the chief deity of the place. Some support that Naxus can boast of the place of his education, under the nymphs Philia, Coronis, and Clyda. Pausanias relates a tradition which prevailed in the town of Brasiæ in Peloponnesus; and accordingly mentions that Cadmus, as soon as he heard of his daughter’s amours, shut her up, with her child lately born, in a coffer, and exposed them on the sea. The coffer was carried safe by the waves to the coast of Brasiæ; but Semele was found dead, and the child alive. Semele was honoured with a magnificent funeral, and Bacchus properly educated. This diversity of opinion shows that there were many of the same name. Diodorus speaks of three, and Cicero of a greater number; but among them all, the son of Jupiter and Semele seems to have obtained the merit of the rest. Bacchus is the Osiris of the Egyptians, and his history is drawn from the Egyptian traditions concerning that ancient king. Bacchus assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and was cut to pieces; but the son of Semele was not then born. This tradition, therefore, is taken from the history of Osiris, who was killed by his brother Typhon, and the worship of Osiris has been introduced by Orpheus into Greece, under the name of Bacchus. In his youth he was taken asleep in the island of Naxos, and carried away by some mariners whom he changed into dolphins, except the pilot, who had expressed some concern at his misfortune. His expedition into the east is most celebrated. He marched, at the head of an army composed of men, as well as of women, all inspired with divine fury, and armed with thyrsi, cymbals, and other musical instruments. The leader was drawn in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was accompanied by Pan and Silenus, and all the Satyrs. His conquests were easy, and without bloodshed: the people easily submitted, and gratefully elevated to the rank of a god the hero who taught them the use of the vine, the cultivation of the earth, and the manner of making honey. Amidst his benevolence to mankind, he was relentless in punishing all want of respect to his divinity; and the punishment he inflicted on Pentheus, Agave, Lycurgus, &c., is well known. He has received the name of Liber, Bromius, Lyæus, Evan, Thyonæus, Psilas, &c., which are mostly derived from the places where he received adoration, or from the ceremonies observed in his festivals. As he was the god of vintage, of wine, and of drinkers, he is generally represented crowned with vine and ivy leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His figure is that of an effeminate young man, to denote the joys which commonly prevail at feasts; and sometimes that of an old man, to teach us that wine taken immoderately will enervate us, consume our health, render us loquacious and childish like old men, and unable to keep secrets. The panther is sacred to him, because he went in his expedition covered with the skin of that beast. The magpie is also his favourite bird, because in triumphs people were permitted to speak with boldness and liberty. Bacchus is sometimes represented like an infant, holding a thyrsus and clusters of grapes with a horn. He often appears naked, and riding upon the shoulders of Pan, or in the arms of Silenus, who was his foster-father. He also sits upon a celestial globe, bespangled with stars, and is then the same as the Sun or Osiris of Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, generally called Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were introduced into Greece from Egypt by Danaus and his daughters. The infamous debaucheries which arose from the celebration of these festivals are well known. _See:_ Dionysia. The amours of Bacchus are not numerous. He married Ariadne, after she had been forsaken by Theseus in the island of Naxos; and by her he had many children, among whom were Ceranus, Thoas, Œnopion, Tauropolis, &c. According to some, he was the father of Hymenæus, whom the Athenians made the god of marriage. The Egyptians sacrificed pigs to him, before the doors of their houses. The fir tree, the yew tree, the fig tree, the ivy, and the vine, were sacred to him; and the goat was generally sacrificed to him, on account of the great propensity of that animal to destroy the vine. According to Pliny, he was the first who ever wore a crown. His beauty is compared to that of Apollo, and, like him, he is represented with fine hair loosely flowing down his shoulders, and he is said to possess eternal youth. Sometimes he has horns, either because he taught the cultivation of the earth with oxen, or because Jupiter his father appeared to him in the deserts of Libya under the shape of a ram, and supplied his thirsty army with water. Bacchus went down to hell to recover his mother, whom Jupiter willingly made a goddess, under the name of Thyone. The three persons of the name of Bacchus, whom Diodorus mentions, are, the one who conquered the Indies, and is surnamed the bearded Bacchus; a son of Jupiter and Proserpine, who was represented with horns; and the son of Jupiter and Semele, called the Bacchus of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero are, a son of Proserpine; a son of Nisus, who built Nysa; a son of Caprius, who reigned in the Indies; a son of Jupiter and the moon; and a son of Thyone and Nisus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 22, 37; bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 5, ch. 19, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 150; bk. 2, chs. 42, 48, 49. ――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1, 3, &c. ――_Orpheus_, _Dionysius_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 4, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 3, &c.――_Amores_, bk. 3, poem 3.――_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 715.――_Hyginus_, fables 155, 167, &c. ――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56; bk. 8, ch. 2; bk. 36, ch. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――_Lactantius_, _de falsa religione_, bk. 1, ch. 22. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, &c.――_Euripides_, _Bacchæ_.――_Lucian_, _de Sacrificiis_; _Bacchus_; _Dialogi Deorum_.――_Oppian_, _Cynegetica_.――_Philostratus_, bk. 1, _Imagines_, ch. 50.――_Seneca_, _Chorus of Œdipus_.――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 26; bk. 14, ltr. 107.

=Bacchylides=, a lyric poet of Cos, nephew to Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote the praises of Hiero. Some of his verses have been preserved. _Marcellinus._

=Bacenis=, a wood of Germany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Bacis=, a famous soothsayer of Bœotia. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de Divinatione_, ch. 34.――――A king of Corinth, called also Bacchis. _See:_ Bacchis.――――An athlete of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 6.

=Bactra= (orum), now _Balk_, the capital of Bactriana, on the river Bactros in Asia. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 138.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Bactri= and =Bactriāni=, the inhabitants of Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and were always under arms. They gave to their dogs those that died through old age or disease, and suffered slaves and strangers to take whatever liberties they pleased with their wives. They were conquered by Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Plutarch_, _An vitiositas ad infelicitatem sufficia_.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 3.

=Bactriāna=, a country of Asia, fruitful as well as extensive. It formed once part of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts of which it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient king of this country, who taught his subjects the art of magic and astrology. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Bactros=, now _Dahesh_, a river on the borders of Asiatic Scythia, from which Bactriana receives its name. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 267.

=Bacuntius=, a river of Pannonia, which falls into the Save above Sirmium.

=Badaca=, a town of Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Badia=, a town of Spain. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Badius=, a Campanian, who challenged Titus Quinctius Crispinus, one of his friends, by whom he was killed. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 18.

=Baduhennæ=, a place in the country of the Frisii, where 900 Romans were killed. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 73.

=Bæbia lex=, was enacted for the election of four pretors every other year. _Livy_, bk. 40.――――Another law by Massa Bæbius a tribune of the people, which forbade the division of the lands, whilst it substituted a yearly tax to be paid by the possessors, and to be divided among the people. _Appian_, bk. 1.

=Massa Bæbius=, a Roman, in whose consulship the tomb of Numa was discovered. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――――Lucius, a Roman pretor, who, being surprised by the Ligurians, fled to Marseilles, where he died three days after. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 57.

=Bætis=, a river of Spain, from which a part of the country has received the name of _Bætica_. It was formerly called Tartessus, and now bears the name of Guadalquiver. The wool produced there was so good that _Bætica_ was an epithet of merit, applied to garments. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 100.

=Bæton=, a Greek historian in the age of Alexander.

=Bagistame=, a delightful country of Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Bagistanes=, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he murdered Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13.

=Bagōas= and =Bagōsas=, an Egyptian eunuch in the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, so powerful that nothing could be done without his consent. He led some troops against the Jews, and profaned their temple. He poisoned Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made knife handles with his bones, because he had killed the god Apis. He placed on the throne Arses, the youngest of the slaughtered Prince’s children, and afterwards put him to death. He was at last killed, B.C. 335, by Darius, whom, after raising to the crown, he had attempted to poison. _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 17.――――Another, greatly esteemed by Alexander. He was the cause that one of the satraps was put to death by the most excruciating torments. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_ in _Alexander_.――――The name of Bagoas occurs very frequently in the Persian history; and it seems that most of the eunuchs of the monarchs of Persia were generally known by that appellation.

=Bagodares=, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he attempted the life of Darius. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Bagophănes=, a governor of Babylon, who, when Alexander approached the city, strewed all the streets and burned incense on the altars, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Bagrăda=, now _Megerda_, a river of Africa near Utica, where Regulus killed a serpent 120 feet long. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

♦=Baiæ=, a city of Campania near the sea, founded by Baius, one of the companions of Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful situation and baths, where many of the Roman senators had country houses. Its ancient grandeur, however, has now disappeared, and Baiæ, with its magnificent villas, has yielded to the tremendous earthquakes which afflict and convulse Italy, and it is no longer to be found. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 81.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

♦ ‘Balæ’ replaced with ‘Baiæ’

=Bala=, a surname of Alexander king of Syria. _Justin_, bk. 35, ch. 1.

=Balacrus=, an officer in Alexander’s army, who took Miletus. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――――Another officer, who commanded some auxiliaries. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Balanagræ=, a town of Cyrene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.

=Balanea=, a town between Syria and Phœnicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Balanus=, a prince of Gaul, who assisted the Romans in their Macedonian war, A.U.C. 581.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 14.

=Balari=, a people of Sardinia. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 6.

=Claudius Balbillus=, a learned and benevolent man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote the history, under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 22.

=Balbīnus=, an admirer of Agna, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 40.――――A Roman who, after governing provinces with credit and honour, assassinated the Gordians, and seized the purple. He was some time after murdered by his ♦soldiers. A.D. 238.

♦ ‘soldier’ replaced with ‘soldiers’

=Balbus=, a mountain of Africa, famous for the retreat of Masinissa, after he had fought a battle against Syphax.

=Lucius Balbus=, a lawyer, &c., one among the pupils of Scævola.――――A man killed by the assassins of the triumvirs.

=Baleares=, three islands in the Mediterranean, modernly called _Majorca_, _Minorca_, and _Yvica_, on the coast of Spain. The word is derived from βαλλειν, _to throw_, because the inhabitants were expert archers and slingers, besides great pirates. We are told by Florus, that the mothers never gave their children breakfast before they had struck with an arrow a certain mark in a tree. When a woman was married, she was not admitted to her husband’s bed before she had received the embraces of all her relations. The inhabitants were naturally of a lascivious propensity, and in their wars they required nothing but females and wine, and often exchanged four men for one woman. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Balētus=, a son of Hippo, who first founded Corinth. _Paterculus_ bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Balius=, a horse of Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 146.

=Balista=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 41.

=Ballonŏti=, a people of European Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 160.

=Balneæ= (_baths_), were very numerous at Rome, private as well as public. In the ancient times simplicity was observed; but in the age of the emperors they became expensive; they were used after walking, exercise, or labour, and were deemed more necessary than luxurious. Under the emperors it became so fashionable to bathe, that without this the meanest of the people seemed to be deprived of one of the necessaries of life. There were certain hours of the day appointed for bathing, and a small piece of money admitted the poorest, as well as the most opulent. In the baths there were separate apartments for the people to dress and to undress; and after they had bathed, they commonly covered themselves, the hair was plucked out of the skin, and the body rubbed over with a pumice stone, and perfumed to render it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors generally built baths, and all endeavoured to eclipse each other in the magnificence of the building. It is said that ♦Diocletian employed 40,000 of his soldiers in building his baths; and when they were finished, he destroyed all the workmen. Alexander Severus first permitted the people to use them in the night, and he himself often bathed with the common people. For some time both sexes bathed promiscuously and without shame, and the edicts of the emperors proved abortive for a while in abolishing that indecent custom, which gradually destroyed the morals of the people. They generally read in bathing, and we find many compositions written in the midst of this luxurious enjoyment.

♦ ‘Dioclesian’ replaced with ‘Diocletian’ for consistency

=Balventius=, a centurion of great valour in Cæsar’s army, killed by Ambiorix. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 35.

=Balyras=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Bamurūæ=, a people of Libya. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 303.

=Bantia=, now _St. Maria de Vanse_, a town of Apulia, whence _Bantinus_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.

=Lucius Bantius=, a gallant youth of Nola, whom Annibal found after the battle of Cannæ, almost dead among the heaps of slain. He was sent home with great humanity, upon which he resolved to betray his country to so generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman general heard of it, and rebuked Bantius, who continued firm and faithful to the interest of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 15.

=Baphy̆rus=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 6.

=Baptæ=, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess of lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. Her festivals were celebrated in the night; and so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of the priests, that they disgusted even Cotytto herself, though the goddess of obscenity. The name is derived from βαπτειν, _to wash_, because the priests bathed themselves in the most effeminate manner. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 91.――――A comedy of Eupolis, on which men are introduced dancing on the stage, with all the indecent gestures of common prostitutes.

=Baræi=, a people of Cholcis and Iberia, who burnt the bodies of their friends who died by disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such as fell in war. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 10, ch. 22.

=Barăthrum=, a deep and obscure gulf at Athens, where criminals were thrown.――――The word is applied to the infernal regions by _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2, lis. 86 & 192.

=Barbări=, a name originally applied to those who spoke inelegantly, or with harshness and difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally called all nations, except their own, by the despicable name of Barbarians.

=Barbăria=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 31.――――A name given to Phrygia and Troy. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 7.

=Barbătus=, the surname of a Roman family. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 21.

=Barbosthĕnes=, a mountain of Peloponnesus, 10 miles from Sparta. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 27.

=Barbythăce=, a city of Persia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Barca=, a friend of Cato the elder. _Plutarch_, _Cato the Younger_.

=Barcæi=, or =Barcitæ=, a warlike nation of Africa, near the city of Carthage. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 43.

=Barce=, the nurse of Sichæus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 632.――――A large country of Africa.――――Also a city about nine miles from the sea, founded by the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cyrene, 515 years before the christian era. Strabo says, that in his age it was called Ptolemais; but this arises because most of the inhabitants retired to Ptolemais, which was on the sea coast, to enrich themselves by commerce. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――――A small village of Bactriana, where the people who had been taken prisoners by Darius in Africa, were confined. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 204. ――――A city of Media. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Barcha=, the surname of a noble family at Carthage, from which Annibal and Hamilcar were descended. By means of their bribes and influence, they excited a great faction, which is celebrated in the annals of Carthage by the name of the _Barchinian faction_, and at last raised themselves to power, and to the independent disposal of all the offices of trust or emolument in the state. _Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 2 & 9.

=Bardæi=, a people of Illyricum concerned in the factions of Marius. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.

=Bardi=, a celebrated sacerdotal order among the ancient Gauls, who praised their heroes, and published their fame in their verses, or on musical instruments. They were so esteemed and respected by the people, that, at their sight, two armies which were engaged in battle laid down their arms, and submitted to their orders. They censured, as well as commended, the behaviour of the people. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 447.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 15, ch. 24.

=Bardyllis=, an Illyrian prince, whose daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.

=Bareas Soranus=, a youth killed by his tutor Egnatius, a Stoic philosopher. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 116.

=Bares=, a naval officer of Persia, who wished to destroy Cyrene, but was opposed by Amasis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 203.

=Bargusii=, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 19.

=Bargyliæ=, a town of Caria.

=Barīne=, a prostitute whom _Horace_ accuses of perjury. Bk. 2, ode 8.

=Barisses=, one of the seven conspirators against the usurper Smerdis. _Ctesias._

=Barium=, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, now called Bari, and remarkable for its fine fish. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 97.

=Barnuus=, a town of Macedonia near Heraclea. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Barrus=, a man ridiculed by Horace as proud of his beauty. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 30.

=Barsīne= and =Barsēne=, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander, by whom she had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered her and her child to be put to death. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 2; bk. 15, ch. 2. ――_Arrian._

=Barzaentes=, a satrap who revolted from Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 13.

=Barzanes=, a king of Armenia, tributary to Ninus. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.

=Basilēa=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who was mother of all the gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――An island at the north of Gaul, famous for its amber. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――An island in the Euxine sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Basilīdæ=, European Sarmatians, descended from Hercules and Echidna. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Basilīdes=, the father of Herodotus, who, with others, attempted to destroy Strattes tyrant of Chios. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 132.――――A family who held an oligarchical power at Erythræ. _Strabo_, bk. 14. ――――A priest of mount Carmel, who foretold many momentous events to Vespasian, when he offered sacrifices. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 87.――_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 7.

=Basilĭpŏtămos=, the ancient name of the Eurotas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Basĭlis=, an historian who wrote concerning India. _Athenæus._――――A city of Arcadia, built by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29.

=Basilius=, a river of Mesopotamia falling into the Euphrates. _Strabo._――――A celebrated bishop of Africa, very animated against the Arians, whose tenets and doctrines he refuted with warmth, but great ability. He was eloquent as well as ingenious, and possessed of all those abilities which constitute the persuasive orator and the elegant writer. Erasmus has placed him in the number of the greatest orators of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, A.D. 379. The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, folio, Paris, 1721.

=Basĭlus=, a general who assisted Antony. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 416. ――――An insignificant lawyer. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 146.――――A pretor who plundered the provinces. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 222.

=Bassæ=, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 30 & 41.

=Bassania=, a town of Macedonia near Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 30.

=Bassăreus=, a surname of Bacchus, from the dress or long robe, called _Bassaris_, which his priests wore. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 18.

=Bassărĭdes=, a name given to the votaries of Bacchus, and to Agave by Persius, which seems derived from _Bassara_, a town of Libya sacred to the god, or from a particular dress worn by his priestesses, and so called by the Thracians. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 101.

=Bassus Aufidius=, an historian in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Germanic war. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Cæsius, a lyric poet in Nero’s age, to whom Persius addressed his sixth satire. Some of his verses are extant.――――Julius, an orator in the reign of Augustus, some of whose orations have been preserved by Seneca.――――A man spoken of by _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 14, and described as fond of wine and women.

=Bastarnæ= and =Basternæ=, a people of European Sarmatia, destroyed by a sudden storm as they pursued the Thracians. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 58.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 198.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Bastia=, the wife of Metellus. _Livy_, fragment, bk. 89.

=Bata=, a seaport of Asia, on the Euxine, opposite Sinope. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Batāvi=, a people of Germany who inhabited that part of the continent known under the modern name of Holland, and called by the ancients, _Batavorum insula_. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 431.

=Bathos=, a river near the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29.

=Bathycles=, a celebrated artist of Magnesia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Bathyllus=, a beautiful youth of Samos, greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyrant, and by Anacreon. _Horace_, epode 14, li. 9.――――Mecænas was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, of the same name. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 63.――――The poet who claimed as his own Virgil’s distich, _Nocte pluit totâ_, &c., bore also the same name.――――A fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.

=Lentulus Batiātus=, a man of Campania, who kept a house full of gladiators who rebelled against him. _Plutarch_, _Crassus_.

=Batīa=, a naiad who married Œbalus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. ――――A daughter of Teucer, who married Dardanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Batīna= and =Bantīna=. _See:_ Bantia.

=Bātis=, a eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, upon being unwilling to yield, was dragged round the city tied by the heels to Alexander’s chariot. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Bato=, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome from king Philip. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 28.

=Baton= of Sinope, wrote commentaries on the Persian affairs. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――A charioteer of Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.

=Batrachomyomachia=, a poem, describing the _fight_ between _frogs_ and _mice_, written by Homer, which has been printed sometimes separately from the Iliad or Odyssey. The best edition of it is Maittaire’s, 8vo, London, 1721.

=Battiădes=, a patronymic of Callimachus, from his father Battus. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 53.――――A name given to the people of Cyrene from king Battus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 253.

=Battis=, a girl, celebrated by Philetus the elegiac poet. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 5.

=Battus I.=, a Lacedæmonian who built the town of Cyrene, B.C. 630, with a colony from the island of Thera. He was son of Polymnestus and Phronime, and reigned in the town he had founded, and after death received divine honours. The difficulty with which he spoke first procured him the name of Battus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 155, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 15.――――The second of that name was grandson to Battus I. by Arcesilaus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Cyrene, and was surnamed _Felix_, and died 554 B.C. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 159, &c.――――A shepherd of Pylos, who promised Mercury that he would not discover his having stolen the flocks of Admetus, which Apollo tended. He violated his promise, and was turned into a pumice stone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 702.――――A general of Corinth against Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 43.――――A buffoon of Caesar’s. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 6.

=Batŭlum=, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 739.

=Batŭlus=, a surname of Demosthenes, from his effeminacy when young. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.

=Batyllus=, a celebrated dancer in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 63.

=Baubo=, a woman who received Ceres when she sought her daughter all over the world, and gave her some water to quench her thirst. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 7.

=Baucis=, an old woman of Phrygia, who, with her husband Philemon, lived in a small cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupiter and Mercury travelled in disguise over Asia. The gods came to the cottage, where they received the best things it afforded; and Jupiter was so pleased with their hospitality, that he metamorphosed their dwelling into a magnificent temple, of which Baucis and her husband were made priests. After they had lived happy to an extreme old age, they died both at the same hour, according to their request to Jupiter, that one might not have the sorrow of following the other to the grave. Their bodies were changed into trees before the doors of the temple. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 631, &c.

=Bavius= and =Mævius=, two stupid and malevolent poets in the age of Augustus, who attacked the superior talents of the contemporary writers. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3.

=Bauli=, a small town of Latium near Baiæ. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 155.

=Bazaentes=, a friend of Bessus, &c.

=Bazaria=, a country of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 1.

=Bebius=, a famous informer in Vespasian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 35. _See:_ Bæbius.

=Bebriăcum=, now _Caneto_, a village between Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius overcame Otho. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 106.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Bebry̆ce=, a daughter of Danaus, who is said to have spared her husband. Most authors, however, attribute that character of humanity to Hypermnestra. _See:_ Danaides.

=Bebry̆ces= and =Bebry̆cii=, a nation of Asia near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and, according to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. They were expert in the battle of the cestus. The Argonauts touched on their coasts in their expedition to Colchis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1. ――_Strabo_, bks. 7 & 12.

=Bebry̆cia=, an ancient name of Bithynia, from Bebryce the daughter of Danaus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 373.

=Belemīna=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Belēnus=, a divinity of the Gauls, the same as the Apollo of the Greeks, and the Orus of the Ægyptians.

=Belephantes=, a Chaldean, who, from his knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander that his entering Babylon would be attended with fatal consequences to him. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Belĕsis=, priest of Babylon, who told Arbaces governor of Media that he should reign one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His prophecy was verified, and he was rewarded by the new king with the government of Babylon, B.C. 826. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.

=Belgæ=, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, separated from the Celtæ by the rivers Matrona and Sequana. Their country, according to Strabo, extended from the Rhine to the river modernly called the Loire. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bks. 1 & 2.

=Belgĭca=, one of the four provinces of Gaul near the Rhine.

=Belgium=, the capital of Gallia Belgica. The word is often used to express the whole country. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Belgius=, a general of Gaul, who destroyed an army of Macedonians. _Justin_, bk. 23, ch. 2.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.

=Belĭdes=, a surname given to the daughters of Belus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 463.

=Belīdes=, a name applied to Palamedes, as descended from Belus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 2, li. 82.

=Belisama=, the name of Minerva among the Gauls, signifying _queen of heaven_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6.

=Belisarius=, a celebrated general, who, in a degenerate and an effeminate age, in the reign of Justinian emperor of Constantinople, renewed all the glorious victories, battles, and triumphs which had rendered the first Romans so distinguished in the time of their republic. He died after a life of military glory, and the trial of royal ingratitude, in the 565th year of the christian era. The story of his begging charity, with _date obolum Belisario_, is said to be a fabrication of modern times.

=Belistīda=, a woman who obtained a prize at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Belitæ=, a nation of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Bellerŏphon=, a son of Glaucus king of Ephyre by Eurymede, was at first called Hipponous. The murder of his brother, whom some call Alcimenus or Beller, procured him the name of Bellerophon, or _murderer of Beller_. After this murder, Bellerophon fled to the court of Prœtus king of Argos. As he was of a handsome appearance, the king’s wife, called Antæa or Stenobœa, fell in love with him; and as he slighted her passion, she accused him before her husband of attempts upon her virtue. Prœtus, unwilling to violate the laws of hospitality by punishing Bellerophon, sent him away to his father-in-law Jobates king of Lycia, and gave him a letter, in which he begged the king to punish with death a man who had so dishonourably treated his daughter. From that circumstance, all letters which are of an unfavourable tendency to the bearer have been called _letters of Bellerophon_. Jobates, to satisfy his son-in-law, sent Bellerophon to conquer a horrible monster called Chimæra, in which dangerous expedition he hoped, and was even assured, he must perish. _See:_ Chimæra. But the providence of Minerva supported him, and, with the aid of the winged horse Pegasus, he conquered the monster, and returned victorious. After this Jobates sent him against the Solymi, in hopes of seeing him destroyed; but he obtained another victory, and conquered afterwards the Amazons, by the king’s order. At his return from this third expedition, he was attacked by a party sent against him by Jobates; but he destroyed all his assassins, and convinced the king that innocence is always protected by the gods. Upon this, Jobates no longer sought to destroy his life; but he gave him his daughter in marriage, and made him his successor on the throne of Lycia, as he was without male issue. Some authors have supported that he attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pegasus, but that Jupiter sent an insect which stung the horse, and threw down the rider who wandered upon the earth in the greatest melancholy and dejection till the day of his death, one generation before the Trojan war. Bellerophon had two sons, Isander, who was killed in his war against the Solymi, and Hippolochus, who succeeded to the throne after his death, besides one daughter called Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon by Jupiter. The wife of Bellerophon is called Philonoe by Apollodorus, and Achemone by Homer. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 156, &c. ――_Juvenal_, satire 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Hyginus_, fables 157 & 243; _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 325.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 11, li. 26.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.

=Bellĕrus= and =Beller=, a brother of Hipponous. _See:_ Bellerophon.

=Belliēnus=, a Roman whose house was set on flames at Cæsar’s funeral. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Bellōna=, the goddess of war, daughter to Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the Greeks _Enyo_, and often confounded with Minerva. She was anciently called _Duelliona_, and was the sister of Mars, or, according to others, his daughter or his wife. She prepared the chariot of Mars when he was going to war; and she appeared in battles armed with a whip to animate the combatants, with dishevelled hair, and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid great adoration to her; but she was held in the greatest veneration by the Cappadocians, and chiefly at Comana, where she had about 3000 priests. Her temple at Rome was near the Porta Carmentalis. In it the senators gave audience to foreign ambassadors, and to generals returned from war. At the gate was a small column called the _column of war_, against which they threw a spear whenever war was declared against an enemy. The priests of this goddess consecrated themselves by great incisions in their body, and particularly in the thigh, of which they received the blood in their hands to offer as a sacrifice to the goddess. In their wild enthusiasm they often predicted bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or the besieging of towns. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 124.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 270.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 703.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2, li. 718; bk. 7, li. 73.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 221.

=Bellōnarii=, the priests of Bellona.

=Bellovăci=, a people of Gaul conquered by Julius Cæsar. They inhabited the modern Beauvais in the isle of France. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Bellovēsus=, a king of the Celtæ, who, in the reign of Tarquin Priscus, was sent at the head of a colony to Italy by his uncle Ambigatus. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34.

=Belon=, a general of Alexander’s. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――――A city and river of Hispania Bætica. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Belus=, one of the most ancient kings of Babylon, about 1800 years before the age of Semiramis, was made a god after death, and worshipped with much ceremony by the Assyrians and Babylonians. He was supposed to be the son of the Osiris of the Egyptians. The temple of Belus was the most ancient and most magnificent in the world. It was originally the tower of Babel, which was converted into a temple. It had lofty towers, and it was enriched by all the succeeding monarchs till the age of Xerxes, who, after his unfortunate expedition against Greece, plundered and demolished it. Among the riches it contained, were many statues of massive gold, one of which was 40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was a magnificent bed, where the priests daily conducted a woman, who, as they said, was honoured with the company of the god. _Josephus_, _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 10.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 181, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Arrian_, bk. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c. ――――A king of Egypt, son of Epaphus and Libya, and father of Agenor. ――――Another, son of Phœnix the son of Agenor, who reigned in Phœnicia.――――A river of Syria, where the making of glass was first invented. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 19.

=Benācus=, a lake of Italy, now _Lago di Garda_, from which the Mincius flows into the Po. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 160; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 205.

=Bendidium=, a temple of Diana Bendis. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 41.

=Bendis=, a name of Diana among the Thracians and their northern neighbours. _Strabo_, bk. 9. Her festivals, called _Bendidia_, were introduced from Thrace into Athens.

=Beneventum=, a town of the Hirpini, built by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. Its original name was _Maleventum_, changed into the more auspicious word of _Beneventum_, when the Romans had a colony there. It abounds in remains of ancient sculpture above any other town in Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Benthesicyme=, a daughter of Neptune the nurse of Eumolpus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Bepolitānus=, a youth whose life was saved by the delay of the executioner, who wished not to stain the youth’s fine clothes with blood. _Plutarch_, _Mulierum virtutes_.

=Berbicæ=, a nation who destroyed their relations when arrived at a certain age. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Beræa=, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the sea, and 100 from the Euphrates, now called Aleppo.

=Berecynthia=, a surname of Cybele, from mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where she was particularly worshipped. She has been celebrated in a poem by Catullus. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 782.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 82.

=Berenīce= and =Beronice=, a woman famous for her beauty, mother of Ptolemy Philadelphus by Lagus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 43.――_Theocritus._――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A daughter of Philadelphus, who married Antiochus king of Syria, after he had divorced Laodice his former wife. After the death of Philadelphus, Laodice was recalled, and mindful of the treatment which she had received, she poisoned her husband, placed her son on the vacant throne, and murdered Berenice and her child at Antioch, where she had fled, B.C. 248.――――A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped her father’s throne for some time, strangled her husband Seleucus, and married Archelaus, a priest of Bellona. Her father regained his power, and put her to death B.C. 55.――――The wife of Mithridates, who, when conquered by Lucullus, ordered all his wives to destroy themselves, for fear the conqueror should offer violence to them. She accordingly drank poison, but this not operating soon enough, she was strangled by a eunuch.――――The mother of Agrippa, who shines in the history of the Jews as daughter-in-law of Herod the Great.――――A daughter of Agrippa, who married her uncle Herod, and afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. She was accused by Juvenal of committing incest with her brother Agrippa. It is said that she was passionately loved by Titus, who would have made her empress but for fear of the people.――――A wife of king Attalus.――――Another, daughter of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who married her own brother Evergetes, whom she loved with much tenderness. When he went on a dangerous expedition, she vowed all the hair of her head to the goddess Venus, if he returned. Some time after his victorious return, the locks which were in the temple of Venus disappeared; and Conon, an astronomer, to make his court to the queen, publicly reported that Jupiter had carried them away, and had made them a constellation. She was put to death by her son, B.C. 221. _Catullus_, poem 67. ――_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 24.――_Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 3.――――This name is common to many of the queens and princesses in the Ptolemean family in Egypt.――――A city of Libya. _Strabo._――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――Two towns of Arabia. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――One in Egypt on the Red sea, where the ships from India generally landed their cargoes. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――――Another near the Syrtes, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 17.

=Berenīcis=, a part of Africa near the town of Berenice. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 523.

=Bergion= and =Albion=, two giants, sons of Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he attempted to cross the Rhone, and were killed with stones from heaven. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Bergistăni=, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 16.

=Beris= and =Baris=, a river of Cappadocia.――――A mountain of Armenia.

=Bermius=, a mountain of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 138.

=Beroe=, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to Semele. Juno assumed her shape when she persuaded Semele not to grant her favours to Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majesty of a god. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 278.――――The wife of Doryclus, whose form was assumed by Iris at the instigation of Juno, when she advised the Trojan women to burn the fleet of Æneas in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 620.――――One of the Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341.

=Berœa=, a town of Thessaly. _Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 36.

=Beronīce.= _See:_ Berenice.

=Berōsus=, a native of Babylon, priest to Belus. He passed into Greece, and remained a long time at Athens. He composed a history of Chaldæa, and signalized himself by his astronomical predictions, and was rewarded for his learning with a statue in the gymnasium at Athens. The age in which he lived is not precisely known, though some fix it in the reign of Alexander, or 268 years B.C. Some fragments of his Chaldæan history are preserved by Josephus, _Against Appion_ & _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 105. The book that is now extant under his name, and speaks of kings that never existed, is a supposititious fabrication.

=Berrhœa=, a town of Macedonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 61.

=Bery̆tus=, now _Berut_, an ancient town of Phœnicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, famous in the age of Justinian for the study of law. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Besa=, a fountain in Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Besidlæ=, a town of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19.

=Besippo=, a town of Hispania Bætica, where Mela was born. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Bessi=, a people of Thrace, on the left side of the Strymon, who lived upon rapine. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 67. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 111.

=Bessus=, a governor of Bactriana, who, after the battle of Arbela, seized Darius his sovereign and put him to death. After this murder, he assumed the title of king, and was some time after brought before Alexander, who gave him to Oxatres the brother of Darius. The prince ordered his hands and ears to be cut off, and his body to be exposed on a cross, and shot at by the soldiers. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 5. ――_Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.――――A parricide who discovered the murder he had committed, upon observing a nest of swallows, which, as he observed, reproached him with his crime. _Plutarch._

=Lucius Bestia=, a seditious Roman, who conspired with Catiline against his country. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _Philippics_.

=Betis=, a river in Spain, _See:_ Bætis.――――A governor of Gaza, who bravely defended himself against Alexander, for which he was treated with cruelty by the conqueror.

=Beturia=, a country in Spain.

=Bia=, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Biānor=, a son of Tiberius and Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who received the surname of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He built a town which he called Mantua, after his mother’s name. His tomb was seen in the age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and Andes. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 9, li. 60.――――A Trojan chief killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 92.――――A centaur killed by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 342.

=Bias=, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was king of Argos, and brother to the famous soothsayer Melampus. He fell in love with Perone, daughter of Neleus king of Pylos; but the father refused to give his daughter in marriage before he received the oxen of Iphiclus. Melampus, at his brother’s request, went to seize the oxen, and was caught in the act. He, however, in one year after received his liberty from Iphiclus who presented him with his oxen as a reward for his great services. Bias received the oxen from his brother, and obliged Neleus to give him his daughter in marriage. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 34. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A Grecian prince, who went to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, lis. 13 & 20.――――A river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34.――――One of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Teutamidas, born at Priene, which he long saved from ruin. He flourished B.C. 566, and died in the arms of his grandson, who begged a favour of him for one of his friends. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Bibācŭlus Marcus Furius=, a Latin poet in the age of Cicero. He composed annals in iambic verses, and wrote epigrams full of wit and humour, and other poems now lost. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 41.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10.――――A pretor, &c. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Biblia= and =Billia=, a Roman lady famous for her chastity. She married Duillius.

=Biblis=, a woman who became enamoured of her brother Caunus, and was changed into a fountain near Miletus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 662.

=Biblina=, a country of Thrace.

=Biblus=, a city of Phœnicia. _Curtius_, bk. 4.

=Bibracte=, a large town of the Ædui in Gaul, where Cæsar often wintered. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 55, &c.

=Bibŭlus=, a son of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus by Portia, Cato’s daughter. He was Cæsar’s colleague in the consulship, but of no consequence in the state, according to this distich mentioned by _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 20:

_Non Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed Cæsare factum est; Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memini._

――――One of the friends of Horace bore that name. Bk. 1, satire 10, li. 86.

=Bices=, a marsh near the Palus Mœotis. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 68.

=Bicon=, a Greek who assassinated Athenodorus, because he made himself master of a colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Bicornĭger=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Bicornis=, the name of Alexander among the Arabians.

=Biformīs= (_two forms_), a surname of Bacchus and of Janus. Bacchus received it because he changed himself into an old woman to fly from the persecution of Juno; or perhaps because he was represented sometimes as a young, and sometimes as an old, man.

=Bifrons=, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with _two faces_ among the Romans, as acquainted with the past and future. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 180.

=Bilbĭlis=, a town of Celtiberia, where Martial was born. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50.――――A river of Spain. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3.

=Bimāter=, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies that he had _two mothers_, because, when he was taken from his mother’s womb, he was placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 12.

=Bingium=, a town of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70.

=Bion=, a philosopher and sophist of Borysthenes in Scythia, who rendered himself famous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and philosophy. He made everybody the object of his satire, and rendered his compositions distinguished for clearness of expression, for facetiousness, wit, and pleasantry. He died 241 B.C. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A Greek poet of Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant style. Moschus, his friend and disciple, mentions in an elegiac poem that he died by poison, about 300 years B.C. His Idyllia are written with elegance and simplicity, purity and ease, and they abound with correct images, such as the view of the country may inspire. There are many good editions of this poet’s works, generally printed with those of Moschus, the best of which is that of Heskin, 8vo, Oxford, 1748. ――――A soldier in Alexander’s army, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13. ――――A native of Propontis, in the age of Pherecydes.――――A native of Abdera, disciple to Democritus. He first found out that there were certain parts of the earth where there were six months of perpetual light and darkness alternately.――――A man of Soli, who composed a history of Æthiopia.――――Another of Syracuse, who wrote nine books on rhetoric, which he called by the names of the muses, and hence _Bionei sermones_ mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 60. ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4.

=Birrhus.= _See:_ Cœlius.

=Bisaltæ=, a people of Scythia, or, according to some, of Thrace or Macedonia. Their country is called Bisaltia. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 29. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Bisaltes=, a man of Abydos, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 26.

♦=Bisaltis=, a patronymic of Theophane, by whom Neptune, under the form of a ram, had the golden ram. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li.117.――_Hyginus_, fable 18.

♦ ‘Bisaltes’ replaced with ‘Bisaltis’

=Bisanthe=, a town on the Hellespont. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 137.

=Biston=, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built _Bistonia_ in Thrace, whence the Thracians are often called _Bistones_. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 110.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 569.

=Bistŏnis=, a lake of Thrace near Abdera. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Bithus.= _See:_ Bacchius.

=Bithyæ=, a certain race of women of Scythia, whose eyes, as _Pliny_ reports, bk. 7, ch. 2, killed those who gazed upon them for some time.

=Bithȳnia=, a country of Asia Minor, formerly called Bebrycia. It was bounded by the Euxine on the north, on the south by Phrygia and Mysia, on the west by the Propontis, and the east by Paphlagonia. The country was first invaded by the Thracians, under Bithynus the son of Jupiter, who gave it the name of Bithynia. It was once a powerful kingdom. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 75. ――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 2. According to _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 9, the inhabitants were descended from Mantinea in Peloponnesus.

=Bitias=, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hiera, brought up in a wood sacred to Jupiter. He followed the fortune of Æneas, and, with his brother, was killed by the Rutuli in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 672, &c.――――One of Dido’s lovers, present when Æneas and the Trojans were introduced to the queen. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 742.

=Biton.= _See:_ Cleobis.

=Bituītus=, a king of the Allobroges, conquered by a small number of Romans, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 6.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Bituntum=, a town of Spain. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 55.

=Bitŭrĭges=, a people of Gaul, divided from the Ædui by the Ligeris. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 21.

=Biturĭcum=, a town of Gaul, formerly the capital of the Belgæ. _Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Bizia=, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to the kings of Thrace. Tereus was born there.

=Blæna=, a fruitful country of Pontus, where the general of Mithridates Eupator destroyed the forces of Nicomedes the Bithynian. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Blæsii=, two Romans who killed themselves because Tiberius deprived them of the priesthood. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 40.

=Junius Blæsus=, a governor of Gaul. _Tacitus._

=Blandenona=, a place near Placentia. _Cicero_, bk. 2, ltr. 15, _Letters to his brother Quintus_.

=Blandŭsia=, a fountain on the borders of the country of the Sabines near Mandela, Horace’s country seat. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 13.

=Blastophœnīces=, a people of Lusitania. _Appian._

=Blemmyes=, a people of Africa, who, as is fabulously reported, had no heads, but had the eyes and mouth placed in the breast. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4.

=Blenīna=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Blitius Catulinus=, was banished into the Ægean sea, after Piso’s conspiracy, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.

=Blucium=, a castle where king Dejotarus kept his treasures in Bithynia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Boadicea.= _See:_ Boudicea.

=Boæ= and =Boea=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Boagrius=, a river of Locris. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Bocalias=, a river in the island of Salamis.

=Boccar=, a king of Mauritania. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 90, applies the word in a general sense to any native of Africa.

=Bocchŏris=, a wise king and legislator of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Bocchus=, a king of Gætulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugurtha to Sylla the lieutenant of Marius. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Boduagnātus=, a leader of the Nervii, when Cæsar made war against them. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Bodūni=, a people of Britain who surrendered to Claudius. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 60.

=Boea.= _See:_ Boæ.

=Bœbe=, a town of Thessaly. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 5. ――――A lake of Crete. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Bœbēis=, a lake of Thessaly, near mount Ossa. _Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 176.

=Bœbia lex=, was enacted to elect four pretors every year.――――Another to insure proprietors in the possession of their lands.――――Another, A.U.C. 571, against using bribes at elections.

=Boedromia=, an Athenian festival instituted in commemoration of the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign of Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when their country was invaded by Eumolpus son of Neptune. The word is derived ἁπο του βοηδρομειν, _coming to help_. Plutarch in _Theseus_ mentions it as in commemoration of the victory which Theseus obtained over the Amazons, in a month called at Athens Boedromion.

=Bœotarchæ=, the chief magistrates in Bœotia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 43.

=Bœotia=, a country of Greece, bounded on the north by Phocis, south by Attica, east by Eubœa, and west by the bay of Corinth. It has been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, and now forms a part of Livadia. It was called Bœotia, from Bœotus son of Itonus; or, according to others, _a bove_, from a cow, by which Cadmus was led into the country where he built Thebes. The inhabitants were reckoned rude and illiterate, fonder of bodily strength than of mental excellence; yet their country produced many illustrious men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. The mountains of Bœotia, particularly Helicon, were frequented by the Muses, to whom also many of their fountains and rivers were consecrated. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 5, ch. 57.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 7, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 244.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 30, &c.

=Bœotus=, a son of Itonus by Menalippa. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1.

=Bœorobistas=, a man who made himself absolute among the Getæ, by the strictness of his discipline. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Boethius=, a celebrated Roman, banished and afterwards punished with death, on a suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths, A.D. 525. It was during his imprisonment that he wrote his celebrated poetical treatise _De consolatione philosophiæ_, in five books. The best edition of his works is that of Hagenau, 4to, 1491, or that of Leiden, 1671, with the _notis variorum_.

=Boetus=, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who wrote a poem on the battle of Philippi. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A river of Spain, more properly called Bætis. _See:_ Bætis.

=Boeus=, one of the Heraclidæ.

=Boges= and =Boes=, a Persian who destroyed himself and family when besieged by the Athenians. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 107.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Bogud=, a king of Mauritania in the interest of Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 59.

=Bogus=, a king of the Maurusii, present at the battle of Actium. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Boii=, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migrated into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north of Italy on the banks of the Po. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 28; bk. 7, ch. 17.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 158.

=Bojocalus=, a general of the Germans in the age of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55.

=Bola=, a town of the Æqui in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.

=Bolānus.= _See:_ Bollanus.

=Bolbe=, a marsh near Mygdonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 58.

=Bolbitīnum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, with a town of the same name. Naucrautis was built near it. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Bolgius=, a general of Gaul, in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.

=Bolīna=, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected the addresses of Apollo, and threw herself into the sea to avoid his importunities. The god made her immortal. There is a city which bears her name in Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Bolinæus=, a river near Bolina. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Bolissus=, a town and island near Chios. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Bollānus=, a man whom Horace represents, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 11, as of the most irascible temper and the most inimical to loquacity.

=Bolus=, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a Roman ambassador. _Livy_, bk. 67.

=Bomienses=, a people near Ætolia. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 96.

=Bomilcar=, a Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was suspected of a conspiracy with Agathocles, and hung in the forum, where he had received all his dignity. _Diodorus_, bk. 26.――_Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 7.――――An African, for some time the instrument of all Jugurtha’s cruelties. He conspired against Jugurtha, who put him to death. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Bomonīcæ=, youths that were whipped at the altar of Diana Orthia during the festivals of the goddess. He who bore the lash of the whip with the greatest patience, and without uttering a groan, was declared victorious, and received an honourable prize. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Bona Dea=, a name given to Ops, Vesta, Cybele, and Rhea, by the Greeks; and by the Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddess was so chaste that no man but her husband saw her after her marriage; from which reason, her festivals were celebrated only in the night by the Roman matrons in the houses of the highest officers of the state, and all the statues of the men were carefully covered with a veil where the ceremonies were observed. In the latter ages of the republic, however, the sanctity of these mysteries was profaned by the introduction of lasciviousness and debauchery. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 313.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 25.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 637.

=Bonōnia=, called also Felsina, a town on the borders of the Rhine, or Rheno, which falls into the Po. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 599.

=Bonosius=, an officer of Probus, who assumed the imperial purple in Gaul.

=Bonus Eventus=, a Roman deity, whose worship was first introduced by the peasants. He was represented holding a cup in his right hand, and in his left, ears of corn. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1. ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Boosūra= (_bovis cauda_), a town of Cyprus, where Venus had an ancient temple. _Strabo._

=Boōtes=, a northern constellation near the Ursa Major, also called Bubulcus and Arctophylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus the father of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds for inebriating them. Others maintain that it is Arcas, whom Jupiter placed in heaven. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 405.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 42.

=Bootus= and =Bœotus=, a son of Neptune and Menalippe, exposed by his mother, but preserved by shepherds. _Hyginus_, fable 186.

=Borea=, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. _Cicero_, bk. 16, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 4.

=Boreădes=, the descendants of Boreas, who long possessed the supreme power and the priesthood in the island of the Hyperboreans. _Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.

=Boreas=, the name of the north wind blowing from the Hyperborean mountains. According to the poets, he was son of Astræus and Aurora, but others make him son of the Strymon. He was passionately fond of Hyacinthus [_See:_ Hyacinthus], and carried away Orithyia, who refused to receive his addresses, and by her he had Zetes and Calais, Cleopatra and Chione. He was worshipped as a deity, and represented with wings and white hair. The Athenians dedicated altars to him, and to the winds, when Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas changed himself into a horse, to unite himself with the mares of Dardanus, by which he had 12 mares so swift, that they ran or rather flew over the sea, without scarce wetting their feet. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 222. ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 379.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 189.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 700.

=Boreasmi=, A festival at Athens in honour of Boreas, who, as the Athenians supposed, was related to them on account of his marriage with Orithyia the daughter of one of their kings. They attributed the overthrow of the enemy’s fleet to the respect which he paid to his wife’s native country. There were also sacrifices at Megalopolis in Arcadia, in honour of Boreas. _Pausanias_, _Attica_ & _Arcadia_.

=Boreus=, a Persian, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 40.

=Borges=, a Persian who burnt himself rather than submit to the enemy, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 24.

=Bornos=, a place of Thrace. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_, ch. 7.

=Borsippa=, a town of Babylonia, sacred to Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants ate bats. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Borus=, a son of Perieres, who married Polydora the daughter of Peleus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 177.

=Borysthĕnes=, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine sea, now called the _Dnieper_, and inferior to no other European river but the Danube, according to _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 45, &c.――――There was a city of the same name on the borders of the river, built by a colony of Milesians, 655 years before the christian era. It was also called _Olba Salvia_. _Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 7.――――A horse with which the emperor Adrian used to hunt. At his death he was honoured with a monument. _Diodorus._

=Bosphŏrus= and =Bospŏrus=, two narrow straits, situate at the confines of Europe and Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined the Palus Mœotis to the Euxine, now known by the name of the straits of Caffa; and the other, which was called the Thracian Bosphorus, and by the moderns the straits of Constantinople, made a communication between the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is 16 miles long, and one and a half broad, and where narrowest 500 paces or four stadia, according to Herodotus. The word is derived from Βοος πορος, _bovis meatus_, because, on account of its narrowness, an ox could easily cross it. Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to bark, from the opposite banks, and in a calm day persons could talk one to the other. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 49. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 85.

=Boter=, a freedman of Claudius. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_.

=Bottia=, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace. The people were called _Bottiæi_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 185, &c. ――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 99.

=Bottiæis=, a country at the north of Macedonia, on the bay of Therma. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123, &c.

=Boudicea=, a queen in Britain, who rebelled upon being insulted by the Romans. She poisoned herself when conquered, A.D. 61. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 31.

=Bouiānum=, an ancient colony of the Samnites, at the foot of the Apennines not far from Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 28.

=Bovillæ=, a town of Latium near Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 607.――――Another in Campania.

=Brachmanes=, Indian philosophers, who derive their name from Brahma, one of the three beings whom God, according to their theology, created, and with whose assistance he formed the world. They devoted themselves totally to the worship of the gods, and were accustomed from their youth to endure labours, and to live with frugality and abstinence. They never ate flesh, and abstained from the use of wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they had spent 37 years in the greatest trials, they were permitted to marry and indulge themselves in a more free and unbounded manner. According to modern authors, Brahma is the parent of all mankind, and he produced as many worlds as there are parts in the body, which they reckoned 14. They believed that there were seven seas, of water, milk, curds, butter, salt, sugar, and wine, each blessed with its particular paradise. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Bræsia=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Branciădes=, a surname of Apollo.

=Branchĭdæ=, a people of Asia, near the river Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. They were originally of Miletus, near the temple of Branchus, but had been removed from thence by Xerxes. _Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――The priests of Apollo Didymæus, who gave oracles in Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Branchyllĭdes=, a chief of the Bœotians. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.

=Branchus=, a youth of Miletus, son of Smicrus, beloved by Apollo, who gave him the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme, which became inferior to none of the Grecian oracles except Delphi, and which exchanged the name of Didymean for that of Branchidæ. The temple, according to Strabo, was set on fire by Xerxes, who took possession of the riches it contained, and transported the people into Sogdiana, where they built a city, which was afterwards destroyed by Alexander. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 479.――_Lucian_, _de Domo_.

=Braslæ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Brasĭdas=, a famous general of Lacedæmon, son of Tellus, who, after many great victories over Athens and other Grecian states, died of a wound at Amphipolis, which Cleon the Athenian had besieged, B.C. 422. A superb monument was raised to his memory. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.――_Thucydides_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――A man of Cos. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 7.

=Brasidēia=, festivals at Lacedæmon, in honour of Brasidas. None but freemen born Spartans were permitted to enter the lists, and such as were absent were fined.

=Brasĭlas=, a man of Cos. _Theocritus_, poem 7.

=Braure=, a woman who assisted in the murder of Pittacus king of the Edoni. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 107.

=Brauron=, a town of Attica, where Diana had a temple. The goddess had three festivals called _Brauronia_, celebrated once every fifth year by 10 men, who were called ἱεροποιοι. They sacrificed a goat to the goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the books of Homer’s Iliad. The most remarkable that attended were young virgins in yellow gowns, consecrated to Diana. They were about 10 years of age, and not under five, and therefore their consecration was called δεκατευειν, from δεκα, _decem_; and sometimes ἀρκτευειν, as the virgins themselves bore the name of ἀρκτοι, _bears_, from this circumstance. There was a bear in one of the villages of Attica so tame, that he ate with the inhabitants, and played harmlessly with them. This familiarity lasted long, till a young virgin treated the animal too roughly, and was killed by it. The virgin’s brother killed the bear, and the country was soon after visited by a pestilence. The oracle was consulted, and the plague removed by consecrating virgins to the service of Diana. This was so faithfully observed, that no woman in Athens was ever married before a previous consecration to the goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, which had been brought into Greece by Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of Brauron. Xerxes carried it away when he invaded Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 46. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Brenni= and =Breuni=, a people of Noricum. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14.

=Brennus=, a general of the Galli Senones, who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans at the river Allia, and entered their city without opposition. The Romans fled into the capitol, and left the whole city in the possession of the enemies. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian rock in the night, and the capitol would have been taken had not the Romans been awakened by the noise of geese which were before the doors, and immediately repelled the enemy. Camillus, who was in banishment, marched to the relief of his country, and so totally defeated the Gauls, that not one remained to carry the news of their destruction. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 36, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Camillus_.――――Another Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece with 150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and endeavoured to plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi. He was destroyed, with all his troops, by the god, or more properly, he killed himself in a fit of intoxication, B.C. 278, after being defeated by the Delphians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 22 & 23.――_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 6, &c.

=Brenthe=, a ruined city of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Brescia=, a city of Italy, which had gods peculiar to itself.

=Brettii=, a people of Italy. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Briăreus=, a famous giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads, and was called by men Ægeon, and only by the gods Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Minerva conspired to dethrone Jupiter, Briareus ascended the heavens, and seated himself next to him, and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and threatening looks that they desisted. He assisted the giants in their war against the gods, and was thrown under mount Ætna, according to some accounts. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 148.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 403.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 287; bk. 10, li. 565.――――A Cyclops, made judge between Apollo and Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus and promontory of Corinth. He gave the former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Brias=, a town of Pisidia.

=Brigrantes=, a people in the northern parts of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 196.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 43.

=Brigrantīnus=, a lake of Rhœtia between the Alps, now the lake of Constance. The town on its eastern banks is now Bregentz in the Tyrol, anciently called Brigantium. _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 17.

=Brilessus=, a mountain of Attica. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Brīmo= (_terror_), a name given to Proserpine and Hecate. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 2, li. 11.

=Brisēis=, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also Hippodamia. When her country was taken by the Greeks, and her husband Mines and brother killed in the fight, she fell to the share of Achilles in the division of the spoils. Agamemnon took her away some time after from Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself from the field of battle. Briseis was very faithful to Achilles; and when Agamemnon restored her to him, he swore he had never offended her chastity. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 3; _De Ars Amatoria_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poems 8, 20, & 22. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 4.

=Brises=, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the priest Chryses. His daughter Hippodamia was called _Briseis_, from him.

=Briseus=, a surname of Bacchus, from his nurse Briso, or his temple at Brisa, a promontory at Lesbos. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 76.

=Britanni=, the inhabitants of Britain. _See:_ Britannia.――――A man in Gallia Belgica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.

=Britannia=, an island in the northern ocean, the greatest in Europe, conquered by Julius Cæsar during his Gallic wars, B.C. 55, and first known to be an island by Agricola, who sailed round it. It was a Roman province from the time of its conquest till the 448th year of the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age of Cæsar, used to paint their bodies, to render themselves more terrible in the eyes of their enemies. The name of Britain was unknown to the Romans before Cæsar conquered it. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 10. ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 17.

=Britannĭcus=, a son of Claudius Cæsar by Messalina. Nero was raised to the throne in preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was buried in the night; but it is said that a shower of rain washed away the white paint which the murderer had put over his face, so that it appeared quite black, and discovered the effects of poison. _Tacitus_, _Annals_. ――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 33.

=Britomartis=, a beautiful nymph of Crete, daughter of Jupiter and Charme, who devoted herself to hunting, and became a great favourite of Diana. She was loved by Minos, who pursued her so closely, that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A surname of Diana.

=Britomarus=, a chief of the Galli Insubres conquered by Æmilius. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Britŏnes=, the inhabitants of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 124.

=Brixellum=, a town in Italy near Mantua, where Otho slew himself when defeated. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 32.

=Brixia=, a town of Italy beyond the Po, at the north of Cremona, now Brescia. _Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.

=Brizo=, the goddess of dreams worshipped in Delos.

=Brocubēlus=, a governor of Syria, who fled to Alexander, when Darius was murdered by Bessus. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13.

=Bromius=, a surname of Bacchus, from βρεμειν, _frendere_, alluding to the groans which Semele uttered when consumed by Jupiter’s fire. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 11.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Bromus=, one of the Centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 459.

=Brongus=, a river falling into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Brontēs= (_thunder_), one of the Cyclops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 425.

=Brontīnus=, a Pythagorean philosopher.――――The father of Theano the wife of Pythagoras. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Broteas= and =Ammon=, two men famous for their skill in the cestus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 107.――――One of the Lapithæ.

=Brotheus=, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to which his deformity subjected him. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 517.

=Bructēri=, a people of Germany, inhabiting the country at the east of Holland. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 51.

=Brumālia=, festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Bacchus, about the month of December. They were first instituted by Romulus.

=Brundusium=, now _Brundisi_, a city of Calabria, on the Adriatic sea where the Appian road was terminated. It was founded by Diomedes after the Trojan war, or, according to Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cretan colony. The Romans generally embarked at Brundusium for Greece. It is famous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius and the death of Virgil, and likewise for its harbour, which is capacious and sheltered by the land, and by a small island at the entrance, against the fury of the winds and waves. Little remains of the ancient city, and even its harbour has now been choked up by the negligence of the inhabitants. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 12, ch. 2. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 1.

=Brutidius=, a man dragged to prison in Juvenal’s age, on suspicion of his favouring Sejanus. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 82.

=Brutii=, a people in the furthest parts of Italy, who were originally shepherds of the Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of a settlement. They received the name of _Brutii_, from their stupidity and cowardice in submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in the second Punic war. They were ever after held in the greatest disgrace, and employed in every servile work. _Justin_, bk. 23, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Brutŭlus=, a Samnite, who killed himself, upon being delivered to the Romans for violating a treaty. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 39.

=Brutus Lucius Junius=, a son of Marcus Junius and Tarquinia, second daughter of Tarquin Priscus. The father, with his eldest son, were murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, unable to revenge their death, pretended to be insane. The artifice saved his life; he was called _Brutus_ for his stupidity, which he, however, soon after showed to be feigned. When Lucretia killed herself, B.C. 509, in consequence of the brutality of Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger from the wound, and swore, upon the reeking blade, immortal hatred to the royal family. His example animated the Romans. The Tarquins were proscribed by a decree of the senate, and the royal authority vested in the hands of consuls chosen from patrician families. Brutus, in his consular office, made the people swear they never would again submit to kingly authority; but the first who violated their oath were in his own family. His sons conspired with the Tuscan ambassador to restore the Tarquins; and when discovered, they were tried and condemned before their father, who himself attended at their execution. Some time after, in a combat that was fought between the Romans and Tarquins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and so fierce was the attack that they pierced one another at the same time. The dead body was brought to Rome, and received as in triumph; a funeral oration was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed their grief by mourning a year for the father of the republic. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 56; bk. 2, ch. 1, &c. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 8.――_Eutropius_ on _Tarquin_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 818.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_ & _Cæsar_.――――Marcus Junius, father of Cæsar’s murderer, wrote three books on civil law. He followed the party of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. After the death of Sylla, he was besieged in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he surrendered, and by whose orders he was put to death. He had married Servilia, Cato’s sister, by whom he had a son and two daughters. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, ch. 55.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_.――――His son of the same name by Servilia, was lineally descended from Junius Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins from Rome. He seemed to inherit the republican principles of his great progenitor, and in the civil wars joined himself to the side of Pompey, though he was his father’s murderer, only because he looked upon him as more just and patriotic in his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar not only spared the life of Brutus, but he made him one of his most faithful friends. He, however, forgot the favour because Cæsar aspired to tyranny. He conspired with many of the most illustrious citizens of Rome against the tyrant, and stabbed him in Pompey’s Basilica. The tumult which this murder occasioned was great; the conspirators fled to the capitol, and by proclaiming freedom and liberty to the populace, they re-established tranquillity in the city. Antony, whom Brutus, contrary to the opinion of his associates, refused to seize, gained ground in behalf of his friend Cæsar, and the murderers were soon obliged to leave Rome. Brutus retired into Greece, where he gained himself many friends by his arms, as well as by persuasion, and he was soon after pursued thither by Antony, whom young Octavius accompanied. A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who commanded the right wing of the republican army, defeated the enemy; but Cassius, who had the care of the left, was overpowered, and as he knew not the situation of his friend, and grew desperate, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through. Brutus deeply deplored his fall, and in the fulness of his grief called him the last of the Romans. In another battle, the wing which Brutus commanded obtained a victory; but the other was defeated, and he found himself surrounded by the soldiers of Antony. He, however, made his escape, and soon after fell upon his sword, B.C. 42. Antony honoured him with a magnificent funeral. Brutus is not less celebrated for his literary talents, than his valour in the field. When he was in the camp, the greatest part of his time was employed in reading and writing; and the day which preceded one of his most bloody battles, while the rest of his army was under continual apprehensions, Brutus calmly spent his hours till the evening, in writing an epitome of Polybius. He was fond of imitating the austere virtues of Cato, and in reading the histories of nations he imbibed those principles of freedom which were so eminently displayed in his political career. He was intimate with Cicero, to whom he would have communicated his conspiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his great timidity. He severely reprimanded him in his letters for joining the side of Octavius, who meditated the ruin of the republic. Plutarch mentions that Cæsar’s ghost made its appearance to Brutus in his tent, and told him that he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus married Portia the daughter of Cato, who killed herself by swallowing burning coals when she heard the fate of her husband. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 48.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_, &c.; _Cæsar_, ch. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 4.――――Decimus Junius Albinus, one of Cæsar’s murderers, who, after the battle of Mutina, was deserted by the legions, with which he wished to march against Antony. He was put to death by Antony’s orders, though consul elect.――――Junius, one of the first tribunes of the people. _Plutarch._――――One of Carbo’s generals.

=Bryas=, a general of the Argives against Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom he had offered violence. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20. ――――A general in the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72.

=Bryaxis=, a marble sculptor, who assisted in making the Mausoleum. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Bryce=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Brygres=, a people of Thrace, afterwards called Phryges. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Brygri=, a people of Macedonia, conquered by Mardonius. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 45.

=Brysea=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Bubacēne=, a town of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 5.

=Bubāces=, a eunuch of Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 11.

=Bubăris=, a Persian who married the daughter of Amyntas, against whom he had been sent with an army. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 13.

=Bubastiăcus=, one of the mouths of the Nile.

=Bubastis=, a city of Egypt, in the eastern parts of the Delta, where cats were held in great veneration, because Diana Bubastis, who is the chief deity of the place, is said to have transformed herself into a cat when the gods fled into Egypt. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59, 137, & 154.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 690.

=Bubăsus=, a country of Caria, whence _Bubasides_ applied to the natives. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 643.

=Bubon=, an inland city of Lycia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Bucephăla=, a city of India near the Hydaspes, built by Alexander in honour of his favourite horse Bucephalus. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 3. ――_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Bucephălus=, a horse of Alexander’s, whose head resembled that of a bull, whence his name (βους κεφαλος, _bovis caput_). Alexander was the only one who could mount on his back, and he always knelt down to take up his master. He was present in an engagement in Asia, where he received a heavy wound, and hastened immediately out of the battle, and dropped down dead as soon as he had set down the king in a safe place. He was 30 years old when he died, and Alexander built a city which he called after his name. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. ――_Curtius._――_Arrian_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 42.

=Buciliānus=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, ch. 14.

=Bucolĭca=, a sort of poem which treats of the care of the flocks, and of the pleasures and occupations of the rural life, with simplicity and elegance. The most famous pastoral writers of antiquity are Moschus, Bion, Theocritus, and Virgil. The invention of Bucolics, or pastoral poetry, is attributed to a shepherd of Sicily.

=Bucolĭcum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, situate between the Sebennytican and Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, Phatniticum. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Bucolion=, a king of Arcadia, after Lais. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5. ――――A son of Laomedon and the nymph Calybe.――――A son of Hercules and Praxithea. He was also called Bucolus.――――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.

=Bucŏlus=, a son of Hercules and Marse.――――A son of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.

=Budii=, a nation of Media. _Herodotus._

=Budīni=, a people of Scythia. _Herodotus._

=Budōrum=, a promontory of Salamis. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 94.

=Bulbus=, a Roman senator, remarkable for his meanness. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_.

=Bulis=, a town of Phocis, built by a colony from Doris, near the sea, above the bay of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.――――A Spartan given up to Xerxes, to atone for the offence which his countrymen had done in putting the king’s messengers to death. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 134, &c.

=Bullatius=, a friend of Horace to whom the poet addressed, bk. 1, ltr. 11, in consequence of his having travelled over part of Asia.

=Bullis=, a town of Illyricum, near the sea, south of Apollonia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 7; bk. 44, ch. 30.

=Bumellus=, a river of Assyria. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.

=Bunea=, a surname of Juno.

=Bunus=, a son of Mercury and Alcidamea, who obtained the government of Corinth when Ætes went to Colchis. He built a temple to Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 4.

=Bupălus=, a statuary of Clazomenæ. _See:_ Anthermus.

=Buphăgus=, a son of Japetus and Thornax killed by Diana, whose virtue he had attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his name. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A surname of Hercules, given him on account of his gluttony.

=Buphŏnia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter at Athens, where an ox was immolated. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Buprāsium=, a city, country, and river of Elis. _Homer._

=Bura=, a daughter of Jupiter, or, according to others, of Ion and Helice, from whom _Bura_ or _Buris_, once a flourishing city in the bay of Corinth, received its name. This city was destroyed by the sea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 293.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Buraicus=, an epithet applied to Hercules, from his temple near Bura. ――――A river of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.

=Burrhus Afranius=, a chief of the pretorian guards, put to death by Nero.――――A brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus.

=Bursa=, a capital city of Bithynia, supposed to have been called Prusa, from its founder Prusias. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Bursia=, a town of Babylonia. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 13.

=Busa=, a woman of Apulia who entertained 1000 Romans after the battle of Cannæ. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Busæ=, a nation of Media. _Herodotus_, bk. 1.

=Busīris=, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune and Libya, or Lysianassa, who sacrificed all foreigners to Jupiter with the greatest cruelty. When Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris carried him to the altar bound hand and foot. The hero soon disentangled himself, and offered the tyrant, his son Amphidamas, and the ministers of his cruelty, on the altar. Many Egyptian princes have borne the same name. One of them built a town called _Busiris_, ♦in the middle of the Delta, where Isis had a famous temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 61. ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 132; _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 69.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

♦ extraneous ‘and’ removed

=Buta=, a town of Achaia. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.

=Buteo=, a surname of Marcus Fabius. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 26.――――A Roman orator. _Seneca._

=Butes=, one of the descendants of Amycus king of the Bebryces, very expert in the combat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where he was received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, by whom he had a son called Eryx. Lycaste, on account of her beauty, was called Venus; hence Eryx is often called the son of Venus.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 372.――――One of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A Trojan slain by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 690.――――A son of Boreas who built Naxos. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――A son of Pandion and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and Neptune. He married Chthonia daughter of Erechtheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――――An armbearer to Anchises, and afterwards to Ascanius. Apollo assumed his shape when he descended from heaven to encourage Ascanius to fight. Butes was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 647; bk. 12, li. 632.――――A governor of Darius, besieged by Conon the Athenian.

=Buthrōtum=, now _Butrinto_, a seaport town of Epirus, opposite Corcyra, visited by Æneas, in his way from Troy to Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 293.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Buthrōtus=, a river in Italy, near Locri.

=Buthyreus=, a noble statuary, disciple to Myron. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Butoa=, an island in the Mediterranean, near Crete. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Butorĭdes=, an historian who wrote concerning the pyramids. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 12.

=Butos=, a town of Egypt, where there was a temple of Apollo and Diana, and an oracle of Latona. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 63.

=Butuntum=, an inland town of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Butus=, a son of Pandion.

=Buzȳges=, an Athenian who first ploughed with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave him the Palladium, with which Diomedes had entrusted him to be carried to Athens. _Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Byblesia= and =Bybassia=, a country of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 174.

=Byblia=, a name of Venus.

=Byblii=, a people of Syria. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Byblis=, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. She fell in love with her brother Caunus, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus became enamoured of her, and fled from his country to avoid incest; and others report that he fled from his sister’s importunities, who sought him all over Lycia and Caria, and at last sat down all bathed in tears, and was changed into a fountain of the same name. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 284; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 451.――_Hyginus_, fable 243. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――A small island in the Mediterranean.

=Byblus=, a town of Syria, not far from the sea, where Adonis had a temple. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Bylliones=, a people of Illyricum.

=Byrrhus=, a robber, famous for his dissipation. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 69.

=Byrsa=, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, on which was the temple of Æsculapius. Asdrubal’s wife burnt it when the city was taken. When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could be encompassed by a bull’s hide. After the agreement, she cut the hide in small thongs, and inclosed a large piece of territory, on which she built a citadel which she called Byrsa (Βυρσα, _a hide_). _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 371.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 62.

=Byzacium=, a country of Africa.

=Byzantium=, a town situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, founded by a colony of Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before the christian era. Paterculus says it was founded by the Milesians, and by the Lacedæmonians according to Justin, and according to Ammianus by the Athenians. The pleasantness and convenience of its situation were observed by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of the eastern Roman empire, A.D. 328, and called it Constantinopolis. A number of Greek writers, who have deserved or usurped the name of _Byzantine historians_, flourished at Byzantium, after the seat of the empire had been translated thither from Rome. Their works, which more particularly relate to the time in which they flourished, and are seldom read but by those who wish to form an acquaintance with the revolutions of the lower empire, were published in one large collection, in 36 vols., folio, 1648, &c., at Paris, and recommended themselves by the notes and supplements of du Fresne and du Cange. They were likewise printed at Venice, 1729, in 28 vols., though perhaps this edition is not so valuable as that of the French. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_, _Alcibiades_, & _Timotheus_.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 1. ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, chs. 62 & 63.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――_Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 8.

=Byzas=, a son of Neptune king of Thrace, from whom it is said Byzantium receives its name. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Byzeres=, a people of Pontus, between Cappadocia and Colchis. _Dionysius Periegetes._――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 153.

=Byzes=, a celebrated artist in the age of Astyages. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Byzia=, a town in the possession of the kings of Thrace, hated by swallows, on account of the horrible crimes of Tereus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

C

=Caanthus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was ordered by his father to seek his sister Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, and he burnt in revenge the ravisher’s temple near the ♦Isthmus. He was killed for this impiety by the god, and a monument was raised to his memory. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.

♦ ‘Ithmus’ replaced with ‘Isthmus’

=Cabades=, a king of Persia, &c.

=Cabăla=, a place of Sicily where the Carthaginians were conquered by Dionysius. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Cabāles=, a people of Africa. _Herodotus._

=Cabalii=, a people of Asia Minor. _Herodotus._

=Caballīnus=, a clear fountain on mount Helicon, sacred to the muses, and called also _Hippocrene_, as raised from the ground by the foot of Pegasus. _Persius._

=Caballīnum=, a town of the Ædui, now _Chalons_, on the Saone. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, ch. 42.

=Caballio=, a town of Gaul.

=Cabarnos=, a deity worshipped at Paros. His priests were called Cabarni.

=Cabassus=, a town of Cappadocia.――――A village near Tarsus.

=Cabīra=, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she had three sons.――――A town of Paphlagonia.

=Cabīri=, certain deities held in the greatest veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, and Phrygia, but more particularly in the islands of Samothrace and Imbros. The number of these deities is uncertain. Some say there were only two, Jupiter and Bacchus; others mention three, and some four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and Camillus. It is unknown where their worship was first established; yet Phœnicia seems to be the place according to the authority of Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was introduced into Greece by the Pelasgi. The festivals or mysteries of the Cabiri were celebrated with the greatest solemnity at Samothrace, where all the ancient heroes and princes were generally initiated, as their power seemed to be great in protecting persons from shipwreck and storms. The obscenities which prevailed in the celebration have obliged the authors of every country to pass over them in silence, and say that it was unlawful to reveal them. These deities are often confounded with the Corybantes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c., and, according to Herodotus, Vulcan was their father. This author mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses committed in entering their temple, and turning to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were supposed to preside over metals. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 51.――_Strabo_, bk. 10, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1.

=Cabiria=, a surname of Ceres.――――The festivals of the Cabiri. _See:_ Cabiri.

=Cabūra=, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where Juno bathed. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 3.

=Cabūrus=, a chief of the Helvii. _Cæsar._

=Caca=, a goddess among the Romans, sister to Cacus, who is said to have discovered to Hercules where her brother had concealed his oxen. She presided over the excrements of the body. The vestals offered sacrifices in her temple. _Lactantius [Placidus]_, bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Cachăles=, a river of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 32.

=Cacus=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a three-headed monster, and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were covered with human bones. He plundered the neighbouring country; and when Hercules returned from the conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged them backwards into his cave to prevent discovery. Hercules departed without perceiving the theft; but his oxen having lowed, were answered by the cows in the cave of Cacus, and the hero became acquainted with the loss he had sustained. He ran to the place, attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him in his arms, though vomiting fire and smoke. Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Servator, in commemoration of his victory; and an annual festival was instituted by the inhabitants in honour of the hero, who had delivered them from such a public calamity. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 551.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 194.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10.――_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 125.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Cacūthis=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges. _Arrian_, _Indica_.

=Cacyparis=, a river of Sicily.

=Cadi=, a town of Phrygia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――Of Lydia. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 6, li. 7.

=Cadmēa=, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus. It is generally taken for Thebes itself, and the Thebans are often called Cadmeans. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 601.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Cadmēis=, an ancient name of Bœotia.

=Cadmus=, son of Agenor king of Phœnicia by Telephassa or Agriope, was ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away, and he was never to return to Phœnicia if he did not bring her back. As his search proved fruitless, he consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass, and to call the country Bœotia. He found the heifer according to the directions of the oracle; and as he wished to thank the god by a sacrifice, he sent his companions to fetch water from a neighbouring grove. The waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured all the Phœnician’s attendants. Cadmus, tired of their seeming delay, went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh. He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they instantly turned their arms one against another, till all perished except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after he married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief and infirm with age. They intreated the gods to remove them from the misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents. Some explain the dragon’s fable, by supposing that it was a king of the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according to the ambiguous signification of a Phœnician word. Cadmus was the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Phœnicia, was only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to which Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Phœnician deities was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into Greece 1493 years before the christian era, and to have died 61 years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built at the sound of Amphion’s lyre, Cadmus built only a small citadel which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city which was finished by one of his successors. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fables 1, 2, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch. 147.――_Hyginus_, fables 6, 76, 155, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 937, &c.――――A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an historian in the age of Crœsus, and as the writer of an account of some cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called the _ancient_, in contradistinction from another of the same name and place, son of Archelaus, who wrote a history of Attica in 16 books, and a treatise on love in 14 books. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Clement of Alexandria_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――――A Roman executioner, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 39.

=Cadra=, a hill of Asia Minor. _Tacitus._

=Cadūceus=, a rod entwined at one end by two serpents, in the form of two equal semi-circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and the emblem of power, and it had been given him by Apollo in return for the lyre. Various interpretations have been put upon the two serpents round it. Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter’s amours with Rhea, when these two deities transformed themselves into snakes. Others say that it originates from Mercury’s having appeased the fury of two serpents that were fighting, by touching them with his rod. Prudence is generally supposed to be represented by these two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of diligence; both necessary in the pursuit of business and commerce, which Mercury patronized. With it Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the souls of the dead, and could lull to sleep, and even raise to life a dead person. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 242.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 10.

=Cadurci=, a people of Gaul, at the east of the Garonne. _Cæsar._

=Cadusci=, a people near the Caspian sea. _Plutarch._

=Cadytis=, a town of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159.

=Cæa=, an island of the Ægean sea among the Cyclades, called also _Ceos_ and _Cea_, from Ceus the son of Titan. _Ovid_, poem 20. _Heroides_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 14.

=Cæcias=, a wind blowing from the north.

=Cæcĭlia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――The mother of Lucullus. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A daughter of Atticus.

=Cæcilia Caia=, or =Tanaquil=. _See:_ Tanaquil.

=Cæcilia lex=, was proposed A.U.C. 693, by Cæcilius Metellus Nepos, to remove taxes from all the Italian states, and to give them free exportation.――――Another, called also Didia, A.U.C. 656, by the consul Quintus Cæcilius Metellus and Titus Didius. It required that no more than one single matter should be proposed to the people in one question, lest by one word they should give their assent to a whole bill, which might contain clauses worthy to be approved, and others unworthy. It required that every law, before it was preferred, should be exposed to public view on three market-days.――――Another, enacted by Cæcilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 17.――――Another, A.U.C. 701, to restore to the censors their original rights and privileges, which had been lessened by Publius Clodius the tribune.――――Another, called also Gabinia, A.U.C. 685, against usury.

=Cæciliānus=, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero.

=Cæcĭlii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from Cæcas, one of the companions of Æneas, or from Cæculus the son of Vulcan, who built Præneste. This family gave birth to many illustrious generals and patriots.

=Cæcĭlius Claudius Isidorus=, a man who left in his will to his heirs, 4116 slaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 600,000 pounds of silver. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 10.――――Epirus, a freedman of Atticus, who opened a school at Rome, and is said to have first taught reading to Virgil and some other growing poets.――――A Sicilian orator in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, and an account of the orations of Demosthenes.――――Metellus. _See:_ Metellus.――――Statius, a comic poet, deservedly commended by Cicero and Quintilian, though the orator, _Letters to Atticus_, calls him _Malum Latinitatis auctorem_. Above 30 of his comedies are mentioned by ancient historians, among which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus, Syracusæ, Fœnerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B.C., and was buried on the Janiculum. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1.

=Cæcīna Tuscus=, a son of Nero’s nurse, made governor of Egypt. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.――――A Roman who wrote some physical treatises. ――――A citizen of Volaterræ defended by Cicero.

=Cæcŭbum=, a town of Campania in Italy, near the bay of Caieta, famous for the excellence and plenty of its wines. _Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20; bk. 2, ode 14, &c.

=Cæcŭlus=, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as some say, by his mother, when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called Cæculus because his eyes were small. After a life spent in plundering and rapine, he built Præneste; but being unable to find inhabitants, he implored Vulcan to show whether he really was his father. Upon this a flame suddenly shone among a multitude who were assembled to see some spectacle, and they were immediately persuaded to become the subjects of Cæculus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 680, says that he was found in fire by shepherds, and on that account called son of Vulcan, who is the god of fire.

=Quintus Cædicius=, a consul, A.U.C. 498.――――Another, A.U.C. 465.――――A military tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue the Roman army from the Carthaginians, B.C. 254. He escaped with his life.――――A rich person, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 362.――――A friend of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, lis. 7, 47.

=Cælia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 635, by Cælius, a tribune. It ordained, that in judicial proceedings before the people, in cases of treason, the votes should be given upon tablets contrary to the exception of the Cassian law.

=Cælius=, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He died very young. Cicero defended him when he was accused by Clodius of being accessary to Catiline’s conspiracy, and of having murdered some ambassadors from Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife of Metellus. _Pro Cælio_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A man of Tarracina, found murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected of the murder, but acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1. ――――Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years after Christ, the best edition of whose works is that of Almeloveen, Amsterdam, 1722 and 1755.――――Lucius Antipater, wrote a history of Rome, which Marcus Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian preferred to the histories of Sallust. Cælius flourished 120 years B.C. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.――――Tubero, a man who came to life after he had been carried to the burning pile. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 52.――――Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted Romulus against the Cæninenses, &c.――――Sabinus, a writer in the age of Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the edicts of the curule ediles.――――One of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus surrounded it with a ditch and rampart, and it was enclosed by walls by the succeeding kings. It received its name from Cælius, who assisted Romulus against the Sabines.

=Cæmaro=, a Greek, who wrote an account of India.

=Cæne=, a small island in the Sicilian sea.――――A town on the coast of Laconia, whence Jupiter is called Cænius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.

=Cæneus=, one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil._

=Cænides=, a patronymic of Eetion, as descended from Cæneus. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.

=Cænīna=, a town of Latium near Rome. The inhabitants, called _Cæninenses_, made war against the Romans when their virgins had been stolen away. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 135.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 11, li. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Cænis=, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pelorus in Sicily, a distance of about one mile and a half.

=Cænis=, a Thessalian woman, daughter of Elatus, who, being forcibly ravished by Neptune, obtained from the god the power to change her sex, and to become invulnerable. She also changed her name, and was called _Cæneus_. In the wars of the Lapithæ against the Centaurs, she offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood, and changed into a bird. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, lis. 172 & 479.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 448, says that she returned again to her pristine form.

=Quintus Servilius Cæpio=, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he was punished by divine vengeance, &c. _Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A questor who opposed Saturninus. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_.

=Cæratus=, a town of Crete. _Strabo._――――A river.

=Cære=, =Cæres=, anciently _Agylla_, now _Cerveteri_, a city of Etruria, once the capital of the whole country. It was in being in the age of Strabo. When Æneas came to Italy, Mezentius was king over the inhabitants, called _Cæretes_ or _Cærites_; but they banished their prince, and assisted the Trojans. The people of Cære received with all possible hospitality the Romans who fled with the fire of Vesta, when the city was besieged by the Gauls, and for this humanity they were made citizens of Rome, but without the privilege of voting; whence _Cærites tabulæ_ was applied to those who had no suffrage, and _Cærites cera_ appropriated as a mark of contempt. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Cæresi=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar._

=Cæsar=, a surname given to the Julian family at Rome, either because one of them kept an _elephant_, which bears the same name in the Punic tongue, or because one was born with a thick _head of hair_. This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius Cæsar and of his successors, was given to the apparent heir of the empire, in the age of the Roman emperors. The 12 first Roman emperors were distinguished by the surname of _Cæsar_. They reigned in the following order: Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Cæsar was extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the appellation of Cæsar seemed inseparable from the imperial dignity, and therefore it was assumed by the successors of the Julian family. Suetonious has written an account of these 12 characters, in an extensive and impartial manner.――――Caius Julius Cæsar, the first emperor of Rome, was son of ♦Caius Cæsar and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He was descended, according to some accounts, from Julus the son of Æneas. When he reached his 15th year he lost his father, and the year after he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and endeavoured to remove him; but Cæsar understood his intentions, and to avoid discovery changed every day his lodgings. He was received into Sylla’s friendship some time after; and the dictator told those who solicited the advancement of young Cæsar, that they were warm in the interest of a man who would prove some day or other the ruin of their country and of their liberty. When Cæsar went to finish his studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was seized by pirates, who offered him his liberty for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and threatened to revenge their insults; and he no sooner was out of their power, than he armed a ship, pursued them, and crucified them all. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and the generous manner in which he lived equally served to promote his interest. He obtained the office of high priest at the death of Metellus; and after he had passed through the inferior employments of the state, he was appointed over Spain, where he signalized himself by his valour and intrigues. At his return to Rome, he was made consul, and soon after he effected a reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey. He was appointed for the space of five years over the Gauls, by the interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his daughter Julia in marriage. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by conquest, and invaded Britain, which was then unknown to the Roman people. He checked the Germans, and soon after had his government over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means of his friends at Rome. The death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted state of the Roman senate, and the ambition of Cæsar and Pompey, soon became the causes of a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would suffer a superior, and the smallest matters were sufficient ground for unsheathing the sword. Cæsar’s petitions were received with coldness or indifference by the Roman senate; and, by the influence of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of his power. Antony, who opposed it as tribune, fled to Cæsar’s camp with the news; and the ambitious general no sooner heard this, than he made it a plea of resistance. On pretence of avenging the violence which had been offered to the sacred office of tribune in the person of Antony, he crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Cæsar entered Italy sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and retired to Dyrrachium; and Cæsar, after he had subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and provided himself with money from the public treasury. He went to Spain, where he conquered the partisans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afranius, and Varro; and, at his return to Rome, was declared dictator, and soon after consul. When he left Rome he went in quest of Pompey, observing that he was marching against a general without troops, after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the plains of Pharsalia, B.C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged. Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was murdered. Cæsar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pursued his adversary into Egypt, where he for some time forgot his fame and character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His danger was great while at Alexandria; but he extricated himself with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After several conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pompey’s sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But now his glory was at an end, his uncommon success created him enemies, and the chiefest of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend, conspired against him, and stabbed him in the senate house on the ides of March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March, B.C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca gave him the first blow, and immediately he attempted to make some resistance; but when he saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and fell down at their feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, _Tu quoque Brute_! Cæsar might have escaped the sword of the conspirators if he had listened to the advice of his wife, whose dreams on the night previous to the day of his murder were alarming. He also received, as he went to the senate house, a paper from Artemidorus, which discovered the whole conspiracy to him; but he neglected the reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in his first campaign in Spain, he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander, and even shed tears at the recollection that that hero had conquered the world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. The learning of Cæsar deserves commendation, as well as his military character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries on the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles; and the composition has been admired for the elegance as well as the correctness of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost; and when Cæsar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged to swim from his ship, with his arms in one hand and his commentaries in the other. Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other pieces, which are now lost. The history of the war in Alexandria and Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. Cæsar has been blamed for his debaucheries and expenses; and the first year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 830 talents, which his friends discharged: yet, in his public character, he must be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could not but be conqueror, and in every republic, master; and to his sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, or to his ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather to be first in a little village, than second at Rome. It was after his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he made use of these remarkable words, to express the celerity of his operations: _Veni, vidi, vici_. Conscious of the services of a man who in the intervals of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with public buildings, libraries, and porticoes, the senate permitted the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; and it is said that, to reward his benevolence, they were going to give him the title of authority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy, when he was murdered. In his private character, Cæsar has been accused of seducing one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of being privy to Catiline’s conspiracy; and it was his fondness for dissipated pleasures which made his countrymen say, that he was the husband of all the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. It is said that he conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and defeated three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 25, says that he could employ at the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as many authors mention, by uncommon prodigies; and immediately after his death, a large comet made its appearance. The best editions of Cæsar’s commentaries, are the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, folio, London, 1712; that of Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to, 1727; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo, Leiden, 1635. _Suetonius_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Dio Cassius._――_Appian._ ――_Orosius._――_Diodorus_, bk. 16 & fragments of bks. 31 & 37. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 466.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 782.――_Marcellinus._――_Florus_, bks. 3 & 4.――――Lucius was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his shoes.――――Octavianus. _See:_ Augustus.――――Caius, a tragic poet and orator, commended by _Cicero_, _Brutus_. His brother C. Lucius was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla. They were both put to death by order of Marius.――――Lucius, an uncle of Marcus Antony, who followed the interest of Pompey, and was proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero the friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by Julius Cæsar in his youth.――――Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Cæsar, Caius and Lucius. _See:_ Agrippa.――――Augusta, a town of Spain, built by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now called _Saragossa_.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

=Cæsarēa=, a city of Cappadocia,――――of Bithynia,――――of Mauritania, ――――of Palestine. There are many small insignificant towns of that name, either built by the emperors, or called by their name, in compliment to them.

=Cæsarion=, the son of Julius Cæsar by queen Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, Egypt, and Cœlosyria. He was put to death five years after by Augustus. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 17, & _Cæsar_, ch. 52.

=Cæsennius Pætus=, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, chs. 6 & 25.

=Cæsetius=, a Roman who protected his children against Cæsar. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Cæsia=, a surname of Minerva.――――A wood in Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 50.

=Cæsius=, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy. _Catullus_, poem 14.――――A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero. _Persius._

=Cæso=, a son of Quinctius Cincinnatus, who revolted to the Volsci.

=Cæsonia=, a lascivious woman who married Caligula, and was murdered at the same time with her daughter Julia. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 59.

=Cæsonius Maximus=, was banished from Italy by Nero, on account of his friendship with Seneca, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.

=Cætŭlum=, a town of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Cagāco=, a fountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Caicīnus=, a river of Locris. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 103.

=Caīcus=, a companion of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 187; bk. 9, li. 35.――――A river of Mysia, falling into the Ægean sea, opposite Lesbos. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 370.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 243.

=Caiēta=, a town, promontory, and harbour of Campania, which received its name from Caieta the nurse of Æneas, who was buried there. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 1.

=Caius= and =Caia=, a prænomen very common at Rome to both sexes. C, in its natural position, denoted the man’s name, and when reversed Ↄ it implied Cais. _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Caius=, a son of Agrippa by Julia. _See:_ Agrippa.

=Quintus Calăber=, called also Smyrnæus, wrote a Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation of Homer’s Iliad, about the beginning of the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well-written book are that of Rhodoman, 12mo, Hanover, 1604, with the notes of Dausqueius; and that of Pauw, 8vo, Leiden, 1734.

=Calābria=, a country of Italy in Magna Græcia. It has been called Messapia, Japygia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 425.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 31; _Epodes_, poem 1, li. 27; bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 48.

=Calăbrus=, a river of Calabria. _Pausanias_, bk. 6.

=Calagurritāni=, a people of Spain, who ate their wives and children rather than yield to Pompey. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Calais= and =Zethes=. _See:_ Zethes.

=Calagutis=, a river of Spain. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 22.

=Calămis=, an excellent carver. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 10.

=Calămīsa=, a place of Samos. _Herodotus_, bk. 9.

=Calămos=, a town of Asia, near mount Libanus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20. ――――A town of Phœnicia.――――Another of Babylonia.

=Calămus=, a son of the river Mæander, who was tenderly attached to Carpo, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Calānus=, a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and being sick, in his 83rd year, he ordered a pile to be raised, upon which he mounted, decked with flowers and garlands, to the astonishment of the king and of the army. When the pile was fired, Alexander asked him whether he had anything to say. “No,” said he, “I shall meet you again in a very short time.” Alexander died three months after in Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 23.――_Arrian_ & _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Ælian_, bk. 2, ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Calaon=, a river of Asia, near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Calăris=, a city of Sardinia. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Calathāna=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.

=Calathes=, a town of Thrace near Tomus, on the Euxine sea. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Calathion=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Calathus=, a son of Jupiter and Antiope.

=Calātia=, a town of Campania, on the Appian way. It was made a Roman colony in the age of Julius Cæsar. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 543.

=Calatiæ=, a people of India, who ate the flesh of their parents. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 38.

=Calavii=, a people of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 27.

=Calavius=, a magistrate of Capua, who rescued some Roman senators from death, &c. _Livy_, bk. 23, chs. 2 & 3.

=Calaurēa= and =Calaurīa=, an island near Trœzene in the bay of Argos. Apollo, and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the place. The tomb of Demosthenes was seen there, who poisoned himself to fly from the persecutions of Antipater. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 384.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Calbis=, a river of Caria. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Calce=, a city of Campania. _Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Calchas=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy, in the office of high priest; and he informed them that the city could not be taken without the aid of Achilles, that their fleet could not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague could not be stopped in the Grecian army before the restoration of Chryseis to her father. He told them also that Troy could not be taken before 10 years’ siege. He had received the power of divination from Apollo. Calchas was informed that as soon as he found a man more skilled than himself in divination, he must perish; and this happened near Colophon, after the Trojan war. He was unable to tell how many figs were in the branches of a certain fig tree; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact number, Calchas died through grief. _See:_ Mopsus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 69.――_Aeschylus_, _Agamemnon_.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Calchedonia.= _See:_ Chalcedon.

=Calchinia=, a daughter of Leucippus. She had a son by Neptune, who inherited his grandfather’s kingdom of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Caldus Cælius=, a Roman who killed himself when detained by the Germans. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 120.

=Cale= (es), =Cales= (ium), and =Calēnum=, now _Calvi_, a town of Campania. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 12.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 69. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 413.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 728.

=Calēdonia=, a country at the north of Britain, now called Scotland. The reddish hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed to denote a German extraction, according to _Tacitus_, _Life of Agricola_. It was so little known to the Romans, and its inhabitants so little civilized, that they called it _Britannia Barbara_, and they never penetrated into the country either for curiosity or conquest. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 44.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 598.

=Calēntum=, a place of Spain, where it is said they made bricks so light that they swam on the surface of the water. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 14.

=Calēnus=, a famous soothsayer of Etruria in the age of Tarquin. _Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 2.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s army. After Cæsar’s murder, he concealed some that had been proscribed by the triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to them. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Cales.= _See:_ Cale.――――A city of Bithynia on the Euxine. _Arrian._

=Calesius=, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by Diomedes in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 16.

=Calētæ=, a people of Belgic Gaul, now _Pays de Caux_, in Normandy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4. Their town was called Caletum.

=Caletor=, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as he was going to set fire to the ship of Protesilaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 419.

=Calex=, a river of Asia Minor, falling into the Euxine sea. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 75.

=Caliadne=, the wife of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Calicēni=, a people of Macedonia.

=Marcus Calidius=, an orator and pretorian who died in the civil wars, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――Lucius Julius, a man remarkable for his riches, the excellency of his character, his learning and poetical abilities. He was proscribed by Volumnius, but delivered by Atticus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 12.

=Caius Calĭgŭla=, the emperor, received this surname from his wearing in the camp the _Caliga_, a military covering for the leg. He was son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grandson to Tiberius. During the first eight months of his reign, Rome experienced universal prosperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remitted, and profligates dismissed; but Caligula soon became proud, wanton, and cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered his head to be placed on the images of the gods, while he wished to imitate the thunders and powers of Jupiter. The statues of all great men were removed, as if Rome would sooner forget their virtues in their absence; and the emperor appeared in public places in the most indecent manner, encouraged roguery, committed incest with his three sisters, and established public places of prostitution. He often amused himself with putting innocent people to death; he attempted to famish Rome by a monopoly of corn; and as he was pleased with the greatest disasters which befel his subjects, he often wished the Romans had but one head, that he might have the gratification to strike it off. Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace with human victims, and a favourite horse was made high priest and consul, and kept in marble apartments, and adorned with the most valuable trappings and pearls which the Roman empire could furnish. Caligula built a bridge upwards of three miles in the sea; and would perhaps have shown himself more tyrannical had not Chæreas, one of his servants, formed a conspiracy against his life, with others equally tired with the cruelties and the insults that were offered with impunity to the persons and feelings of the Romans. In consequence of this, the tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 29th year, after a reign of three years and ten months, A.D. 41. It has been said that Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; but his love of learning is better understood from his attempts to destroy the writings of Homer and of Virgil. _Dio Cassius._――_Suetonius_, _Lives of the Twelve Caesars_.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_.

=Calĭpus=, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B.C. 330.

=Calis=, a man in Alexander’s army, tortured for conspiring against the king. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.

=Callæscherus=, the father of Critias. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.

=Callaĭci=, a people of Lusitania, now _Gallicia_, at the north of Spain. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 461.

=Callas=, a general of Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――Of Cassander against Polyperchon. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A river of Eubœa.

=Callatēbus=, a town of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 32.

=Calle=, a town of ancient Spain, now _Oporto_, at the mouth of the Douro in Portugal.

=Calleteria=, a town of Campania.

=Callēni=, a people of Campania.

=Callia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Calliădes=, a magistrate of Athens when Xerxes invaded Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 51.

=Callias=, an Athenian appointed to make peace between Artaxerxes and his country. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A son of Temenus, who murdered his father with the assistance of his brothers. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A Greek poet, son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost. He was surnamed Schœnion, from his twisting ropes (σχοινος), through poverty. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.――――A partial historian of Syracuse. He wrote an account of the Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded by Agathocles, because he had shown him in a favourable view. _Athenæus_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius._――――An Athenian greatly revered for his patriotism. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 121.――――A soothsayer. ――――An Athenian commander of a fleet against Philip, whose ships he took, &c.――――A rich Athenian, who liberated Cimon from prison, on condition of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice. _Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――――An historian, who wrote an explanation of the poems of Alcæus and Sappho.

=Callibius=, a general in the war between Mantinea and Sparta. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.

=Callicērus=, a Greek poet, some of whose epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia.

=Callichŏrus=, a place of Phocis, where the orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated.

=Callĭcles=, an Athenian, whose house was not searched on account of his recent marriage, when an inquiry was made after the money given by Harpalus, &c. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――――A statuary of Megara.

=Callicolōna=, a place of Troy, near the Simois.

=Callicrătes=, an Athenian, who seized upon the sovereignty of Syracuse, by imposing upon Dion when he had lost his popularity. He was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, after reigning 13 months. He is called _Calippus_ by some authors. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_. ――――An officer entrusted with the care of the treasures of Susa by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――An artist, who made, with ivory, ants and other insects, so small that they could scarcely be seen. It is said that he engraved some of Homer’s verses upon a grain of millet. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 21.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――――An Athenian, who, by his perfidy, constrained the Athenians to submit to Rome. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――――A Syrian, who wrote an account of Aurelian’s life.――――A brave Athenian, killed at the battle of Platæa. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 72.

=Callicratĭdas=, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in the command of the fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under Conon. He was defeated and killed near the Arginusæ, in a naval battle, B.C. 406. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_. ――――One of the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedæmonians to Darius, upon the rupture of their alliance with Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A Pythagorean writer.

=Callidius=, a celebrated Roman orator, contemporary with Cicero, who speaks of his abilities with commendation. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 274.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Callidrŏmus=, a place near Thermopylæ. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Calligētus=, a man of Megara, received in his banishment by Pharnabazus. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Callĭmăchus=, an historian and poet of Cyrene, son of Battus and Mesatma, and pupil to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school at Alexandria, and had Apollonius of Rhodes among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged Callimachus to lash him severely in a satirical poem, under the name of _Ibis_. _See:_ Apollonius. The Ibis of Ovid is in imitation of this piece. He wrote a work, in 120 books, on famous men, besides treatises on birds; but of all his numerous compositions, only 31 epigrams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are extant; the best editions of which are that of Ernestus, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1761, and that of Vulcanius, 12mo, Antwerp, 1584. Propertius styled himself the _Roman Callimachus_. The precise time of his death, as well as of his birth, is unknown. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 65.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 84.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 109.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――An Athenian general killed in the battle of Marathon. His body was found in an erect posture, all covered with wounds. _Plutarch._――――A Colophonian, who wrote the life of Homer. _Plutarch._

=Callimĕdon=, a partisan of Phocion, at Athens, condemned by the populace.

=Callimĕles=, a youth ordered to be killed and served up as meat by Apollodorus of Cassandrea. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Callinus=, an orator, who is said to have first invented elegiac poetry, B.C. 776. Some of his verses are to be found in Stobæus. _Athenæus._――_Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Calliŏpe=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Horace supposes her able to play on any musical instrument. She was represented with a trumpet in her right hand, and with books in the other, which signified that her office was to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, as Clio was employed in celebrating them; and she held the three most famous epic poems of antiquity, and appeared generally crowned with laurels. She settled the dispute between Venus and Proserpine, concerning Adonis, whose company these two goddesses wished both perpetually to enjoy. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Horace_, _Odes_.

=Callipatīra=, daughter of Diagoras and wife of Callianax the athlete, went disguised in man’s clothes with her son Pisidorus to the Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declared victor, she discovered her sex through excess of joy, and was arrested, as women were not permitted to appear there on pain of death. The victory of her son obtained her release; and a law was instantly made, which forbade any wrestlers to appear but naked. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Callĭphon=, a painter of Samos, famous for his historical pieces. _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A philosopher who made the _summum bonum_ consist in pleasure joined to the love of honesty. This system was opposed by _Cicero_. _Academic Questions_, bk. 4, chs. 131 & 139; _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 119.

=Callĭphron=, a celebrated dancing master, who had Epaminondas among his pupils. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.

=Callipĭdæ=, a people of Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 17.

=Callipŏlis=, a city of Thrace on the Hellespont. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 250.――――A town of Sicily near Ætna.――――A city of Calabria on the coast of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a bridge to the continent. It is now called _Gallipoli_, and contains 6000 inhabitants, who trade in oil and cotton.

=Callĭpus=, or =Calippus=, an Athenian, disciple to Plato. He destroyed Dion, &c. _See:_ Callicrates. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_. ――――A Corinthian, who wrote a history of Orchomenos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Zeno_. ――――A general of the Athenians, when the Gauls invaded Greece by Thermopylæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Callipyges=, a surname of Venus.

=Callirhoe=, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Tros, by whom she had Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus.――――A fountain of Attica where Callirhoe killed herself. _See:_ Coresus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.――_Statius_, bk. 12, _Thebiad_, li. 629.――――A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mother of Echidna, Orthus, and Cerberus by Chrysaor. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libya, who kindly received Diomedes at his return from Troy. He abandoned her, upon which she killed herself.――――A daughter of the Achelous, who married Alcmæon. _See:_ Alcmæon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A daughter of Phocus the Bœotian, whose beauty procured her many admirers. Her father behaved with such coldness to her lovers that they murdered him. Callirhoe avenged his death with the assistance of the Bœotians. _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_.――――A daughter of Piras and Niobe. _Hyginus_, fable 145.

=Calliste=, an island of the Ægean sea, called afterwards _Thera_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Its chief town was founded 1150 years before the christian era, by Theras.

=Callisteia=, a festival at Lesbos, during which all the women presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the fairest was rewarded in a public manner. There was also an institution of the same kind among the Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose wife was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one also, in which the fairest man received as a prize a complete suit of armour, which he dedicated to Minerva.

=Callisthĕnes=, a Greek who wrote a history of his own country in 10 books, beginning from the peace between Artaxerxes and Greece, down to the plundering of the temple of Delphi by Philomelus. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A man who with others attempted to expel the garrison of Demetrius from Athens. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A philosopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander, whom he accompanied in his oriental expedition in the capacity of a preceptor, and to whom he had been recommended by his friend and master Aristotle. He refused to pay divine honours to the king, for which he was accused of conspiracy, mutilated and exposed to wild beasts, dragged about in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poison, which ended together his tortures and his life, B.C. 328. None of his compositions are extant. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Arrian_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 12, chs. 6 & 7.――――A writer of Sybaris.――――A freedman of Lucullus. It is said that he gave poison to his master. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Callisto= and =Calisto=, called also Helice, was daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia, and one of Diana’s attendants. Jupiter saw her, and seduced her after he had assumed the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy was discovered as she bathed with Diana; and the fruit of her amour with Jupiter called Arcas, was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Calisto into a bear; but the god, apprehensive of her being hurt by the huntsmen, made her a constellation of heaven, with her son Arcas, under the name of the bear. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 4, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Hyginus_, fable 176 & 177.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Callistonicus=, a celebrated statuary at Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.

=Callistrătus=, an Athenian, appointed general with Timotheus and Chabrias against Lacedæmon. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An orator of Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the most eloquent of his age.――――An Athenian orator with whom Demosthenes made an intimate acquaintance after he had heard him plead. _Xenophon._――――A Greek historian praised by _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_.――――A comic poet, rival of Aristophanes.――――A statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A secretary of Mithridates. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A grammarian, who made the alphabet of the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some suppose that he wrote a treatise on courtesans.

=Callixĕna=, a courtesan of Thessaly, whose company Alexander refused, though requested by his mother Olympias. This was attributed by the Athenians to other causes than chastity, and therefore the prince’s ambition was ridiculed.

=Callixĕnus=, a general who perished by famine.――――An Athenian imprisoned for passing sentence of death upon some prisoners. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Calon=, a statuary. _Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Calor=, now _Calore_, a river in Italy near Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 14.

=Calpe=, a lofty mountain in the most southern parts of Spain, opposite to mount Abyla on the African coast. These two mountains were called the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar.

=Calphurnia=, a daughter of Lucius Piso, who was Julius Cæsar’s fourth wife. The night previous to her husband’s murder, she dreamed that the roof of her house had fallen, and that he had been stabbed in her arms; and on that account she attempted, but in vain, to detain him at home. After Cæsar’s murder she placed herself under the patronage of Marcus Antony. _Suetonius_, _Julius_.

=Calphurnius Bestia=, a noble Roman bribed by Jugurtha. It is said that he murdered his wives when asleep. _Pliny_, bk. 27, ch. 2. ――――Crassus, a patrician who went with Regulus against the Massyli. He was seized by the enemy as he attempted to plunder one of their towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune. Bisaltia the king’s daughter fell in love with him, and gave him an opportunity of escaping and conquering her father. Calphurnius returned victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself.――――A man who conspired against the emperor Nerva.――――Galerianus, son of Piso, put to death, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――Piso, condemned for using seditious words against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 21.――――Another, famous for his abstinence. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily in the age of Diocletian, seven of whose eclogues are extant, and generally found with the works of the poets who have written on hunting. Though abounding in many beautiful lines, they are, however, greatly inferior to the elegance and simplicity of Virgil. The best edition is that of Kempher, 4to, Leiden, 1728.――――A man surnamed Frugi, who composed annals, B.C. 130.

=Calpurnia=, or =Calphurnia=, a noble family in Rome, derived from Calpus son of Numa. It branched into the families of the Pisones, Bibuli, Flammæ, Cæsennini, Asprenates, &c. ♦_Plutarch_, _Numa_.

♦ ‘Pliny’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

=Calpurnia= and =Calphurnia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 604, severely to punish such as were guilty of using bribes, &c. _Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 2.――――A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to the gods by her father, who was advised to do it, in a dream, if he wished to conquer the Cimbri. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A woman who killed herself when she heard that her husband was murdered in the civil wars of Marius. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――The wife of Julius Cæsar. _See:_ Calphurnia.――――A favourite of the emperor Claudius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――A woman ruined by Agrippina on account of her beauty, &c. _Tacitus._

=Calvia=, a female minister of Nero’s lusts. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Calvīna=, a prostitute in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 3, li. 133.

=Calvisius=, a friend of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――An officer whose wife prostituted herself in his camp by night, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 48.

=Calumnia= and =Impudentia=, two deities worshipped at Athens. Calumnia was ingeniously represented in a painting by Apelles.

=Calusidius=, a soldier in the army of Germanicus. When this general wished to stab ♦himself with his own sword, Calusidius offered him his own, observing that it was sharper. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 35.

♦ ‘himslf’ replaced with ‘himself’

=Calusium=, a town of Etruria.

=Calvus Cornelius Licinius=, a famous orator, equally known for writing iambics. As he was both factious and satirical, he did not fail to excite attention by his animadversions upon Cæsar and Pompey, and, from his eloquence, to dispute the palm of eloquence with Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 19.

=Caly̆be=, a town of Thrace. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――An old woman, priestess in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 419.

=Calycadnus=, a river of Cilicia.

=Caly̆ce=, a daughter of Æolus son of Helenus and Enaretta, daughter of Deimachus. She had Endymion king of Elis, by Æthlius the son of Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1. ――――A Grecian girl, who fell in love with a youth called Evathlus. As she was unable to gain the object of her love, she threw herself from a precipice. This tragical story was made into a song by Stesichorus, and was still extant in the age of _Athenæus_, bk. 14. ――――A daughter of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. _Hyginus_, fable 157.

=Calydium=, a town on the Appian way.

=Calydna=, an island in the Myrtoan sea. Some suppose it to be near Rhodes, others near Tenedos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 205.

=Calydon=, a city of Ætolia, where Œneus the father of Meleager reigned. The Evenus flows through it, and it receives its name from Calydon the son of Ætolus. During the reign of Œneus, Diana sent a wild boar to ravage the country, on account of the neglect which had been shown to her divinity by the king. All the princes of the age assembled to hunt this boar, which is greatly celebrated by the poets, under the name of the chase of Calydon, or the Calydonian boar. Meleager killed the animal with his own hand, and gave the head to Atalanta, of whom he was enamoured. The skin of the boar was preserved, and was still seen in the age of Pausanias, in the temple of Minerva Alea. The tusks were also preserved by the Arcadians in Tegea, and Augustus carried them away to Rome, because the people of Tegea had followed the party of Antony. These tusks were shown for a long time at Rome. One of them was about half an ell long, and the other was broken. _See:_ Meleager and Atalanta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. ――_Homer_, ♦_Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 577.――_Hyginus_, fable 174.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4, &c.――――A son of Ætolus and Pronoe daughter of Phorbas. He gave his name to a town of Ætolia.

♦ Book reference omitted in text.

=Caly̆dōnis=, a name of Deianira, as living in Calydon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 4.

=Caly̆dōnius=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Calymne=, an island near Lebynthos. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 81.

=Calynda=, a town of Caria. _Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Calȳpso=, one of the Oceanides, or one of the daughters of Atlas, according to some, was goddess of silence, and reigned in the island of Ogygia, whose situation and even existence is doubted. When Ulysses was shipwrecked on her coasts, she received him with great hospitality, and offered him immortality if he would remain with her as a husband. The hero refused, and after seven years’ delay, he was permitted to depart from the island by order of Mercury the messenger of Jupiter. During his stay, Ulysses had two sons by Calypso, Nausithous, and Nausinous. Calypso was inconsolable at the departure of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 & 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 360.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 18; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 17.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 15.

=Camalodūnum=, a Roman colony in Britain, supposed Malden, or Colchester.

=Camantium=, a town of Asia Minor.

=Camarīna=, a town of Italy.――――A lake of Sicily, with a town of the same name, built B.C. 552. It was destroyed by the Syracusans, and rebuilt by a certain Hipponous. The lake was drained, contrary to the advice of Apollo, as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence was the consequence; but the lowness of the lake below the level of the sea prevents it being drained. The words _Camarinam movere_ are become proverbial to express an unsuccessful and dangerous attempt. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 701.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 134.

=Cambaules=, a general of some Gauls who invaded Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.

=Cambes=, a prince of Lydia, of such voracious appetite that he ate his own wife, &c. _Ælian_, bk. 1, _Varia Historia_, ch. 27.

=Cambre=, a place near Puteoli. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 154.

=Cambunii=, mountains of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 53.

=Camby̆ses=, a king of Persia, was son of Cyrus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and was so offended at the superstition of the Egyptians, that he killed their god Apis, and plundered their temples. When he wished to take Pelusium, he placed at the head of his army a number of cats and dogs; and the Egyptians refusing, in the attempt to defend themselves, to kill animals which they reverenced as divinities, became an easy prey to the enemy. Cambyses afterwards sent an army of 50,000 men to destroy Jupiter Ammon’s temple, and resolved to attack the Carthaginians and Æthiopians. He killed his brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and flayed alive a partial judge, whose skin he nailed on the judgment seat, and appointed his son to succeed him, telling him to remember where he sat. He died of a small wound he had given himself with his sword as he mounted on horseback; and the Egyptians observed that it was the same place on which he had wounded their god Apis, and that therefore he was visited by the hand of the gods. His death happened 521 years before the birth of Christ. He left no issue to succeed him, and his throne was usurped by the magi, and ascended by Darius soon after. _Herodotus_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――――A person of obscure origin, to whom king Astyages gave his daughter Mandane in marriage. The king, who had been terrified by dreams which threatened the loss of his crown by the hand of his daughter’s son, had taken this step in hopes that the children of so ignoble a bed would ever remain in obscurity. He was disappointed. Cyrus, Mandane’s son, dethroned him when grown to manhood. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 46, 107, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A river of Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Camelāni=, a people of Italy.

=Camelītæ=, a people of Mesopotamia.

=Camera=, a field of Calabria. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 582.

♦=Camerīnum= and =Camertium=, a town of Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The inhabitants were called Camertes. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

♦ ‘Camernīum’ replaced with ‘Camerīnum’

=Camerīnus=, a Latin poet who wrote a poem on the taking of Troy by Hercules. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 16, li. 19.――――Some of the family of the Camerini were distinguished for their zeal as citizens, as well as for their abilities as scholars, among whom was Sulpicius, commissioned by the Roman senate to go to Athens, to collect the best of Solon’s laws. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 90.

=Camerium=, an ancient town of Italy near Rome, taken by Romulus. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Camertes=, a friend of Turnus killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 562. _See:_ Camerinum.

=Camilia=, queen of the Volsci, was daughter of Metabus and Casmilla. She was educated in the woods, inured to the labours of hunting, and fed upon the milk of mares. Her father devoted her, when young, to the service of Diana. When she was declared queen, she marched at the head of an army, and accompanied by three youthful females of equal courage as herself, to assist Turnus against Æneas, where she signalized herself by the numbers that perished by her hand. She was so swift that she could run, or rather fly, over a field of corn without bending the blades, and make her way over the sea without wetting her feet. She died by a wound which she had received from Aruns. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 803; bk. 11, li. 435.

=Camilli= and =Camillæ=, the priests instituted by Romulus for the service of the gods.

=Camillus Lucius Furius=, a celebrated Roman, called a second Romulus, from his services to his country. He was banished by the people, for distributing, contrary to his vow, the spoils he had obtained at Veii. During his exile, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under Brennus. In the midst of their misfortunes, the besieged Romans elected him dictator, and he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the relief of his country, which he delivered, after it had been for some time in the possession of the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his age, B.C. 365, after he had been five times dictator, once censor, three times interrex, twice a military tribune, and obtained four triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, and Etrurians, and dissuaded his countrymen from their intentions of leaving Rome to reside at Veii. When he besieged Falisci, he rejected, with proper indignation, the offers of a schoolmaster, who had betrayed into his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Roman Emperors_.――_Livy_, bk. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 825.――――A name of Mercury.――――An intimate friend of Cicero.

=Camīro= and =Clytia=, two daughters of Pandarus of Crete. When their parents were dead, they were left to the care of Venus; who, with the other goddesses, brought them up with tenderness, and asked Jupiter to grant them kind husbands. Jupiter, to punish upon them the crime of their father, who was accessary to the impiety of Tantalus, ordered the harpies to carry them away and deliver them to the furies. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 30.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20, li. 66.

=Camīrus= and =Camīra=, a town of Rhodes, which received its name from Camirus, a son of Hercules and Iole. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 163.

=Camissares=, a governor of part of Cilicia, father to Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Camma=, a woman of Calatia, who avenged the death of her husband Sinetus upon his murderer Sinorix, by making him drink in a cup, of which the liquor was poisoned, on pretence of marrying him, according to the custom of their country, which required that the bridegroom and his bride should drink out of the same vessel. She escaped by refusing to drink on pretence of illness. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Camœnæ=, a name given to the muses from the sweetness and melody of their songs, _à cantu amæno_, or, according to Varro, from _carmen_. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Campāna lex=, or Julian agrarian law, was enacted by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691, to divide some lands among the people.

=Campānia=, a country of Italy, of which Capua was the capital, bounded by Latium, Samnium, Picenum, and part of the Mediterranean sea. It is celebrated for its delightful views, and for its fertility. Capua is often called _Campana urbs_. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_, ch. 35.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 22, ch. 1. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Campe=, kept the 100 handed monsters confined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, because she refused to give them their liberty to come to his assistance against the Titans. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 500. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Campaspe=, or =Pancaste=, a beautiful concubine of Alexander, whom the king gave to Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as he drew her picture in her naked charms. It is said that from this beauty the painter copied the thousand charms of his Venus Anadyomene. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Campi Diomēdis=, a plain situate in Apulia. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 93.

=Campsa=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Campus Martius=, a large plain at Rome, without the walls of the city, where the Roman youths performed their exercises, and learnt to wrestle and box, to throw the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse, drive a chariot, &c. The public assemblies were held there, and the officers of state chosen, and audience given to foreign ambassadors. It was adorned with statues, columns, arches, and porticoes, and its pleasant situation made it very frequented. It was called Martius because dedicated to Mars. It was sometimes called Tiberinus, from its closeness to the Tiber. It was given to the Roman people by a vestal virgin; but they were deprived of it by Tarquin the Proud, who made it a private field, and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin was driven from Rome the people recovered it, and threw away into the Tiber the corn which had grown there, deeming it unlawful for any man to eat of the produce of that land. The sheaves which were thrown into the river stopped in a shallow ford, and by the accumulated collection of mud became firm ground, and formed an island, which was called the Holy Island, or the island of Æsculapius. Dead carcases were generally burnt in the Campus Martius. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Camulogīnus=, a Gaul raised to great honours by Cæsar, for his military abilities. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 57.

=Camŭlus=, a surname of Mars among the Sabines and Etrurians.

=Cana=, a city and promontory of Æolia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Canăce=, a daughter of Æolus and Enaretta, who became enamoured of her brother Macareus, by whom she had a child, whom she exposed. The cries of the child discovered the mother’s incest; and Æolus sent his daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill herself. Macareus fled, and became a priest of Apollo at Delphi. Some say that Canace was ravished by Neptune, by whom she had many children, among whom were Epopeus, Triops, and Alous. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fables 238 & 242.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 11; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 384.

=Canăche=, one of Actæon’s dogs.

=Canăchus=, a statuary of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Canæ=, a city of Locris,――――of Æolia.

=Canārii=, a people near mount Atlas in Africa, who received this name because they fed in common with their dogs. The islands which they inhabited were called _Fortunate_ by the ancients, and are now known by the name of the _Canaries_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Canăthus=, a fountain of Nauplia, where Juno yearly washed herself to recover her infant purity. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 38.

=Candăce=, a queen of Æthiopia, in the age of Augustus, so prudent and meritorious that her successors always bore her name. She was blind of one eye. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 22.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Candāvia=, a mountain of Epirus, which separates Illyria from Macedonia. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 331.

=Candaules=, or =Myrsilus=, son of Myrsus, was the last of the Heraclidæ who sat on the throne of Lydia. He showed his wife naked to Gyges, one of his ministers; and the queen was so incensed, that she ordered Gyges to murder her husband, 718 years before the christian era. After this murder, Gyges married the queen and ascended the throne. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.

=Candēi=, a people of Arabia who fed on serpents.

=Candiŏpe=, a daughter of Œnopion, ravished by her brother.

=Candy̆ba=, a town of Lycia.

=Canens=, a nymph called also Venilia, daughter of Janus and wife to Picus king of the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her husband into a bird, she lamented him so much, that she pined away, and was changed into a voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the inhabitants. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 9.

=Canephŏria=, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus, or, according to others, of Diana, in which all marriageable women offered small baskets to the deity, and received the name of _Canephoræ_, whence statues representing women in that attitude were called by the same appellation. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4.

=Canethum=, a place of Eubœa.――――A mountain in Bœotia.

=Căniculāres dies=, certain days in the summer, in which the star Canis is said to influence the season, and to make the days more warm during its appearance. _Marcus Manilius._

=Cānĭdia=, a certain woman of Neapolis, against whom Horace inveighed as a sorceress. _Horace_, _Epodes_.

=Canĭdius=, a tribune, who proposed a law to empower Pompey to go only with two lictors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.

=Caninefātes=, a people near Batavia, where modern Holland now is situate. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Caius Caninius Rebilus=, a consul with Julius Cæsar, after the death of Trebonius. He was consul only for seven hours, because his predecessor died the last day of the year, and he was chosen only for the remaining part of the day; whence Cicero observed, that Rome was greatly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had not slept during the whole time of his consulship. _Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 33.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――Lucius, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 83.――――Rufus, a friend of Pliny the younger. _Pliny_, bk. 1, ltr. 3.――――Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero.

=Canistius=, a Lacedæmonian courier, who ran 1200 stadia in one day. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 20.

=Canius=, a poet of Gades, contemporary with Martial. He was so naturally merry that he always laughed. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62. ――――A Roman knight who went to Sicily for his amusement, where he bought gardens well stocked with fish, which disappeared on the morrow. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_, ch. 14.

=Cannæ=, a small village of Apulia near the Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the Roman consuls, Probus Æmylius and Terentius Varro, and slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, B.C. 216. The spot where this famous battle was fought is now shown by the natives, and denominated the field of blood. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 44.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_.

=Canōpicum ostium=, one of the mouths of the Nile, 12 miles from Alexandria. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Cănōpus=, a city of Egypt, 12 miles from Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of Serapis. It was founded by the Spartans, and therefore called Amyclæa, and it received its name from Canopus the pilot of the vessel of Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The inhabitants were dissolute in their manners. Virgil bestows upon it the epithet of _Pellæus_, because Alexander, who was born at Pella, built Alexandria in the neighbourhood. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 11, li. 433. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_ bk. 4, li. 287.――――The pilot of the ship of Menelaus, who died in his youth on the coast of Egypt, by the bite of a serpent. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Cantăbra=, a river falling into the Indus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Cantăbri=, a ferocious and warlike people of Spain, who rebelled against Augustus, by whom they were conquered. Their country is now called Biscay. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 326.――_Horace_, bk. 2, odes 6 & 11.

=Cantăbriæ lacus=, a lake in Spain, where a thunderbolt fell, and in which 12 axes were found. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 8.

=Canthărus=, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17. ――――A comic poet of Athens.

=Canthus=, a son of Abas, one of the Argonauts.

=Cantium=, a country in the eastern parts of Britain, now called Kent. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_ bk. 5.

=Canuleia=, one of the first vestals chosen by Numa. _Plutarch._――――A law. _See:_ Canuleius.

=Caius Canuleius=, a tribune of the people of Rome, A.U.C. 310, who made a law to render it constitutional for the patricians and plebeians to intermarry. It ordained also, that one of the consuls should be yearly chosen from the plebeians. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Canulia=, a Roman virgin, who became pregnant by her brother, and killed herself by order of her father. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Canŭsium=, now _Canosa_, a town of Apulia, whither the Romans fled after the battle of Cannæ. It was built by Diomedes, and its inhabitants have been called _bilingues_, because they retained the language of their founder and likewise adopted that of their neighbours. Horace complained of the grittiness of their bread. The wools and the cloths of the place were in high estimation. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Canŭsius=, a Greek historian under Ptolemy Auletes. _Plutarch._

=Canutius Tiberinus=, a tribune of the people, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked Antony, when declared an enemy to the state. His satire cost him his life. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 64.――――A Roman actor. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_.

=Căpăneus=, a noble Argive, son of Hipponous and Astinome, and husband to Evadne. He was so impious, that when he went to the Theban war, he declared that he would take Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such contempt provoked the god, who struck him dead with a thunderbolt. His body was burnt separately from the others, and his wife threw herself on the burning pile to mingle her ashes with his. It is said that Æsculapius restored him to life. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 404.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 68 & 70.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_ & _Suppliants_.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.

=Capella=, an elegiac poet in the age of Julius Cæsar. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 36.――――Martianus, a Carthaginian, A.D. 490, who wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury and philology, and in praise of the liberal arts. The best edition is that of Walthardus, 8vo, Bernæ, 1763.――――A gladiator. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 155.

=Capēna=, a gate of Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 192.

=Capēnas=, a small river of Italy. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 13, li. 85.

=Capēni=, a people of Etruria, in whose territory Feronia had a grove and a temple. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 697.――_Livy_, bks. 5, 22, &c.

=Caper=, a river of Asia Minor.

=Capētus=, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 years. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A suitor of Hippodamia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.

=Caphāreus=, a lofty mountain and promontory of Eubœa, where Nauplius king of the country, to revenge the death of his son Palamedes, slain by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the darkness of night, which caused the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 260.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 481. ――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 115.

=Caphyæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Capio=, a Roman, famous for his friendship with Cato. _Plutarch_, ♦_de Pat. Am_.

♦ reference unknown

=Capĭto=, the uncle of Paterculus, who joined Agrippa against Crassus. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 69.――――Fonteius, a man sent by Antony to settle his disputes with Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 32.――――A man accused of extortion in Cilicia, and severely punished by the senate. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 93.――――An epic poet of Alexandria, who wrote on love.――――An historian of Lycia, who wrote an account of Isauria in eight books.――――A poet who wrote on illustrious men.

=Capĭtolīni ludi=, games yearly celebrated at Rome in honour of Jupiter, who preserved the capitol from the Gauls.

=Capĭtolīnus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple on mount Capitolinus.――――A surname of Marcus Manlius, who, for his ambition, was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock which he had so nobly defended.――――A mountain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and Mons Saturni. The Capitol was built upon it.――――A man of lascivious morals, consul with Marcellus. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――――Julius, an author in Diocletian’s reign, who wrote an account of the life of Verus, Antoninus Pius, the Gordians, &c., most of which are now lost.

=Capĭtōlium=, a celebrated temple and citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian rock, the plan of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It was begun by Servius Tullius, finished by Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated by the consul Horatius after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. It was built upon four acres of ground, the front was adorned with three rows of pillars, and the other sides with two. The ascent to it from the ground was by 100 steps. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. All the consuls successively made donations to the capitol, and Augustus bestowed upon it at one time 2000 pounds weight of gold. Its thresholds were made of brass, and its roof was gold. It was adorned with vessels and shields of solid silver, with golden chariots, &c. It was burnt during the civil war of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, but died before the dedication, which was performed by Quintus Catulus. It was again destroyed in the troubles under Vitellius; and Vespasian, who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in ruins at his death. Domitian raised it again, for the last time, and made it more grand and magnificent than any of his predecessors, and spent 12,000 talents in gilding it. When they first dug for the foundations, they found a man’s head called Tolius, sound and entire in the ground, and from thence drew an omen of the future greatness of the Roman empire. The hill was from that circumstance called Capitolium, _a capite Toli_. The consuls and magistrates offered sacrifices there, when they first entered upon their offices, and the procession in triumphs was always conducted to the capitol. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 136; bk. 8, li. 347.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 72.――_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.――_Livy_, bks. 1, 10, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 33, &c.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 40.

=Cappădŏcia=, a country of Asia Minor, between the Halys, the Euphrates, and the Euxine. It receives its name from the river Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia. The inhabitants were called Syrians and Leuco-Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a dull and submissive disposition, and addicted to every vice, according to the ancients, who wrote this virulent epigram against them:

Vipera Cappadocem nocitura momordit; at illa Gustato periit sanguine Cappadocis.

When they were offered their freedom and independence by the Romans, they refused it, and begged of them a king, and they received Ariobarzanes. It was some time after governed by a Roman proconsul. Though the ancients have ridiculed this country for the unfruitfulness of its soil, and the manners of its inhabitants, yet it can boast of the birth of the geographer Strabo, St. Basil, and Gregory Nazianzen, among other illustrious characters. The horses of this country were in general esteem, and with these they paid their tributes to the king of Persia, while under his power, for want of money. The kings of Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Ariarathes. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 39.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Curtius_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 73; bk. 5, ch. 49.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Cappădox=, a river of Cappadocia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Caprăria=, now _Cabrera_, a mountainous island on the coast of Spain, famous for its goats. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Căpreæ=, now _Capri_, an island on the coast of Campania, abounding in quails, and famous for the residence and debaucheries of the emperor Tiberius, during the seven last years of his life. The island, in which now several medals are dug up expressive of the licentious morals of the emperor, is about 40 miles in circumference, and surrounded by steep rocks. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 709.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.――_Statius_, _Sylvæ_, bk. 3, li. 5.

=Capræa Palus=, a place near Rome where Romulus disappeared. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 491.

=Capricornus=, a sign of the zodiac, in which appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, supposed by the ancients to be the goat Amalthæa, which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that it is Pan, who changed himself into a goat when frightened at the approach of Typhon. When the sun enters this sign it is the winter solstice, or the longest night in the year. _Marcus Manilius_, bks. 2 & 4. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 17, li. 19.――_Hyginus_, fable 196; _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 28.

=Caprificiālis=, a day sacred to Vulcan, on which the Athenians offered him money. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 15.

=Caprīma=, a town of Caria.

=Caprĭpĕdes=, a surname of Pan, the Fauni and the Satyrs, from their having goats’ feet.

=Caprias=, a great informer in Horace’s age. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 66.

=Caprotīna=, a festival celebrated at Rome in July in honour of Juno, at which women only officiated. _See:_ Philotis. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.

=Caprus=, a harbour near mount Athos.

=Capsa=, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast deserts full of snakes. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Capsăge=, a town of Syria. _Curtius_, bk. 10.

=Căpua=, the chief city of Campania in Italy, supposed to have been founded by Capys, the father, or rather the companion, of Anchises. This city was very ancient, and so opulent that it even rivalled Rome, and was called _altera Roma_. The soldiers of Annibal, after the battle of Cannæ, were enervated by the pleasures and luxuries which powerfully prevailed in this voluptuous city and under a soft climate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 145.――_Livy_, bks. 4, 7, 8, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 44.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 12, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_.

=Capys=, a Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of those who, against the advice of Thymœtes, wished to destroy the wooden horse, which proved the destruction of Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 145.――――A son of Assaracus by a daughter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises by Themis. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 33.

=Capys Sylvius=, a king of Alba, who reigned 28 years. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 768.

=Car=, a son of Phoroneus king of Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 39 & 40.――――A son of Manes, who married Callirhoe daughter of the Mæander. Caria received its name from him. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 171.

=Carabactra=, a place in India.

=Carabis=, a town of Spain.

=Carăcalla.= _See:_ Antonius.

=Caracates=, a people of Germany.

=Caractăcus=, a king of the Britons, conquered by an officer of Claudius Cæsar, A.D. 47. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, ♦bk. 12, chs. 33 & 37.

♦ ‘c. 12, 33,’ replaced with ‘12, chs. 33,’

=Caræ=, certain places between Susa and the Tigris, where Alexander pitched his camp.

=Caræus=, a surname of Jupiter in Bœotia,――――in Caria.

=Carălis= (or es, ium), the chief city of Sardinia, _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.

=Carambis=, now _Kerempi_, a promontory of Paphlagonia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Carānus=, one of the Heraclidæ, the first who laid the foundation of the Macedonian empire, B.C. 814. He took Edessa, and reigned 28 years, which he spent in establishing and strengthening the government of his newly founded kingdom. He was succeeded by Perdiccas. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――A general of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 7.――――A harbour of Phœnicia.

=Carausius=, a tyrant of Britain for seven years, A.D. 293.

=Carro=, a Roman orator, who killed himself because he could not curb the licentious manners of his countrymen. _Cicero_, _Brutus_. ――――Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embraced the party of Marius, and after the death of Cinna succeeded to the government. He was killed in Spain in his third consulship, by order of Pompey. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――――An orator, son of Carbo the orator, killed by the army when desirous of re-establishing the ancient military discipline. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.

=Carchēdon=, the Greek name of Carthage.

=Carcīnus=, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in the age of Philip of Macedon. He wrote on the rape of Proserpine. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. ――――Another of Athens.――――Another of Naupactum.――――A man of Rhegium, who exposed his son Agathocles on account of some uncommon dreams during his wife’s pregnancy. Agathocles was preserved. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――An Athenian general, who laid waste Peloponnesus in the time of Pericles. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.

=Carcĭnus=, a constellation, the same as the Cancer. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 536.

=Cardaces=, a people of Asia Minor. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Cardămy̆le=, a town of Argos.

=Cardia=, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Cardŭchi=, a warlike nation of Media, along the borders of the Tigris. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cāres=, a nation which inhabited Caria, and thought themselves the original possessors of that country. They became so powerful that their country was not sufficiently extensive to contain them all, upon which they seized the neighbouring islands of the Ægean sea. These islands were conquered by Minos king of Crete. Nileus son of Codrus invaded their country, and slaughtered many of the inhabitants. In this calamity, the Carians, surrounded on every side by enemies, fortified themselves in the mountainous parts of the country, and, soon after, made themselves terrible by sea. They were anciently called Leleges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 146 & 171. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 725.

=Caresa=, an island of the Ægean sea, opposite Attica.

=Caressus=, a river of Troas.

=Carfinia=, an immodest woman, mentioned _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 69.

=Cāria=, now _Aidinelli_, a country of Asia Minor, whose boundaries have been different in different ages. Generally speaking, it was at the south of Iona, at the east and north of the Icarian sea, and at the west of Phrygia Major, and Lycia. It has been called Phœnicia, because a Phœnician colony first settled there; and afterwards it received the name of Caria, from Car, a king who first invented the auguries of birds. The chief town was called Halicarnassus, where Jupiter was the chief deity. _See:_ Cares.――――A poet of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Carias=, a town of Peloponnesus.――――A general. _See:_ Laches.

=Cariate=, a town of Bactriana, where Alexander imprisoned Callisthenes.

=Carilla=, a town of the Piceni, destroyed by Annibal for its great attachment to Rome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.

=Carīna=, a virgin of Caria, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Carinæ=, certain edifices at Rome, built in the manner of ships, which were in the temple of Tellus. Some suppose that it was a street in which Pompey’s house was built. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 361.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7.

=Carīne=, a town near the Caicus in Asia Minor. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 42.

=Carīnus Marcus Aurelius=, a Roman who attempted to succeed his father Carus as emperor. He was famous for his debaucheries and cruelties. Diocletian defeated him in Dalmatia, and he was killed by a soldier whose wife he had debauched, A.D. 268.

=Carisiăcum=, a town of ancient Gaul, now Cressy in Picardy.

=Carissanum=, a place of Italy near which Milo was killed. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 56.

=Caristum=, a town of Liguria.

=Carmānia=, a country of Asia, between Persia and India. _Arrian._ ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.

=Carmānor=, a Cretan, who purified Apollo of slaughter. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Carme=, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and mother of Britomartis by Jupiter. She was one of Diana’s attendants. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Carmēlus=, a god among the inhabitants of ♦mount Carmel, situate between Syria and Judæa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 78. ――_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 5.

♦ ‘muont’ replaced with ‘mount’

=Carmenta= and =Carmentīs=, a prophetess of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom she came to Italy, and was received by king Faunus, about 60 years before the Trojan war. Her name was _Nicostrata_, and she received that of _Carmentis_ from the wildness of her looks when giving oracles, as if _carens mentis_. She was the oracle of the people of Italy during her life, and after death she received divine honours. She had a temple at Rome, and the Greeks offered her sacrifices under the name of _Themis_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 467; bk. 6, li. 530.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 339.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 47.

=Carmentāles=, festivals at Rome in honour of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th of January, near the Porta Carmentalis, below the Capitol. This goddess was entreated to render the Roman matrons prolific, and their labours easy. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Carmentālis porta=, one of the gates of Rome in the neighbourhood of the Capitol. It was afterwards called _Scelerata_, because the Fabii passed through it on going to that famous expedition where they perished. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 338.

=Carmides=, a Greek of an uncommon memory. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.

=Carna= and =Cardinea=, a goddess at Rome who presided over hinges, as also over the entrails and secret parts of the human body. She was originally a nymph called _Grane_, whom Janus ravished, and, for the injury, he gave her the power of presiding over the exterior of houses, and of removing all noxious birds from the doors. The Romans offered her beans, bacon, and vegetables, to represent the simplicity of their ancestors. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 101, &c.

=Carnasius=, a village of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Carneădes=, a philosopher of Cyrene in Africa, founder of a sect called the third or new academy. The Athenians sent him with Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, as ambassadors to Rome, B.C. 155. The Roman youth were extremely fond of the company of these learned philosophers; and when Carneades, in a speech, had given an accurate and judicious dissertation upon justice, and in another speech confuted all the arguments he had advanced, and apparently given no existence to the virtue he had so much commended, a report prevailed all over Rome, that a Grecian was come who had so captivated by his words the rising generation, that they forgot their usual amusements, and ran mad after philosophy. When this reached the ears of Cato the censor, he gave immediate audience to the Athenian ambassadors in the senate, and dismissed them in haste, expressing his apprehensions of their corrupting the opinions of the Roman people, whose only profession, he sternly observed, was arms and war. Carneades denied that anything could be perceived or understood in the world, and he was the first who introduced a universal suspension of assent. He died in the 90th year of his age, B.C. 128. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 23; _On Oratory_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30.――_Lactantius_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Carneia=, a festival observed in most of the Grecian cities, but more particularly at Sparta, where it was first instituted, about 675 B.C., in honour of Apollo, surnamed _Carneus_. It lasted nine days, and was an imitation of the manner of living in camps among the ancients.

=Carnion=, a town of Laconia.――――A river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Carnus=, a prophet of Acarnania, from whom Apollo was called _Carneus_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Carnūtes=, a people of Celtic Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Carpasia= and =Carpasium=, a town of Cyprus.

=Carpăthus=, an island in the Mediterranean between Rhodes and Crete, now called _Scapanto_. It has given its name to a part of the neighbouring sea, thence called the _Carpathian sea_, between Rhodes and Crete. Carpathus was at first inhabited by some Cretan soldiers of Minos. It was 20 miles in circumference, and was sometimes called Tetrapolis, from its four capital cities. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 45.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Carpia=, an ancient name of Tartessus. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19.

=Carpis=, a river of Mysia. _Herodotus._

=Carpo=, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus the son of Mæander, whom she equally admired. She was drowned in the Mæander, and was changed by Jupiter into all sorts of fruit. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Carpophŏra=, a name of Ceres and Proserpine in Tegea. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Carpophŏrus=, an actor greatly esteemed by Domitian. _Martial._ ――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 198.

=Carræ= and =Carrhæ=, a town of Mesopotamia, near which Crassus was killed. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 105.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Carrīnātes Secundus=, a poor but ingenious rhetorician, who came from Athens to Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, especially against tyrannical power, exposed him to Caligula’s resentment, who banished him. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 205.

=Carrūca=, a town of Spain. _Hirtius_, _Hispanic War_, ch. 27.

=Carseŏli=, a town of the Æqui, at the west of the lake Fucinus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 683.

=Cartalias=, a town of Spain.

=Carteia=, a town at the extremity of Spain, near the sea of Gades, supposed to be the same as Calpe.

=Cartēna=, a town of Mauritania, now _Tenez_, on the shores of the Mediterranean.

=Carthæa=, a town in the island of Cea, whence the epithet of Cartheius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 368.

=Carthāgĭnienses=, the inhabitants of Carthage, a rich and commercial nation. _See:_ Carthago.

=Carthāgo=, a celebrated city of Africa, the rival of Rome, and long the capital of the country, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. The precise time of its foundation is unknown, yet most writers seem to agree that it was first built by Dido, about 869 years before the christian era, or, according to others, 72 or 93 years before the foundation of Rome. This city and republic flourished for 737 years, and the time of its greatest glory was under Annibal and Amilcar. During the first Punic war, it contained no less than 700,000 inhabitants. It maintained three famous wars against Rome, called the Punic wars [_See:_ Punicum bellum], in the third of which Carthage was totally destroyed by Scipio the second Africanus, B.C. 147, and only 5000 persons were found within the walls. It was 23 miles in circumference, and when it was set on fire by the Romans, it burned incessantly during 17 days. After the destruction of Carthage, Utica became powerful, and the Romans thought themselves secure; and as they had no rival to dispute with them in the field, they fell into indolence and inactivity. Cæsar planted a small colony on the ruins of Carthage. Augustus sent there 3000 men; and Adrian, after the example of his imperial predecessors, rebuilt part of it, which he called Adrianopolis. Carthage was conquered from the Romans by the arms of Genseric, A.D. 439; and it was for more than a century the seat of the Vandal empire in Africa, and fell into the hands of the Saracens in the seventh century. The Carthaginians were governed as a republic, and had two persons yearly chosen among them with regal authority. They were very superstitious, and generally offered human victims to their gods; an unnatural custom, which their allies wished them to abolish, but in vain. They bore the character of a faithless and treacherous people, and the proverb _Punica fides_ is well known. _Strabo_, bk. 17. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 1, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ptolemy_ bk. 4.――_Justin._――_Livy_, bk. 4, &c.――_Paterculus_, bks. 1 & 2. ――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_, &c.――_Cicero._――――Nŏva, a town built in Spain, on the coasts of the Mediterranean, by Asdrubal the Carthaginian general. It was taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered himself after a heavy loss. It now bears the name of _Carthagena_. _Polybius_, bk. 10.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 43, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 220, &c.――――A daughter of Hercules.

=Carthasis=, a Scythian, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7.

=Carthea=, a town of Cos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9.

=Carvilius=, a king of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s naval station by order of Cassivelaunus, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 22. ――――Spurius, a Roman, who made a large image of the breastplates taken from the Samnites, and placed it in the capitol. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.――――The first Roman who divorced his wife during the space of about 600 years. This was for barrenness, B.C. 231. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Carus=, a Roman emperor who succeeded Probus. He was a prudent and active general; he conquered the Sarmatians, and continued the Persian war which his predecessor had commenced. He reigned two years, and died on the banks of the Tigris as he was going in an expedition against Persia, A.D. 283. He made his two sons, Carinus and Numerianus, Cæsars; and as his many virtues had promised the Romans happiness, he was made a god after death. _Eutropius._――――One of those who attempted to scale the rock Aornus, by order of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Carya=, a town of Arcadia.――――A city of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10. Here a festival was observed in honour of Diana _Caryatis_. It was then usual for virgins to meet at the celebration and join in a certain dance, said to have been first instituted by Castor and Pollux. When Greece was invaded by Xerxes, the Laconians did not appear before the enemy, for fear of displeasing the goddess by not celebrating her festival. At that time the peasants assembled at the usual place, and sang pastorals called Βουκολισμοι, from Βουκολος, a _neatherd_. From this circumstance some suppose that Bucolics originated. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Thebiad_, li. 225.

=Caryanda=, a town and island on the coast of Caria, now Karacoion.

=Caryātæ=, a people of Arcadia.

=Carystius Antigonus=, an historian, &c. B.C. 248.

=Carystus=, a maritime town on the south of Eubœa, still in existence, famous for its marble. _Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 93. ――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 76.

=Caryum=, a place of Laconia, where Aristomenes preserved some virgins, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 16.

=Casca=, one of Cæsar’s assassins, who gave him the first blow. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Cascellius Aulus=, a lawyer of great merit in the Augustan age. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 371.

=Casilīnum=, a town of Campania. When it was besieged by Hannibal, a mouse sold for 200 denarii. The place was defended by 540 or 570 natives of Præneste, who, when half their number had perished either by war or famine, surrendered to the conqueror. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 5. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Casīna= and =Casīnum=, a town of Campania. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 227.

=Casius=, a mountain near the Euphrates.――――Another at the east of Pelusium, where Pompey’s tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupiter, surnamed _Casius_, had a temple there. _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 858. ――――Another in Syria, from whose top the sun can be seen rising, though it be still the darkness of night at the bottom of the mountain. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 22.――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 3.

=Casmenæ=, a town built by the Syracusans in Sicily. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Casmilla=, the mother of Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 543.

=Caspĕria=, wife of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii, committed adultery with her son-in-law. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 388.――――A town of the Sabines. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 714.

=Caspĕrŭla=, a town of the Sabines. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 416.

=Caspiæ portæ=, certain passes of Asia, which some place about Caucasus and the Caspian sea, and others between Persia and the Caspian sea, or near mount Taurus, or Armenia, or Cilicia. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 27; bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Caspiana=, a country of Armenia.

=Caspii=, a Scythian nation near the Caspian sea. Such as had lived beyond their 70th year were starved to death. Their dogs were remarkable for their fierceness. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 92, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 67, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 14, ch. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 798.

=Caspium mare=, or =Hyrcānum=, a large sea in the form of a lake, which has no communication with other seas, and lies between the Caspian and Hyrcanian mountains, at the north of Parthia, receiving in its capacious bed the tribute of several large rivers. Ancient authors assure us that it produced enormous serpents and fishes, different in colour and kind from those of all other waters. The eastern parts are more particularly called the _Hyrcanian sea_, and the western the _Caspian_. It is now called the sea of _Sala_ or _Baku_. The Caspian is about 680 miles long, and in no part more than 260 in breadth. There are no tides in it, and on account of its numerous shoals, it is navigable to vessels drawing only nine or ten feet of water. It has strong currents, and, like inland seas, is liable to violent storms. Some navigators examined it in 1708, by order of the Czar Peter, and after the labour of three years, a map of its extent was published. Its waters are described as brackish, and not impregnated with salt so much as the wide ocean. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 6, ch. 4; bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, chs. 5 & 6. ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 13.――_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 50.

=Caspius mons=, a branch of mount Taurus, between Media and Armenia, at the east of the Euphrates. The Caspiæ portæ are placed in the defiles of the mountain by some geographers.

=Cassandāne=, the mother of Cambyses by Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Cassander=, son of Antipater, made himself master of Macedonia after his father’s death, where he reigned for 18 years. He married Thessalonica the sister of Alexander, to strengthen himself on his throne. Olympias the mother of Alexander wished to keep the kingdom of Macedonia for Alexander’s young children; and therefore she destroyed the relations of Cassander, who besieged her in the town of Pydna, and put her to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander, and Barsane the mother of Hercules, both wives of Alexander, shared the fate of Olympias with their children. Antigonus, who had been for some time upon friendly terms with Cassander, declared war against him; and Cassander, to make himself equal with his adversary, made a league with Lysimachus and Seleucus, and obtained a memorable victory at Ipsus, B.C. 301. He died three years after this victory, of a dropsy. His son Antipater killed his mother; and for his unnatural murder he was put to death by his brother Alexander, who, to strengthen himself, invited Demetrius the son of Antigonus from Asia. Demetrius took advantage of the invitation, and put to death Alexander, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Justin_, bks. 12, 13, &c.

=Cassandra=, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was passionately loved by Apollo, who promised to grant her whatever she might require, if she would gratify his passion. She asked the power of knowing futurity; and as soon as she had received it, she refused to perform her promise, and slighted Apollo. The god, in his disappointment, wetted her lips with his tongue, and by this action effected that no credit or reliance should ever be put upon her predictions, however true or faithful they might be. Some maintain that she received the gift of prophecy with her brother Helenus, by being placed when young one night in the temple of Apollo, where serpents were found wreathed round their bodies and licking their ears, which circumstance gave them the knowledge of futurity. She was looked upon by the Trojans as insane, and she was even confined, and her predictions were disregarded. She was courted by many princes during the Trojan war. When Troy was taken, she fled for shelter to the temple of Minerva, where Ajax found her, and offered her violence, with the greatest cruelty, at the foot of Minerva’s statue. In the division of the spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was enamoured of her, took her as his wife, and returned with her to Greece. She repeatedly foretold to him the sudden calamities that awaited his return; but he gave no credit to her, and was assassinated by his wife Clytemnestra. Cassandra shared his fate, and saw all her prophecies but too truly fulfilled. _See:_ Agamemnon. _Aeschylus_, _Agamemnon_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 363; _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 117. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 246, &c.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 13, li. 421.――_Euripides_, _Trojan Women_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 16; bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Cassandria=, a town of the peninsula of Pallene in Macedonia, called also _Potidæa_. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.

=Cassia lex=, was enacted by Cassius Longinus, A.U.C. 649. By it no man condemned or deprived of military power was permitted to enter the senate house.――――Another, enacted by Caius Cassius the pretor, to choose some of the plebeians to be admitted among the patricians. ――――Another. A.U.C. 616, to make the suffrages of the Roman people free and independent. It ordained that they should be received upon tablets. _Cicero_, _de Amicitia_.――――Another, A.U.C. 267, to make a division of the territories taken from the Hernici, half to the Roman people and half to the Latins.――――Another, enacted A.U.C. 596, to grant a consular power to Publius Anicius and Octavius on the day they triumphed over Macedonia. _Livy._

=Cassiodōrus=, a great statesman and writer in the sixth century. He died A.D. 562, at the age of 100.――His works were edited by Chandler, 8vo, London, 1722.

=Cassiŏpe= and =Cassiŏpea=, married Cepheus king of Æthiopia, by whom she had Andromeda. She boasted herself to be fairer than the Nereides; upon which Neptune, at the request of these despised nymphs, punished the insolence of Cassiope, and sent a huge sea monster to ravage Æthiopia. The wrath of Neptune could be appeased only by exposing Andromeda, whom Cassiope tenderly loved, to the fury of this sea monster; and just as she was going to be devoured, Perseus delivered her. _See:_ Andromeda. Cassiope was made a southern constellation, consisting of 13 stars called Cassiope. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 43.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 738.――_Hyginus_, fable 64.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 3.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 1. ――――A city of Epirus near Thesprotia. Another in the island of Corcyra. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――The wife of Epaphus. _Statius_, _Sylvæ_.

=Cassitĕrĭdes=, islands in the western ocean, where tin was found, supposed to be the _Scilly_ islands, the _Land’s End_, and _Lizard Point_, of the moderns. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22.

=Cassivelaunus=, a Briton invested with sovereign authority when Julius Cæsar made a descent upon Britain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 19, &c.

=Caius Cassius=, a celebrated Roman, who made himself known by being first questor to Crassus in his expedition against Parthia, from which he extricated himself with uncommon address. He followed the interest of Pompey; and when Cæsar had obtained the victory in the plains of Pharsalia, Cassius was one of those who owed their life to the mercy of the conqueror. He married Junia the sister of Brutus, and with him he resolved to murder the man to whom he was indebted for his life, on account of his oppressive ambition; and before he stabbed Cæsar, he addressed himself to the statue of Pompey, who had fallen by the avarice of him whom he was going to assassinate. When the provinces were divided among Cæsar’s murderers, Cassius received Africa; and when his party had lost ground at Rome, by the superior influence of Augustus and Marcus Antony, he retired to Philippi, with his friend Brutus and their adherents. In the battle that was fought there, the wing which Cassius commanded was defeated, and his camp was plundered. In this unsuccessful moment he suddenly gave up all hopes of recovering his losses, and concluded that Brutus was conquered and ruined as well as himself. Fearful to fall into the enemy’s hands, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through, and he perished by that very sword which had given wounds to Cæsar. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by his friend Brutus, who declared over him that he deserved to be called the last of the Romans. If he were brave, he was equally learned. Some of his letters are still extant among Cicero’s epistles. He was a strict follower of the doctrines of Epicurus. He was often too rash and too violent, and many of the wrong steps which Brutus took are to be ascribed to the prevailing advice of Cassius. He is allowed by Paterculus to have been a better commander than Brutus, though a less sincere friend. The day after Cæsar’s murder he dined at the house of Antony, who asked him whether he had then a dagger concealed in his bosom. “Yes,” replied he, “if you aspire to tyranny.” _Seutonius_, _Cæsar_ & _Augustus_.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_ & _Cæsar_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 46.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 40. ――――A Roman citizen who condemned his son to death, on pretence of his raising commotions in the state. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――A tribune of the people, who made many laws tending to diminish the influence of the Roman nobility. He was competitor with Cicero for the consulship.――――One of Pompey’s officers, who, during the civil wars, revolted to Cæsar with 10 ships.――――A poet of Parma, of great genius. He was killed by Varus, by order of Augustus, whom he had offended by his satirical writings. His fragments of Orpheus were found and edited some time after by the poet Statius. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 62.――――Spurius, a Roman, put to death on suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, after he had been three times consul, B.C. 485. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――――Brutus, a Roman who betrayed his country to the Latins, and fled to the temple of Pallas, where his father confined him, and he was starved to death.――――Longinus, an officer of Cæsar in Spain, much disliked. _Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 48.――――A consul, to whom Tiberius married Drusilla daughter of Germanicus. _Seutonius_, _Galba_, ch. 57.――――A lawyer whom Nero put to death, because he bore the name of Julius Cæsar’s murderer. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 37.――――Lucius Hemina, the most ancient writer of annals at Rome. He lived A.U.C. 608.――――Lucius, a Roman lawyer, whose severity in the execution of the law has rendered the words _Cassiani judices_ applicable to rigid judges. _Cicero_, _For Sextus Roscius of Ameria_, ch. 30.――――Longinus, a critic. _See:_ Longinus.――――Lucius, a consul with Caius Marius, slain with his army by the Gauls Senones. _Appian_, _Gallic History_.――――Marcus Scæva, a soldier of uncommon valour in Cæsar’s army. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――An officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his soldiers, and murdered three months after.――――Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote on animals.――――Severus, an orator who wrote a severe treatise on illustrious men and women. He died in exile, in his 25th year. _See:_ Severus. The family of Cassii branched into the surname of Longinus, Viscellinus, Brutus, &c.

=Cassōtis=, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Castabala=, a city of Cilicia, whose inhabitants made war with their dogs. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40.

=Castabus=, a town of Chersonesus.

=Castălia=, a town near Phocis.――――A daughter of the Achelous.

=Castălius fons=, or =Castalia=, a fountain of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. The waters of this fountain were cool and excellent, and they had the power of inspiring those who drank of them with the true fire of poetry. The Muses have received the surname of _Castalides_ from this fountain. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 293.――_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 11; bk. 12, ltr. 3.

=Castanea=, a town near the Peneus, whence the _nuces Castaneæ_ received their name. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 9.

=Castellum menapiōrum=, a town of Belgium on the Maese, now _Kessel_. ――――Morinorum, now _mount Cassel_, in Flanders.――――Cattorum, now _Hesse Cassel_.

=Casthĕnes=, a bay of Thrace, near Byzantium.

=Castianira=, a Thracian, mistress of Priam and mother of Gorgythion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8.

=Castor= and =Pollux=, were twin brothers, sons of Jupiter by Leda, the wife of Tyndarus king of Sparta. The manner of their birth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was enamoured of Leda, changed himself into a beautiful swan, and desired Venus to metamorphose herself into an eagle. After this transformation the goddess pursued the god with apparent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refuge into the arms of Leda, who was bathing in the Eurotas. Jupiter took advantage of his situation, and nine months after Leda, who was already pregnant, brought forth two eggs, from one of which came Pollux and Helena; and from the other, Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were the offspring of Jupiter, and the latter were believed to be the children of Tyndarus. Some suppose that Leda brought forth only one egg, from which Castor and Pollux sprung. Mercury, immediately after their birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, where they were educated; and as soon as they had arrived at years of maturity, they embarked with Jason to go in quest of the golden fleece. In this expedition both behaved with superior courage: Pollux conquered and slew Amycus in the combat of the cestus, and was ever after reckoned the god and patron of boxing and wrestling. Castor distinguished himself in the management of horses. The brothers cleared the Hellespont and the neighbouring seas from pirates, after their return from Colchis, from which circumstance they have been always deemed the friends of navigation. During the Argonautic expedition, in a violent storm, two flames of fire were seen to play around the heads of the sons of Leda, and immediately the tempest ceased and the sea was calmed. From this occurrence their power to protect sailors has been more firmly credited, and the two before-mentioned fires, which are very common in storms, have since been known by the name of Castor and Pollux; and when they both appeared, it was a sign of fair weather; but if only one was seen it prognosticated storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was consequently solicited. Castor and Pollux made war against the Athenians to recover their sister Helen, whom Theseus had carried away; and from their clemency to the conquered, they acquired the surname of _Anaces_ or benefactors. They were initiated in the sacred mysteries of the Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of Eleusis. They were invited to a feast when Lynceus and Idas were going to celebrate their marriage with Phœbe and Talaira the daughters of Leucippus, who was brother to Tyndarus. Their behaviour after this invitation was cruel. They became enamoured of the two women whose nuptials they were to celebrate, and resolved to carry them away and marry them. This violent step provoked Lynceus and Idas: a battle ensued, and Castor killed Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux revenged the death of his brother by killing Idas; and, as he was immortal, and tenderly attached to his brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore him to life, or to be deprived himself of immortality. Jupiter permitted Castor to share the immortality of his brother; and consequently, as long as the one was upon earth, so long was the other detained in the infernal regions, and they alternately lived and died every day; or, according to others, every six months. This act of fraternal love Jupiter rewarded by making the two brothers constellations in heaven, under the name of _Gemini_, which never appear together, but when one rises the other sets, and so on alternately. Castor made Talaira mother of Anogon, and Phœbe had Mnesileus by Pollux. They received divine honours after death, and were generally called _Dioscuri_, sons of Jupiter. White lambs were more particularly offered on their altars, and the ancients were fond of swearing by the divinity of the _Dioscuri_, by the expressions of _Ædepol_ and _Æcastor_. Among the ancients, and especially among the Romans, there prevailed many public reports, at different times, that Castor and Pollux had made their appearance to their armies; and mounted on white steeds, had marched at the head of their troops, and furiously attacked the enemy. Their surnames were many, and they were generally represented mounted on two white horses, armed with spears, and riding side by side, with their head covered with a bonnet, on whose top glittered a star. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 109; _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 701; _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 54.――_Hyginus_, fables 77 & 78.――_Homer_, _Hymn 33 to the Dioscuri_.――_Euripides_, _Helen_.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 121.――_Marcus Manilius_, _Astronomica_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 2. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 6.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 3. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 27.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 12. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8, 9; bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 11. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 4, chs. 3 & 27.――――An ancient physician.――――A swift runner.――――A friend of Æneas, who accompanied him into Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 124.――――An orator of Rhodes, related to king Dejotarus. He wrote two books on Babylon, and one on the Nile.――――A gladiator. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 19.

=Castra Alexandri=, a place of Egypt about Pelusium. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――Cornelia, a maritime town of Africa, between Carthage and Utica. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Annibalis, a town of the Brutii, now _Rocella_.――――Cyri, a country of Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when he marched against Crœsus. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――Julia, a town of Spain.――――Posthumania, a place of Spain. _Hirtius_, _Hispanic War_, ch. 8.

=Castratius=, a governor of Placentia during the civil wars of Marius. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Castrum Novum=, a place on the coast of Etruria. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 3.――――Truentinum, a town of Picenum. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 12.――――Inui, a town on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.

=Castŭlo=, a town of Spain, where Annibal married one of the natives. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 41.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, lis. 99 & 391.

=Catabathmos=, a great declivity near Cyrene fixed by Sallust as the boundary of Africa. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 17 & 19. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Catadūpa=, the name of the large cataracts of the Nile, whose immense noise stuns the ears of travellers for a short space of time, and totally deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of the power of hearing. _Cicero_, _Somnium Scipionis_, ch. 5.

=Catagogia=, festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated by the people of Eryx. _See:_ Anagogia.

=Catamenteles=, a king of the Sequani, in alliance with Rome, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Catăna=, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount Ætna, founded by a colony from Chalcis, 753 years before the christian era. Ceres had there a temple, in which none but women were permitted to appear. It was large and opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for the dreadful overthrows to which it has been subjected from its vicinity to Ætna, which has discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream of lava four miles broad and 50 feet deep, advancing at the rate of seven miles in a day. Catana contains now about 30,000 inhabitants. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 53; bk. 5, ch. 84.――_Diodorus_, bks. 11 & 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Cataonia=, a country above Cilicia, near Cappadocia. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_, ch. 4.

=Cataracta=, a city of the Samnites.

=Cataractes=, a river of Pamphylia, now _Dodensoui_.

=Catĕnes=, a Persian by whose means Bessus was seized. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 43.

=Cathæa=, a country of India.

=Cathări=, certain gods of the Arcadians.――――An Indian nation, where the wives accompany their husbands to the burning pile, and are burnt with them. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Catia=, an immodest woman, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 95.

=Catiēna=, a courtesan in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 133.

=Catiēnus=, an actor at Rome in Horace’s age, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 61.

=Lucius Sergius Cătĭlīna=, a celebrated Roman, descended of a noble family. When he had squandered away his fortune by his debaucheries and extravagance, and been refused the consulship, he secretly meditated the ruin of his country, and conspired with many of the most illustrious of the Romans, as dissolute as himself, to extirpate the senate, plunder the treasury, and set Rome on fire. This conspiracy was timely discovered by the consul Cicero, whom he had resolved to murder; and Catiline, after he had declared his intentions in the full senate, and attempted to vindicate himself, on seeing five of his accomplices arrested, retired to Gaul, where his partisans were assembling an army; while Cicero at Rome punished the condemned conspirators. Petreius, the other consul’s lieutenant, attacked Catiline’s ill-disciplined troops, and routed them. Catiline was killed in the engagement, bravely fighting, about the middle of December, B.C. 63. His character has been deservedly branded with the foulest infamy; and to the violence he offered to a vestal, he added the more atrocious murder of his own brother, for which he would have suffered death, had not friends and bribes prevailed over justice. It has been reported that Catiline and the other conspirators drank human blood, to make their oaths more firm and inviolable. _Sallust_ has written an account of the conspiracy. _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 668.

=Catilli=, a people near the river Anio. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 225.

=Catilius=, a pirate of Dalmatia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Catillus=, or =Catilus=, a son of Amphiaraus, who came to Italy with his brothers Coras and Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, and assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 672.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 18, li. 2.

=Catīna=, a town of Sicily, called also Catana. _See:_ Catana. ――――Another of Arcadia.

=M. Catius=, an epicurean philosopher of Insubria, who wrote a treatise in four books, on the nature of things, and the _summum bonum_, and an account of the doctrine and tenets of Epicurus. But as he was not a sound or faithful follower of the epicurean philosophy, he has been ridiculed by _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4. ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Vestinus, a military tribune in Marcus Antony’s army. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ch. 23.

=Catizi=, a people of the Pygmæans, supposed to have been driven from their country by cranes. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Cato=, a surname of the Porcian family, rendered illustrious by Marcus Porcius Cato, a celebrated Roman, afterwards called _Censorius_, from his having exercised the office of censor. He rose to all the honours of the state, and the first battle he ever saw was against Annibal, at the age of 17, where he behaved with uncommon valour. In his questorship, under Africanus against Carthage, and in his expedition in Spain against the Celtiberians, and in Greece, he displayed equal proofs of his courage and prudence. He was remarkable for his love of temperance; he never drank but water, and was always satisfied with whatever meats were laid upon his table by his servants, whom he never reproved with an angry word. During his censorship, which he obtained, though he had made many declarations of his future severity if ever in office, he behaved with the greatest rigour and impartiality, showed himself an enemy to all luxury and dissipation, and even accused his colleague of embezzling the public money. He is famous for the great opposition which he made against the introduction of the finer arts of Greece into Italy, and his treatment of Carneades is well known. This prejudice arose from an apprehension that the learning and luxury of Athens would destroy the valour and simplicity of the Roman people; and he often observed to his son, that the Romans would be certainly ruined whenever they began to be infected with Greek. It appears, however, that he changed his opinion, for he made himself remarkable for the knowledge of Greek, which he acquired in his old age. He himself educated his son, and instructed him in writing and grammar. He taught him dexterously to throw the javelin, and inured him to the labours of the field, and to bear cold and heat with the same indifference, and to swim across the most rapid rivers with ease and boldness. He was universally deemed so strict in his morals, that Virgil makes him one of the judges of hell. He repented only of three things during his life; to have gone by sea when he could go by land, to have passed a day inactive, and to have told a secret to his wife. A statue was raised to his memory, and he distinguished himself as much for his knowledge of agriculture as for his political life. In Cicero’s age there were 50 orations of his, besides letters, and a celebrated work called _Origines_, of which the first book gave a history of the Roman monarchy; the second and third an account of the neighbouring cities of Italy; the fourth a detail of the first, and the fifth of the second Punic war; and in the others the Roman history was brought down to the war of the Lusitanians, carried on by Servius Galba. Some fragments of the _Origines_ remain, supposed by some to be supposititious. Cato’s treatise, _De Re Rusticâ_, was edited by Auson. Pompna, 8vo, Antwerp, Plantin, 1590; but the best edition of Cato, &c., seems to be Gesner’s, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735. Cato died in extreme old age, about 150 B.C.; and Cicero, to show his respect for him, has introduced him in his treatise on old age, as the principal character. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 14. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_ have written an account of his life. _Cicero_, _Academica_ & _De Senectute_, &c.――――Marcus, the son of the Censor, married the daughter of Paullus Æmylius. He lost his sword in a battle, and though wounded and tired, he went to his friends, and, with their assistance, renewed the battle, and recovered his sword. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato the censor. He had five horses killed under him in battles. _Plutarch_, _Cato_. ――――Valerius, a grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the time of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many noble pupils, and wrote some poems. _Ovid_, bk. 2, _Tristia_, poem 1, li. 436.――――Marcus, surnamed _Uticensis_, from his death at Utica, was great grandson to the censor of the same name. The early virtues that appeared in his childhood seemed to promise a great man; and, at the age of 14, he earnestly asked his preceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla. He was austere in his morals, and a strict follower of the tenets of the Stoics; he was careless of his dress, often appeared barefooted in public, and never travelled but on foot. He was such a lover of discipline, that in whatever office he was employed, he always reformed its abuses, and restored the ancient regulations. When he was set over the troops in the capacity of a commander, his removal was universally lamented, and deemed almost a public loss by his affectionate soldiers. His fondness for candour was so great, that the veracity of Cato became proverbial. In his visits to his friends, he wished to give as little molestation as possible; and the importuning civilities of king Dejotarus so displeased him when he was at his court, that he hastened away from his presence. He was very jealous of the safety and liberty of the republic, and watched carefully over the conduct of Pompey, whose power and influence were great. He often expressed his dislike to serve the office of tribune; but when he saw a man of corrupted principles apply for it, he offered himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtained the tribuneship. In the conspiracy of Catiline, he supported Cicero, and was the chief cause that the conspirators were capitally punished. When the provinces of Gaul were decreed for five years to Cæsar, Cato observed to the senators that they had introduced a tyrant into the Capitol. He was sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy, who had rebelled, by his enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the expedition would injure his reputation. But his prudence extricated him from every danger. Ptolemy submitted, and after a successful campaign, Cato was received at Rome with the most distinguishing honours, which he, however, modestly declined. When the first triumvirate was formed between Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with all his might, and with an independent spirit foretold to the Roman people all the misfortunes which soon after followed. After repeated applications he was made pretor, but he seemed rather to disgrace than support the dignity of that office, by the meanness of his dress. He applied for the consulship, but could never obtain it. When Cæsar had passed the Rubicon, Cato advised the Roman senate to deliver the care of the republic into the hands of Pompey; and when his advice had been complied with, he followed him with his son to Dyrrachium, where, after a small victory there, he was entrusted with the care of the ammunition, and of 15 cohorts. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cato took the command of the Corcyrean fleet; and when he heard of Pompey’s death on the coast of Africa, he traversed the deserts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. He refused to take the command of the army in Africa, a circumstance of which he afterwards repented. When Scipio had been defeated, partly for not paying regard to Cato’s advice, Cato fortified himself in Utica, but, however, not with the intentions of supporting a siege. When Cæsar approached near the city, Cato disdained to fly, and rather than fall alive into the conqueror’s hands, he stabbed himself after he had read Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul, B.C. 46, in the 59th year of his age. He had first married Attilia, a woman whose licentious conduct obliged him to divorce her. Afterwards he united himself to Martia daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his friend, wished to raise children by Martia, and therefore obtained her from Cato. After the death of Hortensius, Cato took her again. This conduct was ridiculed by the Romans, who observed that Martia had entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed of Cato loaded with treasures. It was observed that Cato always appeared in mourning, and never laid himself down at his meals since the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, contrary to the custom of the Romans, as if depressed with the recollection that the supporters of republican liberty were decaying. _Plutarch_ has written an account of his life. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 128, &c. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 21. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 841; bk. 8, li. 670.――――A son of Cato of Utica, who was killed in a battle after he had acquired much honour. _Plutarch_, _Cato Minor_.

=Catrea=, a town of Crete. _Pausanias._

=Catreus=, a king of Crete, killed by his son at Rhodes, unknowingly. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Catta=, a woman who had the gift of prophecy. _Suetonius_, _Vitellius_, ch. 14.

=Catti=, a people of Gaul and Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, li. 57.

=Catuliāna=, a surname of Minerva, from Lutatius Catulus, who dedicated a standard to her. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Catullus Caius=, or =Quintus Valerius=, a poet of Verona, whose compositions, elegant and simple, are the offspring of a luxuriant imagination. He was acquainted with the most distinguished people of his age, and directed his satire against Cæsar, whose only revenge was to invite the poet, and hospitably entertain him at his table. Catullus was the first Roman who imitated with success the Greek writers, and introduced their numbers among the Latins. Though the pages of the poet are occasionally disfigured with licentious expressions, the whole is written with great purity of style. Catullus died in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 40. The best editions of his works, which consist only of epigrams, are that of Vulpius, 4to, Patavii, 1737, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 427.――――A man surnamed _Urbicarius_, was a mimographer. _Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 111.

=Quintus Luctatius Catŭlus=, went with 300 ships during the first Punic war against the Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their ships under Hamilcar, near the Ægates. This celebrated victory put an end to the war.――――An orator, distinguished also as a writer of epigrams, and admired for the neatness, elegance, and polished style of his compositions. He is supposed to be the same as the colleague of Marius, when a consul the fourth time; and he shared with him the triumph over the Cimbri. He was, by his colleague’s order, suffocated in a room filled with the smoke of burning coals. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 174.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――――A Roman sent by his countrymen to carry a present to the god of Delphi, from the spoils taken from Asdrubal. _Livy_, bk. 27.

=Caturĭges=, a people of Gaul, now _Chorges_, near the source of the Durance. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Cavares=, a people of Gaul, who inhabited the present province of _Comtat_ in Provence.

=Cavarillus=, a commander of some troops of the Ædui in Cæsar’s army. _Cæsar_. _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 67.

=Cavarinus=, a Gaul, made king of the Senones by Cæsar, and banished by his subjects. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 54.

=Caucăsus=, a celebrated mountain between the Euxine and Caspian seas, which may be considered as the continuation of the ridge of mount Taurus. Its height is immense. It was inhabited anciently by various savage nations who lived upon the wild fruits of the earth. It was covered with snow in some parts, and in others it was variegated with fruitful orchards and plantations. The inhabitants formerly were supposed to gather gold on the shores of their rivulets in sheepskins, but they now live without making use of money. Prometheus was tied on the top of Caucasus by Jupiter, and continually devoured by vultures, according to ancient authors. The passes near this mountain, called _Caucasiæ portæ_, bear now the name of _Derbent_, and it is supposed that through them the Sarmatians, called Huns, made their way, when they invaded the provinces of Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 11. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 203, &c.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6; _Georgics_, ch. 2, li. 440; _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 366.――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 155.

=Caucon=, a son of Clinus, who first introduced the Orgies into Messenia from Eleusis. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Caucones=, a people of Paphlagonia, originally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia, according to some accounts. Some of them made a settlement near Dymæ in Elis. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8, &c.

=Caudi= and =Caudium=, a town of the Samnites, near which, in a place called _Caudinæ Furculæ_, the Roman army under Titus Veturius Calvinus and Spurius Posthumius was obliged to surrender to the Samnites, and pass under the yoke with the greatest disgrace. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 138.

=Cavii=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 30.

=Caulonia=, or =Caulon=, a town of Italy near the country of the Brutii, founded by a colony of Achæans, and destroyed in the wars between Pyrrhus and the Romans. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 553.

=Caunius=, a man raised to affluence from poverty by Artaxerxes. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Caunus=, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He was passionately fond of, or, according to others, he was tenderly beloved by, his sister Byblis, and to avoid an incestuous commerce, he retired to Caria, where he built a city called by his own name. _See:_ Byblis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 11.――――A city of Caria, opposite Rhodes, where Protogenes was born. The climate was considered as unwholesome, especially in summer, so that Cicero mentions the cry of a person who sold Caunian figs, which were very famous (_qui Cauneas clamitabat_), at Brundusium, as a bad omen (_cave ne eas_) against Crassus going to attack the Parthians. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 176.

=Cauros=, an island with a small town formerly called Andros, in the Ægean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Caurus=, a wind blowing from the west. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 356.

=Caus=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Caȳci=, or =Chauci=, a nation of Germany, now the people of Friesland and Groningen. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 463.

=Caȳcus=, a river of Mysia. _See:_ Caicus.

=Cayster=, or =Caystrus=, now _Kitcheck-Meinder_, a rapid river of Asia, rising in Lydia, and, after a meandering course, falling into the Ægean sea near Ephesus. According to the poets, the banks and neighbourhood of this river were generally frequented by swans. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 253; bk. 5, li. 386.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 54.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 461.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 384.

=Cea=, or =Ceos=, an island near Eubœa, called also Co. _See:_ Co.

=Ceădes=, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus was concerned in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Ceba=, now _Ceva_, a town of modern Piedmont, famous for cheese. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 42.

=Ceballīnus=, a man who gave information of the snares laid against Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Cebarenses=, a people of Gaul. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Cebenna=, mountains of Gaul, now the Cevennes, separating the Arverni from the Helvii, extending from the Garonne to the Rhone. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Cebes=, a Theban philosopher, one of the disciples of Socrates, B.C. 405. He attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and distinguished himself by three dialogues that he wrote; but more particularly by his tables, which contain a beautiful and affecting picture of human life, delineated with accuracy of judgment and great splendour of sentiment. Little is known of the character of Cebes from history. Plato mentions him once, and Xenophon the same, but both in a manner which conveys most fully the goodness of his heart and the purity of his morals. The best editions of Cebes are those of Gronovius, 8vo, 1689; and Glasgow, 12mo, 1747.

=Cebren=, the father of Asterope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Cebrēnia=, a country of Troas with a town of the same name, called after the river _Cebrenus_, which is in the neighbourhood. Œnone the daughter of the Cebrenus receives the patronymic of _Cebrenis_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 769.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, bk. 5, li. 21.

=Cebriŏnes=, one of the giants conquered by Venus.――――An illegitimate son of Priam, killed with a stone by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_.

=Cebrus=, now _Zebris_, a river falling in a southern direction into the Danube, and dividing Lower from Upper Mœsia.

=Cecidas=, an ancient dithyrambic poet.

=Cecilius.= _See:_ Cæcilius.

=Cecīna=, a river near Volaterra in Etruria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=A. Cecinna=, a Roman knight in the interest of Pompey, who used to breed up young swallows, and send them to carry news to his friends as messengers. He was a particular friend of Cicero, with whom he corresponded. Some of his letters are still extant in Cicero. _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 24.――_Cicero_, bk. 15, ltr. 66; _Orator_, ch. 29.――――A scribe of Octavius Cæsar. _Cicero_, bk. 16, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.――――A consular man suspected of conspiracy and murdered by Titus, after an invitation to supper. _Suetonius_, _Titus_, ch. 6.

=Cecrŏpia=, the original name of Athens, in honour of Cecrops, its first founder. The ancients often use this word for Attica, and the Athenians are often called _Cecropidæ_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 671; _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 81.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 306.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Catullus_, poems 62, 79.――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 186.

=Cecrŏpĭdæ=, an ancient name of the Athenians, more particularly applied to those who were descended from Cecrops the founder of Athens. The honourable name of Cecropidæ was often conferred as a reward for some virtuous action in the field of battle. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 671.

=Cecrops=, a native of Sais in Egypt, who led a colony to Attica about 1556 years before the christian era, and reigned over part of the country which was called from him Cecropia. He softened and polished the rude and uncultivated manners of the inhabitants, and drew them from the country to inhabit 12 small villages which he had founded. He gave them laws and regulations, and introduced among them the worship of those deities which were held in adoration in Egypt. He married the daughter of Actæus, a Grecian prince, and was deemed the first founder of Athens. He taught his subjects to cultivate the olive, and instructed them to look upon Minerva as the watchful patroness of their city. It is said that he was the first who raised an altar to Jupiter in Greece, and offered him sacrifices. After a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating his newly formed kingdom, and in polishing the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, leaving three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos. He was succeeded by Cranaus, a native of the country. Some time after, Theseus, one of his successors on the throne, formed the 12 villages which he had established into one city, to which the name of Athens was given. _See:_ Athenæ. Some authors have described Cecrops as a monster, half a man and half a serpent; and this fable is explained by the recollection that he was master of two languages, the Greek and the Egyptian; or that he had the command over two countries, Egypt and Greece. Others explain it by an allusion to the regulations which Cecrops made amongst the inhabitants concerning marriage and the union of the two sexes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 44.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 561.――_Hyginus_, fable 166.――――The second of that name was the seventh king of Athens, and the son and successor of Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa the sister of Dædalus, by whom he had Pandion. He reigned 40 years, and died 1307 B.C. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Cecyphalæ=, a place of Greece, where the Athenians defeated the fleet of the Peloponnesians. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 105.

=Cedreātis=, the name of Diana among the Orchomenians, because her images were hung on lofty cedars.

=Cedon=, an Athenian general, killed in an engagement against the Spartans. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Cedrusii=, an Indian nation. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 11.

=Ceglŭsa=, the mother of Asopus by Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Cei=, the inhabitants of the island Cea.

=Celădon=, a man killed by Perseus, at the marriage of Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 144.――――A river of Greece, flowing into the Alpheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7, li. 133.

=Celădus=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.――――An island of the Adriatic sea. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Celænæ=, or =Celēne=, a city of Phrygia, of which it was once the capital. Cyrus the younger had a palace there, with a park filled with wild beasts, where he exercised himself in hunting. The Mæander arose in this park. Xerxes built a famous citadel there after his defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Celænæ were carried by Antiochus Soter to people Apamea when newly founded. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.――_Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 1. Marsyas is said to have contended in its neighbourhood against Apollo. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 26.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 206.

=Celæno=, one of the daughters of Atlas, ravished by Neptune. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 173.――――One of the Harpies, daughter of Neptune and Terra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 245.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Neptune and Ergea. _Hyginus._――――A daughter of Hyamus, mother of Delphus by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Celeæ=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Celeia= and =Cela=, a town of Noricum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Celelates=, a people of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.

=Celendræ=, =Celendris=, and =Celenderis=, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, with a harbour of the same name at the mouth of the Selinus. _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 259.

=Celeneus=, a Cimmerian, who first taught how persons guilty of murder might be expiated. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 406.

=Celenna=, or =Celæna=, a town of Campania, where Juno was worshipped. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 739.

=Celer=, a man who, with Severus, ♦undertook to rebuild Nero’s palace after the burning of Rome. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 42.――――A man called Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped over the walls of Rome, by order of Romulus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 837. ――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――Metius, a noble youth to whom Statius dedicated a poem.

♦ ‘untook’ replaced with ‘undertook’

=Celĕres=, 300 of the noblest and strongest youths at Rome, chosen by Romulus to be his body-guards, to attend him wherever he went, and to protect his person. The chief or captain was called _Tribunus Celerum_. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Celetrum=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 40.

=Celeus=, a king of Eleusis, father to Triptolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind reception to Ceres, who taught his son the cultivation of the earth. _See:_ Triptolemus. His rustic dress became a proverb. The invention of several agricultural instruments made of osiers is attributed to him. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 508; bk. 5, li. 269. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 165.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A king of Cephallenia.

=Celmus=, a man who nursed Jupiter, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was changed into a magnet stone for saying that Jupiter was mortal. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 281.

=Celonæ=, a place of Mesopotamia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Celsus=, an epicurean philosopher in the second century, to whom Lucian dedicated one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise against the christians, to which an answer was returned by Origen. ――――Cornelius, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight books on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs. The best editions of Celsus _de medicinâ_ are the 8vo, Leiden, 1746, and that of Vallart, 12mo, Paris, apud Didot, 1772.――――Albinoyanus, a friend of Horace, warned against plagiarism, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 15, and pleasantly ridiculed, in the eighth epistle, for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been preserved. ――――Juventius, a lawyer who conspired against Domitian.――――Titus, a man proclaimed emperor, A.D. 265, against his will, and murdered seven days after.

=Celtæ=, a name given to the nation that inhabited the country between the Ocean and the Palus Mæotis, according to some authors mentioned by _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_. This name, though anciently applied to the inhabitants of Gaul, as well as of Germany and Spain, was more particularly given to a part of the Gauls, whose country, called Gallia Celtica, was situate between the rivers Sequana and Garumna, modernly called _la Seine_ and _la Garonne_. The Celtæ seemed to receive their name from Celtus, a son of Hercules or of Polyphemus. The promontory which bore the name of _Celticum_ is now called Cape Finisterre. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c. ――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Celtĭbēri=, a people of Spain, descended from the Celtæ. They settled near the Iberus, and added the name of the river to that of their nation, and were afterwards called Celtiberi. They made strong head against the Romans and Carthaginians when they invaded their country. Their country, called _Celtiberia_, is now known by the name of Arragon. _Diodorus_, bk. 6.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 339.

=Celtĭca=, a well-populated part of Gaul, inhabited by the Celtæ.

=Celtĭci=, a people of Spain. The promontory which bore their name is now _Cape Finisterre_.

=Celtillus=, the father of Vercingetorix among the Arverni. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Celtorii=, a people of Gaul, near the Senones. _Plutarch._

=Celtoscy̆thæ=, a northern nation of Scythians. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Cemmĕnus=, a lofty mountain of Gaul. _Strabo._

=Cempsi=, a people of Spain at the bottom of the Pyrenean mountains. _Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 358.

=Cenăbum=, or =Genăbum=. _See:_ Genabum.

=Cenæum=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Jupiter _Cæneus_ had an altar raised by Hercules. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136. ――_Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 93.

=Cenchreæ=, now _Kenkri_, a town of Peloponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth.――――A harbour of Corinth. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Cenchreis=, the wife of Cinyras king of Cyprus, or, as others say, of Assyria. _Hyginus_, fable 58.

=Cenchreus=, a son of Neptune and Salamis, or, as some say, of Pyrene. He killed a large serpent at Salamas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Cenchrius=, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, where some suppose that Latona was washed after she had brought forth. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 61.

=Cenepŏlis=, a town of Spain, the same as Carthago Nova. _Polybius._

=Cenetium=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Strabo._

=Cenneus.= _See:_ Cænis.

=Cenimāgni=, a people on the western parts of Britain.

=Cenīna.= _See:_ Cænina.

=Cenon=, a town of Italy. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 63.

=Censōres=, two magistrates of great authority at Rome, first created B.C. 443. Their office was to number the people, estimate the possessions of every citizen, reform and watch over the manners of the people, and regulate the taxes. Their power was also extended over private families; they punished irregularity, and inspected the management and education of the Roman youth. They could inquire into the expenses of every citizen, and even degrade a senator from all his privileges and honours, if guilty of any extravagance. This punishment was generally executed in passing over the offender’s name in calling the list of the senators. The office of public censor was originally exercised by the kings. Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, first established a _census_, by which every man was obliged to come to be registered, and give in writing the place of his residence, his name, his quality, the number of his children, of his tenants, estates, and domestics, &c. The ends of the census were very salutary to the Roman republic. They knew their own strength, their ability to support a war, or to make a levy of troops, or raise a tribute. It was required that every knight should be possessed of 400,000 sesterces to enjoy the rights and privileges of his order; and a senator was entitled to sit in the senate, if he was really worth 800,000 sesterces. This laborious task of numbering and reviewing the people was, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, one of the duties and privileges of the consuls. But when the republic was become more powerful, and when the number of its citizens was increased, the consuls were found unable to make the census, on account of the multiplicity of business. After it had been neglected for 16 years, two new magistrates called censors were elected. They remained in office for five years, and every fifth year they made a census of all the citizens in the Campus Martius, and offered a solemn sacrifice, and made a lustration in the name of all the Roman people. This space of time was called a _lustrum_, and 10 or 20 years were commonly expressed by two or four lustra. After the office of the censors had remained for some time unaltered, the Romans, jealous of their power, abridged the duration of their office, and a law was made, A.U.C. 420, by Mamercus Æmilius, to limit the time of the censorship to 18 months. After the second Punic war, they were always chosen from such persons as had been consuls; their office was more honourable, though less powerful, than that of the consuls; the badges of their office were the same, but the censors were not allowed to have lictors to walk before them as the consuls. When one of the censors died, no one was elected in his room till the five years were expired, and his colleague immediately resigned. This circumstance originated from the death of a censor before the sacking of Rome by Brennus, and was ever deemed an unfortunate event to the republic. The emperors abolished the censors, and took upon themselves to execute their office.

=Censorīnus, Appius Claudius=, was compelled, after many services to the state, to assume the imperial purple by the soldiers, by whom he was murdered some days after, A.D. 270.――――Martius, a consul, to whom, as a particular friend, _Horace_ addressed his bk. 4, ode 8. ――――A grammarian of the third century, whose book, _De Die Natali_, is extant, best edited in 8vo, by Havercamp, Leiden, 1767. It treats of the birth of man, of years, months, and days.

=Census=, the numbering of the people at Rome, performed by the censors; _à censeo_, to value. _See:_ Censores.――――A god worshipped at Rome, the same as Consus.

=Centaretus=, a Galatian, who, when Antiochus was killed, mounted his horse in the greatest exultation. The horse, as if conscious of disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, and killed himself and his rider. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 42.

=Centaurī=, a people of Thessaly, half men and half horses. They were the offspring of Centaurus son of Apollo, by Stilbia daughter of the Peneus. According to some, the Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion’s adventure with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or, as others assert, of the union of Centaurus with the mares of Magnesia. This fable of the existence of the Centaurs, monsters supported upon the four legs of a horse, arises from the ancient people of Thessaly having tamed horses, and having appeared to their neighbours mounted on horseback, a sight very uncommon at that time, and which, when at a distance, seems only one body, and consequently one creature. Some derive the name ἀπο του κεντειν ταυρους, _goading bulls_, because they went on horseback after their bulls which had strayed, or because they hunted wild bulls with horses. Some of the ancients have maintained that monsters like the Centaurs can have existed in the natural course of things. Plutarch, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_ mentions one seen by Periander tyrant of Corinth; and Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3, says that he saw one embalmed in honey, which had been brought to Rome from Egypt in the reign of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs with the Lapithæ is famous in history. Ovid has elegantly described it, and it has also employed the pen of ♦Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus, &c.; and Pausanias in _Elis_ says it was represented in the temple of Jupiter at Olympia, and also at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius, according to Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5. The origin of the battle was a quarrel at the marriage of Hippodamia with Pirithous, where the Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with rudeness, and even offered violence to the women that were present. Such an insult irritated Hercules, Theseus, and the rest of the Lapithæ, who defended the women, wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and obliged them to leave their country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their insolence was a second time punished by Hercules, who, when he was going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was kindly entertained by the Centaur Pholus, who gave him wine which belonged to the rest of the Centaurs, but had been given them on condition of their treating Hercules with it whenever he passed through their territory. They resented the liberty which Hercules took with their wine, and attacked him with uncommon fury. The hero defended himself with his arrows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled for safety to the Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, and therefore they hoped that he would desist in his presence. Hercules, though awed at the sight of Chiron, did not desist, but in the midst of the engagement, he wounded his preceptor in the knee, who, in the excessive pain he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. The death of Chiron irritated Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that were present were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed few escaped the common destruction. The most celebrated of the Centaurs were Chiron, Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lycidas, Arneus, Medon, Rhœtus, Pisenor, Mermeros, Pholus, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Tzetzes_, _Historiarum variarum Chiliades_, bk. 9, ch. 237.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 286.――_Hyginus_, fables 33 & 62.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 2.

♦ ‘Hesoid’ replaced with ‘Hesiod’

=Centaurus=, a ship in the fleet of Æneas, which had the figure of a Centaur. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 122.

=Centobrica=, a town of Celtiberia. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Centŏres=, a people of Scythia. _Flaccus._

=Centoripa=, or =Centuripa=. _See:_ Centuripa.

=Centrites=, a river between Armenia and Media.

=Centrones=, a people of Gaul, severely beaten by Julius Cæsar when they attempted to obstruct his passage. They inhabited the modern country of _Tarantaise_ in Savoy. There was a horde of Gauls of the same name subject to the Nervii, now supposed to be near _Courtray_ in Flanders. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 38. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Centronius=, a man who squandered his immense riches on useless and whimsical buildings. _Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 86.

♦=Centum cellum=, a seaport town of Etruria built by Trajan, who had there a villa. It is now _Civita Vecchia_, and belongs to the pope. _Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 51.

♦ Placed in correct alphabetical order.

=Centumvĭri=, the members of a court of justice at Rome. They were originally chosen, three from the 35 tribes of the people, and though 105, they were always called Centumvirs. They were afterwards increased to the number of 180, and still kept their original name. The pretor sent to their tribunal causes of the greatest importance, as their knowledge of the law was extensive. They were generally summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed to be the chiefest among them; and they assembled in the Basilica, or public court, and had their tribunal distinguished by a spear with an iron head, whence a decree of their court was called _Hastæ judicium_: their sentences were very impartial, and without appeal. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――_Quintilian_, bks. 4, 5, & 11.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 33.

=Centŭria=, a division of the people among the Romans, consisting of 100. The Roman people were originally divided into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 curiæ. Servius Tullius made a census; and when he had enrolled the place of habitation, name, and profession of every citizen, which amounted to 80,000 men, all able to bear arms, he divided them into six classes, and each class into several centuries, or companies of 100 men. The first class consisted of 80 centuries, 40 of which were composed of men from the age of 45 and upwards, appointed to guard the city. The 40 others were young men, from 17 to 45 years of age, appointed to go to war, and fight the enemies of Rome. Their arms were all the same; that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a helmet, cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a javelin; and as they were of the most illustrious citizens, they were called, by way of eminence, _Classici_, and their inferiors _infra classem_. They were to be worth 1,100,000 _asses_, a sum equivalent to 1800_l._ English money. The second, third, and fourth classes, consisted each of 20 centuries, 10 of which were composed of the more aged, and the others of the younger sort of people. Their arms were a large shield, a spear, and a javelin; they were to be worth in the second class, 75,000 _asses_, or about 121_l._ In the third, 50,000, or about 80_l._; and in the fourth, 25,000, or about 40_l._ The fifth class consisted of 30 centuries, three of which were carpenters by trade, and the others of different professions, such as were necessary in the camp. They were all armed with slings and stones. They were to be worth 11,000 _asses_, or about 18_l._ The sixth class contained only one centuria, comprising the whole body of the poorest citizens, who were called _Proletarii_, as their only service to the state was procreating children. They were also called _capite censi_, as the censor took notice of their person, not of their estate. In the public assemblies in the Campus Martius, at the election of public magistrates, or at the trial of capital crimes, the people gave their vote by centuries, whence the assembly was called _comitia centuriata_. In these public assemblies, which were never convened but only by the consuls at the permission of the senate, or by the dictator in the absence of the consuls, some of the people appeared under arms, for fear of an attack from some foreign enemy. When a law was proposed in the public assemblies, its necessity was explained, and the advantages it would produce to the state were enlarged upon in a harangue; after which it was exposed in the most conspicuous parts of the city three market-days, that the people might see and consider. Exposing it to public view, was called _proponere legem_, and explaining it, _promulgare legem_. He who merely proposed it, was called _lator legis_; and he who dwelt upon its importance and utility, and wished it to be enforced, was called _auctor legis_. When the assembly was to be held, the auguries were consulted by the consul, who, after haranguing the people, and reminding them to have in view the good of the republic, dismissed them to their respective centuries, that their votes might be gathered. They gave their votes _vivâ voce_, till the year of Rome A.U.C. 615, when they changed the custom, and gave their approbation or disapprobation by ballots thrown into an urn. If the first class was unanimous, the others were not consulted, as the first was superior to all the others in number; but if they were not unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, and the majority decided the question. This advantage of the first class gave offence to the rest; and it was afterwards settled, that one class of the six should be drawn by lot, to give its votes first, without regard to rank or priority. After all the votes had been gathered, the consul declared aloud, that the law which had been proposed was duly and constitutionally approved. The same ceremonies were observed in the election of consuls, pretors, &c. The word _Centuria_ is also applied to a subdivision of one of the Roman legions which consisted of 100 men, and was the half of a manipulus, the sixth part of a cohort, and the sixtieth part of a legion. The commander of a centuria was called _centurion_, and he was distinguished from the rest by a branch of a vine which he carried in his hand.

=Centŭrĭpa= (es, or æ, arum), now _Centorlu_, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount Ætna. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 23. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 205.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Ceos= and =Cea=, an island. _See:_ Co.

=Cephălas=, a lofty promontory of Africa near the Syrtis Major. _Strabo._

=Cephaledion=, a town of Sicily near the river Himera. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 52.

=Cephallen=, a noble musician, son of Lampus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 7.

=Cephalēna= and =Cephallenia=, an island in the Ionian sea, below Corcyra, whose inhabitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan war. It abounds in oil and excellent wines. It was anciently divided into four different districts, from which circumstance it received the name of Tetrapolis. It is about 90 miles in circumference, and from its capital Samo, or Samos, it has frequently been called Same. ――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 15.

=Cephălo=, an officer of Eumenes. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 19.

=Cephaloedis= and =Cephaludium=, now _Cephalu_, a town at the north of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 253.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Against Verres_, ch. 51.

=Cephălon=, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote a history of Troy, besides an epitome of universal history from the age of Ninus to Alexander, which he divided into nine books, inscribed with the name of the nine muses. He affected not to know the place of his birth, expecting it would be disputed like Homer’s. He lived in the reign of Adrian.

=Cĕphălus=, son of Deioneus king of Thessaly, by Diomede daughter of Xuthus, married Procris, daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. Aurora fell in love with him, and carried him away; but he refused to listen to her addresses, and was impatient to return to Procris. The goddess sent him back; and to try the fidelity of his wife, she made him put on a different form, and he arrived at the house of Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf to every offer; but she suffered herself to be seduced by the gold of this stranger, who discovered himself the very moment that Procris had yielded up her virtue. This circumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled from her husband, and devoted herself to hunting in the island of Eubœa, where she was admitted among the attendants of Diana, who presented her with a dog always sure of his prey, and a dart which never missed its aim, and always returned to the hands of its mistress of its own accord. Some say that the dog was a present from Minos, because Procris had cured his wounds. After this Procris returned in disguise to Cephalus, who was willing to disgrace himself by some unnatural concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of Procris. Procris discovered herself at the moment that Cephalus showed himself faithless, and a reconciliation was easily made between them. They loved one another with more tenderness than before, and Cephalus received from his wife the presents of Diana. As he was particularly fond of hunting, he every morning early repaired to the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down in the cool shade, and earnestly called for _Aura_, or the refreshing breeze. This ambiguous word was mistaken for the name of a mistress; and some informer reported to the jealous Procris that Cephalus daily paid a visit to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris too readily believed the information, and secretly followed her husband into the woods. According to his daily custom, Cephalus retired to the cool, and called after Aura. At the name of Aura, Procris eagerly lifted up her head to see her expected rival. Her motion occasioned rustling among the leaves of a bush that concealed her; and as Cephalus listened, he thought it to be a wild beast, and he let fly his unerring dart. ♦Procris was struck to the heart, and instantly expired in the arms of her husband, confessing that ill-grounded jealousy was the cause of her death. According to Apollodorus, there were two persons of the name of Cephalus; one, son of Mercury and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with whom he dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a son called Tithonus. The other married Procris, and was the cause of the tragical event mentioned above. Cephalus was father of Arcefius by Procris, and of Phaeton, according to Hesiod, by Aurora. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 26.――_Hyginus_, fable 189.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timoleon in regulating the republic of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.――――A king of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 18.――――An orator frequently mentioned by Demosthenes.

♦ ‘Procus’ replaced with ‘Procris’

=Cephēis=, a name given to Andromeda as daughter of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 193.

=Cephēnes=, an ancient name of the Persians. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61.――――A name of the Æthiopians, from Cepheus, one of their kings. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 1.

=Cēpheus=, a king of Æthiopia, father of Andromeda by Cassiope. He was one of the Argonauts, and was changed into a constellation after his death. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 669; bk. 5, li. 12. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35; bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, chs. 1, 4, & 7; bk. 3, ch. 9, mentions one, son of Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The former he makes king of Tegea and father of Sterope; and says that he, with his 12 sons, assisted Hercules in a war against Hippocoon, where they were killed. The latter he calls king of Æthiopia and father of Andromeda.――――A son of Lycurgus, present at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Cephīsia=, a part of Attica, through which the Cephisus flows. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Cephīsiădes=, a patronymic of Eteocles son of Andreus and Evippe, from the supposition of his being the son of the Cephisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.

=Cephisidōrus=, a tragic poet of Athens in the age of Æschylus.――――An historian who wrote an account of the Phocian war.

=Cephīsion=, the commander of some troops sent by the Thebans to assist Megalopolis, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Cephisodŏtus=, a disciple of Isocrates, a great reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a book of proverbs. _Athenæus_, bk. 2.

=Cephīsus= and =Cephissus=, a celebrated river of Greece, that rises at Lilæa in Phocis, and after passing at the north of Delphi and mount Parnassus, enters Bœotia, where it flows into the lake Copais. The Graces were particularly fond of this river, whence they are called the goddesses of the Cephisus. There was a river of the same name in Attica, and another in Argolis. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 29.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 175.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 369; bk. 3, li. 19.――――A man changed into a sea monster by Apollo, when lamenting the death of his grandson. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 388.

=Cephren=, a king of Egypt, who built one of the pyramids. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Cepio=, or =Cæpio=, a man who, by a quarrel with Drusus, caused a civil war at Rome, &c.――――Servilius, a Roman consul, who put an end to the war in Spain. He took gold from a temple, and for that sacrilege the rest of his life was always unfortunate. He was conquered by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly confiscated, and he died at last in prison.

=Cepion=, a musician. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.

=Ceraca=, a town of Macedonia. _Polybius_, bk. 5.

=Ceracates=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70.

=Cerambus=, a man changed into a beetle, or, according to others, into a bird, on mount Parnassus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9.

=Ceramīcus=, now _Keramo_, a bay of Caria, near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos, receiving its name from Ceramus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――A public walk, and a place to bury those that were killed in defence of their country, at Athens. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 10.

=Cerămium=, a place of Rome, where Cicero’s house was built. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.

=Cerămus=, a town at the west of Asia Minor.

=Ceras=, a people of Cyprus metamorphosed into bulls.

=Cerăsus= (untis), now _Keresoun_, a maritime city of Cappadocia, from which cherries were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. _Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 15, ch. 25; bk. 16, ch. 18; bk. 17, ch. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――――Another, built by a Greek colony from Sinope. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cerata=, a place near Megara.

=Cerātus=, a river of Crete.

=Ceraunia=, a town of Achaia.

=Ceraunia= and =Ceraunii=, large mountains of Epirus, extending far into the sea, and forming a promontory which divides the Ionian and Adriatic seas. They are the same as the Acroceraunia. _See:_ Acroceraunium.――――Mount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Ceraunii=, mountains of Asia, opposite the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Ceraunus=, a river of Cappadocia.――――A surname of Ptolemy II., from his boldness. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_, ch. 3.

=Cerausius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Cerbalus=, a river of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Cerberion=, a town of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 6.

=Cerbĕrus=, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon. He had 50 heads according to Hesiod, and three according to other mythologists. He was stationed at the entrance into hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent the living from entering the infernal regions, and the dead from escaping from their confinement. It was usual for those heroes, who in their lifetime visited Pluto’s kingdom, to appease the barking mouths of Cerberus with a cake. Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules dragged him from hell when he went to redeem Alceste. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 134; bk. 6, li. 417.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 622.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 312.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 35.

=Cercăphus=, a son of Æolus.――――A son of Sol, of great power at Rhodes. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Cercasōrum=, a town of Egypt, where the Nile divides itself into the Pelusian and Canopic mouths. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Cercēis=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 355.

=Cercēne=, a country of Africa. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.

=Cercestes=, a son of Ægyptus and Phœnissa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Cercides=, a native of Megalopolis, who wrote iambics. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.

=Cercii=, a people of Italy.

=Cercina= and =Cercinna=, a small island of the Mediterranean, near the smaller Syrtis, on the coast of Africa. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Annals_, ch. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 48. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――――A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 98.

=Cercinium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 41.

=Cercius= and =Rhetius=, charioteers of Castor and Pollux.

=Cercōpes=, a people of Ephesus, made prisoners by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――The inhabitants of the island Pithecusa, changed into monkeys on account of their dishonesty. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 91.

=Cercops=, a Milesian, author of a fabulous history mentioned by Athenæus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.

=Cercyon= and =Cercyŏnes=, a king of Eleusis, son of Neptune, or, according to others, of Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wrestle with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, they were easily conquered and put to death. After many cruelties, he challenged Theseus in wrestling, and he was conquered and put to death by his antagonist. His daughter Alope was loved by Neptune, by whom she had a child. Cercyon exposed the child, called Hippothoon; but he was preserved by a mare, and afterwards placed upon his grandfather’s throne by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 439. ――_Hyginus_, fable 187.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 39.

=Cercȳra= and =Corcȳra=, an island in the Ionian sea, which receives its name from Cercyra daughter of Asopus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Cerdylium=, a place near Amphipolis. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Cereālia=, festivals in honour of Ceres; first instituted at Rome by Memmius the edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in mourning were not permitted to appear at the celebration; therefore they were not observed after the battle of Cannæ. They are the same as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. _See:_ Thesmophoria.

=Ceres=, the goddess of corn and of harvests, was daughter of Saturn and Vesta. She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called Pherephata, _fruit-bearing_, and afterwards Proserpine. This daughter was carried away by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the plains near Enna. The rape of Proserpine was grievous to Ceres, who sought her all over Sicily; and when night came, she lighted two torches in the flames of mount Ætna, to continue her search by night all over the world. She at last found her veil near the fountain Cyane; but no intelligence could be received of the place of her concealment, till at last the nymph Arethusa informed her that her daughter had been carried away by Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this, than she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by two dragons, and demanded of Jupiter the restoration of her daughter. The endeavours of Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto as a powerful god, to become her son-in-law, proved fruitless, and the restoration was granted, provided Proserpine had not eaten anything in the kingdom of Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired to Pluto, but Proserpine had eaten the grains of a pomegranate which she had gathered as she walked over the Elysian fields, and Ascalaphus, the only one who had seen her, discovered it to make his court to Pluto. The return of Proserpine upon earth was therefore impracticable; but Ascalaphus, for his unsolicited information, was changed into an owl. _See:_ Ascalaphus. The grief of Ceres for the loss of her daughter was so great, that Jupiter granted Proserpine to pass six months with her mother, and the rest of the year with Pluto. During the inquiries of Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of the earth was neglected, and the ground became barren; therefore, to repair the loss which mankind had suffered by her absence, the goddess went to Attica, which was become the most desolate country in the world, and instructed Triptolemus of Eleusis in everything which concerned agriculture. She taught him how to plough the ground, to sow and reap the corn, to make bread, and to take particular care of the fruit trees. After these instructions, she gave him her chariot and commanded him to travel all over the world, and communicate his knowledge of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who hitherto lived upon acorns and the roots of the earth. _See:_ Triptolemus. Her beneficence to mankind made Ceres respected. Sicily was supposed to be the favourite retreat of the goddess, and Diodorus says that she and her daughter made their first appearance to mankind in Sicily, which Pluto received as a nuptial dowry from Jupiter when he married Proserpine. The Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to Ceres, every man according to his abilities; and the fountain of Cyane, through which Pluto opened himself a passage with his trident when carrying away Proserpine, was publicly honoured with an offering of bulls, and the blood of the victims was shed in the waters of the fountain. Besides these, other ceremonies were observed in honour of the goddesses who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The commemoration of the rape was celebrated about the beginning of the harvest, and the search of Ceres at the time that corn is sown in the earth. The latter festival continued six successive days; and during the celebration, the votaries of Ceres made use of some free and wanton expressions, as that language had made the goddess smile while melancholy for the loss of her daughter. Attica, which had been so eminently distinguished by the goddess, gratefully remembered her favours in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. _See:_ Eleusinia. Ceres also performed the duties of a legislator, and the Sicilians found the advantages of her salutary laws; hence her surname of Thesmophora. She is the same as the Isis of the Egyptians, and her worship, it is said, was first brought into Greece by Erechtheus. She met with different adventures when she travelled over the earth, and the impudence of Stellio was severely punished. To avoid the importunities of Neptune, she changed herself into a mare; but the god took advantage of the metamorphosis, and from their union arose the horse Arion. _See:_ Arion. The birth of this monster so offended Ceres, that she withdrew herself from the sight of mankind; and the earth would have perished for want of her assistance, had not Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given information of it to Jupiter. The Parcæ were sent by the god to comfort her, and at their persuasion she returned to Sicily, where her statues represented her veiled in black, with the head of a horse, and holding a dove in one hand, and in the other a dolphin. In their sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant sow, as that animal often injures and destroys the productions of the earth. While the corn was yet in the grass, they offered her a ram, after the victim had been led three times round the field. Ceres was represented with a garland of ears of corn on her head, holding in one hand a lighted torch, and in the other a poppy, which was sacred to her. She appears as a countrywoman mounted on the back of an ox, and carrying a basket on her left arm, and holding a hoe; and sometimes she rides in a chariot drawn by winged dragons. She was supposed to be the same as Rhea, Tellus. Cybele, Bona Dea, Berecynthia, &c. The Romans paid her great adoration, and her festivals were yearly celebrated by the Roman matrons in the month of April, during eight days. These matrons abstained during several days from the use of wine and every carnal enjoyment. They always bore lighted torches in commemoration of the goddess; and whoever came to these festivals without a previous initiation, was punished with death. _Ceres_ is metaphorically called _bread_ and _corn_, as the word _Bacchus_ is frequently used to signify _wine_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, chs. 12 & 14. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31; bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 8, ch. 25, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 417; _Metamorphoses_, fables 7, 8, &c.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_.――_Livy_, bks. 29 & 31.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2.

=Ceressus=, a place of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 14.

=Cerĕtæ=, a people of Crete.

=Ceriālis Anicius=, a consul elect, who wished a temple to be raised to Nero, as to a god, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 74.

=Cerii=, a people of Etruria.

=Cerilli=, or =Carillæ=, now _Cirella_, a town of the Brutii near the Laus. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Cerillum=, a place of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 580.

=Cerinthus=, now _Zero_, a town of Eubœa, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war, headed by Elphenor son of Chalcedon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 45.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――――A beautiful youth, long the favourite of the Roman ladies, and especially of Sulpitia, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, _Statius_, bk. 2, li. 81.――――One of the early heretics from christianity.

=Cermanus=, a place where Romulus was exposed by one of the servants of Amulius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Cerne=, an island without the pillars of Hercules, on the African coast. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bks. 5 & 6.

=Cernes=, a priest of Cybele.

=Ceron=, a fountain of Histiæotis, whose waters rendered black all the sheep that drank of them. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Ceropasades=, a son of Phraates king of Persia, given as a hostage to Augustus.

=Cerossus=, a place of the Ionian sea.

=Cerpheres=, a king of Egypt, who is supposed to have built the smallest pyramid.

=Cerrhæi=, a people of Greece, who profaned the temple of Delphi. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Cerretāni=, a people of Spain that inhabited the modern district of Cerdana in Catalonia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Cersobleptes=, a king of Thrace, conquered by Philip king of Macedonia. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 31.

=Certima=, a town of Celtiberia. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 47.

=Certonium=, a town of Asia Minor.

=Cervarius=, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 50.

=Publius Cervius=, an officer under Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, speech 5, ch. 44.

=Ceryces=, a sacerdotal family at Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Cerycius=, a mountain of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.

=Cerymīca=, a town of Cyprus. _Diodorus._

=Cerynēa=, a town of Achaia.――――A mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.

=Cerynītes=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.

=Cesellius Balsus=, a turbulent Carthaginian, who dreamt of money, and persuaded Nero that immense treasures had been deposited by Dido in a certain place, which he described. Inquiry was made, and when no money was found, Cesellius destroyed himself. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 1, &c.

=Cesennia=, an infamous prostitute, born of an illustrious family at Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 135.

=Cestius=, an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of Cicero.――――A governor of Syria. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5.――――Severus, an informer under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4.――――Proculus, a man acquitted of an accusation of embezzling the public money. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 30.――――A bridge at Rome.

=Cestrīna=, a part of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Cestrīnus=, a son of Helenus and Andromache. After his father’s death he settled in Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called the country Cestrina. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Cetes=, king of Egypt, the same as Proteus. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Cethēgus=, the surname of one of the branches of the Cornelii. ――――Marcus, a consul in the second Punic war. _Cicero_, _Brutus_. ――――A tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted morals, who joined Catiline in his conspiracy against the state, and was commissioned to murder Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with Lentulus, put to death by the Roman senate. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_, &c.――――A Trojan, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 513.――――Publius Cornelius, a powerful Roman, who embraced the party of Marius against Sylla. His mistress had obtained such an ascendancy over him, that she distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not ashamed to court her smiles, when he wished to be appointed general against Mithridates.――――A senator put to death for adultery under Valentinian.

=Cetii=, a people of Cilicia.

=Cetius=, a river of Mysia.――――A mountain which separates Noricum from Pannonia.

=Ceto=, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who married Phorcys, by whom she had the three Gorgons, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 237. ――_Lucian_, bk. 9, li. 646.

=Ceus= and =Cæus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Phœbe, by whom he had Latona and Asteria. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 135. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 179.――――The father of Trœzen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 354.

=Cēyx=, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer and husband of Alcyone. He was drowned as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. His wife was apprised of his misfortune in a dream, and found his dead body washed on the sea-shore. They were both changed into birds, called Alcyons. _See:_ Alcyone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 587. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32. According to _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 7, the husband of Alcyone and the king of Trachinia were two different persons.

=Chea=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Chabinus=, a mountain of Arabia Felix. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Chabria=, a village of Egypt.

=Chabrias=, an Athenian general and philosopher, who chiefly signalized himself when he assisted the Bœotians against Agesilaus. In this celebrated campaign, he ordered his soldiers to put one knee upon the ground, and firmly to rest their spear upon the other, and cover themselves with their shields, by which means he daunted the enemy, and had a statue raised to his honour in that same posture. He assisted also Nectanebus king of Egypt, and conquered the whole island of Cyprus; but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive courage, and despised to fly from his ship, when he had it in his power to save his life like his companions, B.C. 376. _Cornelius Nepos_, _De Viris Illustribus_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Phocion_.

=Chabryis=, a king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Chæanitæ=, a people at the foot of ♦Caucasus.

♦ ‘Causacus’ replaced with ‘Caucasus’

=Chæreas=, an Athenian who wrote on agriculture.――――An officer who murdered Caligula, A.D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which was prepared against himself.――――An Athenian, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 74, &c.

=Chæredemus=, a brother of Epicurus, &c. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Chærēmon=, a comic poet, and disciple of Socrates.――――A stoic, who wrote on the Egyptian priests.

=Chærĕphon=, a tragic poet of Athens, in the age of Philip of Macedonia.

=Chærestrăta=, the mother of Epicurus, descended of a noble family.

=Chærinthus=, a beautiful youth, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 81.

=Chærippus=, an extortioner, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 96.

=Chæro=, the founder of Chæronea. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.

=Chæronia=, =Chæronea=, and =Cherronea=, a city of Bœotia, on the Cephisus, celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians by the Bœotians, B.C. 447, and for the victory which Philip of Macedonia obtained there with 32,000 men over the confederate army of the Thebans and the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, the 2nd of August, B.C. 338. Plutarch was born there. The town was anciently called Arne. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Chalæon=, a city of Locris.――――A port of Bœotia.

=Chales=, a herald of Busiris, put to death by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Chalcæa=, a town of Caria,――――of Phœnicia.

=Chalcea=, an island with a town near Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3. ――――A festival at Athens. _See:_ Panathenæa.

=Chalcēdon= and =Chalcēdŏnia=, now _Kadi-Keni_, an ancient city of Bithynia, opposite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, headed by Argias, B.C. 685. It was first called Procerastis, and afterwards Colpusa. Its situation, however, was so improperly chosen that it was called the city of blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan of the founders. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Chalcidēne=, a part of Syria, very fruitful. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.

=Chalcidenses=, the inhabitants of the isthmus between Teos and Erythræ.――――A people near the Phasis.

=Chalcideus=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet killed by the Athenians, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Chalcidĭca=, a country of Thrace,――――of Syria.

=Chalcidĭcus= (of _Chalcis_), an epithet applied to Cumæ in Italy, as built by a colony from Chalcis. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 17.

=Chalciœus=, a surname of Minerva, because she had a temple at Chalcis in Eubœa. She was also called Chalciotis and Chalcidica.

=Chalciŏpe=, a daughter of Æetes king of Colchis, who married Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled to her father’s court for protection. She had some children by Phryxus, and she preserved her life from the avarice and cruelty of her father, who had murdered her husband to obtain the golden fleece. _See:_ Phryxus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 232.――_Hyginus_, fable 14, &c.――――The mother of Thessalus by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The daughter of Rhexenor, who married Ægeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Chalcis=, now _Egripo_, the chief city of Eubœa, in that part which is nearest to Bœotia. It was founded by an Athenian colony. The island is said to have been anciently joined to the continent in the neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were three other towns of the same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily, all belonging to the Corinthians. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Chalcītis=, a country of Ionia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.

=Chalcŏdon=, a son of Ægyptus by Arabia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. ――――A man of Cos, who wounded Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――――The father of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 15.――――A man who assisted Hercules in his war against Augias. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 15.

=Chalcon=, a Messenian, who reminded Antilochus son of Nestor to be aware of the Æthiopians, by whom he was to perish.

=Chalcus=, a man made governor of Cyzicus by Alexander. _Polyænus._

=Chaldæa=, a country of Asia between the Euphrates and Tigris. Its capital is Babylon, whose inhabitants were famous for their knowledge of astrology, _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28.

=Chaldæi=, the inhabitants of Chaldæa.

=Chalestra=, a town of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Chalonītis=, a country of Media.

=Chaly̆bes= and =Caly̆bes=, a people of Asia Minor, near Pontus, once very powerful, and possessed of a great extent of country, abounding in iron mines, where the inhabitants worked naked. The Calybes attacked the 10,000 in their retreat, and behaved with much spirit and courage. They were partly conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia. Some authors imagine that the Calybes are a nation of Spain. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 421.――_Strabo_, bk. 12, &c.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, li. 375.――_Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――_Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3.

=Chalybon=, now supposed to be _Aleppo_, a town of Syria, which gave the name of _Chalybonitis_ to the neighbouring country.

=Chalybonītis=, a country of Syria, so famous for its wines that the king of Persia drank no other.

=Chalybs=, a river of Spain, where _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3, places the people called Calybes.

=Chamani= and =Chamaviri=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.

=Chane=, a river between Armenia and Albania, falling into the Caspian sea.

=Chaon=, a mountain of Peloponnesus.――――A son of Priam. _See:_ Chaonia.

=Chaŏnes=, a people of Epirus.

=Chaŏnia=, a mountainous part of Epirus, which receives its name from Chaon, a son of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother Helenus. There was a wood near, where doves (_Chaoniæ aves_) were said to deliver oracles. The words _Chaonius victus_ are by ancient authors applied to acorns, the food of the first inhabitants. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 426.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_, bk. 3, li. 47. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 335.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 9. ――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1.

=Chaonitis=, a country of Assyria.

=Chaos=, a rude and shapeless mass of matter, and confused assemblage of inactive elements, which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the formation of the world, and from which the universe was formed by the hand and power of a superior being. This doctrine was first established by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding poets have copied it; and it is probable that it was obscurely drawn from the account of Moses, by being copied from the annals of Sanchoniathon, whose age is fixed antecedent to the siege of Troy. Chaos was deemed by some as one of the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of the infernal deities. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 510.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 1.

=Charădra=, a town of Phocis. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 33.

=Charadros=, a river of Phocis, falling into the Cephisus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 46.

=Charădrus=, a place of Argos where military causes were tried. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 60.

=Choræadas=, an Athenian general, sent with 20 ships to Sicily during the Peloponnesian war. He died 426 B.C., &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 86.

=Charandæi=, a people near Pontus.

=Charax=, a town of Armenia.――――A philosopher of Pergamus, who wrote a history of Greece in 40 books.

=Charaxes= and =Charaxus=, a Mitylenean, brother to Sappho, who became passionately fond of the courtesan Rhodope, upon whom he squandered all his possessions, and reduced himself to poverty, and the necessity of piratical excursions. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 117.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 135, &c.

=Charuxus=, one of the centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 272.

=Chares=, an Athenian general.――――A statuary of Lindus, who was 12 years employed in making the famous Colossus of Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.――――A man who wounded Cyrus when fighting against his brother Artaxerxes.――――An historian of Mitylene, who wrote a life of Alexander.――――An Athenian who fought with Darius against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――――A river of Peloponnesus. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Charĭcles=, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Lacedæmonians. _Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_, bk. 1.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A famous physician under Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 50.

=Chariclīdes=, an officer of Dionysius the younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the tyrant. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Charĭclo=, the mother of Tiresias, greatly favoured by Minerva. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A daughter of Apollo, who married the centaur Chiron. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 635.

=Charidēmus=, a Roman exposed to wild beasts. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 44.――――An Athenian banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, &c.

=Charĭla=, a festival observed once in nine years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to this circumstance: In a great famine the people of Delphi assembled and applied to their king to relieve their wants. He accordingly distributed the little corn which he had among the noblest; but as a poor little girl, called Charila, begged the king with more than common earnestness, he beat her with his shoe, and the girl, unable to bear his treatment, hanged herself in her girdle. The famine increased; and the oracle told the king that, to relieve his people, he must atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this a festival was instituted, with expiatory rites. The king presided over this institution, and distributed pulse and corn to such as attended. Charila’s image was brought before the king, who struck it with his shoe; after which it was carried to a desolate place, where they put a halter round its neck, and buried it where Charila was buried. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_.

=Charilāus= and =Charillus=, a son of Polydectes king of Sparta, educated and protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken prisoner, and released on promising that he would cease from war, an engagement which he soon broke. He died in the 64th year of his age. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36; bk. 6, ch. 48.――――A Spartan who changed the monarchical power into an aristocracy. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12.

=Charillus=, one of the ancestors of Leutychides. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 131.

=Charīni= and =Carīni=, a people of Germany. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.

=Charis=, a goddess among the Greeks, surrounded with pleasures, graces, and delight. She was the wife of Vulcan. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 382.

=Charisia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.――――A festival in honour of the Graces, with dances which continued all night. He who continued awake the longest was rewarded with a cake.

=Charisius=, an orator at Athens. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 83.

=Charistia=, festivals at Rome celebrated on the 20th of February, by the distribution of mutual presents, with the intention of reconciling friends and relations. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2.

=Charĭtes= and =Gratiæ=, the Graces, daughters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, are three in number――Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. They were the constant attendants of Venus, and they were represented as three young, beautiful, and modest virgins, all holding one another by the hand. They presided over kindness, and all good offices, and their worship was the same as that of the nine muses, with whom they had a temple in common. They were generally represented naked, because kindness ought to be done with sincerity and candour. The moderns explain the allegory of their holding their hands joined, by observing that there ought to be a perpetual and never-ceasing intercourse of kindness and benevolence among friends. Their youth denotes the constant remembrance that we ought ever to have of kindnesses received; and their virgin purity and innocence teach us that acts of benevolence ought to be done without any expectation of restoration, and that we ought never to suffer others or ourselves to be guilty of base or impure favours. Homer speaks only of two Graces.

=Charĭton=, a writer of Aphrodisium, at the latter end of the fourth century. He composed a Greek romance called _The Loves of Chæreas and Callirhoe_, which has been much admired for its elegance, and the originality of the characters it describes. There is a very learned edition of Chariton, by Reiske, with D’Orville’s notes, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1750.

=Charmădas=, a philosopher of uncommon memory. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.

=Charme= and =Carme=, the mother of Britomartis by Jupiter.

=Charmides=, a Lacedæmonian, sent by the king to quell a sedition in Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A boxer. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――A philosopher of the third academy, B.C. 95.

=Charmīnus=, an Athenian general, who defeated the Peloponnesians. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 42.

=Charmione=, a servant-maid of Cleopatra, who stabbed herself after the example of her mistress. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Charmis=, a physician of Marseilles, in Nero’s age, who used cold baths for his patients, and prescribed medicines contrary to those of his cotemporaries. _Pliny_, bk. 21, ch. 1.

=Charmosy̆na=, a festival in Egypt. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.

=Charmotas=, a part of Arabia.

=Charmus=, a poet of Syracuse, some of whose fragments are found scattered in Athenæus.

=Charon=, a Theban, who received into his house Pelopidas and his friends, when they delivered Thebes from tyranny, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――An historian of Lampsacus, son of Pytheus, who wrote two books on Persia, besides other treatises, B.C. 479.――――An historian of Naucratis, who wrote a history of his country and of Egypt.――――A Carthaginian writer, &c.――――A god of hell, son of Erebus and Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the rivers Styx and Acheron to the infernal regions, for an obolus. Such as had not been honoured with a funeral were not permitted to enter his boat, without previously wandering on the shore for 100 years. If any living person presented himself to cross the Stygian lake, he could not be admitted before he showed Charon a golden bough, which he had received from the Sibyl, and Charon was imprisoned for one year, because he had ferried over, against his own will, Hercules, without this passport. Charon is represented as an old robust man, with a hideous countenance, long white beard, and piercing eyes. His garment is ragged and filthy, and his forehead is covered with wrinkles. As all the dead were obliged to pay a small piece of money for their admission, it was always usual, among the ancients, to place under the tongue of the deceased a piece of money for Charon. This fable of Charon and his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians, whose dead were carried across a lake, where sentence was passed on them, and according to their good or bad actions, they were honoured with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed in the open air. _See:_ Acherusia. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_, li. 765. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 298, &c.

=Charondas=, a man of Catana, who gave laws to the people of Thurium, and made a law that no man should be permitted to come armed into the assembly. He inadvertently broke this law, and when told of it he fell upon his sword, B.C. 446. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, li. 5.

=Charonea=, a place of Asia, &c.

=Charonia scrobs=, a place of Italy emitting deadly vapours. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Charonium=, a cave near Nysa, where the sick were supposed to be delivered from their disorders by certain superstitious solemnities.

=Charops= and =Charŏpes=, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Iliad_. ――――A powerful Epirot who assisted Flaminius when making war against Philip the king of Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.――――The first decennial archon at Athens. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Charybdis=, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, opposite another whirlpool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was very dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part of the fleet of Ulysses. The exact situation of the Charybdis is not discovered by the moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently tremendous is now found to correspond with the descriptions of the ancients. The words,

_Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim_,

became a proverb, to show that in our eagerness to avoid one evil, we often fall into a greater. The name of _Charybdis_ was properly bestowed on mistresses who repay affection and tenderness with ingratitude. It is supposed that Charybdis was an avaricious woman, who stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft she was struck with thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirlpool. _Lycophron_, _Cassandra_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 11.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14.――_Ovid_, _Ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 10; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 420.

=Chaubi= and =Chauci=, people of Germany, supposed to inhabit the country now called Friesland and Bremen.

=Chaula=, a village of Egypt.

=Chauros.= _See:_ Caurus.

=Chelæ=, a Greek word (χηλη), signifying _claws_, which is applied to the Scorpion, one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 33.

=Cheles=, a satrap of Seleucus, &c.

=Chelĭdon=, a mistress of Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Chelīdŏnia=, a festival at Rhodes, in which it was customary for boys to go begging from door to door and singing certain songs, &c. _Athenæus._――――The wind Favonius was called also _Chelidonia_, from the 6th of the ides of February to the 7th of the calends of March, the time when swallows first made their appearance. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47.

=Chelīdoniæ=, now _Kelidoni_, small islands opposite the promontory of Taurus of the same name, very dangerous to sailors. _Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 506.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 31.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 41.

=Chelĭdŏnis=, a daughter of king Leotychides, who married Cleonymus, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.

=Chelidŏnium=, a promontory of mount Taurus, projecting into the Pamphylian sea.

=Chelŏne=, a nymph changed into a tortoise by Mercury, for not being present at the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to perpetual silence for having ridiculed these deities.

=Chelōnis=, a daughter of Leonidas king of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. She accompanied her father, whom her husband had expelled, and soon after went into banishment with her husband, who had in his turn been expelled by Leonidas. _Plutarch_, _Agis_ & _Cleomenes_.

=Chelonophăgi=, a people of Carmania, who fed upon turtle, and covered their habitations with the shells. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 24.

=Chelydoria=, a mountain of Arcadia.

=Chemmis=, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 156.

=Chena=, a town of Laconia.

=Chenæ=, a village on mount Œta. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Chenion=, a mountain in Asia Minor, from which the 10,000 Greeks first saw the sea. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Chenius=, a mountain near Colchis.

=Cheops= and =Cheospes=, a king of Egypt, after Rhampsinitus, who built famous pyramids, upon which 1060 talents were expended only in supplying the workmen with leeks, parsley, garlic, and other vegetables. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 124.

=Chephren=, a brother of Cheops, who also built a pyramid. The Egyptians so inveterately hated these two royal brothers, that they publicly reported, that the pyramids which they had built had been erected by a shepherd. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 127.

=Cheremocrătes=, an artist who built Diana’s temple at Ephesus, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Cherisŏphus=, a commander of 800 Spartans, in the expedition which Cyrus undertook against his brother Artaxerxes. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cheronæa.= _See:_Chæronea.

=Cherŏphon=, a tragic writer of Athens, in the age of Philip. _Philostratus_, _Lives_.

=Cherronēsus.= _See:_ Chersonesus.

=Chersias=, an Orchomenian, reconciled to Periander by Chilo. _Pausanias_ praises some of his poetry, bk. 9, ch. 38.

=Chersidămas=, a Trojan killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 259.

=Chersiphro=, an architect, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 14.

=Chersonēsus=, a Greek word, rendered by the Latins _Peninsula_. There were many of these among the ancients, of which these five were the most celebrated: one called _Peloponnesus_; one called _Thracian_, in the south of Thrace and west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades led a colony of Athenians, and built a wall across the isthmus. From its isthmus to its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, extending between the bay of Melas and the Hellespont. The third, called _Taurica_, now _Crim Tartary_, was situate near the Palus Mæotis. The fourth, called _Cimbrica_, now _Jutland_, is in the northern parts of Germany; and the fifth, surnamed _Aurea_, lies in India, beyond the Ganges. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 33; bk. 7, ch. 58.――_Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 2.――――Also a peninsula near Alexandria in Egypt. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 10.

=Cherusci=, a people of Germany, who long maintained a war against Rome. They inhabited the country between the Weser and the Elbe. _Tacitus_.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Chidnæi=, a people near Pontus.

=Chidōrus=, a river of Macedonia near Thessalonica, not sufficiently large to supply the army of Xerxes with water. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 127.

=Chiliarchus=, a great officer of state at the court of Persia. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Conon_.

=Chilius= and =Chileus=, an Arcadian, who advised the Lacedæmonians, when Xerxes was in Greece, not to desert the common cause of their country. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 9.

=Chilo=, a Spartan philosopher who has been called one of the seven wise men of Greece. One of his maxims was “Know thyself.” He died through excess of joy, in the arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at Olympia, B.C. 597. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 33.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――One of the Ephori at Sparta, B.C. 556.

=Chilonis=, the wife of Theopompus king of Sparta. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Chimæra=, a celebrated monster, sprung from Echidna and Typhon, which had three heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon, and continually vomited flames. The fore parts of its body were those of a lion, the middle was that of a goat, and the hinder parts were those of a dragon. It generally lived in Lycia, about the reign of Jobates, by whose orders Bellerophon, mounted on the horse Pegasus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is explained by the recollection that there was a burning mountain in Lycia, called Chimæra, whose top was the resort of lions, on account of its desolate wilderness; the middle, which was fruitful, was covered with goats; and at the bottom the marshy ground abounded with serpents. Bellerophon is said to have conquered the Chimæra, because he first made his habitation on that mountain. Plutarch says that it was the captain of some pirates, who adorned their ship with the images of a lion, a goat, and a dragon. From the union of the Chimæra with Orthos sprung the Sphinx and the lion of Nemæa. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 181.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 322. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 903.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 646.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 288.――――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 118.

=Chimarus=, a river of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Chimerium=, a mountain of Phthiotis, in Thessaly. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Chiomara=, a woman who cut off the head of a Roman tribune when she had been taken prisoner, &c. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.

=Chion=, a Greek writer, whose epistles were edited cum notis Cobergi, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1765.

=Chiŏne=, a daughter of Dædalion, of whom Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her to sleep with his Caduceus, and Apollo, in the night, under the form of an old woman, obtained the same favours as Mercury. From this embrace Chione became mother of Philammon and Autolycus, the former of whom, as being son of Apollo, became an excellent musician; and the latter was equally notorious for his robberies, of which his father Mercury was the patron. Chione grew so proud of her commerce with the gods, that she even preferred her beauty to that of Diana, for which impiety she was killed by the goddess, and changed into a hawk. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 8.――――A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son into the sea, but he was preserved by his father. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――――A famous prostitute. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 34.

=Chionides=, an Athenian poet, supposed by some to be the inventor of comedy.

=Chionis=, a victor at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Chios=, now _Scio_, an island in the Ægean sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some suppose, from Chione, or from χιων, _snow_, which was very frequent there. It was well inhabited, and could once equip 100 ships; and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could contain 80 ships. The wine of this island, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios was anciently called Æthalia, Macris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery committed there for the space of 700 years. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 5; bk. 1, satire 10, li. 24. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Chiron=, a centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had changed himself into a horse, to escape the inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous for his knowledge of music, medicine, and shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants and medicinal herbs: and he instructed in all the polite arts the greatest heroes of his age; such as Achilles, Æsculapius, Hercules, Jason, Peleus, Æneas, &c. He was wounded on the knee by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to his assistance; but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him of immortality. His prayers were heard, and he was placed by the god among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. _Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 5, ch. 19; bk. 9, ch. 31.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 676.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Horace_, epode 13.

=Chloe=, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram was always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is supposed to bear the same signification as _Flava_, so often applied to the goddess of corn. The name, from its signification (χλοη, _herba virens_), has generally been applied to women possessed of beauty and of simplicity.

=Chloreus=, a priest of Cybele, who came with Æneas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 768.――――Another, &c.

=Chloris=, the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5.――――A daughter of Amphion, son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Neleus king of Pylos, by whom she had one daughter and 12 sons, who all, except Nestor, were killed by Hercules. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 280.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 21; bk. 9, ch. 36.――――A prostitute, &c. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 15.

=Chlorus=, a river of Cilicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――Constantine, one of the Cæsars, in Diocletian’s age, who reigned two years after the emperor’s abdication, and died July 25, A.D. 306.

=Choarīna=, a country near India, reduced by Craterus, &c.

=Choaspes=, a son of Phasis, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 585.――――An Indian river. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A river of Media, flowing into the Tigris, and now called _Karun_. Its waters are so sweet, that the kings of Persia drank no other, and in their expeditions they always had some with them which had been previously boiled. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 188.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 40.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Chobus=, a river of Colchis. _Arrian._

=Chœrades= and =Pharos=, two islands opposite Alexandria in Egypt. _Thucydides_, bk. 7, ch. 33.―――― Others in the Euxine sea.――――An island in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 13.

=Chœrĭlus=, a tragic poet of Athens, who wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtained the prize.――――An historian of Samos.――――Two other poets, one of whom was very intimate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the victory which the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of the composition, he received a piece of gold for each verse from the Athenians, and was publicly ranked with Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alexander’s flatterers and friends. It is said the prince promised him as many pieces of gold as there should be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps on his forehead as there were bad; and in consequence of this, scarce six of his verses in each poem were entitled to gold, while the rest were rewarded with castigation. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 232.

=Chœreæ=, a place of Bœotia.

=Chonnidas=, a man made preceptor to Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of Trœzene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to him for the good precepts which he had inculcated into his pupil. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Chonūphis=, an Egyptian prophet. _Plutarch_, _de Genio Socratis_.

=Chorasmi=, a people of Asia near the Oxus. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93.

=Chorineus=, a man killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 571.――――Another. _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 298.――――A priest with Æneas. _Æneid._

=Chorœbus=, a man of Elis, who obtained a prize the first olympiad. _See:_ Corœbus.――――A youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of Cassandra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 341.

=Choromnæi=, a people subdued by Ninus. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Chosroes=, a king of Persia, in Justinian’s reign.

=Chremes=, a sordid old man, mentioned in Terence’s Andria. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 94.

=Chremĕtes=, a river of Libya.

=Chresiphon=, an architect of Diana’s temple in Ephesus. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 14.

=Chresphontes=, a son of Aristomachus. _See:_ Aristodemus.

=Chrestus=, an approved writer of Athens, &c. _Columella_, bk. 1, _de Res Rustica_, ch. 1.

=Chromia=, a daughter of Itonus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Chromios=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle by Hercules.――――A son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Chromis=, a captain in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A young shepherd. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6.――――A Phrygian killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675.――――A son of Hercules. _Statius_, bk. 6, li. 346.

=Chromius=, a son of Pterilaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, survived a battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Spartans. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 82.

=Chronius=, a man who built a temple of Diana at Orchomenos. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.

=Chronos=, the Greek name of Saturn, or time, in whose honour festivals called _Chronia_ were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians, and some of the Greeks.

=Chryasus=, a king of Argos, descended from Inachus.

=Chrysa= and =Chryse=, a town of Cilicia, famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 37.――_Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 174.――――A daughter of Halmus, mother of Phlegias by Mars. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Chrysăme=, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which she sent to the enemies of her country, who ate the flesh, and became delirious, and were an easy conquest. _Polyænus._

=Chrysantas=, a man who refrained from killing another, by hearing a dog bark. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_.

=Chrysanthius=, a philosopher in the age of Julian, known for the great number of volumes which he wrote.

=Chrysantis=, a nymph who told Ceres, when she was at Argos with Pelagus, that her daughter had been carried away. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.

=Chrysaor=, a son of Medusa by Neptune. Some report that he sprung from the blood of Medusa, armed with a _golden sword_, whence his name, χρυσος ἀορ. He married Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimæra. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 295. ――――A rich king of Iberia. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Glaucus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Chrysaoreus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice, where all the Carians assembled upon any public emergency. _Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Chrysaŏris=, a town of Cilicia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2.

=Crysas=, a river of Sicily, falling into the Simæthus, and worshipped as a deity. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, Speech 4, ch. 44.

=Chryseis=, the daughter of Chryses. _See:_ Chryses.

=Chrysermus=, a Corinthian, who wrote a history of Peloponnesus and of India, besides a treatise on rivers. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Chryses=, the priest of Apollo, father of Astynome, called from him _Chryseis_. When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided among the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the wife of Eetion the sovereign of the place, fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon this, went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter’s restoration; and when his prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo, who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to restore Chryseis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 11, &c.――――A daughter of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Chrysippe=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Chrysippus=, a natural son of Pelops, highly favoured by his father, for which Hippodamia, his stepmother, ordered her own sons, Atreus and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his body into a well, on account of which they were banished. Some say that Hippodamia’s sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and that she did it herself. They further say, that Chrysippus had been carried away by Laius king of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his arms when Hippodamia killed him. _Hyginus_, fable 85.――_Plato_, _de Leges_, bk. 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote about 311 treatises. Among his curious opinions was his approbation of a parent’s marriage with his child, and his wish that dead bodies should be eaten rather than buried. He died through excess of wine, or, as others say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass eating figs on a silver plate, 207 B.C., in the 80th year of his age. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.――_Diodorus._――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 40. There were also others of the same name. _Diogenes Laërtius._ ――――A freedman of Cicero.

=Chrysis=, a mistress of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――A priestess of Juno at Mycenæ. The temple of the goddess was burnt by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar of Minerva. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Chrysoaspĭdes=, soldiers in the armies of Persia, whose arms were all covered with silver, to display the opulence of the prince whom they served. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 7.

=Chrysogŏnus=, a freedman of Sylla. _Cicero_, _pro Sexto Roscio Amerino_.――――A celebrated singer in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 74.

=Chrysolāus=, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Chrysondium=, a town of Macedonia. _Polybius_, bk. 5.

=Chrysopŏlis=, a promontory and port of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now _Scutari_.

=Chrysorhoas=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Chrysorrhōæ=, a people in whose country are golden streams.

=Chrysostom=, a bishop of Constantinople, who died A.D. 407, in his 53rd year. He was a great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing the vices of his age, he procured himself many enemies. He was banished for opposing the raising of a statue to the empress, after having displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a sound theologian, and a faithful interpreter of Scripture. Chrysostom’s works were nobly and correctly edited, without a Latin version, by Saville, 8 vols., folio, Etonæ, 1613. They have appeared with a translation, at Paris, editor, Benedictine Montfaucon, 13 vols., folio, 1718

=Chrysothĕmis=, a name given by Homer to Iphigenia daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.――――A Cretan, who first obtained the poetical prize at the Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 7.

=Chryxus=, a leader of the Boii, grandson to Brennus, who took Rome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 148.

=Chthonia=, a daughter of Erechtheus, who married Butes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A surname of Ceres, from a temple built to her by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival there called by the same name, and celebrated every summer. During the celebration, the priests of the goddess marched in procession, accompanied by the magistrates, and a crowd of women and boys in white apparel, with garlands of flowers on their heads. Behind was dragged an untamed heifer, just taken from the herd. When they came to the temple, the victim was let loose, and four old women armed with scythes sacrificed the heifer, and killed her by cutting her throat. A second, a third, and a fourth victim were in a like manner despatched by the old women; and it was observable that they all fell on the same side. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Chthonius=, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 441.――――One of the soldiers who sprang from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus. _Hyginus_, fable 178.――――A son of Ægyptus and Calliadne. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Chitrium=, a name given to part of the town of Clazomenæ.

=Cibalæ=, now _Swilei_, a town of Pannonia, where Licinius was defeated by Constantine. It was the birthplace of Gratian. _Eutropius_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 30, ch. 24.

=Cibarītis=, a country of Asia, near the Mæander.

=Cibyra=, now _Burun_, a town of Phrygia, of which the inhabitants were dexterous hunters. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 2.――――Of Caria.

=Caius Cicereius=, a secretary of Scipio Africanus, who obtained a triumph over the Corsicans. _Livy_, bks. 41 & 42.

=Marcus Tullius Cicero=, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight, and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His mother’s name was Helvia. After displaying many promising abilities at school, he was taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mutius Scævola. He acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired from Rome, which was divided into factions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. He was naturally of a weak and delicate constitution, and he visited Greece on account of his health; though, perhaps, the true cause of his absence from Rome might be attributed to his fear of Sylla. His friends, who were well acquainted with his superior abilities, were anxious for his return; and when at last he obeyed their solicitations, he applied himself with uncommon diligence to oratory, and was soon distinguished above all the speakers of his age in the Roman forum. When he went to Sicily as questor, he behaved with great justice and moderation; and the Sicilians remembered with gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had delivered them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate for the consulship, A.U.C. 691; and the patricians and plebeians were equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, against the efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and required circumspection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate Romans, had conspired against their country, and combined to murder Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused Catiline of treason against the state; but as his evidence was not clear, his efforts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon his guard, and by the information of his friends and the discovery of Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus, whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. After this, Cicero commanded Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city; and this desperate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet the 20,000 men who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of Caius Antony, the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators with death. This capital punishment, though inveighed against by Julius Cæsar as too severe, was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and confirmed by the whole senate. After this memorable deliverance, Cicero received the thanks of all the people, and was styled _The father of his country, and a second founder of Rome_. The vehemence with which he had attacked Clodius proved injurious to him; and when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished from Rome, though 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was not, however, deserted in his banishment. Wherever he went, he was received with the highest marks of approbation and reverence; and when the faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and people were unanimous for his return. After 16 months’ absence, he entered Rome with universal satisfaction; and when he was sent, with the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him successful against the enemy, and at his return he was honoured with a triumph which the factious prevented him to enjoy. After much hesitation during the civil commotions between Cæsar and Pompey, he joined himself to the latter, and followed him to Greece. When victory had declared in favour of Cæsar, at the battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundusium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into the country, and seldom visited Rome. When Cæsar had been stabbed in the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was the most earnest to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when he saw the interest of Cæsar’s murderers decrease, and Antony come into power, he retired to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived in perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus courted the approbation of Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship. But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his former professions of friendship; and when the two consuls had been killed at Mutina, Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate was soon after formed. The great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel and each to despatch his enemies, produced their lists of proscription. About 200 were doomed to death, and Cicero was among the number upon the list of Antony. Augustus yielded a man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and Cicero was pursued by the emissaries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom he had defended upon an accusation of parricide. He had fled in a litter towards the sea of Caieta; and when the assassins came up to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it was severed from the body by Herennius. This memorable event happened in December, 43 B.C., after the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and five days. The head and right hand of the orator were carried to Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum; and so inveterate was Antony’s hatred against the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia, the triumvir’s wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue out of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity what Cicero had once observed, that _no animal is more revengeful than a woman_. Cicero has acquired more real fame by his literary compositions than by his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the abilities which he possessed have been the admiration of every age and country, and his style has always been accounted as the true standard of pure latinity. The words _nascitur poeta_ have been verified in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire of Martial, _Carmina quod scribit musis et Apolline nullo_, though severe, is true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country, but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers, poets as well as historians, for his own improvement. When he travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of his age; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the famous Molo, conduced not a little to perfect his judgment. Like his countrymen he was not destitute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with which he returned from his questorship in Sicily are well known. He was of a timid disposition; and he who shone as the father of Roman eloquence, never ascended the pulpit to harangue without feeling a secret emotion of dread. His conduct during the civil wars is far from that of a patriot; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute, sorry not to follow Pompey and yet afraid to oppose Cæsar, the judgment would almost brand him with the name of coward. In his private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition; and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by adversity, the affability of the friend conciliated the good graces of all. He married Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by whom he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards married a young woman to whom he was guardian; and because she seemed elated at the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of this celebrated man, of which, according to some, the tenth part is scarce extant, have been edited by the best scholars in every country. The most valuable editions of the works complete, are that of Verburgius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1724; that of Olivet, 9 vols., 4to, Geneva, 1758; the Oxford edition, in 10 vols., 4to, 1782; and that of Lallemand, 12mo, 14 vols., Paris apud Barbou, 1768. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Quintilian._――_Dio Cassius._ ――_Appian._――_Florus._――_Cornelius Nepo_, _Atticus_.――_Eutropius._ ――_Cicero_, &c.――――Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken by Augustus as his colleague in the consulship. He revenged his father’s death, by throwing public dishonour upon the memory of Antony. He disgraced his father’s virtues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny observes, he wished to deprive Antony of the honour of being the greatest drunkard in the Roman empire. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_. ――――Quintus, the brother of the orator, was Cæsar’s lieutenant in Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years. He was proscribed with his son at the same time as his brother Tully.――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_. ――_Appian._

=Cicerōnis villa=, a place near Puteoli in Campania. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Cichyris=, a town of Epirus.

=Cicŏnes=, a people of Thrace near the Hebrus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, conquered them, and plundered their chief city Ismarus because they had assisted Priam against the Greeks. They tore to pieces Orpheus for his obscene indulgencies. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 83; bk. 15, li. 313.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 520, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Cilūta=, an old avaricious usurer. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69.

=Cĭlĭcia=, a country of Asia Minor, on the sea coast, at the north of Cyprus, the south of mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates. The inhabitants enriched themselves by piratical excursions, till they were conquered by Pompey. The country was opulent, and was governed by kings, under some of the Roman emperors; but reduced into a province by Vespasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul. It receives its name from Cilix the son of Agenor. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Varro_, _Re Rustica_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 8.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 17, 34.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 11.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27. ――――Part of the country between Æolia and Troas is also called Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 13, calls it Trojan, to distinguish it from the other Cilicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Cilissa=, a town of Phrygia.

=Cilix=, a son of Phœnix, or, according to Herodotus, of Agenor, who, after seeking in vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to which he gave the name of Cilicia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 91.

=Cilla=, a town of Africa Propria. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――――A town of Æolia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 149.――――Of Troas, which received its name, according to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was one of Hippodamia’s suitors, and was killed by Œnomaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 38.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 174.

=Cilles=, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by Demetrius. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Cillus=, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose honour a city was built. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Cilnius=, the surname of Mæcenas.

=Cilo, Junius=, an oppressive governor of Bithynia and Pontus. The provinces carried their complaints against him to Rome; but such was the noise of the flatterers that attended the emperor Claudius, that he was unable to hear them; and when he asked what they had said, he was told by one of Cilo’s friends that they returned thanks for his good administration; upon which the emperor said, “Let Cilo be continued two years longer in his province.” _Dio Cassius_, bk. 60. ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 21.

=Cimber, Tillius=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. He laid hold of the dictator’s robe, which was a signal for the rest to strike. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Cimberius=, a chief of the Suevi.

=Cimbri=, a people of Germany, who invaded the Roman empire with a large army, and were conquered by Marius. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Cimbrīcum bellum=, was begun by the Cimbri and Teutones, by an invasion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. These barbarians were so courageous, and even desperate, that they fastened their first ranks each to the other with cords. In the first battle they destroyed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius and Servilius Cæpo. But when Marius, in his second consulship, was chosen to carry on the war, he met the Teutones at Aquæ Sextiæ, where, after a bloody engagement, he left dead on the field of battle 20,000, and took 90,000 prisoners, B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had formed another army, had already penetrated into Italy, where they were met, at the river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Catulus a year after. An engagement ensued, and 140,000 of them were slain. This last battle put an end to this dreadful war, and the two consuls entered Rome in triumph. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 22; bk. 17, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.

=Cimĭnus=, now _Viterbe_, a lake and mountain of Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 697.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Cimmĕrii=, a people near the Palus Mœotis, who invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon the kingdom of Cyaxeres. After they had been masters of the country for 28 years, they were driven back by Alyattes king of Lydia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. ――――Another nation on the western coast of Italy, generally imagined to have lived in caves near the sea-shore of Campania, and there, in concealing themselves from the light of the sun, to have made their retreat the receptacle of their plunder. In consequence of this manner of living, the country which they inhabited was supposed to be so gloomy, that, to mention a great obscurity, the expression of _Cimmerian darkness_ has proverbially been used. Homer, according to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from this gloomy and dismal country, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed the Styx, the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful abodes of the infernal regions. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 592, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Cimmĕris=, a town of Troas, formerly called Edonis. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Cimmĕrium=, now _Crim_, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, whose inhabitants are called Cimmerii. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Cimōlis= and =Cinolis=, a town of Paphlagonia.

=Cimōlus=, now _Argentiera_, an island in the Cretan sea, producing chalk and fuller’s earth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463. ――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 16.

=Cimon=, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his youth, and his reformation of his morals when arrived to years of discretion. When his father died, he was imprisoned, because unable to pay the fine levied upon him by the Athenians; but he was released from confinement by his sister and wife Elpinice. _See:_ Elpinice. He behaved with great courage at the battle of Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his munificence and valour. He defeated the Persian fleet, and took 200 ships, and totally routed their land army, the very same day. The money that he obtained by his victories was not applied to his own private use; but with it he fortified and embellished the city. He some time after lost all his popularity, and was banished by the Athenians, who declared war against the Lacedæmonians. He was recalled from his exile, and at his return he made a reconciliation between Lacedæmon and his countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to carry on the war against Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships; and on the coast of Asia he gave battle to the enemy, and totally ruined their fleet. He died as he was besieging the town of Citium in Cyprus, B.C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He may be called the last of the Greeks, whose spirit and boldness defeated the armies of the barbarians. He was such an inveterate enemy to the Persian power, that he formed a plan of totally destroying it; and in his wars he had so reduced the Persians, that they promised, in a treaty, not to pass the Chelidonian islands with their fleet, or to approach within a day’s journey of the Grecian seas. The munificence of Cimon has been highly extolled by his biographers, and he has been deservedly praised for leaving his gardens open to the public. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, chs. 100 & 112.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11. ――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――――An Athenian, father of Miltiades. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.――――A Roman, supported in prison by the milk of his daughter.――――An Athenian, who wrote an account of the war of the Amazons against his country.

=Cinæthon=, an ancient poet of Lacedæmon, &c. _See:_ Cinethon.

=Cinaradas=, one of the descendants of Cinyras, who presided over the ceremonies of Venus at Paphos. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Cincia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Cincius tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549. By it no man was permitted to take any money as a gift or a fee in judging a cause. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 4.

=Lucius Quinctius Cincinnātus=, a celebrated Roman, who was informed, as he ploughed his field, that the senate had chosen him dictator. Upon this he left his ploughed land with regret, and repaired to the field of battle, where his countrymen were closely besieged by the Volsci and Æqui. He conquered the enemy and returned to Rome in triumph; and 16 days after his appointment he laid down his office, and retired back to plough his fields. In his 80th year he was again summoned against Præneste as dictator, and after a successful campaign, he resigned the absolute power he had enjoyed only 21 days, nobly disregarding the rewards that were offered him by the senate. He flourished about 460 years before Christ. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26. ――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.

=Lucius Cincius Alimentus=, a pretor of Sicily in the second Punic war, who wrote annals in Greek. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. ――――Marcus a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549, author of the Cincia lex.

=Cineas=, a Thessalian, minister and friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He was sent to Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which he, however, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus that the Roman senate were a venerable assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight with them was to fight against another Hydra. He was of such a retentive memory, that the day after his arrival at Rome he could salute every senator and knight by his name. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 9, ltr. 25.――――A king of Thessaly. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 63.――――An Athenian, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 2, ch. 32.

=Cinesias=, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bœotia, who composed some dithyrambic verses. _Athenæus._

=Cinethon=, a Spartan, who wrote genealogical poems, in one of which he asserted that Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a daughter called Eriopis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.

=Cinga=, now _Cinea_, a river of Spain, flowing from the Pyrenean mountains into the Iberus. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 21.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 48.

=Cingetŏrix=, a prince of Gaul, in alliance with Rome. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――――A prince of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s camp, by order of Cassivelaunus. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 22.

=Cingŭlum=, now _Cingoli_, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants are called _Cingulani_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 10, li. 34.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 11.

=Ciniātā=, a place of Galatia.

=Cinithii=, a people of Africa.

=Lucius Cornelius Cinna=, a Roman who oppressed the republic with his cruelties, and was banished by Octavius, for attempting to make the fugitive slaves free. He joined himself to Marius; and with him, at the head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated his enemies, and made himself consul even to a fourth time. He massacred so many citizens at Rome, that his name became odious; and one of his officers assassinated him at Ancona, as he was preparing war against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia married Julius Cæsar, and became mother of Julia. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_, _Pompey_, & _Sulla_.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 822.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――One of Cæsar’s murderers.――――Caius Helvius Cinna, a poet intimate with Cæsar. He went to attend the obsequies of Cæsar, and being mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, he was torn to pieces. He had been eight years in composing an obscure poem called Smyrna, in which he made mention of the incest of Cinyras. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A grandson of Pompey. He conspired against Augustus, who pardoned him, and made him one of his most intimate friends. He was consul, and made Augustus his heir. _Dio Cassius._――_Seneca_, _de Clementia_, ch. 9.――――A town of Italy, taken by the Romans from the Samnites.

=Cinnadon=, a Lacedæmonian youth, who resolved to put to death the Ephori, and seize upon the sovereign power. His conspiracy was discovered, and he was put to death. _Aristotle._

=Cinnămus=, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed by _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 63.

=Cinniana=, a town of Lusitania, famous for the valour of its citizens. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Cinxia=, a surname of Juno, who presided over marriages, and was supposed to untie the girdles of new brides.

=Cinyps= and =Cinyphus=, a river and country of Africa near the Garamantes, whence Cinyphius. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 312. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 198.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 94.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 272; bk. 15, li. 755.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 787.

=Ciny̆ras=, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus, who married Cenchreis, by whom he had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love with her father; and, in the absence of her mother at the celebration of the festivals of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed by means of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Adonis; and when he knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after she had brought forth, she was changed into a tree, which still bears her name. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed himself. He was so rich, that his opulence, like that of Crœsus, became proverbial. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 9.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_――_Hyginus_, fables 242, 248, &c.――――A son of Laodice. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A man who brought a colony from Syria to Cyprus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A Ligurian, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 186.

=Cios=, a river of Thrace. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A commercial place of Phrygia.――――The name of three cities in Bithynia.

=Cippus=, a noble Roman, who, as he returned home victorious, was told that if he entered the city he must reign there. Unwilling to enslave his country, he assembled the senate without the walls, and banished himself for ever from the city, and retired to live upon a single acre of ground. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 565.

=Circæum=, now _Circello_, a promontory of Latium, near a small town called _Circeii_, at the south of the Pontine marshes. The people were called _Circeienses_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 248.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 799.――_Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 17. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Circe=, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge of magic and venomous herbs. She was sister to Æetes king of Colchis, and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was expelled by her subjects, and carried by her father upon the coasts of Italy, in an island called Ææa. Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war, visited the place of her residence; and all his companions, who ran headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe’s potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all enchantments by a herb called _moly_, which he had received from Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration of his companions to their former state. She complied, and loaded the hero with pleasures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat, Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, or two according to Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot his glory in Circe’s arms, and at his departure the nymph advised him to descend into hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias, concerning the fates that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. _See:_ Scylla and Picus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fables 1 & 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 2; bk. 1, ode 17.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 70; _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 386; bk. 7, li. 10, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 125.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 136, &c. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 956. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Circenses ludi=, games performed in the circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the god Consus, and were first established by Romulus at the rape of the Sabines. They were in imitation of the Olympian games among the Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often called the great games. Their original name was Consualia, and they were first called Circensians by Tarquin the elder after he had built the Circus. They were not appropriated to one particular exhibition; but were equally celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, and boxing. Like the Greeks, the Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium to these five exercises. The celebration continued five days, beginning on the 15th of September. All games in general that were exhibited in the Circus, were soon after called Circensian games. Some sea-fights and skirmishes, called by the Romans Naumachiæ, were afterwards exhibited in the Circus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 636.

=Circius=, a part of mount Taurus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A rapid and tempestuous wind frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in any other country. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 408.

=Circum padani agri=, the country around the river Po. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 35.

=Circus=, a large and elegant building at Rome, where plays and shows were exhibited. There were about eight at Rome; the first, called Maximus Circus, was the grandest, raised and embellished by Tarquin Priscus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round with benches, and could contain, as some report, about 300,000 spectators. It was about 2187 feet long and 960 broad. All the emperors vied in beautifying it, and Julius Cæsar introduced in it large canals of water, which, on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite number of vessels, and represent a sea-fight.

=Ciris=, the name of Scylla daughter of Nisus, who was changed into a bird of the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 151.

=Cirræatum=, a place near Arpinum, where Caius Marius lived when young. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.

=Cirrha= and =Cyrrha=, a town of Phocis, at the foot of Parnassus, where Apollo was worshipped. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 172.

=Cirtha= and =Cirta=, a town of Numidia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Cisalpīna Gallia=, a part of Gaul, called also Citerior and Togata. Its furthest boundary was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps on the Italian side.

=Cispadāna Gallia=, part of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.

=Cisrhenāni=, part of the Germans who lived nearest Rome, on the west of the Rhine. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Cissa=, a river of Pontus.――――An island near Istria.

=Cissēis=, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter of Cisseus.

=Cissēus=, a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba, according to some authors. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 320.――――A son of Melampus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 317.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Cissia=, a country of Susiana, of which Susa was the capital. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 49.

=Cissiæ=, some gates in Babylon. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 155.

=Cissides=, a general of Dionysius, sent with nine galleys to assist the Spartans, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Cissoessa=, a fountain of Bœotia. _Plutarch._

=Cissus=, a mountain of Macedonia.――――A city of Thrace.――――A man who acquainted Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Cissusa=, a fountain where Bacchus was washed when young. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.

=Cistenæ=, a town of Æolia.――――A town of Lycia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Cithæron=, a king who gave his name to a mountain of Bœotia, situate at the south of the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the Muses. Actæon was torn to pieces by his own dogs on this mountain, and Hercules killed there an immense lion. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 303.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Citharista=, a promontory of Gaul.

=Citium=, now _Chitti_, a town of Cyprus, where Cimon died in his expedition against Egypt _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 112.

=Cius=, a town of Mysia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Julius Civīlis=, a powerful Batavian, who raised a sedition against Galba, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 59.

=Cizycum=, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the same as Cyzicus. _See:_ ♦Cyzicus.

♦ ‘Cizycus’ replaced with ‘Cyzicus’.

=Cladeus=, a river of Elis, passing near Olympia, and honoured next to the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Clanes=, a river falling into the Ister.

=Clanis=, a centaur killed by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 379.

=Clanius=, or =Clanis=, a river of Campania. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 225.――――Of Etruria, now _Chiana_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79.

=Clarus=, or =Claros=, a town of Iona, famous for an oracle of Apollo. It was built by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Thebes, after it had been destroyed by the Epigoni. She was so afflicted with her misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, where she first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence surnamed _Clarius_. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 516.――――An island of the Ægean, between Tenedos and Scios. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 33.――――One of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 126.

=Clastidium=, now _Schiatezzo_, a town of Liguria. _Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.――――A village of Gaul. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.

=Claudia=, a patrician family at Rome, descended from Clausus, a king of the Sabines. It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the republic; and it was particularly recorded that there were not less than 28 of that family who were invested with the consulship, five with the office of dictator, and seven with that of censor, besides the honour of six triumphs. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 1.

=Claudia=, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. To show her innocence, she offered to remove a ship which had brought the image of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the shallow places of the river. This had already baffled the efforts of a number of men; and Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the goddess, untied her girdle, and with it easily dragged after her the ship to shore, and by this action was honourably acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 12, li. 52.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 17, li. 34.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 315; _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 144.――――A step-daughter of Marcus Antony, whom Augustus married. He dismissed her undefiled, immediately after the contract of marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with her mother Fulvia. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 62.――――The wife of the poet Statius. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5.――――A daughter of Appius Claudius, betrothed to Tiberias Gracchus.――――The wife of Metellus Celer, sister to Publius Clodius and to Appius Claudius.――――An inconsiderable town of Noricum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A Roman road, which led from the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _ex Ponto_, poem 8, li. 44.――――A tribe which received its name from Appius Claudius, who came to settle at Rome with a large body of attendants. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.――――Quinta, a daughter of Appius Cæcus, whose statue in the vestibulum of Cybele’s temple was unhurt when that edifice was reduced to ashes. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 64.――――Pulchra, a cousin of Agrippina, accused of adultery and criminal designs against Tiberius. She was condemned. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 52.――――Antonia, a daughter of the emperor Claudius, married Cnaeus Pompey, whom Messalina caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Sylla Faustus, by whom she had a son, was called Nero, and she shared his fate, when she refused to marry his murderer.

=Claudia lex=, _de comitiis_, was enacted by Marcus Claudius Marcellus, A.U.C. 702. It ordained, that at public elections of magistrates, no notice should be taken of the votes of such as were absent. ――――Another, _de usurâ_, which forbade people to lend money to minors on condition of payment after the decease of their parents. ――――Another, _de negotiatione_, by Quintus Claudius the tribune, A.U.C. 535. It forbade any senator, or father of a senator, to have any vessel containing above 300 amphoræ, for fear of their engaging themselves in commercial schemes. The same law also forbade the same thing to the scribes and the attendants of the questors, as it was naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connections could not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the interest of the state.――――Another, A.U.C. 576, to permit the allies to return to their respective cities, after their names were enrolled. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 9.――――Another, to take away the freedom of the city of Rome from the colonists, which Cæsar had carried to Novicomum. _Suetonius_, _Julius_, ch. 28.

=Claudiæ aquæ=, the first water brought to Rome by means of an aqueduct of 11 miles, erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 441. _Eutropius_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 29.

=Claudiānus=, a celebrated poet, born at Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honorius and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the corrupt style which prevailed in his age. Scaliger observes that he has supplied the poverty of his matter by the purity of his language, the happiness of his expressions, and the melody of his numbers. As he was the favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the court when his patron was disgraced, and passed the rest of his life in retirement and learned ease. His poems of Rufinus and Eutropius seem to be the best of his compositions. The best editions of his works are those of Burman, 4to, 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1758.

=Claudiopŏlis=, a town of Cappadocia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Claudius I.= (Tiberius Drusus Nero), son of Drusus, Livia’s second son, succeeded as emperor of Rome, after the murder of Caligula, whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. He made himself popular for a while, by taking particular care of the city, and by adorning and beautifying it with buildings. He passed over into Britain, and obtained a triumph for victories which his generals had won, and suffered himself to be governed by favourites, whose licentiousness and avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He married four wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he put to death on account of her lust and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by another called Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the throne. The poison was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not operate fast enough, his physician, by order of the empress, made him swallow a poisoned feather. He died in the 63rd year of his age, 13 October, A.D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; distinguished neither by humanity nor courage, but debased by weakness and irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 60.――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 619. ――_Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.――――The second emperor of that name was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus. He conquered the Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a battle; and after a reign of about two years, died of the plague in Pannonia. The excellence of his character, marked with bravery, and tempered with justice and benevolence, is well known by these words of the senate, addressed to him: _Claudi Auguste, tu frater, tu pater, tu amicus, tu bonus senator, tu vere princeps_.――――Nero, a consul, with Livius Salinator, who defeated and killed Asdrubal, near the river Metaurum, as he was passing from Spain into Italy, to go to the assistance of his brother Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 27, &c. ――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_.――――The father of the emperor Tiberius, questor to Cæsar in the wars of Alexandria.――――Pollos, an historian. _Pliny the Younger_, bk. 7, ltr. 51.――――Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who conquered the Roman at Furcæ Caudinæ, and made them pass under the yoke. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――――Petilius, a dictator, A.U.C. 442.――――Appius, an orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_. _See:_ Appius.――――Appius Cæcus, a Roman censor, who built an aqueduct, A.U.C. 441, which brought water to Rome from Tusculum, at the distance of seven or eight miles. The water was called _Appia_, and it was the first that was brought to the city from the country. Before his age the Romans were satisfied with the waters of the Tiber, or of the fountains and wells in the city. _See: _ Appius. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203. ――_Cicero_, _de Senectute_, ch. 6.――――A pretor of Sicily.――――Publius, a great enemy to Cicero. _See:_ Clodius.――――Marcellus. _See:_ Marcellus.――――Pulcher, a consul, who, when consulting the sacred chickens, ordered them to be dipped in water because they would not eat. _Livy_, bk. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expedition against the Carthaginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Rome. ――――Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Drusus and son of Livia Drusilla, who married Augustus, after his divorce of Scribonia. He married Livia, the emperor’s daughter by Scribonia and succeeded in the empire by the name of Tiberius. _See:_ Tiberius. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 2.――――The name of Claudius is common to many Roman consuls, and other officers of state; but nothing is recorded of them, and their name is but barely mentioned. _Livy._

=Claviēnus=, an obscure poet in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 1, li. 8.

=Clavĭger=, a surname of Janus, from his being represented with a _key_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 228.――――Hercules received also that surname, as he was armed with a _club_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 284.

=Clausius=, or =Clusius=, a surname of Janus.

=Clausus=, or =Claudius=, a king of the Sabines, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was the progenitor of that Appius Claudius, who migrated to Rome, and became the founder of the Claudian family. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 707; bk. 10, li. 345.

=Clazŏmĕnæ= and =Clazŏmĕna=, now _Vourla_, a city of Ionia, on the coasts of the Ægean sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded A.U.C. 98, by the Ionians, and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other illustrious men. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. ――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 39.

=Cleadas=, a man of Platæa, who raised tombs over those who had been killed in the battle against Mardonius. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 85.

=Cleander=, one of Alexander’s officers, who killed Parmenio by the king’s command. He was punished with death, for offering violence to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prostitute to his servants. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 1.――――The first tyrant of Gela. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12.――――A soothsayer of Arcadia. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 83.――――A favourite of the emperor Commodus, who was put to death, A.D. 190, after abusing public justice, and his master’s confidence.

=Cleandridas=, a Spartan general, &c.――――A man punished with death for bribing two of the Ephori.

=Cleanthes=, a stoic philosopher of Assos in Troas, successor of Zeno. He was so poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw out water for a gardener in the night, and study in the daytime. Cicero calls him the father of the stoics; and, out of respect for his virtues, the Roman senate raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said that he starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240. _Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 69; bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Clearchus=, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, Plato’s pupils, during the celebration of the festivals of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of the sovereign power during 12 years, 353 B.C. _Justin_, bk. 16, ch. 4.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――The second tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died B.C. 288. ――――A Lacedæmonian sent to quiet the Byzantines. He was recalled but refused to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who made him captain of 13,000 Greek soldiers. He obtained a victory over Artaxerxes, who was so enraged at the defeat, that when Clearchus fell into his hands by the treachery of Tissaphernes, he put him to immediate death. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a treatise on tactics, &c. _Xenophon._

=Clearides=, a son of Cleonymus governor of Amphipolis. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 132; bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Clemens Romanus=, one of the fathers of the church, said to be contemporary with St. Paul. Several spurious compositions are ascribed to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle to the Corinthians, written to quiet the disturbances that had arisen there. It has been much admired. The best edition is that of Wotton, 8vo, Cambridge, 1718.――――Another of Alexandria, called from thence _Alexandrinus_, who flourished 206 A.D. His works are various, elegant, and full of erudition; the best edition of which is Potter’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1715.――――A senator who favoured the party of Niger against Severus.

=Clementia=, one of the virtues to whom the Romans paid adoration.

=Cleo=, a Sicilian among Alexander’s flatterers. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Cleŏbis= and =Biton=, two youths, sons of Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. When oxen could not be procured to draw their mother’s chariot to the temple of Juno, they put themselves under the yoke, and drew it 45 stadia to the temple, amidst the acclamations of the multitude, who congratulated the mother on account of the filial affection of her sons. Cydippe entreated the goddess to reward the piety of her sons with the best gift that could be granted to a mortal. They went to rest, and awoke no more; and by this the goddess showed, that death is the only true happy event that can happen to man. The Argives raised statues at Delphi. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 47.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Plutarch_, _de Consolatio ad Apollonium_.

=Cleobūla=, the wife of Amyntor, by whom she had Phœnix.――――A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, called also Cleopatra. She married Phineus son of Agenor, by whom she had Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus repudiated her to marry a daughter of Dardanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A woman, mother of a son called Euripides by Apollo. ――――Another, who bore Cepheus and Amphidamus to Ægeus.――――The mother of Pithus. _Hyginus_, fables 14, 97, &c.

=Cleobūlīna=, a daughter of Cleobulus, remarkable for her genius, learning, judgment, and courage. She composed enigmas, some of which have been preserved. One of them runs thus: “A father had 12 children, and these 12 children had each 30 white sons and 30 black daughters, who are immortal, though they died every day.” In this there is no need of an Œdipus to discover that there are 12 months in the year, and that every month consists of 30 days, and of the same number of nights. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Cleobūlus=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Evagoras of Lindos, famous for the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote some few verses, and died in the 70th year of his age, B.C. 564. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_. ――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――An historian. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――One of the Ephori. _Thucydides._

=Cleochares=, a man sent by Alexander to demand Porus to surrender. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 13.

=Cleocharia=, the mother of Eurotas by Lelax. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Cleodæus=, a son of Hyllus. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 52; bk. 7, ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131. He endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus after his father’s death, but to no purpose.

=Cleodamus=, a Roman general under Gallienus.

=Cleodēmus=, a physician. _Plutarch_, _de Convivium Septem Sapientium_.

=Cleodōra=, a nymph, mother of Parnassus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6. ――――One of the Danaides, who married Lyxus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Cleodoxa=, a daughter of Niobe and Amphion, changed into a stone as a punishment for her mother’s pride. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Cleogĕnes=, a son of Silenus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 1.

=Cleolāus=, a son of Hercules, by Argele daughter of Thestius, who, upon the ill success of the Heraclidæ in Peloponnesus, retired to Rhodes with his wife and children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Cleomăchus=, a boxer of Magnesia.

=Cleomantes=, a Lacedæmonian soothsayer. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Cleombrŏtus=, son of Pausanias, a king of Sparta after his brother Agesipolis I. He made war against the Bœotians, and lest he should be suspected of treacherous communication with Epaminondas, he gave that general battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvantageous place. He was killed in the engagement, and his army destroyed, B.C. 371. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――_Xenophon._――――A son-in-law of Leonidas king of Sparta, who for a while usurped the kingdom, after the expulsion of his father-in-law. When Leonidas was recalled, Cleombrotus was banished; and his wife Chelonis, who had accompanied her father, now accompanied her husband in his exile. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Agis_ & _Cleomenes_.――――A youth of Ambracia, who threw himself into the sea, after reading Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 34.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 493.

=Cleomēdes=, a famous athlete of Astypalæa, above Crete. In a combat at Olympia, he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with his fist. On account of this accidental murder, he was deprived of the victory, and he became delirious. In his return to Astypalæa, he entered a school and pulled down the pillars which supported the roof, and crushed to death 60 boys. He was pursued with stones, and he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose doors he so strongly secured, that his pursuers were obliged to break them for access. When the tomb was opened, Cleomedes could not be found either dead or alive. The oracle of Delphi was consulted, and gave this answer, _Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypalæus_. Upon this they offered sacrifices to him as a god. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Cleomĕnes I.=, king of Sparta, conquered the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them by setting fire to a grove where they had fled, and freed Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. By bribing the oracle, he pronounced Demaratus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate, because he had refused to punish the people of Ægina, who had deserted the Greeks. He killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B.C. _Herodotus_, bks. 5, 6, & 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3, &c.

=Cleomĕnes II.=, succeeded his brother Agesipolis II. He reigned 61 years in the greatest tranquillity, and was father to Acrotatus and Cleonymus, and was succeeded by Areus I. son of Acrotatus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Cleomĕnes III.=, succeeded his father Leonidas. He was of an enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the ancient discipline of Lycurgus in its full force, by banishing luxury and intemperance. He killed the Ephori, and removed by poison his royal colleague Eurydamidas, and made his own brother Euclidas king, against the laws of the state, which forbade more than one of the same family to sit on the throne. He made war against the Achæans, and attempted to destroy their league. Aratus the general of the Achæans, who supposed himself inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had fought the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, B.C. 222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Ptolemy Evergetes, where his wife and children had fled before him. Ptolemy received him with great cordiality; but his successor, weak and suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cleomenes killed himself, and his body was flayed and exposed on a cross, B.C. 219. _Polybius_, bk. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 4.

=Cleomĕnes=, a man appointed by Alexander to receive the tributes of Egypt and Africa. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A man placed as arbitrator between the Athenians and the people of Megara.――――An historian.――――A dithyrambic poet of Rhegium.――――A Sicilian contemporary with Verres, whose licentiousness and avarice he was fond of gratifying. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A Lacedæmonian general.

=Cleon=, an Athenian, who, though originally a tanner, became general of the armies of the state, by his intrigues and eloquence. He took Thoron in Thrace, and after distinguishing himself in several engagements, he was killed at Amphipolis, in a battle with Brasidas the Spartan general, 422 B.C. _Thucydides_, bks. 3, 4, &c. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A general of Messenia, who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereignty.――――A statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A poet who wrote a poem on the Argonauts.――――An orator of Halicarnassus, who composed an oration for Lysander, in which he intimated the propriety of making the kingdom of Sparta elective. _Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――A Magnesian, who wrote some commentaries, in which he speaks of portentous events, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――――A Sicilian, one of Alexander’s flatterers. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A tyrant of Sicyon.――――A friend of Phocion.

=Cleōnæ= and =Cleona=, a village of Peloponnesus, between Corinth and Argos. Hercules killed the lion of Nemæa in its neighbourhood, and thence it is called Cleonæus. It was made a constellation. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylvæ_, poem 4, li. 28.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 417.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 32.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15. ――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.――――A town of Phocis.

=Cleōne=, a daughter of Asopus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Cleonīca=, a young virgin of Byzantium, whom Pausanias king of Sparta invited to his bed. She was introduced into his room when he was asleep, and unluckily overturned a burning lamp which was by the side of the bed. Pausanias was awakened at the sudden noise, and thinking it to be some assassin, he seized his sword, and killed Cleonica before he knew who it was. Cleonica often appeared to him, and he was anxious to make a proper expiation to her manes. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c.

=Cleonīcus=, a freedman of Seneca, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 45.

=Cleonnis=, a Messenian who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereign power of his country. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Cleony̆mus=, a son of Cleomenes II., who called Pyrrhus to his assistance, because Areus his brother’s son had been preferred to him in the succession; but the measure was unpopular, and even the women united to repel the foreign prince. His wife was unfaithful to his bed, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――A general who assisted the Tarentines, and was conquered by Æmilius the Roman consul. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A person so cowardly that _Cleonymo timidior_ became proverbial.

=Cleŏpăter=, an officer of Aratus.

=Cleŏpātra=, the granddaughter of Attalus, betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, after he had divorced Olympias. When Philip was murdered by Pausanias, Cleopatra was seized by order of Olympias, and put to death. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A sister of Alexander the Great, who married Perdiccas, and was killed by Antigonus as she attempted to fly to Ptolemy in Egypt. _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 20.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 6; bk. 13, ch. 6.――――A harlot of Claudius Cæsar.――――A daughter of Boreas. _See:_ Cleobula.――――A daughter of Idas and Marpessa, daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. She married Meleager son of king Œneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 552.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Amyntas of Ephesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――――A wife of Tigranes king of Armenia, sister of Mithridates. _Justin_, bk. 38, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Tros and Callirhoe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, who married Alexander Bala, and afterwards Nicanor. She killed Seleucus, Nicanor’s son, because he ascended the throne without her consent. She was suspected of preparing poison for Antiochus her son, and compelled to drink it herself, B.C. 120.――――A wife and sister of Ptolemy Evergetes, who raised her son Alexander a minor, to the throne of Egypt, in preference to his elder brother Ptolemy Lathurus, whose interest the people favoured. As Alexander was odious, Cleopatra suffered Lathurus to ascend the throne, on condition, however, that he should repudiate his sister and wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca his younger sister. She afterwards raised her favourite Alexander to the throne; but her cruelties were so odious, that he fled to avoid her tyranny. Cleopatra laid snares for him; and when Alexander heard it, he put her to death. _Justin_, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.――――A queen of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and wife to Ptolemy Dionysius, celebrated for her beauty and her cunning. She admitted Cæsar to her arms, to influence him to give her the kingdom, in preference to her brother who had expelled her, and had a son by him called Cæsarion. As she had supported Brutus, Antony, in his expedition to Parthia, summoned her to appear before him. She arrayed herself in the most magnificent apparel, and appeared before her judge in the most captivating attire. Her artifice succeeded; Antony became enamoured of her, and publicly married her, forgetful of his connections with Octavia the sister of Augustus. He gave her the greatest part of the eastern provinces of the Roman empire. This behaviour was the cause of a rupture between Augustus and Antony; and these two celebrated Romans met at Actium, where Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, ruined the interest of Antony, and he was defeated. Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, where soon after Antony followed. Antony killed himself upon the false information that Cleopatra was dead; and as his wound was not mortal, he was carried to the queen, who drew him up by a cord from one of the windows of the monument, where she had retired and concealed herself. Antony soon after died of his wounds; and Cleopatra, after she had received pressing invitations from Augustus, and even pretended declarations of love, destroyed herself by the bite of an asp not to fall into the conqueror’s hands. She had previously attempted to stab herself, and had once made a resolution to starve herself. Cleopatra was a voluptuous and extravagant woman, and in one of the feasts she gave to Antony at Alexandria, she melted pearls in her drink to render her entertainment more sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of appearing dressed as the goddess Isis; and she advised Antony to make war against the richest nations, to support her debaucheries. Her beauty has been greatly commended, and her mental perfections so highly celebrated, that she has been described as capable of giving audience to the ambassadors of seven different nations, and of speaking their various languages as fluently as her own. In Antony’s absence, she improved the public library of Alexandria, with the addition of that of Pergamus. Two treatises, _De medicamene faciei epistolæ eroticæ_, and _De morbis mulierum_, have been falsely attributed to her. She died B.C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years, aged 39. Egypt became a Roman province at her death. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Appian_, bk. 5, _Civil Wars_.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _Antonius_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 21, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 17. ――――A daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, who married Philometor, and afterwards Physcon of Cyrene.

=Cleopatris=, or =Arsinoe=, a fortified town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf.

=Cleophănes=, an orator.

=Cleophanthus=, a son of Themistocles, famous for his skill in riding.

=Cleŏphes=, a queen of India, who submitted to Alexander, by whom, as some suppose, she had a son. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.

=Cleophŏlus=, a Samian, who wrote an account of Hercules.

=Cleŏphon=, a tragic poet of Athens.

=Cleophȳlus=, a man whose posterity saved the poems of Homer. _Plutarch._

=Cleopompus=, an Athenian, who took Thronium, and conquered the Locrians, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, chs. 26 & 58.――――A man who married the nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. As Cleodora was beloved by Neptune, some have supposed that she had two husbands. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Cleoptolĕmus=, a man of Chalcis, whose daughter was given in marriage to Antiochus. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 11.

=Cleŏpus=, a son of Codrus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Cleora=, the wife of Agesilaus. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.

=Cleostrătus=, a youth devoted to be sacrificed to a serpent among the Thespians, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――――An ancient philosopher and astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before Christ. He first found the constellations of the zodiac, and reformed the Greek calendar.

=Cleoxĕnus=, wrote a history of Persia.

=Clepsy̆dra=, a fountain of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.

=Cleri=, a people of Attica.

=Clesides=, a Greek painter, about 276 years before Christ, who revenged the injuries he had received from queen Stratonice, by representing her in the arms of a fisherman. However indecent the painter might represent the queen, she was drawn with such personal beauty, that she preserved the piece, and liberally rewarded the artist.

=Cleta= and =Phaenna=, two of the Graces, according to some. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Clidēmus=, a Greek who wrote the history of Attica. _Vossius_, _historicis græcis_, bk. 3.

=Climax=, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by the projection of a brow into the Mediterranean sea. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Climĕnus=, a son of Arcas descended from Hercules.

=Clinias=, a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, 520 years before the christian era. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 23.――――A son of Alcibiades, the bravest man in the Grecian fleet that fought against Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 17.――――The father of Alcibiades, killed at the battle of Coronea. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――The father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B.C. 263. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.――――A friend of Solon. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Clinippĭdes=, an Athenian general in Lesbos. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.

=Clinus= of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks in the pay of king Nectanebus. He was killed, with some of his troops, by Nicostratus and the Argives, as he passed the Nile. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Clio=, the first of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over history. She is represented crowned with laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and a book in the other. Sometimes she holds a _plectrum_ or quill with a lute. Her name signifies honour and reputation (κλεος, _gloria_); and it was her office faithfully to record the actions of brave and illustrious heroes. She had Hyacintha by Pierus son of Magnus. She was also mother of Hymenæus and Ialemus, according to others. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 75.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――――One of Cyrene’s nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341.

=Clisithera=, a daughter of Idomeneus, promised in marriage to Leucus, by whom she was murdered.

=Clisthĕnes=, the last tyrant of Sicyon. _Aristotle._――――An Athenian of the family of Alcmæon. It is said that he first established ostracism, and that he was the first who was banished by that institution. He banished Isagoras, and was himself soon after restored. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 66, &c. ――――A person censured as effeminate and incontinent. _Aristotle_. ――――An orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 7.

=Clitæ=, a people of Cilicia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 55.――――A place near mount Athos. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 11.

=Clitarchus=, a man who made himself absolute at Eretria, by means of Philip of Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion.――――An historian, who accompanied Alexander the Great, of whose life he wrote the history. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Clite=, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung herself when she saw her husband dead. _Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Orpheus._

=Cliternia=, a town of Italy. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Clitodēmus=, an ancient writer. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 15.

=Clitomăchus=, a Carthaginian philosopher of the third academy, who was pupil and successor to Carneades at Athens, B.C. 128. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――An athlete of a modest countenance and behaviour. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 30.

=Clitonymus=, wrote a treatise on Sybaris and Italy.

=Clitophon=, a man of Rhodes, who wrote a history of India, &c.

=Clitor=, a son of Lycaon.――――A son of Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia, called after his name. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8. Ceres, Æsculapius, Ilythia, the Dioscuri, and other deities, had temples in that city. There is also in this town a fountain called _Clitorium_, whose waters gave a dislike for wine. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 322.――_Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.――――A river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Clitoria=, the wife of Cimon the Athenian.

=Clitumnus=, a river of Campania, whose waters, when drunk, made oxen white. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 10, li. 25.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 146.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.

=Clitus=, a familiar friend and foster-brother of Alexander. Though he had saved the king’s life in a bloody battle, yet Alexander killed him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a feast, he preferred the actions of Philip to those of his son. Alexander was inconsolable for the loss of his friend, whom he had sacrificed in the hour of his drunkenness and dissipation. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 6. ――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, &c.――――A commander of Polyperchon’s ships, defeated by Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 18. ――――An officer sent by Antipater, with 240 ships, against the Athenians, whom he conquered near the Echinades. _Diodorus_, bk. 18. ――――A Trojan prince killed by Teucer.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a book on Miletus.

=Cloacīna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the Cloacæ. Some suppose her to be Venus, whose statue was found in the _Cloacæ_, whence the name. The Cloacæ were large receptacles for the filth and dung of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the elder, and finished by Tarquin the Proud. They were built all under the city; so that, according to an expression of Pliny, Rome seemed to be suspended between heaven and earth. The building was so strong, and the stones so large, that though they were continually washed by impetuous torrents, they remained unhurt during above 700 years. There were public officers chosen to take care of the Cloacæ, called _Curatores Cloacarum urbis_. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 48.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Cloanthus=, one of the companions of Æneas, from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome were descended. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 122.

=Clodia=, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated for her lasciviousness. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An opulent matron at Rome, mother of Decimus Brutus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.――――A vestal virgin. _See:_ Claudia.――――Another of the same family who successfully repressed the rudeness of a tribune that attempted to stop the procession of her father in his triumph through the streets of Rome. _Cicero_, _For Marcus Cælius_.――――A woman who married Quintus Metellus, and afterwards disgraced herself by her amours with Cœlius, and her incest with her brother Publius, for which he is severely and eloquently arraigned by Cicero. _For Marcus Cælius._

=Clodia lex=, _de Cypro_, was enacted by the tribune Clodius, A.U.C. 695, to reduce Cyprus into a Roman province, and expose Ptolemy king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. It empowered Cato to go with the pretorian power and see the auction of the king’s goods, and commissioned him to return the money to Rome.――――Another, _de Magistratibus_, A.U.C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade the censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon any person who had not been actually accused and condemned by both the censors. ――――Another, _de Religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 696, to deprive the priest of Cybele, a native of Pessinus, of his office, and confer the priesthood upon Brotigonus, a Gallogrecian.――――Another, _de Provinciis_, A.U.C. 696, which nominated the provinces of Syria, Babylon, and Persia, to the consul Gabinius; and Achaia, Thessaly, Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, with proconsular power. It empowered them to defray the expenses of their march from the public treasury.――――Another, A.U.C. 695, which required the same distribution of corn among the people _gratis_, as had been given them before at six _asses_ and a _triens_ the bushel.――――Another, A.U.C. 695 by the same, _de Judiciis_. It called to an account such as had executed a Roman citizen without a judgment of the people, and all the formalities of a trial.――――Another, by the same, to pay no attention to the appearances of the heavens, while any affair was before the people.――――Another, to make the power of the tribunes free, in making and proposing laws.――――Another, to re-establish the companies of artists, which had been instituted by Numa, but since his time abolished.

=Clodii forum=, a town of Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Publius Clōdius=, a Roman descended from an illustrious family, and remarkable for his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He committed incest with his three sisters, and introduced himself in women’s clothes into the house of Julius Cæsar, whilst Pompeia, Cæsar’s wife, of whom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries of Ceres, where no man was permitted to appear. He was accused for this violation of human and divine laws; but he corrupted his judges, and by that means screened himself from justice. He descended from a patrician into a plebeian family to become a tribune. He was such an enemy to Cato, that he made him go with pretorian power in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the difficulty of the campaign, he might ruin his reputation, and destroy his interest at Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by his uncommon success, frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also an inveterate enemy to Cicero; and by his influence he banished him from Rome, partly on pretence that he had punished with death, and without trial, the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero’s house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to sale; which, however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. In spite of Clodius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods restored to him. Clodius was some time after murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero took upon himself. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――_Appian_ _on Cicero_, bk. 2.――_Cicero_, _for Milo_ & _On his House_.――_Dio Cassius._――――A certain author, quoted by _Plutarch_.――――Licinius, wrote a history of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 22.――――Quirinalis, a rhetorician in Nero’s age. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Sextus, a rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with Marcus Antony, whose preceptor he was. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Rhetoricians_.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_.

=Clœlia=, a Roman virgin, given, with other maidens, as hostages to Porsonna king of Etruria. She escaped from her confinement, and swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her unprecedented virtue was rewarded by her countrymen with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 651.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 265.――――A patrician family descended from Clœlius, one of the companions of Æneas. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Clœliæ fossæ=, a place near Rome. _Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.

=Clœlius Gracchus=, a general of the Volsci and Sabines against Rome, conquered by Quinctius Cincinnatus the dictator.――――Tullus, a Roman ambassador, put to death by Tolumnius king of the Veientes.

=Clonas=, a musician. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.

=Clonia=, the mother of Nycteus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Clonius=, a Bœotian, who went with 50 ships to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A Trojan killed by Messapus in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 749.――――Another, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 574.

=Clotho=, the youngest of the three Parcæ, daughter of Jupiter and Themis, or, according to Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside over the moment that we are born. She held the distaff in her hand, and spun the thread of life, whence her name (κλωθειν, _to spin_). She was represented wearing a crown with seven stars, and covered with a variegated robe. _See:_ Parcæ. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 218. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Cluacīna=, a name of Venus, whose statue was erected in that place where peace was made between the Romans and Sabines, after the rape of the virgins. _See:_ Cloacina.

=Cluentius=, a Roman citizen, accused by his mother of having murdered his father, 54 years B.C. He was ably defended by Cicero, in an oration still extant. The family of the Cluentii was descended from Cloanthus, one of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 122.――_Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_.

=Cluilia fossa=, a place five miles distant from Rome. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 39.

=Clŭpea= and =Cly̆pea=, now _Aklibia_, a town of Africa Propria, 22 miles east of Carthage, which receives its name from its exact resemblance to a shield, _clypeus_. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 586. ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 29.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Clusia=, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of whom Valerius Torquatus the Roman general became enamoured. He asked her of her father, who slighted his addresses; upon which he besieged and destroyed his town. Clusia threw herself down from a high tower, and came to the ground unhurt. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Clusīni fontes=, baths in Etruria. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 9.

=Clusium=, now _Chiusi_, a town of Etruria, taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Porsena was buried there. At the north of Clusium there was a lake called _Clusina lacus_, which extended northward as far as Arretium, and had a communication with the Arnus, which falls into the sea at Pisa. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, lis. 167 & 655.

=Clusius=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. _Polybius_, bk. 2.――――The surname of Janus, when his temple was shut. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 130.

=Cluvia=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 49.

=Cluvius Rufus=, a questor, A.U.C. 693. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 56.――――A man of Puteoli appointed by Cæsar to divide the lands of Gaul, &c. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ch. 7.

=Clymĕne=, a daughter of Oceanus and ♦Tethys, who married Japetus, by whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Menœtius, and Epimetheus. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――One of the Nereides, mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter. _Hyginus_.――――The mother of Thesimenus by Parthenopæus. _Hyginus_, fable 71.――――A daughter of Mymas, mother of Atalanta by Jasus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Crateus, who married Nauplius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――The mother of Phaeton by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 756.――――A Trojan woman. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――The mother of Homer. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24. ――――A female servant of Helen, who accompanied her mistress to Troy, when she eloped with Paris. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 267. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 144.

♦ ‘Thetys’ replaced with ‘Tethys’

=Clymeneĭdes=, a patronymic given to Phaeton’s sisters, who were daughters of Clymene.

=Clymĕnus=, a king of Orchomenos, son of Presbon and father of Erginus, Stratius, Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which he died. His son Erginus, who succeeded him, made war against the Thebans, to revenge his death. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37.――――One of the descendants of Hercules, who built a temple to Minerva of Cydonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――A son of Phoroneus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.――――A king of Elis. _Pausanias._――――A son of Œneus king of Calydon.

=Clysony̆mus=, a son of Amphidamas, killed by Patroclus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Clytemnestra=, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda. She was born, together with her brother Castor, from one of the eggs which her mother brought forth after her amour with Jupiter, under the form of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamemnon king of Argos. She had before married Tantalus son of Thyestes, according to some authors. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he left his cousin Ægysthus to take care of his wife, of his family, and all his domestic affairs. Besides this, a certain favourite musician was appointed by Agamemnon to watch over the conduct of the guardian as well as that of Clytemnestra. In the absence of Agamemnon, Ægysthus made his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived with her. Her infidelity reached the ears of Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, and he resolved to take full revenge upon the adulterers at his return. He was prevented from putting his scheme into execution; Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered him at his arrival, as he came out of the bath, or, according to other accounts, as he sat down at a feast prepared to celebrate his happy return. Cassandra, whom Agamemnon had brought from Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes would also have been deprived of his life, like his father, had not his sister Electra removed him from the reach of Clytemnestra. After this murder, Clytemnestra publicly married Ægysthus, and he ascended the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an absence of seven years, returned to Mycenæ, resolved to avenge his father’s murder. He concealed himself in the house of his sister Electra, who had been married by the adulterers to a person of mean extraction and indigent circumstances. His death was publicly announced; and when Ægysthus and Clytemnestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to return thanks to the god for the death of the surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes, who with his faithful friend Pylades had concealed himself in the temple, rushed upon the adulterers and killed them with his own hand. They were buried without the walls of the city, as their remains were deemed unworthy to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. _See: _ Ægysthus, Agamemnon, Orestes, Electra. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 18 & 22.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_.――_Hyginus_, fables 117 & 140.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 19.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 471.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Clytia=, or =Clytie=, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She was deserted by her lover, who paid his addresses to Leucothoe; and this so irritated her, that she discovered the whole intrigue to her rival’s father. Apollo despised her the more for this, and she pined away, and was changed into a flower, commonly called a sunflower, which still turns its head towards the sun in his course, as in pledge of her love. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 3, &c.――――A daughter of Amphidamus, mother of Pelops by Tantalus.――――A concubine of Amyntor son of Phrastor, whose calumny caused Amyntor to put out the eyes of his falsely accused son Phœnix. ――――A daughter of Pandarus.

=Clytius=, a son of Laomedon by Strymo. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.――――A youth in the army of Turnus, beloved by Cydon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 325.――――A giant, killed by Vulcan, in the war waged against the gods. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――The father of Pireus, who faithfully attended Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 251. ――――A son of Æolus, who followed Æneas in Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 744.――――A son of Alcmæon the son of Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.

=Clytus=, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed by Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 302.

=Cnacadium=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Cnacălis=, a mountain of Arcadia, where festivals were celebrated in honour of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Cnagia=, a surname of Diana.

=Cnemus=, a Macedonian general, unsuccessful in an expedition against the Acarnanians. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.

=Cneus=, or =Cnæus=, a prænomen common to many Romans.

=Cnidinium=, a name given to a monument near Ephesus.

=Cnidus= and =Gnidus=, a town and promontory of Doris in Caria. Venus was the chief deity of the place, and had there a famous statue made by Praxiteles. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 30.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.

=Cnopus=, one of the descendants of Codrus, who went to settle a colony, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Cnossia=, a mistress of Menelaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Cnossus=, or =Gnossus=, a town of Crete, about 25 stadia from the sea. It was built by Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 27.

=Co=, =Coos=, and =Cos=, now _Zia_, one of the Cyclades, situate near the coasts of Asia, about 15 miles from the town of Halicarnassus. Its town is called Cos, and anciently bore the name of Astypalæa. It gave birth to Hippocrates, Apelles, and Simonides, and was famous for its fertility, for the wine and silkworms which it produced, and for the manufacture of silk and cotton of a beautiful and delicate texture. The women of the island always dressed in white; and their garments were so clear and thin, that their bodies could be seen through, according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9. The women of Cos were changed into cows by Venus or Juno; whom they reproached for suffering Hercules to lead Geryon’s flocks through their territories. _Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 29.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 101.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 23. ――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 2; bk. 2, poem 1, li. 5; bk. 4, poem 2, li. 23.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 298.

=Coamani=, a people of Asia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Coastræ=, and =Coactræ=, a people of Asia near the Palus Mæotis. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 246.

=Cobares=, a celebrated magician of Media, in the age of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Cōcălus=, a king of Sicily, who hospitably received Dædalus, when he fled before Minos. When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters of Cocalus destroyed him. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 261. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Cocceius Nerva=, a friend of Horace and Mecænas, and grandfather to the emperor Nerva. He was one of those who settled the disputes between Augustus and Antony. He afterwards accompanied Tiberius in his retreat in Campania, and starved himself to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 58; bk. 6, ch. 26.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 27.――――An architect of Rome, one of whose buildings is still in being, the present cathedral of Naples.――――A nephew of Otho. _Plutarch._――――A man to whom Nero granted a triumph, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 72.

=Coccygius=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Cocintum=, a promontory of the Brutii, now Cape _Stilo_.

=Cocles Publius Horatius=, a celebrated Roman, who, alone, opposed the whole army of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while his companions behind him were cutting off the communication with the other shore. When the bridge was destroyed, Cocles, though severely wounded in the leg by the darts of the enemy, leaped into the Tiber, and swam across with his arms. A brazen statue was raised to him in the temple of Vulcan, by the consul Publicola, for his eminent services. He had the use only of _one eye_, as _Cocles_ signifies. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 650.

=Coctiæ= and =Cottiæ=, certain parts of the Alps, called after Coctius, the conqueror of the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus. _Tacitus_, _Histories_.

=Cocȳtus=, a river of Epirus. The word is derived from κωκυειν, _to weep and to lament_. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of its water, and above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, have made the poets call it one of the rivers of hell, hence _Cocytia virgo_, applied to Alecto, one of the furies. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 38; bk. 4, li. 479; _Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 297, 323; bk. 7, li. 479. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――――A river of Campania, flowing into the Lucrine lake.

=Codanus sinus=, one of the ancient names of the Baltic. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Codomănus=, a surname of Darius III. king of Persia.

=Codrĭdæ=, the descendants of Codrus, who went from Athens at the head of several colonies. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Codropŏlis=, a town of Illyricum.

=Codrus=, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, son of Melanthus. When the Heraclidæ made war against Athens, the oracle declared that the victory would be granted to that nation whose king was killed in battle. The Heraclidæ upon this gave strict orders to spare the life of Codrus; but the patriotic king disguised himself, and attacked one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called the father of his country. He reigned 21 years, and was killed 1070 years before the christian era. To pay greater honour to his memory, the Athenians made a resolution that no man after Codrus should reign in Athens under the name of king, and therefore the government was put into the hands of perpetual archons. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A man who, with his brothers, killed Hegesias tyrant of Ephesus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 49.――――A Latin poet contemporary with Virgil. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7. ――――Another in the reign of Domitian, whose poverty became a proverb. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 203.

=Cœcilus=, a centurion. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_.

=Cœla=, a place in the bay of Eubœa. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 47.――――A part of Attica. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Cœlaletæ=, a people of Thrace.

=Cœlesyria= and =Cœlosyria=, a country of Syria, between mount Libanus and Antilibanus, where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capital was Damascus.――――Antiochus Cyzicenus gave his name to that part of Syria which he obtained as his share when he divided his father’s dominions with Grypus, B.C. 112. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Cœlia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_. The Cœlian family, which was plebeian, but honoured with the consulship, was descended from Vibenna Cœles, an Etrurian, who came to settle at Rome in the age of Romulus.

=Cœlius=, a Roman, defended by Cicero.――――Two brothers of Tarracina accused of having murdered their father in his bed. They were acquitted when it was proved that they were both asleep at the time of the murder. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――――A general of Carbo.――――An orator. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_. ――――A lieutenant of Antony’s.――――Cursor, a Roman knight, in the age of Ticerius.――――A man who, after spending his all in dissipation and luxury, became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 69.――――A Roman historian, who flourished B.C. 121. ――――A hill of Rome. _See:_ Cælius.

=Cœlus=, or =Urānus=, an ancient deity, supposed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra, whom he afterwards married. The number of his children, according to some, amounted to 45. They were called Titans, and were so closely confined by their father, that they conspired against him, and were supported by their mother, who provided them with a scythe. Saturn armed himself with this scythe, and deprived his father of the organs of generation, as he was going to unite himself to Terra. From the blood which issued from the wound, sprang the giants, furies, and nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown into the sea, and from them, and the foam which they occasioned, arose Venus the goddess of beauty. _Hesiod_, &c.

=Cœnus=, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law to Parmenio. He died of a distemper, in his return from India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 3. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Cœrănus=, a stoic philosopher. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 52. ――――A person slain by Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 157.――――A Greek, charioteer to Merion. He was killed by Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 610.

=Coes=, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign master of his country by Darius. His countrymen stoned him to death. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, chs. 11 & 38.

=Coeus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra. He was father of Latona, Asteria, &c., by Phœbe. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 135 & 405.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 279.――――A river of Messenia, flowing by Electra. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Cogamus=, a river of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Cogidūnus=, a king of Britain, faithful to Rome. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 14.

=Cohibus=, a river of Asia, near Pontus.

=Cohors=, a division in the Roman armies, consisting of about 600 men. It was the tenth part of a legion, and consequently its number was under the same fluctuation as that of the legions, being sometimes more and sometimes less.

=Colænus=, a king of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to some accounts. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.

=Colaxias=, one of the remote ancestors of the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.

=Colaxes=, a son of Jupiter and Ora. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 48.

=Colchi=, the inhabitants of Colchis.

=Colchis= and =Colchos=, a country of Asia, at the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of Iberia, now called _Mingrelia_. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, and as the birthplace of Medea. It was fruitful in poisonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants were originally Egyptians, who settled there when Sesostris king of Egypt extended his conquests in the north. From the country arises the epithets of _Colchus_, _Colchicus_, _Colchiachus_, and Medea receives the name of _Colchis_. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 640.――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 418.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13, li. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 24; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 28. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Colenda=, a town of Spain.

=Colias=, now _Agio Nicolo_, a promontory of Attica, in the form of a man’s foot, where Venus had a temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 96.

=Collatia=, a town on the Anio, built by the people of Alba. It was there that Sextus Tarquin offered violence to Lucretia. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 37, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 774.

=Lucius Tarquinius Collatīnus=, a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia, to whom Sextus Tarquin offered violence. He, with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and were made first consuls. As he was one of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all the Roman people, he laid down his office of consul, and retired to Alba in voluntary banishment. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――One of the seven hills of Rome.

=Collīna=, one of the gates of Rome, on mount Quirinalis. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 871.――――A goddess at Rome, who presided over hills. One of the original tribes established by Romulus.

=Collucia=, a lascivious woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 306.

=Junius Colo=, a governor of Pontus, who brought Mithridates to the emperor Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 21.

=Colōnæ=, a place of Troas. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Colōne=, a city of Phocis,――――of Erythræa,――――of Thessaly,――――of Messenia.――――A rock of Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus.

=Colōnia Agrippina=, a city of Germany on the Rhine, now _Cologne_. ――――Equestris, a town on the lake of Geneva, now _Noyon_. ――――Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now _Terrouen_, in Artois. ――――Norbensis, a town of Spain, now _Alcantara_.――――Trajana, or Ulpia, a town of Germany, now _Kellen_, near Cleves.――――Valentia, a town of Spain, which now bears the same name.

=Colōnos=, an eminence near Athens, where Œdipus retired during his banishment, from which circumstance Sophocles has given the title of Œdipus _Coloneus_ to one of his tragedies.

=Colŏphon=, a town of Ionia, at a small distance from the sea, first built by Mopsus the son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Codrus. It was the native country of Mimnermus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one of the cities which disputed for the honour of having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a temple there. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 20.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 54.――_Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 8.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 8.

=Colosse= and =Colossis=, a large town of Phrygia, near Laodicea, of which the government was democratical, and the first ruler called archon. One of the first christian churches was established there, and one of St. Paul’s epistles was addressed to it. _Pliny_, bk. 21, ch. 9.

=Colossus=, a celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the two moles which formed the entrance of the harbour, and ships passed full sail between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and everything in equal proportion, and few could clasp round its thumb. It was the work of Chares the disciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 years in making it. It was begun 300 years before Christ; and after it had remained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was partially demolished by an earthquake, 224 B.C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from which could easily be discerned the shores of Syria, and the ships that sailed on the coast of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which were hung on the neck of the statue. It remained in ruins for the space of 894 years; and the Rhodians, who had received several large contributions to repair it, divided the money amongst themselves, and frustrated the expectations of the donors, by saying that the oracle of Delphi forbade them to raise it up again from its ruins. In the year 672 of the christian era, it was sold by the Saracens, who were masters of the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose value has been estimated at 36,000_l._ English money.

=Colotes=, a Teian painter, disciple of Phidias. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 8.――――A disciple of Epictetus.――――A follower of Epicurus, accused of ignorance by _Plutarch_.――――A sculptor who made a statue of Æsculapius. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Colpe=, a city of Ionia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Colubraria=, now _Monte Colubre_, a small island at the east of Spain, supposed to be the same as Ophiusa. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Columbra=, a dove, the symbol of Venus among the poets. This bird was sacred to Venus, and received divine honours in Syria. Doves disappeared once every year at Eryx, where Venus had a temple, and they were said to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither she went to pass nine days, after which they returned. Doves were supposed to give oracles in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 17.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Columella Lucius Junius Moderatus=, a native of Gades, who wrote, among other works, 12 books on agriculture, of which the tenth, on gardening, is in verse. The style is elegant, and the work displays the genius of a naturalist, and the labours of an accurate observer. The best edition of Columella is that of Gesner, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735, and reprinted there 1772.

=Columnæ Hercŭlis=, a name given to two mountains on the extremest parts of Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterranean. They were called _Calpe_ and _Abyla_, the former on the coast of Spain, and the latter on the side of Africa, at the distance of only 18 miles. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and they were supposed to have been joined, till the hero separated them, and opened a communication between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas.――――Protei, the boundaries of Egypt, or the extent of the kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was supposed to be built near them, though Homer places them in the island Pharos. _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 351.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 262.

=Colūthus=, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who wrote a short poem on the rape of Helen, an imitation of Homer. The composition remained long unknown, till it was discovered at Lycopolis in the 15th century, by the learned cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, as some suppose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus.

=Colyttus=, a tribe of Athens.

=Comagēna=, a part of Syria, above Cilicia, extending on the east as far as the Euphrates. Its chief town was called Samosata, the birthplace of Lucian. _Strabo_, bks. 11 & 17.

=Comāna= (a and orum), a town of Pontus. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 34.――――Another in Cappadocia, famous for a temple of Bellona, where there were above 6000 ministers of both sexes. The chief priest among them was very powerful, and knew no superior but the king of the country. This high office was generally conferred upon one of the royal family. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 66. ――_Flaccus_, bk. 7, li. 636.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Comania=, a country of Asia.

=Comarea=, the ancient name of Cape _Comorin_ in India.

=Comări=, a people of Asia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Comărus=, a port in the bay of Ambracia, near Nicopolis.

=Comastus=, a place of Persia.

=Combabus=, a favourite of Stratonice wife of Antiochus.

=Combe=, a daughter of Ophius, who first invented a brazen suit of armour. She was changed into a bird, and escaped from her children, who had conspired to murder her. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 382.

=Combi=, or =Ombi=, a city of Egypt on the Nile. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 35.

=Combrēa=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Combutis=, a general under Brennus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 22.

=Comētes=, the father of Asterion, and one of the Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 356.――――One of the Centaurs, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 284.――――A son of Thestius, killed at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.――――One of the Magi, intimate with Cambyses king of Persia. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――An adulterer of Ægiale.――――A son of Orestes.

=Cometho=, a daughter of Pterilaus, who deprived her father of a golden hair in his head, upon which depended his fate. She was put to death by Amphitryon for her perfidy. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Quintus Cominius=, a Roman knight, who wrote some illiberal verses against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 31.

=Comitia= (orum), an assembly of the Roman people. The word is derived from _Comitium_, the place where they were convened, _quasi a cum eundo_. The Comitium was a large hall, which was left uncovered at the top, in the first ages of the republic; so that the assembly was often dissolved in rainy weather. The Comitia were called, some _consularia_, for the election of the consuls; others _prætoria_, for the election of pretors, &c. These assemblies were more generally known by the name of _Comitia_, _Curiata_, _Centuriata_, and _Tributa_. The _Curiata_ was when the people gave their votes by curiæ. _Centuriata_ were not convened in later times. _See:_ Centuria. Another assembly was called _Comitia Tributa_, where the votes were received from the whole tribes together. At first the Roman people were divided only into three tribes; but as their numbers increased, the tribes were at last swelled to 35. The object of these assemblies was the electing of magistrates, and all the public officers of state. They could be dissolved by one of the tribunes, if he differed in opinion from the rest of his colleagues. If one among the people was taken with the falling sickness, the whole assembly was immediately dissolved, whence that disease is called _morbus comitialis_. After the custom of giving their votes _vivâ voce_ had been abolished, every one of the assembly, in the enacting of a law, was presented with two ballots, on one of which were the letters U. R., that is, _uti rogas_, be it as is required; on the other was an A., that is, _antiquo_, which bears the same meaning as _antiquam volo_, I forbid it; the old law is preferable. If the number of ballots with U. R. was superior to the A.’s, the law was approved constitutionally; if not, it was rejected. Only the chief magistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, had the privilege of convening these assemblies. There were only these eight of the magistrates who had the power of proposing a law, the consuls, the dictator, the pretor, the interrex, the decemvirs, the military tribunes, the kings, and the triumvirs. These were called _majores magistratus_; to whom one of the _minores magistratus_ was added, the tribune of the people.

=Comius=, a man appointed king over the Attrebates, by Julius Cæsar, for his services. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 21.

=Commagēne.= _See:_ Comagena.

=Commodus Lucius Aurelius Antoninus=, son of Marcus Antoninus, succeeded his father in the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel, and fond of indulging his licentious propensities; and regardless of the instructions of philosophers, and of the decencies of nature, he corrupted his own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as many boys, for his illicit pleasures. Desirous to be called Hercules, like that hero he adorned his shoulders with a lion’s skin, and armed his hands with a knotted club. He showed himself naked in public, and fought with the gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in killing the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. He required divine honours from the senate, and they were granted. He was wont to put such an immense quantity of gold dust in his hair, that when he appeared bare-headed in the sunshine, his head glittered as if surrounded with sunbeams. Martia, one of his concubines, whose death he had prepared, poisoned him; but as the poison did not quickly operate, he was strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 31st year of his age, and the 13th of his reign, A.D. 192. It has been observed, that he never trusted himself to a barber, but always burnt his beard, in imitation of the tyrant Dionysius. _Herodian._

=Commoris=, a village of Cilicia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 4.

=Comon=, a general of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 26.

=Compĭtālia=, festivals celebrated by the Romans the 12th of January and the 6th of March, in the cross ways, in honour of the household gods called Lares. Tarquin the Proud, or, according to some, Servius Tullius, instituted them on account of an oracle which ordered him to offer heads to the Lares. He sacrificed to them human victims; but Junius Brutus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, thought it sufficient to offer them only poppy heads, and men of straw. The slaves were generally the ministers, and during the celebration they enjoyed their freedom. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 140.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.

=Compsa=, now _Consa_, a town of the Hirpini in Italy, at the east of Vesuvius.

=Compustus=, a river of Thrace, falling into the lake Bistonis. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Compusa=, a town of Bithynia.

=Comum=, now _Como_, a town at the north of Insubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, in the modern duchy of Milan. It was afterwards called _Novo Comum_ by Julius Cæsar, who transplanted a colony there, though it resumed its ancient name. It was the birthplace of the younger Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Livy_, bk. 34, chs. 36 & 37.――_Suetonius_, _Julius_, ch. 28.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 1, ltr. 3.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 35.

=Comus=, the god of revelry, feasting, and nocturnal entertainments. During his festivals, men and women exchanged each other’s dress. He was represented as a young and drunken man, with a garland of flowers on his head, and a torch in his hand, which seemed falling. He is more generally seen sleeping upon his legs, and turning himself when the heat of the falling torch scorched his side. _Philostratus_, bk. 2, _Imagines_.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones romanæ_.

=Concăni=, a people of Spain, who lived chiefly on milk mixed with horses’ blood. Their chief town, _Concana_, is now called _Sanlinala_, or _Cangas de Onis_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 463.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 361.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 34.

=Concerda=, a town belonging to Venice in Italy.

=Concordia=, the goddess of peace and concord at Rome, to whom Camillus first raised a temple in the Capitol, where the magistrates often assembled for the transaction of public business. She had, besides this, other temples and statues, and was addressed to promote the peace and union of families and citizens. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_. ――_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _On his House_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 639; bk. 6, li. 637.

=Condate=, a town of Gaul, now _Rennes_ (_Rhedonum urbs_), in Britany.

=Condlaus=, an avaricious officer, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_.

=Condivicnum=, a town of Gaul, now _Nantes_, in Britany.

=Condochātes=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges.

=Condrūsi=, a people of Belgium, now _Condrotz_, in Liege. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Condy̆lia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Cone=, a small island at the mouth of the Ister, supposed to be the same as the _insula Conopôn_ of _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 200.

=Conetōdūnus= and =Cotuatus=, two desperate Gauls, who raised their countrymen against Rome, &c.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Confluentes=, a town at the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine, now _Coblentz_.

=Confucius=, a Chinese philosopher, as much honoured among his countrymen as a monarch. He died about 479 years B.C.

=Congēdus=, a river of Spain. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 9.

=Coniăci=, a people of Spain, at the head of the Iberus. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Conimbrĭca=, a town of Spain, now _Coimbra_ of Portugal.

=Conisaltus=, a god worshipped at Athens, with the same ceremonies as Priapus at Lampsacus. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Coniscī=, a people of Spain.

=Connīdas=, the preceptor of Theseus, in whose honour the Athenians instituted a festival called _Connideia_. It was then usual to sacrifice to him a ram. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Conon=, a famous general of Athens, son of Timotheus. He was made governor of all the islands of the Athenians, and was defeated in a naval battle by Lysander, near the Ægospotamos. He retired in voluntary banishment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and afterwards to Artaxerxes king of Persia, by whose assistance he freed his country from slavery. He defeated the Spartans near Cnidos, in an engagement, where Pisander, the enemy’s admiral, was killed. By his means the Athenians fortified their city with a strong wall, and attempted to recover Ionia and Æolia. He was perfidiously betrayed by a Persian, and died in prison, B.C. 393. _Cornelius Nepos_, _De Viris Illustribus_.――_Plutarch_, _Lysander_ & _Artaxerxes_.――_Isocrates. _――――A Greek astronomer of Samos, who, to gain the favour of Ptolemy Evergetes, publicly declared that the queen’s locks, which had been dedicated in the temple of Venus, and had since disappeared, were become a constellation. He was intimate with Archimedes, and flourished 247 B.C. _Catullus_, poem 67.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3, li. 40.――――A Grecian mythologist in the age of Julius Cæsar, who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, still extant, preserved by Photius.――――There was a treatise written on Italy by a man of the same name.

=Consentes=, the name which the Romans gave to the 12 superior gods, the _Dii majorum gentium_. The word signifies as much as _consentientes_, that is, who consented to the deliberations of Jupiter’s council. They were 12 in number, whose names Ennius has briefly expressed in these lines:

_Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars, Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo._ _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_

=Consentia=, now _Cosenza_, a town in the country of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 28, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Considius Æquus=, a Roman knight, &c. _Tacitus._――――Caius, one of Pompey’s adherents, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Consilinum=, a town of Italy. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Constans=, a son of Constantine. _See:_ Constantius.

=Constantia=, a granddaughter of the great Constantine, who married the emperor Gratian.

=Constantīna=, a princess, wife of the emperor Gallus.――――Another of the imperial family.

=Constantinopŏlis=, now _Stamboul_, formerly Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble and magnificent city, built by Constantine the Great, and solemnly dedicated A.D. 330. It was the capital of the eastern Roman empire, and was called after its foundation, _Roma nova_, on account of its greatness, which seemed to rival Rome. The beauty of its situation, with all its conveniences, have been the admiration of every age. Constantinople became long the asylum of science and of learned men, but upon its conquest by Mahomet II., 28th May, 1453, the professors retired from the barbarity of their victors, and found in Italy the protection which their learning deserved. This migration was highly favourable to the cause of science, and whilst the Pope, the head of the house of Medicis, and the emperor, munificently supported the fugitives, other princes imitated their example, and equally contributed to the revival of literature in Europe.

=Constantīnus=, surnamed _the Great_, from the greatness of his exploits, was son of Constantius. As soon as he became independent he assumed the title of Augustus, and made war against Licinius, his brother-in-law and colleague on the throne, because he was cruel and ambitious. He conquered him, and obliged him to lay aside the imperial power. It is said that as he was going to fight against Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in the sky, with this inscription, ἐν τουτῳ νικα, _in hoc vince_. From this circumstance he became a convert to christianity and obtained an easy victory, ever after adopting a cross or _abarum_ as his standard. After the death of Diocletian, Maximian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Licinius, who had reigned together, though in a subordinate manner, Constantine became sole emperor, and began to reform the state. He founded a city in the most eligible situation, where old Byzantium formerly stood, and called it by his own name, _Constantinopolis_. Thither he transported part of the Roman senate; and by keeping his court there, he made it the rival of Rome, in population and magnificence, and from that time the two imperial cities began to look upon each other with an eye of envy; and soon after the age of Constantine, a separation was made of the two empires, and Rome was called the capital of the western, and Constantinopolis was called the capital of the eastern, dominions of Rome. The emperor has been distinguished for personal courage, and praised for the protection which he extended to the christians. He at first persecuted the Arians, but afterwards inclined to their opinions. His murder of his son Crispus has been deservedly censured. By removing the Roman legions from the garrisons on the rivers, he opened an easy passage to the barbarians, and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. He defeated 100,000 Goths, and received into his territories 300,000 Samartians, who had been banished by their slaves, and allowed them land to cultivate. Constantine was learned, and preached as well as composed many sermons, one of which remains. He died A.D. 337, after a reign of 31 years of the greatest glory and success. He left three sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius, among whom he divided his empire. The first, who had Gaul, Spain, and Britain for his portion, was conquered by the armies of his brother Constans, and killed in the 25th year of his age, A.D. 340. Magnentius, the governor of the provinces of Rhætia, murdered Constans in his bed, after a reign of 13 years over Italy, Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius, the only surviving brother, now become the sole emperor, A.D. 353, punished his brother’s murderer, and gave way to cruelty and oppression. He visited Rome, where he displayed a triumph, and died in his march against Julian, who had been proclaimed independent emperor by his soldiers.――――The name of Constantine was very common to the emperors of the east, in a later period.――――A private soldier in Britain, raised on account of his name to the imperial dignity. ――――A general of Belisarius.

=Constantius Chlorus=, son of Eutropius and father of the great Constantine, merited the title of Cæsar, which he obtained by his victories in Britain and Germany. He became the colleague of Galerius, on the abdication of Docletian; and after bearing the character of a humane and benevolent prince, he died at York, and made his son his successor, A.D. 306.――――The second son of Constantine the Great. _See:_ Constantinus.――――The father of Julian and Gallus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, and died A.D. 337. ――――A Roman general of Nyssa, who married Placidia the sister of Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an honour he enjoyed only seven months. He died universally regretted, 421 A.D., and was succeeded by his son Valentinian in the west.――――One of the servants of Attila.

=Consuāles Ludi=, or =Consuālia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Consus, the god of counsel, whose altar Romulus discovered under the ground. This altar was always covered, except at the festival, when a mule was sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhibited in honour of Neptune. It was during these festivals that Romulus carried away the Sabine women who had assembled to be spectators of the games. They were first instituted by Romulus. Some say, however, that Romulus only regulated and reinstituted them after they had been before established by Evander. During the celebration, which happened about the middle of August, horses, mules, and asses were exempted from all labour, and were led through the streets adorned with garlands and flowers. _Ausonius_, bk. 69, li. 9.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 199.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Consul=, a magistrate at Rome, with regal authority for the space of one year. There were two consuls, a _consulendo_, annually chosen in the Campus Martius. The two first consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, chosen A.U.C. 244, after the expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages of the republic, the two consuls were always chosen from patrician families, or noblemen; but the people obtained the privilege, A.U.C. 388, of electing one of their consuls from their own body; and sometimes both were plebeians. The first consul among the plebeians was Lucius Sextius. It was required that every candidate for the consulship should be 43 years of age, called _legitimum tempus_. He was always to appear at the election as a private man, without a retinue; and it was requisite, before he canvassed for the office, to have discharged the inferior functions of questor, edile, and pretor. Sometimes these qualifications were disregarded. Valerius Corvinus was made a consul in his 23rd year, and Scipio in his 24th. Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus, were also under the proper age when they were invested with the office, and Pompey had never been questor or pretor. The power of the consuls was unbounded, and they knew no superior but the gods and the laws; but after the expiration of their office, their conduct was minutely scrutinized by the people, and ♦misbehaviour was often punished by the laws. The badge of their office was the _prætexta_, a robe fringed with purple, afterwards exchanged for the _toga picta_ or _palmata_. They were preceded by 12 lictors, carrying the _fasces_, or bundle of sticks, in the middle of which appeared an axe. The axe, as being the characteristic rather of tyranny than of freedom, was taken away from the _fasces_ by Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his successor. The consuls took it by turns, monthly to be preceded by the lictors while at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons with their badges of royal authority should raise apprehensions in the multitude. While one appeared publicly in state, only a crier walked before the other, and the lictors followed behind without the fasces. Their authority was equal; yet the Valerian law gave the right of priority to the older, and the Julian law to him who had the most children, and he was generally called _consul major_ or _prior_. As their power was absolute, they presided over the senate, and could convene and dismiss it at pleasure. The senators were their counsellors; and among the Romans, the manner of reckoning their years was by the name of the consuls, and by _Marcus Tullius Cicerone_ & _L. Antonio Consulibus_, for instance, the year of Rome 691 was always understood. This custom lasted from the year of Rome 244 till the year 1294, or 541st year of the christian era, when the consular office was totally suppressed by Justinian. In public assemblies the consuls sat in ivory chairs and held in their hands an ivory wand, called _scipio eburneus_, which had an eagle on its top, as a sign of dignity and power. When they had drawn by lot the provinces over which they were to preside during their consulship, they went to the Capitol to offer their prayers to the gods, and entreat them to protect the republic; after this they departed from the city, arrayed in their military dress, and preceded by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces were assigned them, without drawing by lot, by the will and appointment of the senators. At their departure they were provided by the state with whatever was requisite during their expedition. In their provinces they were both attended by the 12 lictors, and equally invested with regal authority. They were not permitted to return to Rome without the special command of the senate, and they always remained in their province till the arrival of their successor. At their return they harangued the people, and solemnly protested that they had done nothing against the laws or interest of their country, but had faithfully and diligently endeavoured to promote the greatness and welfare of the state. No man could be consul two following years; yet this institution was sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected consul, after the expiration of his office, during the Cimprian war. The office of consul, so dignified during the times of the commonwealth, became a mere title under the emperors, and retained nothing of its authority but the useless ensigns of original dignity. Even the office of consul, which was originally annual, was reduced to two or three months by Julius Cæsar; but they who were admitted on the 1st of January denominated the year, and were called _ordinarii_. Their successors, during the year, were distinguished by the name of _suffecti_. Tiberius and Claudius abridged the time of the consulship, and the emperor Commodus made no less than 25 consuls in one year. Constantine the Great renewed the original institution, and permitted them to be a whole year in office.――――Here is annexed a list of the consuls from the establishment of the consular power to the battle of Actium, in which it may be said that the authority of the consuls was totally extinguished.

♦ ‘misbehavour’ replaced with ‘misbehaviour’

The first two consuls, chosen about the middle of June, A.U.C. 244, were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. Collatinus retired from Rome as being of the family of the Tarquins, and Publius Valerius was chosen in his room. When Brutus was killed in battle, Spurius Lucretius was elected to succeed him; and after the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius was chosen for the rest of the year with Valerius Publicola. The first consulship lasted about 16 months, during which the Romans fought against the Tarquins, and the Capitol was dedicated.

A.U.C. 246. Publius Valerius Publicola 2; Titus Lucretius. Porsenna supported the claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Cocles, Scævola, and Clœlia.

A.U.C. 247. Publius Lucretius, or Marcus Horatius; Publius Valerius Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsenna continued.

A.U.C. 248. Spurius Lartius; Titus Herminus. Victories obtained over the Sabines.

A.U.C. 249. Marcus Valerius; Publius Postumius. Wars with the Sabines continued.

A.U.C. 250. Publius Valerius 4; Titus Lucretius 2.

A.U.C. 251. Agrippa Menenius; Publius Postumius 2. The death of Publicola.

A.U.C. 252. Opiter Virginius; Spurius Cassius. Sabine war.

A.U.C. 253. Postumius Cominius; Titus Lartius. A conspiracy of slaves at Rome.

A.U.C. 254. Servvius Sulpicius; Marcus Tullus.

A.U.C. 255. Publius Veturius Geminus; Titus Æbutius Elva.

A.U.C. 256. Titus Lartius 2; Quintus Clœlius. War with the Latins.

A.U.C. 257. Aulus Sempronius Atratinus; Marcus Minucius.

A.U.C. 258. Aulus Postumius; Titus Virginius. The battle of Regillæ.

A.U.C. 259. Appius Claudius; Publius Servilius. War with the Volsci.

A.U.C. 260. Aulus Virginius; Titus Veturius. The dissatisfied people retired to Mons Sacer.

A.U.C. 261. Postumius Cominius 2; Spurius Cassius 2. A reconciliation between the senate and people, and the election of the tribunes.

A.U.C. 262. Titus Geganius; Publius Minucius. A famine at Rome.

A.U.C. 263. Marcus Minucius 2; Aulus Sempronius 2. The haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to the populace.

A.U.C. 264. Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus; Spurius Lartius Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci.

A.U.C. 265. Caius Julius; Paius Pinarius. The Volsci make declarations of war.

A.U.C. 266. Spurius Nautius; Sextus Furius. Coriolanus forms the siege of Rome. He retires at the entreaties of his mother and wife, and dies.

A.U.C. 267. Titus Sicinius; Caius Aquilius. The Volsci defeated.

A.U.C. 268. Spurius Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. Cassius aspires to tyranny.

A.U.C. 269. Servius Cornelius; Quintus Fabius. Cassius is condemned, and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.

A.U.C. 270. Lucius Æmilius; Cæsio Fabius. The Æqui and Volsci defeated.

A.U.C. 271. Marcus Fabius; Lucius Valerius.

A.U.C. 272. Qucius Fabius 2; Caius Julius. War with the Æqui.

A.U.C. 273. Cæsio Fabius 2; Spurius Furius. War continued with the Æqui and Veientes.

A.U.C. 274. Marcus Fabius 2; Cnæus Manlius. Victory over the Hernici.

A.U.C. 275. Cæsio Fabius 3; Titus Virginius. The march of the Fabii to the river Cremera.

A.U.C. 276. Lucius Æmilius 2; C. Servilius. The wars continued against the neighbouring states.

A.U.C. 277. Caius Horatius; Titus Menenius. The defeat and death of the 300 Fabii.

A.U.C. 278. Spurius Servilius; Aulus Virginius. Menenius brought to his trial for the defeat of the armies under him.

A.U.C. 279. Caius Nautius; Publius Valerius.

A.U.C. 280. Lucius Furius; Cublius Manlius. A truce of 40 years granted to the Veientes.

A.U.C. 281. Lucius Æmilius 3; Virginius or Vopiscus Julius. The tribune Genutius murdered in his bed for his seditions.

A.U.C. 282. Lucius Pinarius; Publius Furius.

A.U.C. 283. Appius Claudius; Titus Quintius. The Roman army suffer themselves to be defeated by the Volsci on account of their hatred to Appius, while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully obeyed against the Æqui.

A.U.C. 284. Lucius Valerius 2; Tiberius Æmilius. Appius is cited to take his trial before the people, and dies before the day of trial.

A.U.C. 285. Titus Numicius Priscus; Aulus Virginius.

A.U.C. 286. Tulus Quintius 2; Quintus Servilius.

A.U.C. 287. Tiberius Æmilius 2; Quintus Fabius.

A.U.C. 288. Quintus Servilius 2; Spurius Postumius.

A.U.C. 289. Quintus Fabius 2; Titus Quintius 3. In the census made this year, which was the ninth, there were found 124,214 citizens in Rome.

A.U.C. 290. Aulus Postumius; Spurius Furius.

A.U.C. 291. Lucius Æbutius; Publius Servilius. A plague at Rome.

A.U.C. 292. Lucius Lucretius Tricipitinus; Titus Veturius Geminus.

A.U.C. 293. Publius Volumnius; Servius Sulpicius. Dreadful prodigies at Rome, and seditions.

A.U.C. 294. Caius Claudius; Publius Valerius 2. A Sabine seizes the Capitol, and is defeated and killed. Valerius is killed in an engagement, and Cincinnatus is taken from the plough, and made dictator; he quelled the dissensions at Rome, and returned to his farm.

A.U.C. 295. Quintus Fabius 3; Lucius Cornelius. The census made the Romans amount to 132,049.

A.U.C. 296. Lucius Minucius; Caius Nautius 2. Minucius is besieged in his camp by the Æqui; and Cincinnatus, being elected dictator, delivers him, obtains a victory, and lays down his power 16 days after his election.

A.U.C. 297. Quintus Minucius; Caius Horatius. War with the Æqui and Sabines. Ten tribunes elected instead of five.

A.U.C. 298. Marcus Valerius; Spurius Virginius.

A.U.C. 299. Titus Romilius; Caius Veturius.

A.U.C. 300. Spurius Tarpeius; Aulus Aterius.

A.U.C. 301. Publius Curiatius; Sextus Quintilius.

A.U.C. 302. Titus Menenius; Publius Cestius Capitolinus. The Decemvirs reduce the laws into 12 tables.

A.U.C. 303. Appius Claudius; Titus Genutius; Publius Cestius, &c. The Decemvirs assume the reins of government, and preside with consular power.

A.U.C. 304 & 305. Appius Claudius; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Cornelius, &c. The Decemvirs continued. They act with violence. Appius endeavours to take possession of Virginia, who is killed by her father. The Decemvirs abolished, and Valerius Potitus, Marcus Horatius Barbatus, are created consuls for the rest of the year. Appius is summoned to take his trial. He dies in prison, and the rest of the Decemvirs are banished.

A.U.C. 306. Lars Herminius; Titus Virginius.

A.U.C. 307. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Caius Julius. Domestic troubles.

A.U.C. 308. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 4; Agrippa Furius. The Æqui and Volsci come near the gates of Rome, and are defeated.

A.U.C. 309. Marcus Genucius; Caius Curtius. A law passed to permit the patrician and plebeian families to intermarry.

A.U.C. 310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of consuls. The plebeians admitted among them. The first were Aulus Sempronius; Lucius Atilius; Titus Clœlius. They abdicated three months after their election, and consuls were again chosen. Lucius Papirius Mugillanus; Lucius Sempronius Atratinus.

A.U.C. 311. Marcus Geganius Macerinus 2; Titus Quintius Capitolinus 5. The censorship instituted.

A.U.C. 312. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Postumius Æbutius Cornicen.

A.U.C. 313. Caius Furius Pacilus; Maius Papirius Crassus.

A.U.C. 314. Proculus Geganius Macerinus; Lucius Menenius Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Mælius attempts to make himself king.

A.U.C. 315. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa Menenius Lanatus.

A.U.C. 316. Mamercus Æmilius; Lucius Quintius; Lucius Julius. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 317. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Sergius Fidenas. Tolumnius king of the Veientes killed by Cossus, who takes the second royal spoils called _Opima_.

A.U.C. 318. Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis; Lucius Papirius Crassus.

A.U.C. 319. Caius Julius; Lucius Virginius.

A.U.C. 320. Caius Julius 2; Lucius Virginius 2. The duration of the censorship limited to 18 months.

A.U.C. 321. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Fossius; Lucius Sergius Fidenas. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 322. Lucius Pinarius Mamercus; Lucius Furius Medullinus; Spurius Postumius Albus. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 323. Titus Quintius Cincinnatus; Caius Julius Manto; consuls. A victory over the Veientes and Fidenates by the dictator Posthumius.

A.U.C. 324. Caius Papirius Crassus; Lucius Julius.

A.U.C. 325. Lucius Sergius Fidenas 2; Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus.

A.U.C. 326. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Titus Quintus Pennus 2.

A.U.C. 327. Servilius Ahala; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus 2.

A.U.C. 328. Titus Quintius Pennus; Caius Furius; Marcus Posthumius; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. Military tribunes, all of patrician families. Victory over the Veientes.

A.U.C. 329. Aarcus Sempronius Atratinus; Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus; Lucius Furius Medullinus; Lucius Horatius Barbatus.

A.U.C. 330. Appius Claudius Crassus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 331. Caius Sempronius Atratinus; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much dissatisfaction to the people.

A.U.C. 332. Lucius Manlius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; Titus Quinctius Capitolinus.

A.U.C. 334. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 3; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2; Mucius Manlius; Aulus Sempronius Atratinus. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 335. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 336. Lucius Sergius Fidenas; Marcus Papirius Mugillanus; Caius Servilius.

A.U.C. 337. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus 2, &c.

A.U.C. 338. Agrippa Sempronius Atratinus 3, &c.

A.U.C. 339. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c.

A.U.C. 340. Cnæus Cornelius Cossus, &c. One of the military tribunes stoned to death by the army.

A.U.C. 341. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus, consuls. Domestic seditions.

A.U.C. 342. Quintus Fabius Ambustus; Caius Furius Pacilus.

A.U.C. 343. Marcus Papirius Atratinus. Spurius Nautius Rutilus.

A.U.C. 344. Mamercus Æmilius; Caius Valerius Potitus.

A.U.C. 345. Cnaeus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2. Plebeians for the first time questors.

A.U.C. 346. Caius Julius, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 347. Lucius Furius Medullinus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 348. Publius & Cnæus Cornelii Cossi, &c. Military tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first received pay.

A.U.C. 349. Titus Quintius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes. The siege of Veii begun.

A.U.C. 350. Caius Valerius Potitus &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 351. Manlius Æmilius Mamercinus, &c. The Roman cavalry begin to receive pay.

A.U.C. 352. Caius Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at Veii, occasioned by a quarrel between two of the military tribunes.

A.U.C. 353. Lucius Valerius Potitus 4; Marcus Furius Camillus 2, &c. A military tribune chosen from among the plebeians.

A.U.C. 354. Publius Licinius Calvus, &c.

A.U.C. 355. Marcus Veturius, &c.

A.U.C. 356. Lucius Valerius Potitus 5; Marcus Furius Camillus 3, &c.

A.U.C. 357. Lucius Julius Iulus, &c.

A.U.C. 358. Publius Licinius, &c. Camillus declared dictator. The city of Veii taken by means of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph.

A.U.C. 359. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c. The people wished to remove to Veii.

A.U.C. 360. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.; Falisci surrendered to the Romans.

A.U.C. 361. Lucius Lucretius Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus, Consuls, after Rome had been governed by military tribunes for 15 successive years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing to Veii, and it is rejected.

A.U.C. 362. Lucius Valerius Potitus; Mucius Manlius. One of the censors dies.

A.U.C. 363. Lucius Lucretius, &c. Military tribunes. A strange voice heard, which foretold the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, and soon after march towards Rome.

A.U.C. 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The Romans defeated at Allia, by the Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camillus declared dictator by the senate, who had retired into the Capitol. The geese save the Capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes and defeats the Gauls.

A.U.C. 365. Lucius Valerius Poplicola 3; Lucius Virginius, &c. Camillus declared dictator, defeats the Volsci, Æqui, and Tuscans.

A.U.C. 366. Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus; Quintus Servilius Fidenas; Lucius Julius Iulus.

A.U.C. 367. Lucius Papirius; Cnæus Sergius; Lucius Æmilius, &c.

A.U.C. 368. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.

A.U.C. 369. Aulus Manlius; Publius Cornelius, &c. The Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty.

A.U.C. 370. Servius Cornelius Maluginensis; Publius Valerius Potitus; Marcus Furius ♦Camillus. Manlius is condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.

♦ ‘Carnillus’ replaced with ‘Camillus’

A.U.C. 371. Lucius Valerius; Aulus Manlius; Servius Sulpicius, &c.

A.U.C. 372. Spurius & Lucius Papirii, &c.

A.U.C. 373. Marcus Furius Camillus; Lucius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 374. Lucius & Publius Valerii.

A.U.C. 375. Cnæus Manlius, &c.

A.U.C. 376. Spurius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 377. Lucius Æmilius, &c.

A.U.C. 378. } For five years anarchy at Rome. No consuls or A.U.C. 379. } military tribunes elected, but only for that A.U.C. 380. } time, Lucius Sextinus; Caius Licinius Calvus A.U.C. 381. } Stolo, tribunes of the people. A.U.C. 382. }

A.U.C. 383. Lucius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 384. Quintus Servilius; Caius Veturius, &c. Ten magistrates are chosen to take care of the Sibylline books.

A.U.C. 385. Lucius Qunitus Capitolinus; Spurius Servilius, &c.

A.U.C. 386. According to some writers, Camillus this year was sole dictator, without consuls or tribunes.

A.U.C. 387. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Veturius Crassus, &c. The Gauls defeated by Camillus. One of the consuls for the future to be elected from among the plebeians.

A.U.C. 388. Lucius Æmilius, patrician; Lucius Sextius, plebeian; consuls. The offices of pretor and curule ædile granted to the senate by the people.

A.U.C. 389. Lucius Genucius; Quintus Servilius. Camillus died.

A.U.C. 390. Caius Sulpicius Peticus; Caius Licinius Stolo.

A.U.C. 391. Cnæus Genucius; Lucius Æmilius.

A.U.C. 392. Quintus Servilius Ahala 2; Lucius Genucius 2. Curtius devotes himself to the _Dii manes_.

A.U.C. 393. Caius Sulpicius 2; Caius Licinius 2. Manlius conquers a Gaul in single battle.

A.U.C. 394. Caius Petilius Balbus; Marcus Fabius Ambustus.

A.U.C. 395. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Manlius.

A.U.C. 396. Caius Fabius; Caius Plautius. Gauls defeated.

A.U.C. 397. Caius Marcinus; Cnæus Manlius 2.

A.U.C. 398. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 2; Marcus Popilius Lænas 2. A dictator elected from the plebeians for the first time.

A.U.C. 399. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 3; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 2; both of patrician families.

A.U.C. 400. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 3; Titus Quintius.

A.U.C. 401. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 4; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 3.

A.U.C. 402. Publius Valerius Poplicola 4; Caius Marcius Rutilus.

A.U.C. 403. Gaius Sulpicius Peticus 5; Titus Quinctius Pennus. A censor elected for the first time from the plebeians.

A.U.C. 404. Marcus Popilius Lænas 3; Lucius Cornelius Scipio.

A.U.C. 405. Lucius Furius Camillus; Appius Claudius Crassus. Valerius surnamed Corvinus, after conquering a Gaul.

A.U.C. 406. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Popilius Lænas 4. Corvus was elected at 23 years of age, against the standing law. A treaty of amity concluded with Carthage.

A.U.C. 407. Titus Manlius Torquatus; Caius Plautius.

A.U.C. 408. Marcus Valerius Corvus 2; Caius Pætilius.

A.U.C. 409. Marcus Fabius Dorso; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus.

A.U.C. 410. Caius Marcius Rutilus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 411. Marcus Valerius Corvus 3; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. The Romans begin to make war against the Samnites, at the request of the Campanians. They obtained a victory.

A.U.C. 412. Caius Marcius Rutilus 4; Quintus Servilius.

A.U.C. 413. Caius Plautinus; Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus.

A.U.C. 414. Titus Manlius Torquatus 3; Publius Decius Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great in Asia. Manlius puts his son to death for fighting against his order. Decius devotes himself for the army, which obtains a great victory over the Latins.

A.U.C. 415. Tiberius Æmilius Mamercinus; Quintus Publilius Philo.

A.U.C. 416. Lucius Furius Camillus; Caius Mænius. The Latins conquered.

A.U.C. 417. Caius Sulpicius Longus; Publius Ælius Pætus. The pretorship granted to a plebeian.

A.U.C. 418. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Cæso Duillius.

A.U.C. 419. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

A.U.C. 420. Titus Veturius; Spurius Posthumius.

A.U.C. 421. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Caius Pætilius Libo.

A.U.C. 422. Aulus Cornelius 2; Cnæus Domitius.

A.U.C. 423. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Valerius Potitus.

A.U.C. 424. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Caius Plautius Venno.

A.U.C. 425. Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus 2; Caius Plautius.

A.U.C. 426. Publius Plautius Proculus; Publius Cornelius Scapula.

A.U.C. 427. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Quintus Publilius Philo 2.

A.U.C. 428. Caius Pætilius; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus.

A.U.C. 429. Lucius Furius Camillus 2; Ducius Junius Brutus Scæva. The dictator Papirius ♦Cursor is for putting to death Fabius his master of horse, because he fought in his absence, and obtained a famous victory. He pardons him.

♦ ‘Curso’ replaced with ‘Cursor’

A.U.C. 430. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator, Lucius Papirius Cursor.

A.U.C. 431. Gaius Sulpicius Longus; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus.

A.U.C. 432. Quintus Fabius; Lucius Fulvius.

A.U.C. 433. Titus Veturius Calvinus 2; Spurius Posthumius Albinus 2. Caius Pontius the Samnite takes the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Caudium.

A.U.C. 434. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Quintus Publilius Philo 3.

A.U.C. 435. Lucius Papirius Cursor 3; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus 2.

A.U.C. 436. Marcus Fossius Flaccinator; Lucius Plautius Venno.

A.U.C. 437. Caius Junius Bubulcus; Lucius Æmilius Barbula.

A.U.C. 438. Spurius Nautius; Marcus Popilius.

A.U.C. 439. Lucius Papirius 4; Quintus Publilius 4.

A.U.C. 440. Marcus Pætilius; Caius Sulpicius.

A.U.C. 441. Lucius Papirius Cursor 5; Caius Junius Bubulcus 2.

A.U.C. 442. Marcus Valerius; Publius Decius. The censor Appius makes the Appian way and aqueducts. The family of the Potitii extinct.

A.U.C. 443. Caius Junius Bubulcus 3; Quintus Æmilius Barbula 2.

A.U.C. 444. Quintus Fabius 2; Caius Martius Rutilius.

A.U.C. 445. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator. Lucius Papirius Cursor.

A.U.C. 446. Quintus Fabius 3; Pucius Decius 2.

A.U.C. 447. Appius Claudius; Lucius Volumnius.

A.U.C. 448. Publius Cornelius Arvina; Quintus Marcius Tremulus.

A.U.C. 449. Lucius Posthumius; Tiberias Minucius.

A.U.C. 450. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius Sophus. The Æqui conquered.

A.U.C. 451. Lucius Genucius; Servius Cornelius.

A.U.C. 452. Marcus Livius; Marcus Æmilius.

A.U.C. 453. Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus; Marcus Valerius Corvus; not consuls, but dictators, according to some authors.

A.U.C. 454. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Quintus Apuleius. The priesthood made common to the plebeians.

A.U.C. 455. Marcus Fulvius Pætinus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 456. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Cnæus Fulvius.

A.U.C. 457. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Publius Decius Mus 3. Wars against the Samnites.

A.U.C. 458. Lucius Volumnius 2; Appius Claudius 2. Conquest over the Etrurians and Samnites.

A.U.C. 459. Quintus Fabius 5; Publius Decius 4. Decius devotes himself in a battle against the Samnites and the Gauls, and the Romans obtain a victory.

A.U.C. 460. Lucius Posthumius Megellus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

A.U.C. 461. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Spurius Carvilius. Victories over the Samnites.

A.U.C. 462. Quintus Fabius Gurges; Decimus Junius Brutus Scæva. Victory over the Samnites.

A.U.C. 463. Lucius Posthumius 3; Caius Junius Brutus. Æsculapius brought to Rome in the form of a serpent from Epidaurus.

A.U.C. 464. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Marcus Curius Dentatus.

A.U.C. 465. Marcus Valerius Corvinus; Quintus Cædicius Noctua.

A.U.C. 466. Quintus Marcius Tremulus; Publius Cornelius Arvina.

A.U.C. 467. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Nautius.

A.U.C. 468. Marcus Valerius Potitus; Caius Ælius Pætus.

A.U.C. 469. Caius Claudius Cænina; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus.

A.U.C. 470. Caius Servilius Tucca; Cæcilius Metellus. War with the Senones.

A.U.C. 471. Parcus Cornelius Dolabella; Cnæus Domitius Calvinus. The Senones defeated.

A.U.C. 472. Qelius Æmilius; Caius Fabricius. War with Tarentum.

A.U.C. 473. Lucius Æmilius Barbula; Qelius Murcius. Pyrrhus comes to assist Tarentum.

A.U.C. 474. Publius Valerius Lævinus: Tiberius Coruncanius. Pyrrhus conquers the consul Lævinus, and though victorious sues for peace, which is refused by the Roman senate. The census was made, and 272,222 citizens were found.

A.U.C. 475. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Publius Decius Mus. A battle with Pyrrhus.

A.U.C. 476. Caius Fabricius Luscinus 2; Quintus Æmilius Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty between Rome and Carthage renewed.

A.U.C. 477. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Caius Junius Brutus. Crotona and Locri taken.

A.U.C. 478. Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; Caius Genucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from Sicily to Italy.

A.U.C. 479. Manius Curius Dentatus 2; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius.

A.U.C. 480. Manius Curius Dentatus 3; Servius Cornelius Merenda.

A.U.C. 481. Caius Fabius Dorso; Caius Claudius Cænina 2. An embassy from Philadelphus to conclude an alliance with the Romans.

A.U.C. 482. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Spurius Carvilius 2. Tarentum surrenders.

A.U.C. 483. Lucius Genucius; Caius Quintilius.

A.U.C. 484. Caius Genucius; Cnæus Cornelius.

A.U.C. 485. Quintus Ogulinus Gallus; Caius Fabius Pictor. Silver money coined at Rome for the first time.

A.U.C. 486. Publius Sempronius Sophus; Appius Claudius Crassus.

A.U.C. 487. Marcus Attilius Regulus; Lucius Julius Libo. Italy enjoys peace universally.

A.U.C. 488. Numerius Fabius; Decimus Junius.

A.U.C. 489. Quintus Fabius Gurges 3; Lucius Mamilius Vitulus. The number of the questors doubled to eight.

A.U.C. 490. Appius Claudius Caudex; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans aid the Mamertines, which occasions the first Punic war. Appius defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of gladiators first instituted.

A.U.C. 491. Manius Valerius Maximus; Manius Otacilius Crassus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first put up at Rome, brought from Catana.

A.U.C. 492. Lucius Posthumius Gemellus; Quintus Mamilius Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. The total defeat of the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 493. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Titus Otacilius Crassus.

A.U.C. 494. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina; Caius Duillius. In two months the Romans build and equip a fleet of 120 galleys. The naval victory and triumph of Duillius.

A.U.C. 495. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Aquilius Florus. Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica.

A.U.C. 496. Aulus Attilius Calatinus; Caius Sulpicius Paterculus. The Carthaginians defeated in a naval battle.

A.U.C. 497. Caius Attilius Regulus; Cnæus Cornelius Blasio.

A.U.C. 498. Lucius Manlius Vulso; Quintus Cædicius. At the death of Cædicius, Marcus Attilius Regulus 2 was elected for the rest of the year. The famous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land in Africa.

A.U.C. 499. Servius Fulvius Pætinus Nobilior; Marcus Æmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is defeated and taken prisoner by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 500. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina 2; Aulus Attilius Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the Romans.

A.U.C. 501. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Sempronius Blæsus. The Romans, discouraged by shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas.

A.U.C. 502. Caius Aurelius Cotta; Publius Servilius Geminus. Citizens capable to bear arms amounted to 297,797.

A.U.C. 503. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 2; Caius Furius Pacilus. The Romans begin to recover their power by sea.

A.U.C. 504. Caius Attilius Regulus 2; Lucius Manlius Volso 2. The Carthaginians defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus advises the Romans not to exchange prisoners. He is put to death in the most excruciating torments.

A.U.C. 505. Publius Clodius Pulcher; Lucius Junius Pullus. The Romans defeated in a naval battle. The Roman fleet lost in a storm.

A.U.C. 506. Caius Aurelius Cotta 2; Publius Servilius Geminus 2.

A.U.C. 507. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 3; Numerius Fabius Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222.

A.U.C. 508. Manius Otacilius Crassus; Marcus Fabius Licinius.

A.U.C. 509. Marcus Fabius Buteo; Caius Attilius Balbus.

A.U.C. 510. Aulus Manlius Torquatus 2; Caius Sempronius Blæsus.

A.U.C. 511. Caius Fundanius Fundulus; Caius Sulpicius Gallus. A fleet built by individuals at Rome.

A.U.C. 512. Caius Lutatius Catulus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near the islands Ægates. Peace made between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians evacuate Sicily.

A.U.C. 513. Quintus Lutatius Cerco; Aulus Manlius Atticus. Sicily is made a Roman province. The 39th census taken. The citizens amount to 260,000.

A.U.C. 514. Caius Claudius Centho; Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus.

A.U.C. 515. Caius Mamilius Turinus; Quintus Valerius Falto.

A.U.C. 516. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Publius Valerius Falto. The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to Rome.

A.U.C. 517. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy Evergetes assistance against Antiochus Theos.

A.U.C. 518. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia.

A.U.C. 519. Caius Attilius Balbus 2; Titus Manlius Torquatus. The temple of Janus shut for the first time since the reign of Numa, about 440 years. A universal peace at Rome.

A.U.C. 520. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Spurius Carvilius Maximus.

A.U.C. 521. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; Manius Pomponius Matho. Differences and jealousy between Rome and Carthage.

A.U.C. 522. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Marcus Publicius Malleolus.

A.U.C. 523. Marcus Pomponius Matho 2; Carcus Papirius Maso. The first divorce known at Rome.

A.U.C. 524. Marcus Æmilius Barbula; Marcus Junius Pera. War with the Illyrians.

A.U.C. 525. Lucius Postumius Albinus 2; Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. The building of new Carthage.

A.U.C. 526. Spurius Carvilius Maximus 2; Quintus Fabius Maximus.

A.U.C. 527. Publius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Attilius Regulus. Two new pretors added to the other pretors.

A.U.C. 528. Marcus Valerius Messala; Lucius Apulius Fullo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The Romans could now lead into the field of battle 770,000 men.

A.U.C. 529. Lucius Æmilius Papus; Caius Attilius Regulus. The Gauls defeat the Romans near Clusium. The Romans obtain a victory near Telamon.

A.U.C. 530. Titus Manlius Torquatus 2; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 2. The Boii, part of the Gauls, surrender.

A.U.C. 531. Caius Flaminius; Publius Furius Philus.

A.U.C. 532. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. A new war with the Gauls. Marcellus gains the spoils called _opima_.

A.U.C. 533. Publius Cornelius; Marcus Minucius Rufus. Annibal takes the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain.

A.U.C. 534. Lucius Veturius; Caius Lutatius. The Via Flaminia built.

A.U.C. 535. Marcus Livius Salinator; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. War with Illyricum.

A.U.C. 536. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Tiberius Sempronius Longus. Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal, the cause of the second Punic war. Annibal marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. Sempronius defeated near Trebia, by Annibal.

A.U.C. 537. Cnæus Servilius; Caius Flaminius 2. A famous battle near the lake Thrasymenus. Fabius is appointed dictator. Success of Cnæus Scipio in Spain.

A.U.C. 538. Caius Terentius Varro; Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2. The famous battle of Cannæ. Annibal marches to Capua. Marcellus beats Annibal near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards Italy, and his army is totally defeated by the Scipios.

A.U.C. 539. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Quintus Fabius Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revolts, and is reconquered by Manlius. The Carthaginians twice beaten in Spain by Scipio.

A.U.C. 540. Quintus Fabius Maximus 3; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2. Marcellus besieges Syracuse by sea and land.

A.U.C. 541. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 3. The siege of Syracuse continued.

A.U.C. 542. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily made a Roman province. Tarentum treacherously delivered to Annibal. The two Scipios conquered in Spain.

A.U.C. 543. Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. Publius Sulpicius Galba. Capua besieged and taken by the Romans. Publius Scipio sent to Spain with proconsular power.

A.U.C. 544. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 4; Marcus Valerius Lævinus 2. The Carthaginians driven from Sicily. Carthagena taken by young Scipio.

A.U.C. 545. Quintus Fabius Maximus 5; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal defeated by Scipio.

A.U.C. 546. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 5; Titus Quintius Crispinus. Marcellus killed in an ambuscade by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleet defeated.

A.U.C. 547. Caius Claudius Nero; Marcus Livius 2. Asdrubal passes the Alps. Nero obtains some advantage over Annibal. The two consuls defeat Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head thrown into Annibal’s camp. The Romans make war against Philip.

A.U.C. 548. Lucius Veturius; Quintus Cæcilius. Scipio obtains a victory over Asdrubal the son of Gisgo in Spain. Masinissa sides with the Romans.

A.U.C. 549. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Publius Licinius Crassus. Scipio is empowered to invade Africa.

A.U.C. 550. Marcus Cornelius Cethegus; Publius Sempronius Tuditanus. Scipio lands in Africa. The census taken, and 215,000 heads of families found in Rome.

A.U.C. 551. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Servilius Geminus. Scipio spreads general consternation in Africa. Annibal is recalled from Italy by the Carthaginian senate.

A.U.C. 552. Marcus Servilius; Tiberius Claudius. Annibal and Scipio come to a parley; they prepare for battle. Annibal is defeated at Zama. Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage.

A.U.C. 553. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Ælius Pætus. Peace granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio triumphs.

A.U.C. 554. Publius Sulpicius Galba 2; Caius Aurelius Cotta. War with the Macedonians.

A.U.C. 555. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Villius Tapulus. The Macedonian war continued.

A.U.C. 556. Sextus Ælius Pætus; Titus Quintius Flaminius. Philip defeated by Quintius.

A.U.C. 557. Caius Cornelius Cethegus; Qitus Minucius Rufus. Philip is defeated. Quintius grants him peace.

A.U.C. 558. Lucius Furius Purpureo; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The independence of Greece proclaimed by Flaminius at the Isthmian games.

A.U.C. 559. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Porcius Cato. Quintius regulates the affairs of Greece. Cato’s victories in Spain, and triumph. The Romans demand Annibal from the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 560. Publius Corn. Scipio Africanus 2; T. Sempronius Longus. Annibal flies to Antiochus.

A.U.C. 561. Lucius Cornelius Merula; Quintus Minucius Thermus. Antiochus prepares to make war against Rome, and Annibal endeavours in vain to stir up the Carthaginians to take up arms.

A.U.C. 562. Lucius Quintus Flamininus; Cnæus Domitius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver them.

A.U.C. 563. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Manlius Acilius Glabrio. The success of Acilius in Greece against Antiochus.

A.U.C. 564. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Lælius. The fleet of Antiochus under Annibal defeated by the Romans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio.

A.U.C. 565. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior; Cnæus Manlius Vulso. War with the Gallogrecians.

A.U.C. 566. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Livius Salinator. Antiochus dies.

A.U.C. 567. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Flaminius. The Ligurians reduced.

A.U.C. 568. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Marcius Philippus. The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome.

A.U.C. 569. Appius Claudius Pulcher; L. Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and Liguria.

A.U.C. 570. Publius Claudius Pulcher; Lucius Porcius Licinius. Philip of Macedon sends his son Demetrius to Rome.

A.U.C. 571. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Quintus Fabius Labeo. Death of Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. Gauls invade Italy.

A.U.C. 572. ♦Cnæus Bæbius Tamphilus; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. Death of Philip.

♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Cnæus’

A.U.C. 573. Publius Cornelius Cethegus; Marcus Bæbius Tamphilus 2. Expeditions against Liguria. The first gilt statue raised at Rome.

A.U.C. 574. Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Celtiberians defeated.

A.U.C. 575. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Lucius Manlius Acidinus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the son of Philip.

A.U.C. 576. Marcus Junius Brutus; Aulus Manlius Vulso.

A.U.C. 577. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The Istrians defeated.

A.U.C. 578. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Hispalus; Quintus Petillius Spurinus.

A.U.C. 579. Publius Mucius; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2.

A.U.C. 580. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Mucius Scævola.

A.U.C. 581. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Marcus Popilius Lænas.

A.U.C. 582. Caius Popilius Lænas; Publius Ælius Ligur. War declared against Perseus.

A.U.C. 583. Publius Licinius Crassus; Caius Cassius Longinus. Perseus gains some advantages over the Romans.

A.U.C. 584. Aulus Hostilius Mancinus; Aulus Atilius Serranus.

A.U.C. 585. Quintus Marcius Philippus 2; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio. The campaign in Macedonia.

A.U.C. 586. Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2; Caius Licinius Crassus. Perseus is defeated and taken prisoner by Paulus.

A.U.C. 587. Quintus Ælius Pætus; Marcus Junius Pennus.

A.U.C. 588. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Sulpicius Galba.

A.U.C. 589. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Quintus Cassius Longus.

A.U.C. 591. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Manlius Juvencius Phalna.

A.U.C. 592. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Caius Marcius Figulus. Demetrius flies from Rome, and is made king of Syria.

A.U.C. 593. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Fannius Strabo.

A.U.C. 594. Lucius Anicius Gallus; Marcus Cornelius Cethegus.

A.U.C. 595. Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella; Marcus Fulvius Nobilior.

A.U.C. 596. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Popilius Lænas.

A.U.C. 597. Sextus Julius Cæsar; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. War against the Dalmatians.

A.U.C. 598. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Lupus; Caius Marcius Figulus 2.

A.U.C. 599. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica 2; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2.

A.U.C. 600. Quintus Opimius Nepos; Lucius Postumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 601. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior; Titus Annius Luscus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain.

A.U.C. 602. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 3; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 603. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 604. Titus Quintius Flamininus; Manius Acilius Balbus. War between the Carthaginians and Masinissa.

A.U.C. 605. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Manius Manlius Nepos. The Romans declare war against Carthage. The Carthaginians wish to accept the hard conditions which are imposed upon them; but the Romans say that Carthage must be destroyed.

A.U.C. 606. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. Carthage besieged.

A.U.C. 607. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Livius Drusus. The siege of Carthage continued with vigour by Scipio.

A.U.C. 608. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Lucius Mummius. Carthage surrenders, and is destroyed. Mummius takes and burns Corinth.

A.U.C. 609. Quintus Fabius Æmilianus; Lucius Hostilius Mancinius.

A.U.C. 610. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

A.U.C. 611. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Macedonicus. War against the Celtiberians.

A.U.C. 612. Lucius Metellus Calvus; Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus.

A.U.C. 613. Quintus Pompeius; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio.

A.U.C. 614. Caius Lælius Sapiens; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. The wars with Viriatus.

A.U.C. 615. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Calpurnius Piso.

A.U.C. 616. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Decimus Junius Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned by the tribunes.

A.U.C. 617. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Hostilius Mancinus. Wars against Numantia.

A.U.C. 618. ♦Lucius Furius Philus; Sextus Atilius Serranus.

♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 619. Servius Fulvius Flaccus; Quintus Calpurnius Piso.

A.U.C. 620. Publius Cornelius Scipio 2; Caius Fulvius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 621. Publius Mucius Scævola; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi. Numantia surrenders to Scipio, and is entirely demolished. The seditions of Tiberias Gracchus at Rome.

A.U.C. 622. Publius Popilius Lænas; Publius Rupillus.

A.U.C. 623. Publius Licinius Crassus; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 624. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. In the census are found 313,823 citizens.

A.U.C. 625. Caius Sempronius Tuditanus; Manius Aquilius Nepos.

A.U.C. 626. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Annius Luscus.

A.U.C. 627. Lucius Cassius Longus; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. A revolt of slaves in Sicily.

A.U.C. 628. ♦Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Aurelius Orestes.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Marcus’

A.U.C. 629. Marcus Plautius Hypsæus; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 630. Caius Cassius Longinus; ♦Caius Sextius Calvinus.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

A.U.C. 631. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Titus Quintius Flamininus.

A.U.C. 632. Caius Fannius Strabo; Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius Gracchus.

A.U.C. 633. Lucius Opimius; Quintus Fabius Maximus. The unfortunate end of Caius Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated.

A.U.C. 634. Publius Manlius Nepos; Caius Papirius Carbo.

A.U.C. 635. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus Calvus; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

A.U.C. 636. Marcus Portius Cato; Quintus Marcius Rex.

A.U.C. 637. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus; Quintus Mutius Scævola.

A.U.C. 638. Caius Licinius Geta; Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus.

A.U.C. 639. Marcus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Æmilius Scaurus.

A.U.C. 640. Manius Acilius Balbus; Caius Portius Cato.

A.U.C. 641. Caius Cæcilius Metellus; Cnæus Papirius Carbo.

A.U.C. 642. Marcus Livius Drusis; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. The Romans declare war against Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 643. Publius Scipio Nasica; Lucius Calpurnius Bestia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated by ♦Jugurtha.

♦ ‘Jugartha’ replaced with ‘Jugurtha’

A.U.C. 644. Marcus Minucius Rufus; Spurius Postumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 645. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Junius Silanus. Success of Metellus against Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Marcus Aurelius Scaurus. Metellus continues the war.

A.U.C. 647. Caius Marius; Lucius Cassius. The war against Jugurtha continued with vigour by Marius.

A.U.C. 648. Caius Atilius Serranus; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the hands of Sylla the lieutenant of Marius.

A.U.C. 649. Publius Rutilius Rufus; ♦Cnæus Mallius Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha. Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones.

♦ ‘Corn. Maniius’ replaced with ‘Cnæus Mallius’

A.U.C. 650. Caius Marius 2; Caius Flavius Fimbria. The Cimbri march towards Spain.

A.U.C. 651. Caius Marius 3; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. The Cimbri defeated in Spain.

A.U.C. 652. Caius Marius 4; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The Teutones totally defeated by Marius.

A.U.C. 653. Caius Marius 5; Manius Aquilius. The Cimbri enter Italy, and are defeated by Marius and Catulus.

A.U.C. 654. Caius Marius 6; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. Factions against Metellus.

A.U.C. 655. Marcus Antonius; Aulus Postumius Albinus. Metellus is gloriously recalled.

A.U.C. 656. ♦Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos; Titus Didius.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Quintus’

A.U.C. 657. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Licinius Crassus.

A.U.C. 658. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Cassius Longinus. The kingdom of Cyrene left by will to the Roman people.

A.U.C. 659. Lucius Licinius Crassus; Quintus Mucius Scævola. Seditions of Norbanus.

A.U.C. 660. Caius Cœlius Caldus; Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.

A.U.C. 661. Caius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Herennius. Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 lions with men in the Circus.

A.U.C. 662. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. The allies wish to be admitted citizens of Rome.

A.U.C. 663. Lucius Marcius Philippus; Sextus Julius Cæsar. The allies prepare to revolt.

A.U.C. 664. ♦Lucius Julius Cæsar; Publius Rutulius Rufus. Wars with the Marsi.

♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 665. Cnæus Pompeius Strabo; Lucius Portius Cato. The great valour of Sylla surnamed the Fortunate.

A.U.C. 666. Lucius Cornelius Sylla; Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithridatic war. Marius is empowered to supersede him; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and takes it, and has Marius and his adherents judged as enemies.

A.U.C. 667. Cnæus Octavius; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Cinna endeavours to recall Marius, and is expelled. Marius returns, and with Cinna marches against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter.

A.U.C. 668. Caius Marius 7; Lucius Cornelius Cinna 2. Marius died, and Lucius Valerius Flaccus was chosen in his room. The Mithridatic war.

A.U.C. 669. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 3; Cnæus Papirius Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued by Sylla.

A.U.C. 670. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 4; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 2. Peace with Mithridates.

A.U.C. 671. Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus; Caius Norbanus. The capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla.

A.U.C. 672. Caius Marius; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome between Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla, who makes himself dictator.

A.U.C. 673. Marcus Tullius Decula; Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella. Sylla weakens and circumscribes the power of the tribunes. Pompey triumphs over Africa.

A.U.C. 674. Lucius Cornelius Sylla Felix 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Pius. War against Mithridates.

A.U.C. 675. Publius Servilius Vatia; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Sylla abdicates the dictatorship.

A.U.C. 676. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. Sylla dies.

A.U.C. 677. Decimus Junius Brutus; Mamercus Æmilius Lepidus Livianus. A civil war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against Sertorius in Spain.

A.U.C. 678. Cnæus Octavius; ♦Gaius Scribonius Curio. Sertorius defeated.

♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’

A.U.C. 679. ♦Lucius Octavius; Caius Aurelius Cotta. Mithridates and Sertorius make a treaty of alliance together. Sertorius murdered by Perpenna.

♦ ‘Cn.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 680. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Marcus Aurelius Cotta. Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war.

A.U.C. 681. Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus; Caius Cassius ♦Longinus. The gladiators make head against the Romans with much success.

♦ ‘Varus Spartacus’ replaced with ‘Longinus’

A.U.C. 682. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. Victories of Spartacus over three Roman generals.

A.U.C. 683. Cnæus Aufidius Orestes; Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus near Apulia.

A.U.C. 684. Marcus Licinius Crassus; Cnæus Pompeius Magnus. Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates. The census amounts to above 900,000.

A.U.C. 685. Quintus Hortensius 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Armenia, and meditates the invasion of Parthia.

A.U.C. 686. Quintus Marcius Rex; Lucius Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithridates and Tigranes.

A.U.C. 687. Manius Acilius Glabrio; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus falls under the displeasure of his troops, who partly desert him. Pompey goes against the pirates.

A.U.C. 688. Manius Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Volcatus Tullus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish the Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy.

A.U.C. 689. Lucius Aurelius Cotta; Lucius Manlius Torquatus. Success of Pompey in Asia.

A.U.C. 690. Lucius Julius Cæsar; Caius Martius Figulus. Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there.

A.U.C. 691. Marcus Tullius Cicero; Caius Antonius. Mithridates poisons himself. Catiline conspires against the state. Cicero discovers the conspiracy, and punishes the adherents.

A.U.C. 692. Decimus Junius Silanus; Lucius Licinius Muræna. Pompey triumphs over the Pirates, and over Mithridates, Tigranes, and Aristobulus.

A.U.C. 693. Marcus Puppius Piso; Marcus Valerius Messala Niger.

A.U.C. 694. Lucius Afranius; Quintus Metellus Celer. A reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and Cæsar.

A.U.C. 695. Caius Julius Cæsar; Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Cæsar breaks the fasces of his colleague, and is sole consul. He obtains the government of Gaul for five years.

A.U.C. 696. ♦Lucius Calpurnius Piso; Aulus Gabinius Paulus. Cicero banished by means of Clodius. Cato goes against Ptolemy king of Cyprus. Successes of Cæsar in Gaul.

♦ ‘C.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 697. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cæsar’s success and victories.

A.U.C. 698. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus; Lucius Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus.

A.U.C. 699. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 2; Marcus Licinius Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Cæsar continued for five years more in the administration of Gaul. His conquest of Britain.

A.U.C. 700. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Great victories of Cæsar.

A.U.C. 701. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Marcus Valerius Messala. Crassus defeated and slain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius.

A.U.C. 702. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 3; the only consul. He afterwards took for colleague, Quintus Cæcilius Metullus Pius Scipio. Revolts of the Gauls crushed by Cæsar.

A.U.C. 703. Servius Sulpicius Rufus; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Rise of the jealousy between Cæsar and Pompey.

A.U.C. 704. Lucius Æmilius Paulus; ♦Gaius Claudius Marcellus. Cicero proconsul of Cilicia. Increase of the differences between Cæsar and Pompey.

♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’

A.U.C. 705. Caius Claudius Marcellus; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. Cæsar begins the civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. Cæsar made dictator.

A.U.C. 706. Caius Julius Cæsar 2; Publius Servilius Isauricus. Cæsar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of Cæsar in Egypt.

A.U.C. 707. Quintus Fusius Calenus; Publius Vatinius. Power and influence of Cæsar at Rome. He reduces Pontus.

A.U.C. 708. Caius Julius Cæsar 3; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus. Cæsar defeats Pompey’s partisans in Africa, and takes Utica.

A.U.C. 709. Caius Julius Cæsar 4; Consul alone. He conquered the partisans of Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual Dictator and Imperator, &c.

A.U.C. 710. Caius Julius Cæsar 5; Marcus Antonius. Cæsar meditates a war against Parthia. Above 600 Romans conspire against Cæsar, and murder him in the senate-house. Antony raises himself to power. The rise of Octavius.

A.U.C. 711. Caius Vibius Pansa; Aulus Hirtius. Antony judged a public enemy. He joins Augustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus.

A.U.C. 712. Lucius Minucius Plancus; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2. Great honours paid to the memory of Julius Cæsar. Brutus and Cassius join their forces against Augustus and Antony.

A.U.C. 713. Lucius Antonius; Publius Servilius Isauricus 2. Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and Cassius.

A.U.C. 714. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Caius Asinius Pollio. Antony joins the son of Pompey against Augustus. The alliance of short duration.

A.U.C. 715. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Caius Calvisius Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia the sister of Augustus, to strengthen their mutual alliance.

A.U.C. 716. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Caius Norbanus Flaccus; to whom were substituted Caius Octavianus and Quintus Pedius. Sext. Pompey the son of Pompey the Great makes himself powerful by sea to oppose Augustus.

A.U.C. 717. Marcus Agrippa; Lucius Caninius Gallus. Agrippa is appointed by Augustus to oppose Sextus Pompey with a fleet. He builds the famous harbour of Misenum.

A.U.C. 718. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Marcus Cocceius Nerva. Agrippa obtains a naval victory over Pompey, who delivers himself to Antony, by whom he is put to death.

A.U.C. 719. Lucius Cornificus Nepos; Sextus Pompeius Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by Augustus.

A.U.C. 720. Lucius Scribonius Libo; Marcus Antonius 2. Augustus and Antony, being sole masters of the Roman empire, make another division of the provinces. Cæsar obtains the west, and Antony the east.

A.U.C. 721. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 2; Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavia divorced by Antony, who marries Cleopatra.

A.U.C. 722. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Sosius. Dissensions between Augustus and Antony.

A.U.C. 723. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 3; Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus. The battle of Actium, which, according to some authors, happened the year of Rome 721. The end of the commonwealth.

=Consus=, a deity at Rome, who presided over councils. His temple was covered in the Maximus Circus, to show that councils ought to be secret and inviolable. Some suppose that it is the same as Neptunus Equestris. Romulus instituted festivals to his honour, called _Consualia_, during the celebration of which the Romans carried away the Sabine women. _See:_ Consuales ludi. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_. ――_Ausonius_, ltr. 69, & Ecolgue 13, poem 23, _on Roman festivals_, li. 19.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Consygna=, the wife of Nicomedes king of Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs for her lascivious deportment. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40.

=Contadesdus=, a river of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 90.

=Contubia=, a town in Spain. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Coon=, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_.

=Coos=, =Cos=, =Cea=, and =Co=, an island of the Ægean sea. _See:_ Co.

=Copæ=, a place of Greece, near the Cephisus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Copais lacus=, now _Limne_, a lake of Bœotia, into which the Cephisus and other rivers empty themselves. It is famous for its excellent eels. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Cophas=, a son of Artabazus. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 11.――――A river of India. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Cophontis=, a burning mountain of Bactriana. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 106.

=Copia=, the goddess of plenty among the Romans, represented as bearing a horn filled with grapes, fruits, &c.

=Copillus=, a general of the Tectosagæ, taken by the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.

=C. Coponius=, a commander of the fleet of Rhodes, at Dyrracchium, in the interest of Pompey. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de Divinatione_, ch. 8. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 83.

=Coprates=, a river of Asia, falling into the Tigris. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Copreus=, a son of Pelops, who fled to Mycenæ at the death of Iphitus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Coptus= and =Coptos=, now _Kypt_, a town of Egypt, about 100 leagues from Alexandria, on a canal which communicates with the Nile. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 28.

=Cora=, a town of Latium, on the confines of the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardanians before the foundation of Rome. _Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 392.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.

=Coracēsium= and =Coracensium=, a maritime town of Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 20.

=Coraconāsus=, a town of Arcadia, where the Ladon falls into the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Coraletæ=, a people of Scythia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 81.

=Coralli=, a savage people of Pontus. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 2, li. 37.

=Coranus=, a miser. _See:_ ♦Nascia.

♦ ‘Nascia’ not referenced

=Coras=, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, who fought against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 672.

=Corax=, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who first demanded a salary of his pupils. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 12; _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 20.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――――A king of Sicyon.――――A mountain of Ætolia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 30.

=Coraxi=, a people of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Corbeus=, a Gaul, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Corbis= and =Orsua=, two brothers, who fought for the dominion of a city, in the presence of Scipio, in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 21. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.

=Corbŭlo Domitius=, a prefect of Belgium, who, when governor of Syria, routed the Parthians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, ordered him to be murdered; and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming, “I have well deserved this!” A.D. 66. His name was given to a place (_Monumentum_) in Germany, which some suppose to be modern _Groningen_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 18.

=Corcȳra=, an island in the Ionian sea, about 12 miles from Buthrotum, on the coast of Epirus; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and the gardens of Alcinous. It has been successively _Drepane_, _Scheria_, and _Phæacia_, and now bears the name of _Corfu_. Some Corinthians, with Chersicrates at their head, came to settle there, when banished from their country, 703 years before the christian era. A colony of Colchis had settled there 1349 years before Christ. The war which was carried on by the Athenians against the Corcyreans, and was called _Corcyrean_, became but a preparation for the Peloponnesian war. The people of Corcyra were once so hated by the Cretans, that such as were found on the island of Crete were always put to death. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 512.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 32.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Cordŭba=, now _Cordova_, a famous city of Hispania Bætica, the native place of both the Senecas and of Lucan. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 57.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Cordyla=, a port of Pontus, supposed to give its name to a peculiar sort of fishes caught there (_Cordylæ_). _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 15. ――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 1.

=Core=, a daughter of Ceres, the same as Proserpine. Festivals called _Coreia_ were instituted to her honour in Greece.

=Coressus=, a hill near Ephesus. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 100.

=Corĕsus=, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in Bœotia, who was deeply enamoured of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with disdain. He complained to Bacchus, who visited the country with a pestilence. The Calydonians were directed by the oracle to appease the god by sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. The nymph was led to the altar, and Coresus, who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resentment, and stabbed himself. Callirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to the love of Coresus, killed herself on the brink of a fountain, which afterwards bore her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.

=Corētas=, a man who first gave oracles at Delphi. _Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_.

=Corfinium=, now _San Ferino_, the capital of the Peligni, three miles from the Aternus, which falls into the Adriatic. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 478.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 522.

=Coria=, a surname of Minerva among the Arcadians. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Corinna=, a celebrated woman of Tanagra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. Her father’s name was Archelodorus. It is said that she obtained five times a poetical prize, in which Pindar was her competitor; but it must be acknowledged that her beauty greatly contributed to defeat her rivals. She had composed 50 books of epigrams and odes, of which only some few verses remain. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.――――A woman of Thespis, celebrated for her beauty.――――Ovid’s mistress was also called Corinna. _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 6.

=Corinnus=, an ancient poet in the time of the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from the poem of Corinnus.

=Corinthiăcus sinus=, is now called the gulf of Lepanto.

=Corinthus=, an ancient city of Greece, now called _Corito_, situated on the middle of the isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 60 stadia on either side from the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus son of Æolus, A.M. 2616, and received its name from Corinthus the son of Pelops. Its original name was _Ephyre_; and it is called _Bimaris_, because situated between the Saronicus Sinus and the Crisseus Sinus. The inhabitants were once very powerful, and had great influence among the Grecian states. They colonized Syracuse in Sicily, and delivered it from the tyranny of its oppressors, by the means of Timoleon. Corinth was totally destroyed by Lucius Mummius the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground, 146 B.C. The riches which the Romans found there were immense. During the conflagration, all the metals which were in the city melted and mixed together, and formed that valuable composition of metals which has since been known by the name of _Corinthium Æs_. This, however, appears improbable, especially when it is remembered that the artists of Corinth made a mixture of copper with small quantities of gold and silver, and so brilliant was the composition, that the appellation of _Corinthian brass_ afterwards stamped an extraordinary value on pieces of inferior worth. There was there a famous temple of Venus, where lascivious women resorted, and sold their pleasures so dear, that many of their lovers were reduced to poverty; whence the proverb of

_Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthian_,

to show that all voluptuous indulgences are attended with much expense. Julius Cæsar planted a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured to raise it from its ruins, and restore it to its former grandeur. The government of Corinth was monarchical till 779 years B.C., when officers called Pyrtanes were instituted. The war which has received the name of _Corinthian war_, because the battles were fought in the neighbourhood of Corinth, was begun B.C. 395, by the combination of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedæmon. Pisander and Agesilaus distinguished themselves in that war; the former, in the first year of hostilities, was defeated with the Lacedæmonian fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus; while a few days after Agesilaus slaughtered 10,000 of the enemy. The most famous battles were fought at Coronea and Leuctra; but Agesilaus refused to besiege Corinth, lamenting that the Greeks, instead of destroying one another, did not turn their arms against the Persian power. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 58.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 70.――_Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 28.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 36.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 2.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 106.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 14; _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 44; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――――An actor at Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 197.

=Coriŏlānus=, the surname of Caius Martius from his victory over Corioli, where, from a private soldier, he gained the amplest honours. When master of the place, he accepted, as the only reward, the surname of Coriolanus, a horse and prisoners, and his ancient host, to whom he immediately gave his liberty. After a number of military exploits, and many services to his country, he was refused the consulship by the people, when his scars had for a while influenced them in his favour. This raised his resentment; and when the Romans had received a present of corn from Gelo king of Sicily, Coriolanus insisted that it should be sold for money, and not be given gratis. Upon this the tribunes raised the people against him for his imprudent advice, and even wished him to be put to death. This rigorous sentence was stopped by the influence of the senators, and Coriolanus submitted to a trial. He was banished by a majority of three tribes, and he immediately retired among the Volsci, to Attius Tullus, his greatest enemy, from whom he met a most friendly reception. He advised him to make war against Rome, and he marched at the head of the Volsci as general. The approach of Coriolanus greatly alarmed the Romans, who sent him several embassies to reconcile him to his country, and to solicit his return. He was deaf to all proposals, and bade them prepare for war. He pitched his camp only at the distance of five miles from the city; and his enmity against his country would have been fatal, had not his wife Volumnia, and his mother Veturia, been prevailed upon by the Roman matrons to go and appease his resentment. The meeting of Coriolanus with his family was tender and affecting. He remained long inexorable; but at last the tears and entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed over the stern and obstinate resolutions of an enemy, and Coriolanus marched the Volsci from the neighbourhood of Rome. To show their sense of Volumnia’s merit and patriotism, the Romans dedicated a temple to _Female Fortune_. The behaviour of Coriolanus, however, displeased the Volsci. He was summoned to appear before the people of Antium; but the clamours which his enemies raised were so prevalent, that he was murdered at the place appointed for his trial, B.C. 488. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by the Volsci, and the Roman matrons put on mourning for his loss. Some historians say that he died in exile, in an advanced old age. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Coriŏli= and =Coriolla=, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the Romans under Caius Martius, called from thence Coriolanus. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Plutarch._――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 33.

=Corissus=, a town of Ionia.

=Coritus.= _See:_ Corytus.

=Cormasa=, a town of Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Cormus=, a river near Assyria. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 14.

=Cornēlia lex=, _de Civitate_, was enacted A.U.C. 670, by Lucius Cornelius Sylla. It confirmed the Sulpician law, and required that the citizens of the eight newly elected tribes should be divided among the 35 ancient tribes.――――Another, _de Judiciis_, A.U.C. 673, by the same. It ordained that the pretor should always observe the same invariable method in judicial proceedings, and that the process should not depend upon his will.――――Another, _de Sumptibus_, by the same. It limited the expenses which generally attended funerals. ――――Another, _de Religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 677. It restored to the college of priests the privilege of choosing the priests, which, by the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of the people.――――Another, _de Municipiis_, by the same, which revoked all the privileges which had been some time before granted to the several towns that had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil wars.――――Another, _de Magistratibus_, by the same, which gave the power of bearing honours and being promoted before the legal age, to those who had followed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and partisans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were deprived of the privilege of standing for any office of the state.――――Another, _de Magistratibus_, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It ordained that no person should exercise the same office within 10 years’ distance, or be invested with two different magistracies in one year.――――Another, _de Magistratibus_, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It divested the tribunes of the privilege of making laws interfering, holding assemblies, and receiving appeals. All such as had been tribunes were incapable of holding any other office in the state by that law.――――Another, _de Majestate_, by the same, A.U.C. 670. It made it treason to send an army out of a province, or engage in a war without orders, to influence the soldiers to spare or ransom a captive general of the enemy, to pardon the leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the absence of a Roman citizen to a foreign court without previous leave. The punishment was, _aquæ et ignis interdictio_.――――Another, by the same, which gave the power to a man accused of murder, either by poison, weapons, or false accusations, and the setting fire to buildings, to choose whether the jury that tried him should give their verdict _clam_ or _palam_, _vivâ voce_ or by _ballot_. ――――Another, by the same, which made it _aquæ et ignis interdictio_ to such as were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering of wills, corruption, false accusations, and the debasing or counterfeiting of the public coin; all such as were accessary to this offence were deemed as guilty as the offender.――――Another, _de pecuniis repetundis_, by which a man convicted of peculation or extortion in the provinces was condemned to suffer the _aquæ et ignis interdictio_.――――Another, by the same, which gave the power to such as were sent into the provinces with any government, of retaining their command and appointment, without a renewal of it by the senate, as was before observed.――――Another, by the same, which ordained that the lands of proscribed persons should be common, especially those about Volaterræ and Fesulæ in Etruria, which Sylla divided among his soldiers.――――Another, by Caius Cornelius, tribune of the people, A.U.C. 686, which ordained that no person should be exempted from any law, according to the general custom, unless 200 senators were present in the senate; and no person thus exempted could hinder the bill of his exemption from being carried to the people for their concurrence.――――Another, by Nasica, A.U.C. 582, to make war against Perseus, son of Philip king of Macedonia, if he did not give proper satisfaction to the Roman people.

=Cornēlia=, a daughter of Cinna, who was the first wife of Julius Cæsar. She became mother of Julia, Pompey’s wife, and was so affectionately loved by her husband, that at her death he pronounced a funeral oration over her body. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A daughter of Metellus Scipio, who married Pompey, after the death of her husband Publius Crassus. She has been praised for her great virtues. When her husband left her in the bay of Alexandria, to go on shore in a small boat, she saw him stabbed by Achillas, and heard his dying groans without the possibility of aiding him. She attributed all his misfortunes to his connection with her. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_. ――――A daughter of Scipio Africanus, who married Sempronius Gracchus, and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. She was courted by a king; but she preferred being the wife of a Roman citizen to that of a monarch. Her virtues have been deservedly commended, as well as the wholesome principles which she inculcated in her two sons. When a Campanian lady made once a show of her jewels at Cornelia’s house, and entreated her to favour her with a sight of her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, saying, “These are the only jewels of which I can boast.” In her lifetime, a statue was raised to her, with this inscription, _Cornelia mater Gracchorum_. Some of her epistles are preserved. _Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 167.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 58; _de Claris Oratoribus_, ch. 58.――――A vestal virgin, buried alive in Domitian’s age, as guilty of incontinence. _Suetonius_, _Domitian_.

=Cornēlii=, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most distinguished were, Caius Cornelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who foretold the beginning and issue of the battle of Pharsalia. ――――Dolabella, a friend and admirer of Cleopatra. He told her that Augustus intended to remove her from the monument, where she had retired.――――An officer of Sylla, whom Julius Cæsar bribed to escape the proscription which threatened his life.――――Cethegus, a priest, degraded from his office for want of attention.――――Cnæus, a man chosen by Marcellus to be his colleague in the consulship.――――Balbus, a man who hindered Julius Cæsar from rising up at the arrival of the senators.――――Cossus, a military tribune during the time that there were no consuls in the republic. He offered to Jupiter the spoils called _opima_. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 19.――――Balbus, a man of Gades, intimate with Cicero, by whom he was ably defended when accused.――――A freedman of Sylla the dictator.――――Scipio, a man appointed master of the horse by Camillus, when dictator.――――Gallus, an elegiac poet. _See:_ Gallus.――――Merula, was made consul by Augustus, in the room of Cinna.――――Marcellus, a man killed in Spain by Galba.――――Cornelius Nepos, an historian. _See:_ Nepos.――――Merula, a consul sent against the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. His grandson followed the interest of Sylla; and when Marius entered the city he killed himself, by opening his veins.――――Gallus, a man who died in the act of copulation. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――――Severus, an epic poet in the age of Augustus, of great genius. He wrote a poem on mount Ætna, and on the death of Cicero. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, li. 1.――――Thuscus, a mischievous person. ――――Lentulus Cethegus, a consul.――――Aulus Celsus, wrote eight books on medicine, still extant, and highly valued.――――Cnæus and Publius Scipio. _See:_ Scipio.――――Lentulus, a high priest, &c. _Livy._ ――_Plutarch._――_Valerius Maximus._――_Tacitus._――_Suetonius._ ――_Polybius._――_Cornelius Nepos_, &c.

=Cornicŭlum=, a town of Latium. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Cornificius=, a poet and general in the age of Augustus, employed to accuse Brutus, &c. His sister Cornificia was also blessed with a poetical genius. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_.――――A lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A friend of Cicero, and his colleague in the office of augur.

=Cornĭger=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Cornūtus=, a stoic philosopher of Africa, preceptor to Persius the satirist. He wrote some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric. _Persius_, bk. 5, li. 36.――――A pretor of Rome, in the age of Cicero. _Cicero_, bk. 10, ltr. 12.――――A Roman, saved from the proscription of Marius by his servants, who hung up a dead man in his room, and said it was their master. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.

=Corœbus=, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, with the hopes of being rewarded with the hand of Cassandra for his services. Cassandra advised him in vain to retire from the war. He was killed by Peneleus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 341, &c.――――A courier of Elis, killed by Neoptolemus. He obtained a prize at Olympia, B.C. 776, in the 28th olympiad, from the institution of Iphitus; but this year has generally been called the first olympiad. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――A hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent called Pœne, sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and placed by some authors in the number of the furies. His country was afflicted with the plague, and he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to build a temple where a tripod which was given him should fall from his hand. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Corōna=, a town of Messenia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Coronēa=, a town of Bœotia, where, in the first year of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus defeated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos, B.C. 394. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A town of Peloponnesus,――――of Corinth,――――of Cyprus,――――of Ambracia,――――of Phthiotis.

=Corōnis=, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by Apollo. She became pregnant by her lover, who killed her on account of her criminal partiality to Ischys the Thessalian. According to some, Diana killed her for her infidelity to her brother, and Mercury saved the child from her womb, as she was on the burning pile. Others say that she brought forth her son and exposed him, near Epidaurus, to avoid her father’s resentment; and they further mention that Apollo had set a crow to watch her behaviour. The child was preserved, and called Æsculapius; and the mother, after death, received divine honours, and had a statue at Sicyon, in her son’s temple, which was never exposed to public view. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――The daughter of Coronæus king of Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when flying before Neptune. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 543.――――One of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione.

=Coronia=, a town of Acarnania. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 102.

=Corōnus=, a son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A son of Phoroneus king of the Lapithæ. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Corrhāgium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27.

=Corsi=, a people of Sardinia, descended from the Corsicans.

=Corsia=, a town of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Corsīca=, a mountainous island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Italy. Its inhabitants were savage, and bore the character of robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca, who was exiled among them. They lived to a great age, and fed on honey, which was produced in great abundance, though bitter in taste, from the number of yew trees and hemlock which grew there. Corsica was in the possession of the Carthaginians, and was conquered by the Romans, B.C. 231. The Greeks called it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was considered as in a flourishing state, as it contained no less than 33 towns, a number far exceeding its present population.――_Strabo._ ――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 7, ch. 2. ――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 12, li. 10.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 9, li. 30.

=Corsote=, a town of Armenia.

=Corsūra=, an island in the bay of Carthage.

=Cortōna=, an ancient town of Etruria, called _Corytum_ by Virgil. It was at the north of the Thrasymene lake. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, chs. 20 & 26.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 37; bk. 22, ch. 4.

=Corvīnus=, a name given to Marcus Valerius from a _crow_, which assisted him when he was fighting against a Gaul.――――An orator. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――――Messala, an eloquent orator, in the Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and patriotism, yet ridiculed for his frequent quotations of Greek in his orations. In his old age he became so forgetful as not even to remember his own name.――――One of this family became so poor, that he was obliged, to maintain himself, to be a mercenary shepherd. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 108.

=Tiberius Coruncānius=, the first plebeian who was made high priest at Rome.――――The family of the _Coruncanii_ was famous for the number of great men which it supplied for the service and honour of the Roman republic. _Cicero_, _On his House_.

=Corus=, a river of Arabia, falling into the Red sea. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Corybantes=, the priests of Cybele, called also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, they beat their cymbals, and behaved as if delirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, and from thence passed into Crete, and ♦secretly brought up Jupiter. Some suppose that they received their name from Corybas son of Jasus and Cybele, who first introduced the rites of his mother into Phrygia. There was a festival at Cnossus in Crete called _Corybantica_, in commemoration of the Corybantes, who there educated Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 37.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 250.

♦ ‘secretely’ replaced with ‘secretly’

=Cory̆bas=, a son of Jasus and Cybele. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――A painter, disciple to Nicomachus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Corybassa=, a city of Mysia.

=Cory̆bus=, a promontory of Crete.

=Corycia=, a nymph, mother of Lycorus by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Cōry̆cĭdes=, the nymphs who inhabited the foot of Parnassus. This name is often applied to the Muses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 320.

=Corycius=, an old man of Tarentum, whose time was happily employed in taking care of his bees. He is represented by _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 12, &c., as a contented old man, whose assiduity and diligence are exemplary. Some suppose that the word _Corycius_ implies not a person of that name, but a native of Corycus, who had settled in Italy.

=Cory̆cus=, now _Curco_, a lofty mountain of Cilicia, with a town of the same name, and also a cave, with a grove which produced excellent saffron. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 68.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 809.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――――Another of Ionia, long the famous retreat of robbers.――――Another at the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Cory̆don=, a fictitious name of a shepherd, often occuring in the pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil.

=Coryla= and =Coryleum=, a village of Paphlagonia.

=Cory̆na=, a town of Ionia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Corymbĭfer=, a surname of Bacchus, from his wearing a crown of _corymbi_, certain berries that grow on the ivy. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 393.

=Coryneta= and =Corynetes=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan, killed by Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Coryphasium=, a promontory of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.

=Coryphe=, a daughter of Oceanus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Corythenes=, a place of Tegea. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.

=Corythus=, a king of Corinth. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Corytus=, a king of Etruria, father to Jasius, whom Dardanus is said to have put to death to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and mountain of Etruria, now _Cortona_, near which Dardanus was born. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 170; bk. 7, li. 209.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 123; bk. 4, li. 721.

=Cos=, an island. _See:_ Co.

=Cosa= and =Cossa=, or =Cŏsæ=, a town of Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 168.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, bk. 9, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 6.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 34.

=Cosconius=, a Latin writer. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.――――A wretched epigram writer. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 77.

=Cosingas=, a Thracian priest of Juno, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 22.

=Cosis=, a brother to the king of Albania, killed by Pompey. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.

=Cosmus=, an effeminate Roman. _Juvenal_, satire 8.

=Cossea=, a part of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Cossus=, a surname given to the family of the Cornelii.――――A Roman who killed Volumnius king of Veii, and obtained the _Spolia Opima_, A.U.C. 317. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 841.

=Cossutii=, a family of Rome, of which Cossutia, Cæsar’s wife, was descended. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 1. One of the family was distinguished as an architect about 200 B.C. He first introduced into Italy the more perfect models of Greece.

=Costobœi=, robbers in Galatia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 34.

=Cosȳra=, a barren island in the African sea near Melita. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 567.

=Cotes= and =Cottes=, a promontory of Mauritania.

=Cothon=, a small island near the citadel of Carthage, with a convenient bay which served for a dock-yard. _Servius_ on _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 431.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Cothonea=, the mother of Triptolemus. _Hyginus_, fable 147.

=Cŏtĭso=, a king of the Daci, whose army invaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Cornelius Lentulus the lieutenant of Augustus. It is said that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 63.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 18.

=Cotōnis=, an island near the Echinades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Cotta Marcus Aurelius=, a Roman who opposed Marius. He was consul with Lucullus; and when in Asia, he was defeated by sea and land by Mithridates. He was surnamed _Ponticus_, because he took Heraclea of Pontus by treachery. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An orator, greatly commended by _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――――A governor of Paphlagonia, very faithful to Sardanapalus. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――――A spendthrift in the age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus._――――An officer of Cæsar in Gaul. ――――A poet mentioned by ♦_Ovid_, _Epistulæ ex Ponto_.

♦ added author’s name ‘Ovid’

=Cottiæ Alpes=, a certain part of the Alps, by which Italy is separated from Gaul. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 37; _Nero_, ch. 18.

=Cottus=, a giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 147.――――A man among the Ædui. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Cotyæum=, a town of Galatia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――Of Phrygia.

=Cotyæus=, a surname of Æsculapius, worshipped on the borders of the Eurotas. His temple was raised by Hercules. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Cotylius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Cotyora=, a city of Asia Minor, founded by a colony from Sinope. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cotys=, the father of Asia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 45.――――A son of Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his father on the throne of Mæonia. ――――A king of Thrace. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Iphicrates_.――――Another, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was of an irascible temper. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 54.――――Another, king of Thrace, who divided the kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the same to whom Ovid writes from his banishment. _Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Annals_, ch. 64.――_Ovid_, bk. 2, _Epistulæ ex Ponto_, ltr. 9.――――A king of the Odrysæ. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 29.――――A king of Armenia Minor, who fought against Mithridates, in the age of Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bks. 11 & 13.――――Another, who imagined he should marry Minerva, and who murdered some of his servants who wished to dissuade him from expectations so frivolous and inconsistent. _Athenæus_, bk. 12.

=Cotytto=, the goddess of all debauchery, whose festivals, called _Cotyttia_, were celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thracians, &c., during the night. Her priests were called Baptæ, and nothing but debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the celebration. A festival of the same name was observed in Sicily, where the votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung with cakes and fruit, which it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It was a capital punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done at these sacred festivals; and it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable reflection upon them. The goddess ♦Cotytto is supposed to be the same as Proserpine or Ceres. _Horace_, epode 17, li. 58.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 91.

♦ ‘Corytto’ replaced with ‘Cotytto’

=Cragus=, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part of mount Taurus, sacred to Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 645.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 21.

=Crambūsa=, a town of Lycia.

=Cranai=, a surname of the Athenians, from their king Cranaus. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Cranapes=, a Persian, &c. _Herodotus._

=Cranaus=, the second king of Athens, who succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, B.C. 1497. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A city of Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Crane=, a nymph. _See:_ ♦Cara.――――A town of Arcadia.

♦ no reference found for ‘Cara’

=Craneum=, a gymnastic school at Corinth. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Cranii=, a town of Cephallenia. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Cranon= and =Crannon=, a town of Thessaly on the borders of Macedonia, where Antipater and Craterus defeated the Athenians after Alexander’s death. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 64.

=Crantor=, a philosopher of Soli, among the pupils of Plato, B.C. 310. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Demoleon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 361.

=Crassĭpes=, a surname of the family of the Furii, one of whom married Tullia, Cicero’s daughter, whom he soon after divorced. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 42.

=Lucius Crassitius=, a man who opened a school at Rome. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_, ch. 18.

=Crassus=, the grandfather of Crassus the Rich, who never laughed. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――Publius Licinius, a Roman high priest about 131 years B.C., who went into Asia with an army against Aristonicus, where he was killed and buried at Smyrna.――――Marcus Licinius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed _Rich_, on account of his opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in his circumstances; but, by educating slaves, and selling them at a high price, he soon enriched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome; and he retired to Spain, where he remained concealed for eight months. After Cinna’s death he passed into Africa, and thence to Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated himself in his favour. When the gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, had spread a universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some of the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against them. A battle was fought, in which Crassus slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this decisive blow he soon put an end to the war, and was honoured with an _ovatio_ at his return. He was soon after made consul with Pompey; and in this high office he displayed his opulence, by entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed the first triumvirate with Pompey and Cæsar. As his love of riches was more predominant than that of glory, Crassus never imitated the ambitious conduct of his colleagues, but was satisfied with the province of Syria, which seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of wealth. With hopes of enlarging his possessions, he set off from Rome, though the omens proved unfavourable, and everything seemed to threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he hastened to make himself master of Parthia. He was betrayed in his march by the delay of Artavasdes king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamnes. He was met in a large plain by Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes the king of Parthia; and a battle was fought in which 20,000 Romans were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of the night favoured the escape of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treachery of his guides, trusted himself to the general of the enemy, on pretence of proposing terms of accommodation, and he was put to death, B.C. 53. His head was cut off and sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead down his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The firmness with which Crassus received the news of his son’s death, who perished in that expedition, has been deservedly commended; and the words that he uttered when he surrendered himself into the hands of Surena, equally claim our admiration. He was wont often to say, that no man ought to be accounted rich if he could not maintain an army. Though he has been called avaricious, yet he showed himself always ready to lend money to his friends without interest. He was fond of philosophy, and his knowledge of history was great and extensive. _Plutarch_ has written his life. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――――Publius, the son of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with his father. When he saw himself surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope of escape, he ordered one of his men to run him through. His head was cut off, and shown with insolence to his father by the Parthians. _Plutarch_, _Crassus_.――――Lucius Licinius, a celebrated Roman orator, commended by Cicero, and introduced in his book _On Oratory_ as the principal speaker.――――A son of Crassus the Rich, killed in the civil wars, after Cæsar’s death.

=Crastīnus=, a man in Cæsar’s army, killed at the battle of Pharsalia. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 29.

=Cratais=, the mother of Scylla, supposed to be the same as Hecate. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 124.

=Cratæus=, conspired against Archelaus, &c. _Aristotle._

=Crater=, a bay of Campania near Misenus.

=Cratĕrus=, one of Alexander’s generals. He rendered himself conspicuous by his literary fame, as well as by his valour in the field, and wrote the history of Alexander’s life. He was greatly respected and loved by the Macedonian soldiers, and Alexander always trusted him with unusual confidence. After Alexander’s death he subdued Greece with Antipater, and passed with his colleague into Asia, where he was killed in a battle against Eumenes, B.C. 321. He had received for his share of Alexander’s kingdoms, Greece and Epirus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_, ch. 2.――_Justin_, bks. 12 & 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 3.――_Arrian._――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A physician of Atticus, mentioned by _Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 13.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 161.――――A painter whose pieces adorned the public buildings of Athens. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.――――An Athenian, who collected into one body all the decrees which had passed in the public assemblies at Athens.――――A famous sculptor.

=Crates=, a philosopher of Bœotia, son of Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic, B.C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the money to his fellow-citizens. He was naturally deformed, and he rendered himself more hideous by sewing sheepskins to his mantle, and by the singularity of his manners. He clothed himself as warm as possible in the summer; but in the winter, his garments were uncommonly thin, and incapable to resist the inclemency of the season. Hipparchia, the sister of a philosopher, became enamoured of him; and as he could not check her passion by representing himself as poor and deformed, he married her. He had by her two daughters, whom he gave in marriage to his disciples, after he had permitted them their company for 30 days, by way of trial. Some of his letters are extant. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A stoic, son of Timocrates, who opened a school at Rome, where he taught grammar. _Suetonius._――――A native of Pergamus, who wrote an account of the most striking events of every age, B.C. 165. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 17, ch. 9.――――A philosopher of Athens, who succeeded in the school of his master Polemon.――――An Athenian comic poet.

=Cratesiclēa=, the mother of Cleomenes, who went to Egypt in hopes of serving her country, &c. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.

=Cratesipŏlis=, a queen of Sicyon, who severely punished some of her subjects, who had revolted at the death of Alexander her husband, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 58.

=Cratesippĭdas=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet against the Athenians, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Cratēvas=, a general of Cassander. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Crateus=, a son of Minos.

=Crathis=, a river of Achaia, falling into the bay of Corinth. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――――Another in Magna Græcia, whose waters were supposed to give a yellow colour to the hair and beard of those that drank them. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 315.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Cratīnus=, a native of Athens, celebrated for his comic writings, and his fondness for drinking. He died at the age of ♦97 years, B.C. 431. Quintilian greatly commends his comedies, which the little remains of his poetry do not seem fully to justify. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4.――_Quintilian._――――A wrestler of an uncommon beauty. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.――――A river of Asia. _Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 2.

♦ ‘97, B.C. 431 years.’ replaced with ‘97 years, B.C. 431.’

=Cratippus=, a philosopher of Mitylene, who, among others, taught Cicero’s son at Athens. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey visited the house of Cratippus, where their discourse was chiefly turned upon Providence, which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher defended. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 1. ――――An historian contemporary with Thucydides. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Craty̆les=, a philosopher, preceptor to Plato after Socrates.

=Crausiæ=, two islands on the coast of Peloponnesus.

=Crausis=, the father of Philopœmen.

=Crauxĭdas=, a man who obtained an Olympic crown at a horse-race. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Crĕmĕra=, a small river of Tuscany, falling into the Tiber, famous for the death of the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a battle against the Veientes, A.U.C. 277. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 205. ――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 155.

=Cremides=, a place of Bithynia. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cremma=, a town of Lycia.

=Cremmyon= and =Crommyon=, a town near Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of uncommon bigness. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 435.

=Cremni= and =Cremnos=, a commercial place on the Palus Mæotis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.

=Cremōna=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po, near Mantua. It was a Roman colony, and suffered much when Annibal first passed into Italy. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 56.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, chs. 4 & 19.

=Cremōnis Jugum=, a part of the Alps, over which, as some suppose, Annibal passed to enter Italy. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.

=Cremutius Cordus=, an historian who wrote an account of Augustus, and of the civil wars, and starved himself for fear of the resentment of Tiberius, whom he had offended by calling Cassius the last of the Romans. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 55, chs. 34, 35.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 35; _Tiberius_, ch. 60, _Caligula_, ch. 16.

=Crenis=, a nymph mentioned by _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 313.

=Creon=, king of Corinth, was son of Sisyphus. He promised his daughter Glauce to Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge the success of her rival, Medea sent her for a present a gown covered with poison. Glauce put it on and was seized with sudden pains. Her body took fire, and she expired in the greatest torments. The house was also consumed by the fire, and Creon and his family shared Glauce’s fate. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Euripides_, _Medea_. ――_Hyginus_, fable 25.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Menœtius father of Jocasta, the wife and mother of Œdipus. At the death of Laius, who married Jocasta, Creon ascended the vacant throne of Thebes. As the ravages of the Sphinx [_See:_ Sphinx] were intolerable, Creon offered his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could explain the enigmas which the monster proposed. Œdipus was happy in his explanations, and he ascended the throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta without knowing that she was his mother, and by her he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles. These two sons mutually agreed, after their father’s death, to reign in the kingdom each alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority; but when he was once in power, he refused to resign at the appointed time, and his brother led against him an army of Argives to support his right. The war was decided by single combat between the two brothers. They both killed one another and Creon ascended the throne, till Leodamas the son of Eteocles should be of sufficient age to assume the reins of government. In his regal capacity, Creon commanded that the Argives, and more particularly Polynices, who was the cause of all the bloodshed, should remain unburied. If this was in any manner disobeyed, the offenders were to be buried alive. Antigone the sister of Polynices transgressed, and was accordingly punished. Hæmon the son of Creon, who was passionately fond of Antigone, killed himself on her grave, when his father refused to grant her pardon. Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who had made war against him at the request of Adrastus, because he refused burial to the Argives. _See:_ Eteocles, Polynices, Adrastus, Œdipus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 56, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_.――_Sophocles_, _Antigone_.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Hyginus_, fables 67 & 76.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――――The first annual archon at Athens. 684 B.C. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Creontiădes=, a son of Hercules by Megara daughter of Creon, killed by his father because he had slain Lycus.

=Creŏphĭlus=, a Samian who hospitably entertained Homer, from whom he received a poem in return. Some say that he was that poet’s master, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――An historian. _Athenæus_, bk. 8.

=Creperius Pollio=, a Roman, who spent his all in the most extravagant debauchery. _Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 6.

=Cres=, an inhabitant of Crete.――――The first king of Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Cresa= and =Cressa=, a town of Caria.

=Cresius=, a hill of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Cresphontes=, a son of Aristomachus, who, with his brothers Temenus and Aristodemus, attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.

=Cressius=, belonging to Crete. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 70; bk. 8, li. 294.

=Creston=, a town of Thrace, capital of a part of the country called _Crestonia_. The inhabitants had each many wives; and when the husband died, she who had received the greatest share of his affection was cheerfully slain on his grave. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Cresus= and =Ephesus=, two men who built the temple of Diana at Ephesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Crēta=, now _Candia_, one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean sea, at the south of all the Cyclades. It was once famous for its 100 cities, and for the laws which the wisdom of Minos established there. The inhabitants have been detested for their unnatural loves, their falsehood, their piracies, and robberies. Jupiter, as some authors report, was educated in that island by the Corybantes, and the Cretans boasted that they could show his tomb. There were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, Achaia, &c., that established themselves there. The island, after groaning under the tyranny of democratical usurpation, and feeling the scourge of frequent sedition, was made a Roman province, B.C. 66, after a war of three years, in which the inhabitants were so distressed that they were even compelled to drink the water of their cattle. Chalk was produced there and thence called _Creta_, and with it the Romans marked their lucky days in their calendar. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 10; epode 9.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 444; _Epistles_, bk. 10, li. 106.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 184.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 104.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Cretæus=, a poet mentioned by _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 29.

=Crete=, the wife of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Deucalion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Cretea=, a country of Arcadia, where Jupiter was educated, according to some traditions. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Cretes=, inhabitants of Crete. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 146.

=Creteus=, a Trojan, distinguished as a poet and musician. He followed Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 774. ――――Another, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 538.

=Cretheis=, the wife of Acastus king of Iolchos, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, because he refused to comply with her wishes, &c. She is called by some Hippolyte or Astyadamia. _Pindar_, _Nemean_, ch. 4.

=Cretheus=, a son of ♦Æolus father of ♥Æson, by Tyro his brother’s daughter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.

♦ ‘Œolus’ replaced with ‘Æolus’ ♥ ‘Œson’ replaced with ‘Æson’

=Crethon=, a son of Diocles, engaged in the Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was slain, with his brother Orsilochus, by ♦Æneas. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 540.

♦ ‘Œneas’ replaced with ‘Æneas’

=Cretĭcus=, a certain orator. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 67.――――A surname of Marcus Antony’s father.

=Cressas=, a famous boxer. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.

=Creūsa=, a daughter of Creon king of Corinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned garment, which immediately set her body on fire, and she expired in the most excruciating torments. She had received this gown as a gift from Medea, who wished to take that revenge upon the infidelity of Jason. Some call her Glauce. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 335. ――――A daughter of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba. She married Æneas, by whom she had some children, among which was Ascanius. When Troy was taken, she fled in the night, with her husband; but they were separated in the midst of the confusion, and Æneas could not recover her, nor hear where she was. Cybele saved her, and carried her to her temple, of which she became priestess; according to the relation of Vigil, who makes Creusa appear to her husband in a vision, while he was seeking her in the tumult of war. She predicted to Æneas the calamities that attended him, the fame he should acquire when he came to Italy, and his consequent marriage with a princess of the country. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 562, &c.――――A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was mother of Janus by Apollo.――――A town of Bœotia. _Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.

=Creusis=, a naval station of the Thespians. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.

=Criăsus=, a son of Argos king of Peloponnesus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Crinippus=, a general of Dionysius the elder.

=Crinis=, a stoic philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A priest of Apollo.

=Crinīsus= and =Crimīsus=, now _Caltabellota_, a river on the western parts of ♦Sicily near Segesta, where Timoleon defeated the Carthaginian forces. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 38. The word in the various editions of Virgil, is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, Crimisus, Crimesus, Crinisus, Crimnisus. The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, who exposed his daughter on the sea, rather than suffer her to be devoured by the sea monster which Neptune sent to punish the infidelity of Laomedon. _See:_ Laomedon. The daughter came safe to the shores of Sicily. Crinisus some time after went in quest of his daughter, and was so disconsolate for her loss, that the gods changed him into a river in Sicily, and granted him the power of metamorphosing himself into whatever shape he pleased. He made use of this privilege to seduce the neighbouring nymphs.

♦ ‘Cicily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’

=Crino=, a daughter of Antenor. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._

=Crison=, a man of Himera, who obtained a prize at Olympia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.

=Crispīna=, a Roman matron, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Histories_, ch. 47.

=Crispīnus=, a pretorian, who, though originally a slave in Egypt, was, after the acquisition of riches, raised to the honours of Roman knighthood by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 26.――――A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for his loquacity as for the foolish and tedious poem which he wrote, to explain the tenets of his own sect, to which _Horace_ alludes in the last verses of bk. 1, satire 1.

=Crispus Sallustius.= _See:_ Sallustius.――――Virio, a famous orator. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――The second husband of Agrippina. ――――Flavius Julius, a son of the Great Constantine, made Cæsar by his father, and distinguished for valour and extensive knowledge. Fausta, his stepmother, wished to seduce him; and when he refused, she accused him before Constantine, who believed the crime, and caused his son to be poisoned, A.D. 326.

=Crissæus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Corinth, now the bay of _Salona_. It received its name from _Crissa_, a town of Phocis, situate on the bay and near Delphi.

=Critāla=, a town of Cappadocia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 26.

=Crithēis=, a daughter of Melanippus, who became pregnant by an unknown person, and afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and brought forth the poet Homer, according to _Herodotus_, _Life of Homer_.

=Crithōte=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. _Cornelius Nepos._

=Critias=, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent and well-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them to death. He was killed in a battle against those citizens whom his oppression had banished. He had been among the disciples of Socrates, and had written elegies and other compositions, of which some fragments remain. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _On Oratory_.――――A philosopher.――――A man who wrote on republics. ――――Another who addressed an elegy to Alcibiades.

=Crito=, one of the disciples of Socrates, who attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and composed some dialogues, now lost. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A physician in the age of Artaxerxes Longimanus.――――An historian of Naxus, who wrote an account of all that had happened during eight particular years of his life.――――A Macedonian historian, who wrote an account of Pallene, of Persia, of the foundation of Syracuse, of the Getæ, &c.

=Critobūlus=, a general of Phocis, at the battle of Thermopylæ, between Antiochus and the Romans. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 20.――――A physician in the age of Philip king of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――――A son of Crito, disciple to Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Crito_.

=Critodēmus=, an ancient historian. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 76.

=Critognātus=, a celebrated warrior of Alesia, when Cæsar was in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Critolāus=, a citizen of Tegea in Arcadia, who, with two brothers, fought against the three sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, to put an end to the long war between their respective nations. The brothers of Critolaus were both killed, and he alone remained to withstand his three bold antagonists. He conquered them; and when, at his return, his sister deplored the death of one of his antagonists to whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit of resentment. The offence deserved capital punishment; but he was pardoned, on account of the services he had rendered his country. He was afterwards general of the Achæans, and it is said that he poisoned himself, because he had been conquered at Thermopylæ by the Romans. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Athens, sent ambassador to Rome, &c., 140 B.C. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _On Oratory_. ――――An historian who wrote about Epirus.

=Crius=, a soothsayer, son of Theocles. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13. ――――A man of Ægina, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 50.――――A river of Achaia, called after a giant of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 27.

=Crobialus=, a town of Paphlagonia.

=Crobyzi=, a people of Thrace.

=Crŏcăle=, one of Diana’s attendants. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Croceæ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Crocodilopŏ1is=, a town of Egypt, near the Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles were held there in the greatest veneration; and they were so tame, that they came to feed from the hand of their feeders. It was afterwards called Arsinoe. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 69.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Crocus=, a beautiful youth enamoured of the nymph Smilax. He was changed into a flower of the same name, on account of the impatience of his love, and Smilax was metamorphosed into a yew tree. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 283.

=Crœsus=, the fifth and last of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia, was son of Alyattes, and passed for the richest of mankind. He was the first who made the Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians. His court was the asylum of learning; and Æsop the famous fable-writer, among others, lived under his patronage. In a conversation with Solon, Crœsus wished to be thought the happiest of mankind; but the philosopher apprised him of his mistake, and gave the preference to poverty and domestic virtue. Crœsus undertook a war against Cyrus the king of Persia, and marched to meet him with an army of 420,000 men and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 14 years, he was defeated, B.C. 548; his capital was besieged, and he fell into the conqueror’s hands, who ordered him to be burnt alive. The pile was already on fire, when Cyrus heard the conquered monarch three times exclaim, “Solon!” with lamentable energy. He asked him the reason of his exclamation, and Crœsus repeated the conversation which he had once with Solon on human happiness. Cyrus was moved at the recital, and at the recollection of the inconstancy of human affairs, he ordered Crœsus to be taken from the burning pile, and he became one of his most intimate friends. The kingdom of Lydia became extinct in his person, and the power was transferred to Persia. Crœsus survived Cyrus. The manner of his death is unknown. He is celebrated for the immensely rich presents which he made to the temple of Delphi, from which he received an obscure and ambiguous oracle, which he interpreted in his favour, and which was fulfilled in the destruction of his empire. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Solon_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Cromi=, a people of Arcadia.

=Cromītis=, a country of Arcadia.

=Crommyon= and =Cromyon=, a place of Attica, where Perseus killed a large sow that laid waste the neighbouring country. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7.――_Xenophon._――――A town near Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Cromna=, a town of Bithyna.

=Cromus=, a son of Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Lycaon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Cronia=, a festival at Athens in honour of Saturn. The Rhodians observed the same festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a condemned malefactor.

=Cronium=, a town of Elis,――――of Sicily.

=Crophi=, a mountain of Egypt, near which were the sources of the Nile, according to some traditions, in the city of _Sais_. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 28.

=Crossæa=, a country situate partly in Thrace, and partly in Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Crotălus=, a navigable river of Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Croton=, a man killed by Hercules, by whom he was afterwards greatly honoured. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Crŏtōna=, a town of Italy, still known by the same name, in the bay of Tarentum, founded 759 years before the Augustan age, by a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants were excellent warriors, and great wrestlers. Democedes, Alcmæon, Milo, &c., were natives of this place. It was surrounded with a wall 12 miles in circumference, before the arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy. Crotona struggled in vain against the attacks of Dionysius of Sicily, who took it. It suffered likewise in the wars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received ample glory, in being the place where Pythagoras established his school. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 47.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 96.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 24, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 2.

=Crotoniatæ=, the inhabitants of Crotona. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Crotoniatis=, a part of Italy, of which Crotona is the capital. _Thucydides_, bk. 7, ch. 35.

=Crotopiădes=, a patronymic of Linus, as grandson of Crotopus.

=Crotōpias=, the patronymic of Linus grandson of Crotopus. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 480.

=Crotōpus=, a king of Argos, son of Agenor, and father to Psamathe the mother of Linus by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 480.

=Crotus=, a son of Eumene the nurse of the Muses. He devoted his life to the labours of the chase, and after death Jupiter placed him among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.

=Crunos=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Crusis=, a place near Olynthos.

=Crustŭmĕrium= and =Crustumeria=, a town of the Sabines. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 42, ch. 34.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 631.

=Crustūmīnum=, a town of Etruria, near Veii, famous for pears; whence the adjective _Crustumia_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 88.

=Crustŭmium=, =Crustunus=, and =Crusturnenius=, now _Conca_, a river flowing from the Apennines by Ariminum. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Crynis=, a river of Bithynia.

=Crypta=, a passage through mount Pausilypus. _See:_ Pausilypus.

=Cteătus=, one of the Grecian chiefs before Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Ctemene=, a town of Thessaly.

=Ctenos=, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica.

=Ctesias=, a Greek historian and physician of Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artaxerxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the king’s wounds, and was his physician for 17 years. He wrote a history of the Assyrians and Persians, which Justin and Diodorus have partially preferred to that of Herodotus. Some fragments of his compositions have been preserved by Photius, and are to be found in Wesseling’s edition of Herodotus. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Athenæus_, bk. 12. ――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――A sycophant of Athens.――――An historian of Ephesus.

=Ctesibius=, a mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 135 years B. C. He was the inventor of the pump and other hydraulic instruments. He also invented a _clepsydra_, or water clock. This invention of measuring time by water was wonderful and ingenious. Water was made to drop upon wheels, which it turned. The wheels communicated their regular motion to a small wooden image, which, by a gradual rise, pointed with a stick to the proper hours and months, which were engraved on a column near the machine. This artful invention gave rise to many improvements; and the modern manner of measuring time with an hour-glass is an imitation of the clepsydra of Ctesibius. _Vitruvius_, _On Architecture_, bk. 9, ch. 9.――――A cynic philosopher.――――An historian, who flourished 254 years B.C., and died in his 104th year. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.

=Ctesĭcle=, a general of Zacynthos.

=Ctesidēmus=, a painter who had Antiphilus for pupil. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Ctesilŏchus=, a noble painter, who represented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Ctesĭphon=, an Athenian, son of Leosthenes, who advised his fellow-citizens publicly to present Demosthenes with a golden crown for his probity and virtue. This was opposed by the orator Æschines, the rival of Demosthenes, who accused Ctesiphon of seditious views. Demosthenes undertook the defence of his friend, in a celebrated oration still extant, and Æschines was banished. _Demosthenes_ & _Æschines_, _On the Crown_.――――A Greek architect, who made the plan of Diana’s temple at Ephesus.――――An elegiac poet, whom king Attalus sat over his possessions in Æolia. _Athenæus_, bk. 13.――――A Greek historian, who wrote a history of Bœotia, besides a treatise on trees and plants. ♦_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A large village of Assyria, now _Elmodain_, on the banks of the Tigris, where the kings of Parthia generally resided on account of the mildness of the climate. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.

♦ ‘Put.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

=Ctesippus=, a son of Chabrias. After his father’s death he was received into the house of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion attempted in vain to correct his natural foibles and extravagancies. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――A man who wrote a history of Scythia. ――――One of the descendants of Hercules.

=Ctimĕne=, the youngest daughter of Laertes by Anticlea. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 334.

=Cularo=, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, called afterwards _Gratianopolis_, and now _Grenoble_. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_.

=Cuma= and =Cumæ=, a town of Æolia, in Asia Minor. The inhabitants have been accused of stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the goods which entered their harbour during 300 years. They were called _Cumani_. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A city of Campania, near Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cumæ, of Æolia, before the Trojan war. The inhabitants were called _Cumæi_ and _Cumani_. There was one of the Sibyls that fixed her residence in a cave in the neighbourhood, and was called the _Cumæan_ Sibyl. _See:_ Sibyllæ.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 712; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 158; _Ex Ponto_, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 41.――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 441.――_Livy_, bk. 4.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Cumānum=, a country house of Pompey, near Cumæ. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 10.――――Another of Varro. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Cunaxa=, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from Babylon, famous for a battle fought there between Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the younger, B.C. 401. The latter entered the field of battle with 113, 000 men, and the former’s forces amounted to 900,000 men. The valour and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, who were among the troops of Cyrus, are well known, and have been celebrated by the pen of Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and who had the principal care of the retreat. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――_Ctesias._

=Cuneus=, a cape of Spain, now _Algarve_, extending into the sea in the form of a wedge. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22.

=Capāvo=, a son of Cycnus, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 186.

=Cupentus=, a friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 539.

=Cupīdo=, a celebrated deity among the ancients, god of love, and love itself. There are different traditions concerning his parents. Cicero mentions three Cupids: one, son of Mercury and Diana; another, son of Mercury and Venus; and the third, of Mars and Venus. Plato mentions two; Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist, speaks only of one, who as he says, was produced at the same time as Chaos and the earth. There are, according to the more received opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is a lively, ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and Venus; whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, is distinguished by his debauchery and riotous disposition. Cupid is represented as a winged infant, naked, armed with a bow and a quiver full of arrows. On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, he is represented as amusing himself with some childish diversion. Sometimes he appears driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching a butterfly, or trying to burn with a torch; at other times he plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely embraces a swan, or with one foot raised in the air, he, in a musing posture, seems to meditate some trick. Sometimes, like a conqueror, he marches triumphantly, with a helmet on his head, a spear on his shoulder, and a buckler on his arm, intimating that even Mars himself owns the superiority of love. His power was generally known by his riding on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the ancients he was worshipped with the same solemnity as his mother Venus, and as his influence was extended over the heavens, the sea, and the earth, and even the empire of the dead, his divinity was universally acknowledged, and vows, prayers, and sacrifices were daily offered to him. According to some accounts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit the earth, and even the gods themselves, were the offspring of love, before the foundation of the world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed different shapes; and we find him in the Æneid putting on, at the request of his mother, the form of Ascanius, and going to Dido’s court, where he inspired the queen with love. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 693, &c. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 10.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 121, &c.――_Oppian_, _Halieutica_, bk. 4.――_Cynegetica_, bk. 2.――_Bion_, _Idylls_, bk. 3. ――_Moschus._――_Euripides_, _Hippolytus_.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poems 3, 11, &c.

=Cupiennius=, a friend of Augustus, who made himself ridiculous for the nicety and effeminacy of his dress. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 36.

=Cures=, a town of the Sabines, of which Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called _Quirites_, were carried to Rome, of which they became citizens. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 292; bk. 8, li. 638.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Macrobius_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, lis. 477 & 480; bk. 3, li. 94.

=Curētes=, a people of Crete, called also _Corybantes_, who, according to Ovid, were produced from rain. Their knowledge of all the arts was extensive, and they communicated it to many parts of ancient Greece. They were entrusted with the education of Jupiter, and to prevent his being discovered by his father, they invented a kind of dance, and drowned his cries in the harsh sounds of their shields and cymbals. As a reward for their attention, they were made priests and favourite ministers of Rhea, called also Cybele, who had entrusted them with the care of Jupiter. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 151.――_Strabo_, bk. 10. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 282; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 210.

=Curētis=, a name given to Crete, as being the residence of the Curetes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 136.

=Curia=, a division of the Roman tribes. Romulus originally divided the people into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curiæ. Over each Curia was appointed a priest, who officiated at the sacrifices of his respective assembly. The sacrifices were called _Curionia_ and the priest _Curio_. He was to be above the age of 50. His morals were to be pure and unexceptionable, and his body free from all defects. The _Curiones_ were elected by their respective Curiæ, and above them was a superior priest called _Curio maximus_, chosen by all the Curiæ in a public assembly.――――The word _Curia_ was also applied to public edifices among the Romans. These were generally of two sorts, divine and civil. In the former were held the assemblies of the priests, and of every religious order, for the regulation of religious sacrifices and ceremonies. The other was appointed for the senate, where they assembled for the despatch of public business. The Curia was solemnly consecrated by the Augurs, before a lawful assembly could be convened there. There were three at Rome, which more particularly claim our attention: _Curia Hostilia_, built by king Tullus Hostilius: _Curia Pompeii_, where Julius Cæsar was murdered; and _Curia Augusti_, the palace and court of the emperor Augustus.――――A town of the Rhœti, now _Coire_, the capital of the Grisons.

=Curia lex=, _de Comitiis_, was enacted by Marcus Curius Dentatus the tribune. It forbade the convening of the _Comitia_, for the election of magistrates, without a previous permission from the senate.

=Curias.= _See:_ Curium.

=Curiatii=, a family of Alba, which was carried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered among the patricians. The three Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, and lost the victory, were of this family. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5. ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 24.

♦=Caius Curio=, an excellent orator, who called Cæsar in full senate, _Omnium mulierum virum et omnium virorum mulierem_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 21, ch. 7.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 49.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――His son Caius Scribonius, was tribune of the people, and an intimate friend of Cæsar. He saved Cæsar’s life as he returned from the senate house, after the debates concerning the punishments which ought to be inflicted on the adherents of Catiline. He killed himself in Africa. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _Cæsar_, ch. 49.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 268.

♦ ‘Q.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

=Curiosolitæ=, a people among the Celtæ, who inhabited the country which now forms Lower Brittany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Curium=, a town of Cyprus, at a small distance from which, in the south of the island, there is a Cape, which bears the name of _Curias_. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 113.

=Curius Dentātus Marcus Annius=, a Roman celebrated for his fortitude and frugality. He was three times consul, and was twice honoured with a triumph. He obtained decisive victories over the Samnites, the Sabines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyrrhus near Tarentum. The ambassadors of the Samnites visited his cottage, while he was boiling some vegetables in an earthen pot, and they attempted to bribe him by the offer of large presents. He refused their offers with contempt, and said. “I prefer my earthen pots to all your vessels of gold and silver, and it is my wish to command those who are in possession of money, while I am deprived of it, and live in poverty.” _Plutarch_, _Marcus Cato_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 12, li. 41.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s cavalry, to whom six cohorts of Pompey revolted, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, ♦bk. 1, ch. 24.

♦ Book number omitted in text.

=Curtia=, a patrician family, which migrated with Tatius to Rome.

=Curtīllus=, a celebrated epicure, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 52.

=Marcus Curtius=, a Roman youth who devoted himself to the gods’ manes for the safety of his country about 360 years B.C. A wide gap, called afterwards _Curtius lacus_, had suddenly opened in the forum, and the oracle had said that it never would close before Rome threw into it whatever it had most precious. Curtius immediately perceived that no less than a human sacrifice was required. He armed himself, mounted his horse, and solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which immediately closed over his head. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――Quintus Rufus. _See:_ Quintus.――――Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with Pompey, &c. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.――――Montanus, an orator and poet under Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4.――――Atticus, a Roman knight, who accompanied Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4.――――Lacus, the gulf into which Curtius leaped. _See:_ Marcus Curtius.――――Fons, a stream which conveyed water to Rome from the distance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct so elevated as to be distributed through all the hills of the city. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.

=Curūlis magistratus=, a state officer at Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in an ivory chair in public assemblies. The dictator, the consuls, the censors, the pretors, and ediles, claimed that privilege, and therefore were called _curules magistratus_. The senators who had passed through the above-mentioned offices, were generally carried to the senate-house in ivory chairs, as also all generals in their triumphant procession to the Capitol. When names of distinction began to be known among the Romans, the descendants of curule magistrates were called _nobiles_, the first of a family who discharged that office were known by the name of _notii_, and those that had never been in office were called _ignobiles_.

=Cussæi=, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Alexander to appease the manes of Hephæstion. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Cusus=, a river of Hungary falling into the Danube, now the _Vag_.

=Cutilium=, a town of the Sabines, near a lake which contained a floating island, and of which the water was of an unusually cold quality. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 31, ch. 2.――_Seneca_, _Naturales quaestiones_, bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 11.

=Cyamosōrus=, a river of Sicily.

=Cyăne=, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom her father offered violence in a fit of drunkenness. She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where she sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop a pestilence, which, from that circumstance, had already begun to afflict the country. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_――――A nymph of Sicily, who endeavoured to assist Proserpine when she was carried away by Pluto. The god changed her into a fountain now called _Pisme_, a few miles from Syracuse. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 112.――――A town of Lycia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――An inn-keeper, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 162.

=Cyăneæ=, now _the Pavorane_, two rugged islands at the entrance of the Euxine sea, about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thracian Bosphorus. One of them is on the side of Asia, and the other on the European coast, and, according to Strabo, there is only a space of 20 furlongs between them. The waves of the sea, which continually break against them with a violent noise, fill the air with a darkening foam, and render the passage extremely dangerous. The ancients supposed that these islands floated, and even sometimes united to crush vessels into pieces when they passed through the straits. This tradition arose from their appearing, like all other objects, to draw nearer when navigators approached them. They were sometimes called _Symplegades_ and _Planetæ_. Their true situation and form was first explored and ascertained by the Argonauts. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 12.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 85.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, lis. 317 & 600.――_Lycophron_, li. 1285.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 34.

=Cyanee= and =Cyanea=, a daughter of the Mæander, mother of Byblis and Caunus by Miletus, Apollo’s son. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 451.

=Cyaneus=, a large river of Colchis.

=Cyanippe=, a daughter of Adrastus.

=Cyanippus=, a Syracusan, who derided the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god so inebriated him, that he offered violence to his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed him on the altar. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A Thessalian, whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Cyaraxes=, or =Cyaxares=, son of Phraortes, was king of Media and Persia. He bravely defended his kingdom, which the Scythians had invaded. He made war against Alyattes king of Lydia, and subjected to his power all Asia beyond the river Halys. He died after a reign of 40 years, B.C. 585. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 73 & 103.――――Another prince, supposed by some to be the same as Darius the Mede. He was the son of Astyages king of Media. He added seven provinces to his father’s dominions, and made war against the Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured. _Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_, bk. 1.

=Cybēbe=, a name of Cybele, from ♦κυβηβειν, because in the celebration of her festivals men were driven to madness.

♦ ‘κυβμβειν’ replaced with ‘κυβηβειν’

=Cybĕle=, a goddess, daughter of Cœlus and Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindymene, &c. According to Diodorus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince called Menos, by his wife Dindymene, and he adds, that as soon as she was born she was exposed on a mountain. She was preserved and suckled by some of the wild beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the mountain where her life had been preserved. When she returned to her father’s court, she had an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father mutilated, &c. All the mythologists are unanimous in mentioning the amours of Atys and Cybele. The partiality of the goddess for Atys seems to arise from his having first introduced her worship in Phrygia. She enjoined him perpetual celibacy, and the violation of his promise was expiated by voluntary mutilation. In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, called Corybantes, Galli, &c., were not admitted in the service of the goddess without a previous mutilation. In the celebration of the festivals, they imitated the manners of madmen, and filled the air with dreadful shrieks and howlings, mixed with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears. This was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of her favourite Atys. Cybele was generally represented as a robust woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, to intimate the fecundity of the earth. She held keys in her hand, and her head was crowned with rising turrets, and sometimes with the leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears riding in a chariot drawn by two tame lions; Atys follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting himself upon a fir tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes Cybele is represented with a sceptre in her hand, with her head covered with a tower. She is also seen with many breasts, to show that the earth gives aliments to all living creatures; and she generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship of Cybele passed into Greece, and was solemnly established at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought the statue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; and when the ship which carried it had run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and innocence of Claudia were vindicated in removing it with her girdle. It is supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 1580 years B.C. The Romans were particularly superstitious in washing every year, on the 6th of the calends of April, the shrine of this goddess in the waters of the river Almon. There prevailed many obscenities in the observation of the festivals, and the priests themselves were the most eager to use indecent expressions, and to show their unbounded licentiousness by the impurity of their actions. _See:_ Atys, Eleusis, Rhea, Corybantes, Galli, &c. _Augustine_, _City of God_, &c.――_Lactantius._――_Lucian_, _De Syria Dea_. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 252.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 566.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, lis. 210 & 361.――_Plutarch_, _de Garrulitate_.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.――_Cælius_, _Rhodiginus_, ♦bk. 18, ch. 17, &c.

♦ ‘8’ replaced with ‘18’

=Cybĕle= and =Cybela=, a town of Phrygia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Cybĕlus=, a mountain of Phrygia, where Cybele was worshipped.

=Cy̆bĭra=, a town of Phrygia, whence Cybiraticus. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.

=Cybistria=, a town of Cappadocia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15.

=Cycesium=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pisa.

=Cychreus=, a son of Neptune and Salamis. After death he was honoured as a god in Salamis and Attica. As he left no children, he made Telamon his successor, because he had freed the country from a monstrous serpent. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Cyclădes=, a name given to certain islands of the Ægean sea, those particularly that surround Delos as with a circle; whence the name (κυκλος, _circulus_). They were about 53 in number, the principal of which were Ceos, Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos, Gyarus, Tenedos, &c. The Cyclades were reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades; but during the invasion of Greece by the Persians, they revolted from their ancient and natural allies. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Dionysius Periegeta._ ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 64.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 127; bk. 8, li. 692.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 247.

=Cyclōpes=, a certain race of men of gigantic stature, supposed to be the sons of Cœlus and Terra. They had but one eye, in the middle of the forehead; whence their name (κυκλος, _circulus_, ὠψ, _oculus_). They were three in number, according to Hesiod, called Arges, Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was greater according to other mythologists, and in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their king. _See:_ Polyphemus. They inhabited the western parts of the island of Sicily; and because they were uncivilized in their manners, the poets speak of them as men-eaters. The tradition of their having only one eye originates from their custom of wearing small bucklers of steel which covered their faces, and had a small aperture in the middle, which corresponded exactly to the eye. From their vicinity to mount Ætna, they have been supposed to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses were said, among the ancients, to be the work of the Cyclops, to render them more respectable; and we find that Jupiter was armed with what they had fabricated, and that the shield of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were the produce of their labour. The Cyclops were reckoned among the gods, and we find a temple dedicated to their service at Corinth, where sacrifices were solemnly offered. Apollo destroyed them all, because they had made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which his son Æsculapius had been killed. From the different accounts given of the Cyclops by the ancients, it may be concluded that they were all the same people, to whom various functions have been attributed, which cannot be reconciled one to the other, without drawing the pencil of fiction or mythology. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 1 & 9.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 140.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 170; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 630; bk. 8, li. 418, &c.; bk. 11, li. 263. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 780; bk. 14, li. 249.――――A people of Asia.

=Cycnus=, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed by Hercules. The manner of his death provoked Mars to such a degree that he resolved severely to punish his murderer, but he was prevented by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. _Hyginus_, fables 31 & 261.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_. ――――A son of Neptune, invulnerable in every part of his body. Achilles fought against him; but when he saw that his darts were of no effect, he threw him on the ground and smothered him. He stripped him of his armour, and saw him suddenly changed into a bird of the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 3.――――A son of Hyrie, changed into a swan.――――A son of Sthenelus king of Liguria. He was deeply afflicted at the death of his friend and relation Phaeton, and in the midst of his lamentations he was metamorphosed into a swan. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 367.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 189.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30.――――A horse’s name. _Statius_, bk. 6, _Thebiad_ li. 524.

=Cydas=, a profligate Cretan, made judge at Rome by Antony. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, speeches 5 & 8.

=Cydias=, an Athenian of great valour, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 21. ――――A painter who made a painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated piece was bought by the orator Hortensius, for 164 talents. _Pliny_, bk. 34.

=Cydippe=, the wife of Anaxilaus, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 165. ――――The mother of Cleobis and Biton. _See:_ Cleobis.――――A girl beloved by Acontius. _See:_ Acontius.――――One of Cyrene’s attendants. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 329.

=Cydnus=, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, where Alexander bathed when covered with sweat. The consequences proved almost fatal to the monarch. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 8.

=Cydon=, a friend of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 335.

=Cydon= and =Cydonia=, now _Canea_, a town of Crete, built by a colony from Samos. It was supposed that Minos generally resided there. Hence _Cydoneus_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 22.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 858.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 109.――_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 60.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 229.

=Cydonia=, an island opposite Lesbos. _Pliny_, bks. 2 & 4.

=Cydrara=, a city of Phrygia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 30.

=Cydrolāus=, a man who led a colony to Samos. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Cygnus.= _See:_ Cycnus.

=Cylabus=, a place near Argos in Peloponnesus. ♦_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.

♦ ‘Piut.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

=Cylbiani=, mountains of Phrygia where the Gayster takes its rise. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Cylices=, a people among the Illyrians. There was in their country a monument in honour of Cadmus. _Athenæus._

=Cylindus=, a son of Phryxus and Calliope.

=Cyllabaris=, a public place for exercises at Argos, where was a statue of Minerva. _Pausanias_, _Corinthia_.

=Cyllabărus=, a gallant of the wife of Diomedes, &c.

=Cyllărus=, the most beautiful of all the Centaurs, passionately fond of Hylonome. They perished both at the same time. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 408.――――A celebrated horse of Pollux or of Castor, according to Seneca. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 90.

=Cyllen=, a son of Elatus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Cyllēne=, the mother of Lycaon by Pelasgus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――A naval station of Elis in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23.――――A mountain of Arcadia, with a small town on its declivity, which received its name from Cyllen. Mercury was born there; hence his surname of _Cylleneius_, which is indiscriminately applied to anything he invented, or over which he presided. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 663.――_Horace_, epode 13, li. 13.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 17.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 139.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 146; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 147.

=Cyllēnēius=, a surname of Mercury, from his being born on the mountain of Cyllene.

=Cyllyrii=, certain slaves at Syracuse. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 155.

=Cylon=, an Athenian who aspired to tyranny. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 71.

=Cyma=, or =Cymæ=, the largest and most beautiful town of Æolia, called also _Phriconis_, and _Phricontis_, and _Cumæ_. _See:_ Cumæ. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _Flaccus_, ch. 20.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 149.

=Cymodŏce=, =Cyme=, and =Cymo=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 255.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 388.

=Cymōlus= and =Cimōlus=, an island of the Cretan sea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463.

=Cymŏthoe=, one of the Nereides, represented by _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 148, as assisting the Trojans with Triton after the storm with which Æolus, at the request of Juno, had afflicted the fleet.

=Cynara=, one of Horace’s favourites. Bk. 4, ode 1, li. 4.

=Cynægīrus=, an Athenian, celebrated for his extraordinary courage. He was brother to the poet Æschylus. After the battle of Marathon, he pursued the flying Persians to their ships, and seized one of their vessels with his right hand, which was immediately severed by the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel with his left hand, and when he had lost that also, he still kept his hold with his teeth. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 114.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Cynæthium=, a town of Arcadia, founded by one of the companions of Æneas. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Cynāne=, a daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, who married Amyntas son of Perdiccas, by whom she had Eurydice. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Cynāpes=, a river falling into the Euxine. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, ltr. 10, li. 49.

=Cynaxa.= _See:_ Cunaxa.

=Cyneas.= _See:_ Cineas.

=Cynesii= and =Cynetæ=, a nation on the remotest shores of Europe, towards the ocean. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 33.

=Cynethussa=, an island in the Ægean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Cynia=, a lake of Acarcania. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Cynĭci=, a sect of philosophers founded by Antisthenes the Athenian. They received this name _à caninâ mordacitate_, from their canine propensity to criticize the lives and actions of men, or because, like dogs, they were not ashamed to gratify their criminal desires publicly. They were famous for their contempt of riches, for their negligence of their dress, and the length of their beards. Diogenes was one of their sect. They generally slept on the ground. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _De Officiis_, chs. 35 & 41.

=Cynisca=, a daughter of Archidamus king of Sparta, who obtained the first prize in the chariot-races at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Cyno=, a woman who preserved the life of Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 110.

=Cynocephăle=, a town of Thessaly, where the proconsul Quintius conquered Philip of Macedon, and put an end to the first Macedonian war, B.C. 197. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 7.

=Cynocephăli=, a nation of India, who have the head of a dog, according to some traditions. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Cynophontis=, a festival of Argos, observed during the dog days. It received its name ἀπο του κυνας φονειν, _killing dogs_, because they used to kill all the dogs they met.

=Cynortas=, one of the ancient kings of Sparta, son of Amyclas and Diomede. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Cynortion=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 27.

=Cynos=, a town of Locris.――――Another in Thessaly, where Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, was buried.

=Cynosargres=, a surname of Hercules.――――A small village of Attica of the same name, where the Cynic philosophers had established their school. _Herodotus_, bks. 5 & 6.

=Cynossēma= (_a dog’s tomb_), a promontory of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Hecuba was changed into a dog, and buried. _Ovid_, bk. 13, _Metamorphoses_, li. 569.

=Cynosūra=, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star which bears the same name. It is the same as the Ursa Minor. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 107.

=Cynthia=, a beautiful woman who was mistress to _Propertius_.――――A surname of Diana, from mount Cynthus, where she was born.

=Cynthius=, a surname of Apollo, from mount Cynthus.

=Cynthus=, a mountain of Delos, so high that it is said to overshadow the whole island. Apollo was surnamed _Cynthius_, and Diana _Cynthia_, as they were born on the mountain, which was sacred to them. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 36.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 304; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 346.

=Cynūrenses=, a people of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Cynus=, a naval station of Opus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Cypărissi= and =Cyparissia=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Massenia. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 31.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Cypărissus=, a youth, son of Telephus of Cea, beloved by Apollo. He killed a favourite stag of Apollo’s, for which he was so sorry that he pined away, and was changed by the god into a cypress tree. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 680.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 121.――――A town near Delphi. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Cyphăra=, a fortified place of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.

=Cypriānus=, a native of Carthage, who, though born of heathen parents, became a convert to christianity, and the bishop of his countrymen. To be more devoted to purity and study, he abandoned his wife; and as a proof of his charity, he distributed his goods to the poor. He wrote 81 letters, besides several treatises, _De Dei gratiâ_, _De virginum habitu_, &c., and rendered his compositions valuable by the information which he conveys of the discipline of the ancient church, and by the soundness and purity of his theology. He died a martyr, A.D. 258. The best editions of Cyprian are that of Fell, folio, Oxford, 1682, and that reprinted Amsterdam, 1700.

=Cyprus=, a daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, who married Agrippa. ――――A large island in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of Cilicia, and at the west of Syria, formerly joined to the continent near Syria, according to Pliny. It has been anciently called _Acamantis_, _Amathusia_, _Aspelia_, _Cerastis_, _Colonia_ or _Colinia_, _Macaria_, and _Spechia_. It has been celebrated for giving birth to Venus surnamed _Cypris_, who was the chief deity of the place, and to whose service many places and temples were consecrated. It was anciently divided into nine kingdoms, and was for some time under the power of Egypt, and afterwards of the Persians. The Greeks made themselves masters of it, and it was taken from them by the Romans. Its length, according to Strabo, is 1400 stadia. There were three celebrated temples there, two sacred to Venus, and the other to Jupiter. The inhabitants were given much to pleasure and dissipation. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 9. ――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 24; bk. 33, ch. 3; bk. 36, ch. 26.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Cypsĕlĭdes=, the name of three princes as descendants of Cypselus, who reigned at Corinth during 73 years. Cypselus was succeeded by his son Periander, who left his kingdom, after a reign of 40 years, to Cypselus II.

♦=Cypsĕsus=, a king of Arcadia, who married the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strengthen himself against the Heraclidæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A man of Corinth, son of Eetion and father of Periander. He destroyed the Bacchiadæ, and seized upon the sovereign power, about 659 years before Christ. He reigned 30 years, and was succeeded by his son. Periander had two sons, Lycophron and Cypselus, who was insane. Cypselus received his name from the Greek word κυψελος, _a coffer_, because when the Bacchiadæ attempted to kill him, his mother saved his life by concealing him in a coffer. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 37. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 114; bk. 5, ch. 92, &c.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_.――――The father of Miltiades. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 35.

♦ ‘Cysĕsus’ replaced with ‘Cypsĕsus’

=Cyraunis=, an island of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 195.

=Cyrbiāna=, a province of the Elymæans.

=Cyre=, a fountain near Cyrene.

=Cyrēnaĭca=, a country of Africa, of which Cyrene is the capital. _See:_ Cyrene.

=Cyrēnaĭci=, a sect of philosophers who followed the doctrine of Aristippus. They placed their _summum bonum_ in pleasure, and said that virtue ought to be commended because it gave pleasure. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Aristotle_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Cyrēne=, the daughter of the river Peneus, of whom Apollo became enamoured. He carried her to that part of Africa which is called _Cyrenaica_, where she brought forth Aristæus. She is called by some daughter of Hypseus, king of the Lapithæ and son of the Peneus. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 321.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 7. ――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 9.――――A celebrated city of Libya, to which Aristæus, who was the chief of the colonists settled there, gave his mother’s name. Cyrene was situate in a beautiful and fertile plain, about 11 miles from the Mediterranean sea, and it became the capital of the country, which was called _Pentapolis_, on account of the five cities which it contained. It gave birth to many great men, among whom were Callimachus, Eratosthenes, Carneades, Aristippus, &c. The town of Cyrene was built by Battus, B.C. 630, and the kingdom was bequeathed to the Romans, B.C. 97, by king Ptolemy Appion. _Herodotus_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5. ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 70.

=Cyriades=, one of the 30 tyrants who harassed the Roman empire in the reign of Gallienus. He died A.D. 259.

=Cyrillus=, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died A.D. 386. Of his writings, composed in Greek, there remain 23 _catecheses_, and a letter to the emperor Constantine, the best edition of which is by Milles, folio, Oxford, 1703.――――A bishop of Alexandria, who died A.D. 444. The best edition of his writings, which are mostly controversial, in Greek, is that of Paris, folio, 7 vols., 1638.

=Cyrne=, a place of Eubœa.

=Cyrnus=, a driver in the games which Scipio exhibited in Africa, &c. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, li. 342.――――A man of Argos, who founded a city of Chersonesus. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――A river that falls into the Caspian sea. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――An island on the coast of Liguria, the same as Corsica; and called after Cyrnus the son of Hercules. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 9, li. 30.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.

=Cyrræi=, a people of Æthiopia.

=Cyrrhadæ=, an Indian nation.

=Cyrrhes=, a people of Macedonia, near Pella.

=Cyrrhestĭca=, a country of Syria near Cilicia, of which the capital was called _Cyrrhum_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 18.

=Cyrrhus= and =Cyrus=, a river of Iberia in Asia.

=Cyrsīlus=, an Athenian, stoned to death by his countrymen, because he advised them to receive the army of Xerxes, and to submit to the power of Persia. _Demosthenes_, _de Coronâ_.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_, ch. 11.

=Cyrus=, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages king of Media. His father was of an ignoble family, whose marriage with Mandane had been consummated on account of the apprehensions of Astyages. _See:_ Astyages. Cyrus was exposed as soon as born; but he was preserved by a shepherdess, who educated him as her own son. As he was playing with his equals in years, he was elected king in a certain diversion, and he exercised his power with such an independent spirit, that he ordered one of his play companions to be severely whipped for disobedience. The father of the youth, who was a nobleman, complained to the king of the ill treatment which his son had received from a shepherd’s son. Astyages ordered Cyrus before him, and discovered that he was Mandane’s son, from whom he had so much to apprehend. He treated him with great coldness; and Cyrus, unable to bear his tyranny, escaped from his confinement, and began to levy troops to dethrone his grandfather. He was assisted and encouraged by the ministers of Astyages, who were displeased with the king’s oppression. He marched against him, and Astyages was defeated in a battle, and taken prisoner, B.C. 559. From this victory the empire of Media became tributary to the Persians. Cyrus subdued the eastern parts of Asia, and made war against Crœsus king of Lydia, whom he conquered, B.C. 548. He invaded the kingdom of Assyria, and took the city of Babylon by drying the channels of the Euphrates, and marching his troops through the bed of the river, while the people were celebrating a grand festival. He afterwards marched against Tomyris the queen of the Massagetæ, a Scythian nation, and was defeated in a bloody battle, B.C. 530. The victorious queen, who had lost her son in a previous encounter, was so incensed against Cyrus, that she cut off his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with human blood, exclaiming, _Satia te sanguine quem sitisti_. Xenophon has written the life of Cyrus; but his history is not perfectly authentic. In the character of Cyrus he delineates a brave and virtuous prince, and often puts in his mouth many of the sayings of Socrates. The chronology is false; and Xenophon, in his narration, has given existence to persons whom no other historian ever mentioned. The _Cyropædia_, therefore, is not to be looked upon as an authentic history of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it as showing what every good and virtuous prince ought to be. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 75, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 7. ――――The younger Cyrus was the younger son of Darius Nothus, and the brother of Artaxerxes. He was sent by his father, at the age of 16, to assist the Lacedæmonians against Athens. Artaxerxes succeeded to the throne at the death of Nothus; and Cyrus, who was of an aspiring soul, attempted to assassinate him. He was discovered, and would have been punished with death, had not his mother Parysatis saved him from the hands of the executioner by her tears and entreaties. This circumstance did not in the least check the ambition of Cyrus; he was appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, where he secretly fomented rebellion, and levied troops under various pretences. At last he took the field with an army of 100,000 barbarians, and 13,000 Greeks under the command of Clearchus. Artaxerxes met him with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. The battle was long and bloody, and Cyrus might have perhaps obtained the victory, had not his uncommon rashness proved his ruin. It is said that the two royal brothers met in person, and engaged with the most inveterate fury, and their engagement ended in the death of Cyrus, 401 years B.C. Artaxerxes was so anxious of its being universally reported that his brother had fallen by his hand, that he put to death two of his subjects for boasting that they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who were engaged in the expedition, obtained much glory in the battle; and after the death of Cyrus, they remained victorious in the field without a commander. They were not, however, discouraged, though at a great distance from their country, and surrounded on every side by a powerful enemy. They unanimously united in the election of commanders, and traversed all Asia, in spite of the continual attacks of the Persians; and nothing is more truly celebrated in ancient history than the bold retreat of the 10,000. The journey that they made from the place of their first embarkation till their return, has been calculated at 1155 leagues, performed in the space of 15 months, including all the time which was devoted to take rest and refreshment. This retreat has been celebrated by Xenophon, who was one of their leaders, and among the friends and supporters of Cyrus. It is said, that in the letter he wrote to Lacedæmon to solicit auxiliaries, Cyrus boasted his philosophy, his royal blood, and his ability to drink more wine than his brother without being intoxicated. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――――A rival of Horace, in the affections of one of his mistresses, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 24.――――A poet of Panopolis, in the age of Theodosius.

=Cyrus= and =Cyropŏlis=, a city of Syria, built by the Jews in honour of Cyrus, whose humanity in relieving them from their captivity they wished thus to commemorate.

=Cyrus=, a river of Persia, now _Kur_.

=Cyta=, a town of Colchis, famous for the poisonous herbs which it produced, and for the birth of Medea. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 693. ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 73.

=Cytæis=, a surname of Medea, from her being an inhabitant of Cyta. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 7.

=Cythēra=, now _Cesigo_, an island on the coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was particularly sacred to the goddess Venus, who was from thence surnamed _Cytheræa_, and who rose, as some suppose, from the sea, near its coasts. It was for some time under the power of the Argives, and always considered as of the highest importance to maritime powers. The Phœnicians had built there a famous temple to Venus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 262; bk. 10, li. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 288; bk. 15, li. 386; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 15.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 29.

=Cythĕræa=, a surname of Venus.

=Cythēris=, a certain courtesan, much respected by the poet Gallus, as well as by Antony.

=Cythēron.= _See:_ Cithæron.

=Cythērun=, a place of Attica.

=Cytherus=, a river of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.

=Cythnos=, now _Thermia_, an island near Attica, famous for its cheese. It has been called _Ophiousa_ and _Dryopis_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 252.

=Cytineum=, one of the four cities called Tetrapolis in Doris. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 107.

=Cytissorus=, a son of Phryxus, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 197.

=Cytōrus=, now _Kudros_, a mountain and town of Galatia, built by Cytorus son of Phryxus, and abounding in box-wood. _Catullus_, poem 4, li. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 311.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 437.

=Cyzĭcum=, or =Cyzicus=, an island of the Propontis, about 530 stadia in circumference, with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander joined it to the continent by two bridges, and from that time it was called a peninsula. It had two harbours called Panormus and Chytus, the first natural, and the other artificial. It became one of the most considerable cities of Asia. It was besieged by Mithridates, and relieved by Lucullus. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Diodorus_, bk. 18.

=Cyzĭcus=, a son of Œneus and Stilba, who reigned in Cyzicus. He hospitably received the Argonauts, in their expedition against Colchis. After their departure from the coast of Cyzicus, they were driven back in the night, by a storm, upon the coast; and the inhabitants seeing such an unexpected number of men, furiously attacked them, supposing them to be the Pelasgi, their ancient enemies. In this nocturnal engagement, many were killed on both sides, and Cyzicus perished by the hands of Jason himself, who honoured him with a splendid funeral, and raised a stately monument over his grave. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Flaccus._ ――_Apollonius._――_Orpheus._――――The chief town of the island of Cyzicum, built where the island is joined by the bridges to the continent. It has two excellent harbours, called Panormus and Chytus. The former is naturally large and beautiful, and the other owes all its conveniences to the hand of art. The town is situate partly on a mountain, and partly in a plain. The Argonauts built a temple to Cybele in the neighbourhood. It derives its name from Cyzicus, who was killed there by Jason. The Athenians defeated near this place their enemies of Lacedæmon, assisted by Pharnabazus, B.C. 410. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.――_Strabo._――_Apollonius_, bk. 1. ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 22.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 636.

D

=Daæ=, =Dahæ=, or =Dai=, now the _Dahistan_, a people of Scythia, who dwelt on the borders of the Caspian sea. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 764.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 420.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 728.

=Daci= and =Dacæ=, a warlike nation of Germany, beyond the Danube, whose country, called _Dacia_, was conquered by the Romans under Trajan, after a war of 15 years, A.D. 103. The emperor joined the country to Mœsia, by erecting a magnificent bridge across the Danube, considered as the best of his works, which, however, the envy of his successor Adrian demolished. Dacia now forms the modern countries of _Walachia_, _Transylvania_, and _Moldavia_. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 53.

=Dacĭcus=, a surname assumed by Domitian on his pretended victory over the Dacians. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 204.

=Dacty̆li=, a name given to the priests of Cybele, which some derive from δακτυλος, _finger_, because they were 10, the same number as the fingers of the hands. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Dadicæ=, a people of Asiatic Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 91.

=Dædăla=, a mountain and city of Lycia, where Dædalus was buried according to _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A name given to Circe, from her being _cunning_ (δαιδαλος), and like Dædalus, addicted to deceit and artifice. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 282.――――Two festivals in Bœotia. One of these was observed at Alalcomenos by the Platæans, in a large grove, where they exposed in the open air pieces of boiled flesh, and carefully observed whither the crows that came to prey upon them directed their flight. All the trees upon which any of these birds alighted were immediately cut down, and with them statues were made called _Dædala_, in honour of Dædalus.――――The other festival was of a more solemn kind. It was celebrated every 60 years by all the cities of Bœotia, as a compensation for the intermission of the smaller festivals, for that number of years, during the exile of the Platæans. Fourteen of the statues, called Dædala, were distributed by lot among the Platæans, Lebadæans, Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thespians, Thebans, Tanagræans, and Chæroneans, because they had effected a reconciliation among the Platæans and had caused them to be recalled from exile, about the time that Thebes was restored by Cassander the son of Antipater. During this festival, a woman in the habit of a bride-maid accompanied a statue, which was dressed in female garments, on the banks of the Eurotas. This procession was attended to the top of mount Cithæron, by many of the Bœotians, who had places assigned them by lot. Here an altar of square pieces of wood cemented together like stones, was erected, and upon it were thrown large quantities of combustible materials. Afterwards a bull was sacrificed to Jupiter, and an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one of the cities of Bœotia, and by the most opulent that attended. The poorest citizens offered small cattle; and all these oblations, together with the Dædala, were thrown in the common heap and set on fire, and totally reduced to ashes. They originated in this: When Juno, after a quarrel with Jupiter, had retired to Eubœa, and refused to return to his bed, the god, anxious for her return, went to consult Cithæron king of Platæa, to find some effectual measure to break her obstinacy. Cithæron advised him to dress a statue in woman’s apparel, and carry it in a chariot, and publicly to report that it was Platæa the daughter of Asopus, whom he was going to marry. The advice was followed, and Juno, informed of her husband’s future marriage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, and was easily united to him, when she discovered the artful measures he made use of to effect a reconciliation. _Pausanias_ & _Plutarch_.

=Dædălion=, a son of Lucifer, brother to Ceyx and father of Philonis. He was so afflicted at the death of Philonis, whom Diana had put to death, that he threw himself down from the top of mount Parnassus, and was changed into a falcon by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 295.

=Dædălus=, an Athenian, son of Eupalamus, descended from Erechtheus king of Athens. He was the most ingenious artist of his age, and to him we are indebted for the invention of the wedge, the axe, the wimble, the level, and many other mechanical instruments, and the sails of ships. He made statues, which moved of themselves, and seemed to be endowed with life. Talus, his sister’s son, promised to be as great as himself, by the ingenuity of his inventions; and therefore, from envy, he threw him down from a window and killed him. After the murder of this youth, Dædalus, with his son Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where Minos king of the country gave him a cordial reception. Dædalus made a famous labyrinth for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae the queen to gratify her unnatural passion for a bull. For this action, Dædalus incurred the displeasure of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in the labyrinth which he had constructed. Here he made himself wings with feathers and wax, and carefully fitted them to his body, and to that of his son, who was the companion of his confinement. They took their flight in the air from Crete; but the heat of the sun melted the wax on the wings of Icarus, whose flight was too high, and he fell into that part of the ocean, which from him has been called the Icarian sea. The father, by a proper management of his wings, alighted at Cumæ, where he built a temple to Apollo, and thence directed his course to Sicily, where he was kindly received by Cocalus, who reigned over part of the country. He left many monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily, which still existed in the age of Diodorus Siculus. He was despatched by Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, who had declared war against him, because he had given an asylum to Dædalus. The flight of Dædalus from Crete, with wings, is explained, by observing that he was the inventor of sails, which in his age might pass at a distance for wings. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7 & 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 3; _Heroides_, poem 4; _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 40.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 14.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 170.――――There were two statuaries of the same name, one of Sicyon son of Patroclus, the other a native of Bithynia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 14.――_Arrian._

=Dæmon=, a kind of spirit which, as the ancients supposed, presided over the actions of mankind, gave them their private counsels, and carefully watched over their most secret intentions. Some of the ancient philosophers maintained that every man had two of these Dæmons; the one bad and the other good. These Dæmons had the power of changing themselves into whatever they pleased, and of assuming whatever shapes were most subservient to their intentions. At the moment of death, the Dæmon delivered up to judgment the person with whose care he had been entrusted; and according to the evidence he delivered, sentence was passed over the body. The Dæmon of Socrates is famous in history. That great philosopher asserted that the genius informed him when any of his friends was going to engage in some unfortunate enterprise, and stopped him from the commission of all crimes and impiety. These Genii or Dæmons, though at first reckoned only as the subordinate ministers of the superior deities, received divine honour in length of time, and we find altars and statues erected to a _Genio loci_, _Genio Augusti_, _Junonibus_, &c. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _de Genio Socratis_.

=Dahæ.= _See:_ Daæ.

=Dai=, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.

=Daicles=, a victor at Olympia, B.C. 753.

=Daĭdis=, a solemnity observed by the Greeks. It lasted three days. The first was in commemoration of Latona’s labour; the second in memory of Apollo’s birth; and the third in honour of the marriage of Podalirius, and the mother of Alexander. Torches were always carried at the celebration; whence the name.

=Daimăchus=, a master of horse at Syracuse, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Daimĕnes=, a general of the Achæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――――An officer exposed on a cross, by Dionysius of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Daĭphron=, a son of Ægyptus, killed by his wife, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Daīra=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Eleusis by Mercury. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.

=Daldia=, a town of Lydia.

=Dalmatius=, one of the Cæsars in the age of Constantine, who died A.D. 337.

=Dalmătia=, a part of Illyricum, at the east of the Adriatic, near Liburnia on the west, whose inhabitants, called _Dalmatæ_, were conquered by Metellus, B.C. 118. They chiefly lived upon plunder, and from their rebellious spirit were troublesome to the Roman empire. They wore a peculiar garment called _Dalmatica_, afterwards introduced at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 1, li. 16.――_Lampridus_, _Commodus_, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 2.

=Dalmium=, the chief town of Dalmatia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Damagetus=, a man of Rhodes, who inquired of the oracle what wife he ought to marry? and received for answer the daughter of the bravest of the Greeks. He applied to Aristomenes, and obtained his daughter in marriage, B.C. 670. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 24.

=Damălis=, a courtesan at Rome in the age of Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 13.

=Damas=, a Syracusan in the interest of Agathocles. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Damascēna=, a part of Syria near mount Libanus.

=Damascius=, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote a philosophical history, the life of Isidorus, and four books on extraordinary events, in the age of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, were greatly esteemed according to Photius.

=Damascus=, a rich and ancient city of _Damascene_ in Syria, where Demetrius Nicanor was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the modern _Damas_, or _Sham_, inhabited by about 80,000 souls. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 215.――_Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Damasia=, a town called also _Augusta_, now ♦_Augsburg_, in Swabia, on the Leck.

♦ ‘Ausburg’ replaced with ‘Augsburg’

=Damasichthon=, a king of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Damasippus=, a captain in Philip’s army.――――A senator who accompanied Juba when he entered Utica in triumph. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2. ――――A great enemy of Sylla. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――An orator. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 185.――――A merchant of old seals and vessels, who, after losing his all in unfortunate schemes in commerce, assumed the name and habit of a stoic philosopher. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3.――――One of Niobe’s sons.

=Damasistrătus=, a king of Platæa, who buried Laius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Damasithynus=, a son of Candaules general in the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 98.――――A king of Calyndæ, sunk in his ship by Artemisia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 87.

=Damastes=, a man of Sigæum, disciple of Hellanicus about the age of Herodotus, &c. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A famous robber. _See:_ Procrustes.

=Damastor=, a Trojan chief, killed by Patroclus at the siege of Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 416.

=Damia=, a surname of Cybele.――――A woman to whom the Epidaurians raised a statue. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 82.

=Damias=, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, in the age of Lysander. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9.

=Damippus=, a Spartan taken by Marcellus as he sailed out of the port of Syracuse. He discovered to the enemy that a certain part of the city was negligently guarded, and in consequence of this discovery Syracuse was taken. _Polyænus._

=Damis=, a man who disputed with Aristodemus the right of reigning over the Messenians. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Damnii=, a people at the north of Britain.

=Damnonii=, a people of Britain, now supposed Devonshire.

=Damnōrix=, a celebrated Gaul in the interest of Julius Cæsar, &c.

=Damo=, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by order of her father, devoted her life to perpetual celibacy, and induced others to follow her example. Pythagoras at his death entrusted her with all the secrets of his philosophy, and gave her the unlimited care of his compositions, under the promise that she never would part with them. She faithfully obeyed his injunctions; and though in the extremest poverty, she refused to obtain money by the violation of her father’s commands. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pythagoras_.

=Damŏcles=, one of the flatterers of Dionysius the elder, of Sicily. He admired the tyrant’s wealth, and pronounced him the happiest man on earth. Dionysius prevailed upon him to undertake for a while the charge of royalty, and be convinced of the happiness which a sovereign enjoyed. Damocles ascended the throne, and while he gazed upon the wealth and splendour that surrounded him, he perceived a sword hanging over his head by a horse hair. This so terrified him that all his imaginary felicity vanished at once, and he begged Dionysius to remove him from a situation which exposed his life to such fears and dangers. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Damocrătes=, a hero, &c. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.

=Damocrĭta=, a Spartan matron, wife of Alcippus, who severely punished her enemies who had banished her husband, &c. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Damocrĭtus=, a timid general of the Achæans, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 13.――――A Greek writer, who composed two treatises, one upon the art of drawing an army in battle array, and the other concerning the Jews.――――A man who wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine.

=Damon=, a victor at Olympia, Olympiad 102. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 27.――――A poet and musician of Athens, intimate with Pericles, and distinguished for his knowledge of government and fondness of discipline. He was banished for his intrigues about 430 years before Christ. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 15, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Pericles_. ――――A Pythagorean philosopher, very intimate with Pythias. When he had been condemned to death by Dionysius, he obtained from the tyrant leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, on promise of returning at a stated hour to the place of execution. Pythias pledged himself to undergo the punishment which was to be inflicted on Damon, should he not return in time, and he consequently delivered himself into the hands of the tyrant. Damon returned at the appointed moment, and Dionysius was so struck with the fidelity of those two friends, that he remitted the punishment, and entreated them to permit him to share their friendship, and enjoy their confidence. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A man of Cheronæa, who killed a Roman officer, and was murdered by his fellow-citizens. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――――A Cyrenean, who wrote a history of philosophy. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Damophantus=, a general of Elis in the age of Philopœmen. _Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_.

=Damophĭla=, a poetess of Lesbos, wife of Pamphilus. She was intimate with Sappho, and not only wrote hymns in honour of Diana and of the gods, but opened a school where the younger persons of her sex were taught the various powers of music and poetry. _Philostratus._

=Damophĭlus=, an historian. _Diodorus._――――A Rhodian general against the fleet of Demetrius. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.

=Damŏphon=, a sculptor of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Damostrătus=, a philosopher who wrote a treatise concerning fishes. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 21.

=Damoxĕnus=, a comic writer of Athens. _Athenæus_, bk. 3.――――A boxer of Syracuse, banished for killing his adversary. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 40.

=Damyrias=, a river of Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.

=Dana=, a large town of Cappadocia.

=Danăce=, the name of the piece of money which Charon required to convey the dead over the Styx. _Suidas._

=Dănae=, the daughter of Acrisius king of Argos by Eurydice. She was confined in a brazen tower by her father, who had been told by an oracle that his daughter’s son would put him to death. His endeavours to prevent Danae from becoming a mother proved fruitless; and Jupiter, who was enamoured of her, introduced himself to her bed, by changing himself into a golden shower. From his embraces Danae had a son, with whom she was exposed on the sea by her father. The wind drove the bark which carried her to the coasts of the island of Seriphus, where she was saved by some fishermen, and carried to Polydectes king of the place, whose brother called Dictys educated the child called Perseus, and tenderly treated the mother. Polydectes fell in love with her; but as he was afraid of her son, he sent him to conquer the Gorgons, pretending that he wished Medusa’s head to adorn the nuptials which he was going to celebrate with Hippodamia the daughter of Œnomaus. When Perseus had victoriously finished his expedition, he retired to Argos with Danae, to the house of Acrisius, whom he inadvertently killed. Some suppose that it was Prœtus the brother of Acrisius who introduced himself to Danae in the brazen tower; and instead of a golden shower, it was maintained that the keepers of Danae were bribed by the gold of her seducer. Virgil mentions that Danae came to Italy with some fugitives of Argos, and that she founded a city called Ardea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 611; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 415; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 19, li. 27.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 16.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 319. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 4.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 1, li. 255.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 410.――――A daughter of Leontium, mistress to Sophron governor of Ephesus.――――A daughter of Danaus, to whom Neptune offered violence.

=Dănai=, a name given to the people of Argos, and promiscuously to all the Greeks, from Danaus their king. _Virgil_, & _Ovid_, _passim_.

=Dănaĭdes=, the 50 daughters of Danaus king of Argos. When their uncle Ægyptus came from Egypt with his 50 sons, they were promised in marriage to their cousins; but before the celebration of their nuptials, Danaus, who had been informed by an oracle that he was to be killed by the hands of one of his sons-in-law, made his daughters solemnly promise that they would destroy their husbands. They were provided with daggers by their father, and all, except Hypermnestra, stained their hands with the blood of their cousins, the first night of their nuptials; and as a pledge of their obedience to their father’s injunctions, they presented him each with the head of the murdered sons of Ægyptus. Hypermnestra was summoned to appear before her father, and answer for her disobedience in suffering her husband Lynceus to escape, but the unanimous voice of the people declared her innocent, and in consequence of her honourable acquittal, she dedicated a temple to the goddess of Persuasion. The sisters were purified of this murder by Mercury and Minerva, by order of Jupiter; but according to the more received opinion, they were condemned to severe punishment in hell, and were compelled to fill with water a vessel full of holes, so that the water ran out as soon as poured into it, and therefore their labour was infinite, and their punishment eternal. The names of the Danaides and their husbands were as follows, according to Apollodorus: Amymone married Enceladus; Automate, Busiris; Agave, Lycus; Scea, Dayphron; Hippodamia, Ister; Rhodia, Chalcedon; Calyce, another Lynceus; Gorgophone, Proteus; Cleopatra, Agenor; Asteria, Chætus; Glauce, Aleis; Hippodamia, Diacorytes; Hippomedusa, Alcmenon; Gorge, Hippothous; Iphimedusa, Euchenor; Rhode, Hippolytus; Pirene, Agaptolemus; Cercestis, Dorion; Pharte, Eurydamas; Mnestra, Ægius; Evippe, Arigius; Anaxibia, Archelaus; Nelo, Melachus; Clite, Clitus; Stenele, Stenelus; Chrysippe, Chrysippus; Autonoe, Eurylochus; Theano, Phantes; Electra, Peristhenes; Eurydice, Dryas; Glaucippe, Potamon; Autholea, Cisseus; Cleodora, Lixus; Evippe, Imbrus; Erata, Bromius; Stygne, Polyctor; Bryce, Chthonius; Actea, Periphas; Podarce, Œneus; Dioxippe, Ægyptus; Adyte, Menalces; Ocypete, Lampus; Pilarge, Idmon; Hippodice, Idas; Adiante, Diaphron; Callidia, Pandion; Œme, Arbelus; Celena, Hixbius; Hyperia, Hippocoristes. The heads of the sons of Ægyptus were buried at Argos; but their bodies were left at Lerna, where the murder had been committed. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Hyginus_, fable 168, &c.

=Danăla=, a castle of Galatia.

=Danapris=, now the _Nieper_, a name given in the middle ages to the Borysthenes, as _Danaster_ the _Neister_, was applied to the Tyras.

=Dănaus=, a son of Belus and Anchinoe, who, after his father’s death, reigned conjointly with his brother Ægyptus on the throne of Egypt. Some time after, a difference arose between the brothers, and Danaus set sail with his 50 daughters in quest of a settlement. He visited Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Minerva, and arrived safe on the coast of Peloponnesus, where he was hospitably received by Gelanor king of Argos. Gelanor had lately ascended the throne, and the first years of his reign were marked with dissensions with his subjects. Danaus took advantage of Gelanor’s unpopularity, and obliged him to abdicate the crown. In Gelanor, the race of the _Inaehidæ_ was extinguished, and the _Belides_ began to reign at Argos in Danaus. Some authors say that Gelanor voluntarily resigned the crown to Danaus, on account of the wrath of Neptune, who had dried up all the waters of Argolis, to punish the impiety of Inachus. The success of Danaus invited the 50 sons of Ægyptus to embark for Greece. They were kindly received by their uncle, who, either apprehensive of their number, or terrified by an oracle which threatened his ruin by one of his sons-in-law, caused his daughters, to whom they were promised in marriage, to murder them the first night of their nuptials. His fatal orders were executed, but Hypermnestra alone spared the life of Lynceus. _See:_ Danaides. Danaus at first persecuted Lynceus with unremitted fury, but he was afterwards reconciled to him, and he acknowledged him for his son-in-law and successor, after a reign of 50 years. He died about 1425 years before the christian era, and after death he was honoured with a splendid monument in the town of Argos, which still existed in the age of Pausanias. According to Æschylus, Danaus left Egypt, not to be present at the marriage of his daughters with the sons of his brother, a connection which he deemed unlawful and impious. The ship in which Danaus came to Greece was called _Armais_, and was the first that had ever appeared there. It is said that the use of pumps was first introduced into Greece by Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.――_Hyginus_, fable 168, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 91, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 94.

=Dandări= and =Dandarĭdæ=, certain inhabitants near mount Caucasus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 18.

=Dandon=, a man of Illyricum, who, as _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48, reports, lived 500 years.

=Dānŭbius=, a celebrated river, the greatest in Europe, which rises, according to Herodotus, near the town of Pyrene, in the country of the Celtæ, and after flowing through the greatest part of Europe, falls into the Euxine sea. The Greeks called it _Ister_; but the Romans distinguished it by the appellation of the _Danube_, from its source till the middle of its course; and from thence to its mouths they called it _Ister_, like the Greeks. It falls into the Euxine through seven mouths, or six according to others. Herodotus mentions five, and modern travellers discover only two. The Danube was generally supposed to be the northern boundary of the Roman empire in Europe; and therefore, several castles were erected on its banks, to check the incursions of the barbarians. It was worshipped as a deity by the Scythians. According to modern geography, the Danube rises in Suabia, and after receiving about 40 navigable rivers, finishes a course of 1600 miles, by emptying itself into the Black sea. _Dionysius Periegetes._――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 4, ch. 48, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Ammianus_, bk. 23.

=Daŏchus=, an officer of Philip, &c. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.

=Daphnæ=, a town in Egypt on one of the mouths of the Nile, 16 miles from Pelusium. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Daphnæus=, a general of Syracuse, against Carthage. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Daphne=, a daughter of the river Peneus or of the Ladon by the goddess Terra, of whom Apollo became enamoured. This passion had been raised by Cupid, with whom Apollo, proud of his late conquest over the serpent Python, had disputed the power of his darts. Daphne heard with horror the addresses of the god, and endeavoured to remove herself from his importunities by flight. Apollo pursued her; and Daphne, fearful of being caught, intreated the assistance of the gods, who changed her into a laurel. Apollo crowned his head with the leaves of the laurel, and for ever ordered that that tree should be sacred to his divinity. Some say that Daphne was admired by Leucippus, son of Œnomaus king of Pisa, who, to be in her company, disguised his sex, and attended her in the woods, in the habit of a huntress. Leucippus gained Daphne’s esteem and love; but Apollo, who was his powerful rival, discovered his sex, and Leucippus was killed by the companions of Diana. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452, &c.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 20.――――A daughter of Tiresias priestess in the temple of Delphi, supposed by some to be the same as Manto. She was consecrated to the service of Apollo by the Epigoni, or, according to others, by the goddess Tellus. She was called Sibyl, on account of the wildness of her looks and expressions when she delivered oracles. Her oracles were generally in verse, and Homer, according to some accounts, has introduced much of her poetry in his compositions. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.――――A famous grove near Antioch, consecrated to voluptuousness and luxury.

=Daphnēphŏria=, a festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated every ninth year by the Bœotians. It was then usual to adorn an olive bough with garlands of laurel and other flowers, and place on the top a brazen globe, on which were suspended smaller ones. In the middle were placed a number of crowns, and a globe of inferior size, and the bottom was adorned with a saffron-coloured garment. The globe on the top represented the sun, or Apollo; that in the middle was an emblem of the moon, and the others of the stars. The crowns, which were 65 in number, represented the sun’s annual revolutions. This bough was carried in solemn procession by a beautiful youth of an illustrious family, and whose parents were both living. The youth was dressed in rich garments which reached to the ground, his hair hung loose and dishevelled, his head was covered with a golden crown, and he wore on his feet shoes called _Iphicratidæ_, from Iphicrates, an Athenian who first invented them. He was called δαφνηφορος, _laurel-bearer_, and at that time he executed the office of priest of Apollo. He was preceded by one of his nearest relations, bearing a rod adorned with garlands, and behind him followed a train of virgins, with branches in their hands. In this order the procession advanced as far as the temple of Apollo, surnamed Ismenius, where supplicatory hymns were sung to the god. This festival owed its origin to the following circumstance: When an oracle advised the Ætolians, who inhabited Arne and the adjacent country, to abandon their ancient possessions, and go in quest of a settlement, they invaded the Theban territories, which at that time were pillaged by an army of Pelasgians. As the celebration of Apollo’s festivals was near, both nations, who religiously observed it, laid aside all hostilities, and according to custom, cut down laurel boughs from mount Helicon and in the neighbourhood of the river Melas, and walked in procession in honour of the divinity. The day that this solemnity was observed, Polemates the general of the ♦Bœotian army saw a youth in a dream that presented him with a complete suit of armour, and commanded the Bœotians to offer solemn prayers to Apollo, and walk in procession with laurel boughs in their hands every ninth year. Three days after this dream, the Bœotian general made a sally, and cut off the greatest part of the besiegers, who were compelled by this blow to relinquish their enterprise. Polemates immediately instituted a novennial festival to the god who seemed to be the patron of the Bœotians. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_, &c.

♦ ‘Bœtian’ replaced with ‘Bœotian’

=Daphnis=, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. He was educated by the nymphs, Pan taught him to sing and play upon the pipe, and the muses inspired him with the love of poetry. It was supposed that he was the first who wrote pastoral poetry, in which his successor Theocritus so happily excelled. He was extremely fond of hunting; and at his death five of his dogs, from their attachment to him, refused all aliments, and pined away. From the celebrity of this shepherd, the name of _Daphnis_ has been appropriated by the poets, ancient and modern, to express a person fond of rural employments, and the peaceful innocence which accompanies the tending of flocks. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 18.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――There was another shepherd on mount Ida of the same name changed into a rock, according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 275.――――A servant of Nicocrates tyrant of Cyrene, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――A grammarian. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_. ――――A son of Paris and Œnone.

=Daphnus=, a river of Locris, into which the body of Hesiod was thrown after his murder. _Plutarch_, _de Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A physician who preferred a supper to a dinner, because he supposed that the moon assisted digestion. _Athenæus_, bk. 7.

=Darăba=, a town of Arabia.

=Darantasia=, a town of Belgic Gaul, called also _Forum Claudii_, and now _Motier_.

=Daraps=, a king of the Gangaridæ, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 67.

=Dardăni=, the inhabitants of Dardania.――――Also a people of Mœsia, very inimical to the neighbouring power of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 25; bk. 27, ch. 33; bk. 31, ch. 28; bk. 40, ch. 57.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Dardănia=, a town or country of Troas, from which the Trojans were called _Dardani_ and _Dardanidæ_. There is also a country of the same name near Illyricum. This appellation is also applied to Samothrace. _Virgil_ & _Ovid_, _passim_.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Dardănĭdes=, a name given to Æneas, as descended from Dardanus. The word, in the plural number, is applied to the Trojan women. _Virgil_, _Æneid_.

=Dardanium=, a promontory of Troas, called from the small town of _Dardanus_, about seven miles from Abydos. The two castles built on each side of the strait by the emperor Mahomet IV., A.D. 1659, gave the name of _Dardanelles_ to the place. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Dardănus=, a son of Jupiter and Electra, who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the kingdom of Etruria after the death of his reputed father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, and thence to Asia Minor, where he married Batia the daughter of Teucer, king of Teucria. After the death of his father-in-law he ascended the throne, and reigned 62 years. He built the city of Dardania, and was reckoned the founder of the kingdom of Troy. He was succeeded by Erichthonius. According to some, Corybas his nephew accompanied him to Teucria, where he introduced the worship of Cybele. Dardanus taught his subjects to worship Minerva; and he gave them two statues of the goddess, one of which is well known by the name of Palladium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 167.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4. ――_Hyginus_, fables 155 & 275.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20.――――A Trojan killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 460.

=Dardării=, a nation near the Palus Mæotis. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Dares=, a Phrygian who lived during the Trojan war, in which he was engaged, and of which he wrote the history in Greek. This history was extant in the age of Ælian; the Latin translation, now extant, is universally believed to be spurious, though it is attributed by some to Cornelius Nepos. The best edition is that of Smids cum not. var. 4to & 8vo, Amsterdam, 1702.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, lis. 10 & 27.――――One of the companions of Æneas, descended from Amycus, and celebrated as a pugilist at the funeral games in honour of Hector, where he killed Butes. He was killed by Turnus in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 369; bk. 12, li. 363.

=Darētis=, a country of Macedonia.

=Darīa=, a town of Mesopotamia.

=Dariaves=, the name of Darius in Persian. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Dariobrigum=, a town of Gaul, now _Vennes_ in Britany.

=Darītæ=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 92.

=Darīus=, a noble satrap of Persia, son of Hystaspes, who conspired with six other noblemen to destroy Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses. On the murder of the usurper, the seven conspirators universally agreed, that he whose horse neighed first should be appointed king. In consequence of this resolution the groom of Darius previously led his master’s horse to a mare at a place near which the seven noblemen were to pass. On the morrow before sunrise, when they proceeded all together, the horse, recollecting the mare, suddenly neighed; and at the same time a clap of thunder was heard, as if in approbation of the choice. The noblemen dismounted from their horses, and saluted Darius king; and a resolution was made among them, that the king’s wives and concubines should be taken from no other family but that of the conspirators, and that they should for ever enjoy the unlimited privilege of being admitted into the king’s presence without previous introduction. Darius was 29 years old when he ascended the throne, and he soon distinguished himself by his activity and military accomplishments. He besieged Babylon, which he took after a siege of 20 months, by the artifices of Zopyrus. From thence he marched against the Scythians, and in his way conquered Thrace. This expedition was unsuccessful; and, after several losses and disasters in the wilds of Scythia, the king retired with shame, and soon after turned his arms against the Indians, whom he subdued. The burning of Sardis, which was a Grecian colony, incensed the Athenians, and a war was kindled between Greece and Persia. Darius was so exasperated against the Greeks, that a servant every evening, by his order, repeated these words: “Remember, O king, to punish the Athenians.” Mardonius, the king’s son-in-law, was entrusted with the care of the war, but his army was destroyed by the Thracians; and Darius, more animated by his loss, sent a more considerable force, under the command of Datis and Artaphernes. They were conquered at the celebrated battle of Marathon, by 10,000 Athenians; and the Persians lost in that expedition no less than 206,000 men. Darius was not disheartened by this severe blow, but he resolved to carry on the war in person, and immediately ordered a still larger army to be levied. He died in the midst of his preparations, B.C. 485, after a reign of 36 years, in the 65th year of his age. _Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.――――The second king of Persia, of that name, was also called _Ochus_ or _Nothus_, because he was the illegitimate son of Artaxerxes by a concubine. Soon after the murder of Xerxes he ascended the throne of Persia, and married Parysatis his sister, a cruel and ambitious woman, by whom he had Artaxerxes Memnon, Amestris, and Cyrus the younger. He carried on many wars with success, under the conduct of his generals and of his son Cyrus. He died B.C. 404, after a reign of 19 years, and was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes, who asked him on his death-bed, what had been the guide of his conduct in the management of the empire, that he might imitate him? “The dictates of justice and of religion,” replied the expiring monarch. _Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――The third of that name was the last king of Persia, surnamed _Codomanus_. He was son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and descended from Darius Nothus. The eunuch Bagoas raised him to the throne, though not nearly allied to the royal family, in hopes that he would be subservient to his will; but he prepared to poison him, when he saw him despise his advice, and aim at independence. Darius discovered his perfidy, and made him drink the poison which he had prepared against his life. The peace of Darius was early disturbed, and Alexander invaded Persia to avenge the injuries which the Greeks had suffered from the predecessors of Darius. The king of Persia met his adversary in person, at the head of 600,000 men. This army was remarkable more for its opulence and luxury than for the military courage of its soldiers; and Athenæus mentions that the camp of Darius was crowded with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 cup-bearers, 40 servants to perfume the king, and 66 to prepare garlands and flowers to deck the dishes and meat which appeared on the royal table. With these forces Darius met Alexander. A battle was fought near the Granicus, in which the Persians were easily defeated. Another was soon after fought near Issus; and Alexander left 110,000 of the enemy dead on the field of battle, and took among the prisoners of war, the mother, wife, and children of Darius. The darkness of the night favoured the retreat of Darius, and he saved himself by flying in disguise, on the horse of his armour-bearer. These losses weakened, but discouraged not Darius. He assembled another more powerful army, and the last decisive battle was fought at Arbela. The victory was long doubtful; but the intrepidity of Alexander, and the superior valour of the Macedonians, prevailed over the effeminate Persians; and Darius, sensible of his disgrace and ruin, fled towards Media. His misfortunes were now completed. Bessus the governor of Bactriana took away his life, in hopes of succeeding him on the throne; and Darius was found by the Macedonians in his chariot, covered with wounds, and almost expiring, B.C. 331. He asked for water, and exclaimed, when he received it from the hand of a Macedonian, “It is the greatest of my misfortunes that I cannot reward thy humanity. Beg Alexander to accept my warmest thanks for the tenderness with which he has treated my wretched family, whilst I am doomed to perish by the hand of a man whom I have loaded with kindness.” These words of the dying monarch were reported to Alexander, who covered the dead body with his own mantle, and honoured it with a most magnificent funeral. The traitor Bessus met with a due punishment from the conquerer, who continued his kindness to the unfortunate family of Darius. Darius has been accused of imprudence, for the imperious and arrogant manner in which he wrote his letters to Alexander, in the midst of his misfortunes. In him the empire of Persia was extinguished 228 years after it had been first founded by Cyrus the Great. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_. ――_Justin_, bks. 10, 11, &c.――_Curtius._――――A son of Xerxes, who married Artaynta, and was killed by Artabanus. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 108.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A son of Artaxerxes, declared successor to the throne, as being the eldest prince. He conspired against his father’s life, and was capitally punished. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Dascon=, a man who founded Camarina. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Dascylitis=, a province of Persia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 129.

=Dascy̆lus=, the father of Gyges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Dasea=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Dasius=, a chief of Salapia, who favoured Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 38.

=Dassarĕtæ=, =Dassarītæ=, =Dassarēni=, or =Dassariti=, a people of Illyricum, or Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.

=Datămes=, son of Camissares, governor of Caria and general of the armies of Artaxerxes. The influence of his enemies at court obliged him to fly for safety, after he had greatly signalized himself by his military exploits. He took up arms in his own defence, and the king made war against him. He was treacherously killed by Mithridates, who had invited him under pretence of entering into the most inviolable connection and friendship, 362 B.C. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Dataphernes=, one of the friends of Bessus. After the murder of Darius, he betrayed Bessus into Alexander’s hands. He also revolted from the conqueror, and was delivered up by the Dahæ. _Curtius_, bk. 7, chs. 5 & 8.

=Datis=, a general of Darius I., sent with an army of 200,000 foot and 10,000 horse, against the Greeks, in conjunction with Artaphernes. He was defeated at the celebrated battle of Marathon by Miltiades, and some time after put to death by the Spartans. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.

=Datos=, or =Daton=, a town of Thrace, on a small eminence, near the Strymon. There is in the neighbourhood a fruitful plain, from which Proserpine, according to some, was carried away by Pluto. That city was so rich, that the ancients generally made use of the word _Datos_ to express abundance. When the king of Macedonia conquered it he called it _Philippi_, after his own name. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_.

=Davara=, a hill near mount Taurus, in Asia Minor.

=Daulis=, a nymph, from whom the city of Daulis in Phocis, anciently called _Anacris_, received its name. It was there that Philomela and Procne made Tereus eat the flesh of his son, and hence the nightingale, into which Philomela was changed, is often called _Daulias avis_. _Ovid_, ltr. 15, li. 154.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 18.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Dauni=, a people on the eastern part of Italy, conquered by Daunus, from whom they received their name.

=Daunia=, a name given to the northern parts of Apulia, on the coast of the Adriatic. It receives its name from Daunus, who settled there, and is now called _Capitanata_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 146. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 9, li. 500; bk. 12, li. 429.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 27.――――Juturna, the sister of Turnus, was called _Daunia_, after she had been made a goddess by Jupiter. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, lis. 139 & 785.

=Daunus=, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where he reigned over part of the country, which from him was called Daunia, and he was still on the throne when Diomedes came to Italy. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――――A river of Apulia, now _Carapelle_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 30.

=Daurĭfer= and =Daurises=, a brave general of Darius, treacherously killed by the Carians. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 116, &c.

=Davus=, a comic character in the Andria of Terence. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 40.

=Debæ=, a nation of Arabia. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Decapŏlis=, a district of Judæa, from its 10 cities. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 18.

=Decebălus=, a warlike king of the Daci, who made a successful war against Domitian. He was conquered by Trajan, Domitian’s successor, and he obtained peace. His active spirit again kindled rebellion, and the Roman emperor marched against him, and defeated him. He destroyed himself, and his head was brought to Rome, and Dacia became a Roman province, A.D. 103. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 68.

=Deceleum= (or ea), now _Biala Castro_, a small village of Attica, north of Athens; which, when in the hands of the Spartans, proved a very galling garrison to the Athenians. The Peloponnesian war has occasionally been called _Decelean_, because for some time hostilities were carried on in its neighbourhood. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Decĕlus=, a man who informed Castor and Pollux that their sister, whom Theseus had carried away, was concealed at Aphidnæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 73.

=Decemvĭri=, 10 magistrates of absolute authority among the Romans. The privileges of the patricians raised dissatisfaction among the plebeians; who, though freed from the power of the Tarquins, still saw that the administration of justice depended upon the will and caprice of their superiors, without any written statute to direct them, and convince them that they were governed with equity and impartiality. The tribunes complained to the senate, and demanded that a code of laws might be framed for the use and benefit of the Roman people. This petition was complied with, and three ambassadors were sent to Athens, and to all the other Grecian states, to collect the laws of Solon, and of the other celebrated legislators of Greece. Upon the return of the commissioners, it was universally agreed that 10 new magistrates, called _decemviri_, should be elected from the senate, to put the project into execution. Their power was absolute; all other offices ceased after their election, and they presided over the city with regal authority. They were invested with the badges of the consul, in the enjoyment of which they succeeded by turns, and only one was preceded by the fasces, and had the power of assembling the senate and confirming decrees. The first decemvirs were Appius Claudius, Titus Genutius, Publius Sextus, Spurius Veturius, Caius Julius, Aulus Manlius, Servius Sulpitius Pluriatius, Titus Romulus, Spurius Posthumius, A.U.C. 303. Under them, the laws which had been exposed to public view, that every citizen might speak his sentiments, were publicly approved of as constitutional, and ratified by the priests and augurs in the most solemn and religious manner. These laws were 10 in number, and were engraved on tables of brass; two were afterwards added, and they were called the laws of the 12 tables, _leges duodecim tabularum_, and _leges decemvirales_. The decemviral power, which was beheld by all ranks of people with the greatest satisfaction, was continued; but in the third year after their creation, the decemvirs became odious, on account of their tyranny; and the attempt of Appius Claudius to ravish Virginia, was followed by the total abolition of the office. The people were so exasperated against them, that they demanded them from the senate, to burn them alive. Consuls were again appointed, and tranquillity re-established in the state.――――There were other officers in Rome, called _decemvirs_, who were originally appointed, in the absence of the pretor, to administer justice. Their appointment became afterwards necessary, and they generally assisted at sales called _subhastationes_, because a spear, _hasta_, was fixed at the door of the place where the goods were exposed to sale. They were called _decemviri litibus judicandis_. The officers whom Tarquin appointed to guard the Sibylline books, were also called decemviri. They were originally two in number, called _duumviri_, till the year of Rome 388, when their number was increased to 10, five of which were chosen from the plebeians, and five from the patricians. Sylla increased their number to 15, called _quindecemvirs_.

=Decetia=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar._

=Decia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Decius the tribune, A.U.C. 442, to empower the people to appoint two proper persons to fit and repair the fleets.

=Lucius Decidius Saxa=, a Celtiberian in Cæsar’s camp. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1.

=Decineus=, a celebrated soothsayer. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Decius Mus=, a celebrated Roman consul, who, after many glorious exploits, devoted himself to the gods’ manes for the safety of his country, in a battle against the Latins, 338 years B.C. His son Decius imitated his example, and devoted himself in like manner in his fourth consulship, when fighting against the Gauls and Samnites, B.C. 296. His grandson also did the same in the wars against Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, B.C. 280. This action of devoting oneself was of infinite service to the state. The soldiers were animated by the example, and induced to follow with intrepidity a commander who, arrayed in an unusual dress, and addressing himself to the gods with solemn invocation, rushed into the thickest part of the enemy to meet his fate. _Livy_, bks. 8, 9, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 824.――――Brutus, conducted Cæsar to the senate-house the day that he was murdered. ――Cnæus Metius Q. Trajanus, a native of Pannonia, sent by the emperor Philip to appease a sedition in Mœsia. Instead of obeying his master’s command, he assumed the imperial purple, and soon after marched against him, and at his death became the only emperor. He signalized himself against the Persians; and when he marched against the Goths, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, from which he could not extricate himself, and he perished with all his army by the darts of the barbarians, A.D. 251, after a reign of two years. This monarch enjoyed the character of a brave man and of a great disciplinarian; and by his justice and exemplary life merited the title of _Optimus_, which a servile senate had lavished upon him.

=Decurio=, a subaltern officer in the Roman armies. He commanded a _decuria_, which consisted of 10 men, and was the third part of a _turma_, or the thirtieth part of a _legio_ of horse, which was composed of 300 men. The badge of the centurions was a vine rod or sapling, and each had a deputy called _optio_. There were certain magistrates in the provinces called _decuriones municipales_, who formed a body to represent the Roman senate in free and corporate towns. They consisted of 10, whence the name; and their duty extended to watch over the interest of their fellow-citizens, and to increase the revenues of the commonwealth. Their court was called _curia decurionum_, and _minor senatus_; and their decrees, called _decreta decurionum_, were marked with two D. D. at the top. They generally styled themselves _civitatum patres curiales_, and _honorati municipiorum senatores_. They were elected with the same ceremonies as the Roman senators; they were to be at least 25 years of age, and to be possessed of a certain sum of money. The election happened on the calends of March.

=Decumates agri=, lands in Germany which paid the tenth part of their value to the Romans. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 29.

=Deditamĕnes=, a friend of Alexander, made governor of Babylonia. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Degis=, a brother of Decebalus king of the Daci. He came as ambassador to the court of Domitian. _Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 3.

=Dējănīra=, a daughter of Œneus king of Ætolia. Her beauty procured her many admirers, and her father promised to give her in marriage to him only who proved to be the strongest of all his competitors. Hercules obtained the prize, and married Dejanira, by whom he had three children, the most known of whom is Hyllus. As Dejanira was once travelling with her husband, they were stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, and the centaur Nessus offered Hercules to convey her safe to the opposite shore. The hero consented; but no sooner had Nessus gained the bank, than he attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, and to carry her away in the sight of her husband. Hercules, upon this, aimed from the other shore a poisoned arrow at the seducer, and mortally wounded him. Nessus, as he expired, wished to avenge his death upon his murderer; and he gave Dejanira his tunic, which was covered with blood, poisoned and infected by the arrow, observing that it had the power of reclaiming a husband from unlawful loves. Dejanira accepted the present; and when Hercules proved faithless to her bed, she sent him the centaur’s tunic, which instantly caused his death. _See:_ Hercules. Dejanira was so disconsolate at the death of her husband, which she had ignorantly occasioned, that she destroyed herself. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 8 & 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Seneca_, _Hercules_.――_Hyginus_, fable 34.

=Deicoon=, a Trojan prince, son of Pergasus, intimate with Æneas. He was killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 534.――――A son of Hercules and Megara. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Dēĭdămīa=, a daughter of Lycomedes king of Scyros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, to Achilles, who was disguised at her father’s court in woman’s clothes, under the name of Pyrrha. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 9.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A daughter of Pyrrhus, killed by the Epirots. _Polyænus._――――A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos, called also Hippodamia.

=Deilēon=, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 115.

=Deilŏchus=, a son of Hercules.

=Deimăchus=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, was killed, with all his brothers, except Nestor, by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――――The father of Enarette. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Deiŏces=, a son of Phraortes, by whose means the Medes delivered themselves from the yoke of the Assyrians. He presided as judge among his countrymen, and his great popularity and love of equity raised him to the throne, and he made himself absolute, B.C. 700. He was succeeded by his son Phraortes, after a reign of 53 years. He built Ecbatana according to Herodotus, and surrounded it with seven different walls, in the middle of which was the royal palace. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 96, &c.――_Polyænus._

=Deiŏchus=, a Greek captain killed by Paris in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 341.

=Dēīŏne=, the mother of Miletus by Apollo. Miletus is often called _Deionides_, on account of his mother. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 442.

=Dēīŏneus=, a king of Phocis, who married Diomede daughter of Xuthus, by whom he had Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in marriage to Ixion, who promised to make a present to his father-in-law. Deioneus accordingly visited the house of Ixion, and was thrown into a large hole filled with burning coal, by his son-in-law. _Hyginus_, fables 48 & 241.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9; bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Dēĭŏpēia=, a nymph, the fairest of all the 14 nymphs that attended upon Juno. The goddess promised her in marriage to Æolus the god of the winds, if he would destroy the fleet of Æneas, which was sailing for Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 76.――――One of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 343.

=Deiotărus=, a governor of Galatia, made king of that province by the Roman people. In the civil wars of Pompey and Cæsar, Deiotarus followed the interest of the former. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar severely reprimanded Deiotarus for his attachment to Pompey, deprived him of part of his kingdom, and left him only the bare title of royalty. When he was accused by his grandson of attempts upon Cæsar’s life, Cicero ably defended him in the Roman senate. He joined Brutus with a large army, and faithfully supported the republican cause. His wife was barren; but fearing that her husband might die without issue, she presented him with a beautiful slave, and tenderly educated, as her own, the children of this union. Deiotarus died in an advanced old age. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 55.

=Deĭphĭla.= _See:_ Deipyle.

=Dēĭphŏbe=, a sibyl of Cumæ, daughter of Glaucus. It is supposed that she led Æneas to the infernal regions. _See:_ Sibyllæ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 36.

=Dēĭphŏbus=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, who, after the death of his brother Paris, married Helen. His wife unworthily betrayed him, and introduced into his chamber her old husband Menelaus, to whom she wished to reconcile herself. He was shamefully mutilated and killed by Menelaus. He had highly distinguished himself during the war, especially in his two combats with Merion, and in that in which he slew Ascalaphus son of Mars. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 495. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.――――A son of Hippolytus, who purified Hercules after the murder of Iphitus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Deĭphon=, a brother of Triptolemus, son of Celeus and Metanira. When Ceres travelled over the world, she stopped at his father’s court, and undertook to nurse him and bring him up. To reward the hospitality of Celeus, the goddess began to make his son immortal; and every evening she placed him on burning coals to purify him from whatever mortal particles he still possessed. The uncommon growth of Deiphon astonished Metanira, who wished to see what Ceres did to make him so vigorous. She was frightened to see her son on burning coals, and the shrieks that she uttered disturbed the mysterious operations of the goddess, and Deiphon perished in the flames. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――――The husband of Hyrnetho, daughter of Temenus king of Argos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Dēiphontes=, a general of Temenus, who took Epidauria, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A general of the Dorians, &c. _Polyænus._

=Dēipy̆le=, a daughter of Adrastus, who married Tydeus, by whom she had Diomedes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Dēipy̆lus=, a son of Sthenelus, in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.

=Dēipy̆rus=, a Grecian chief during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8.

=Deldon=, a king of Mysia, defeated by Crassus.

=Dēlia=, a festival celebrated every fifth year in the island of Delos, in honour of Apollo. It was first instituted by Theseus, who, at his return from Crete, placed a statue there, which he had received from Ariadne. At the celebration, they crowned the statue of the goddess with garlands, appointed a choir of music, and exhibited horse-races. They afterwards led a dance, in which they imitated, by their motions, the various windings of the Cretan labyrinth, from which Theseus had extricated himself by Ariadne’s assistance.――――There was also another festival of the same name, yearly celebrated by the Athenians in Delos. It was also instituted by Theseus, who, when he was going to Crete, made a vow, that if he returned victorious, he would yearly visit in a solemn manner the temple of Delos. The persons employed in this annual procession were called _Deliastæ_ and _Theori_. The ship, the same which carried Theseus, and had been carefully preserved by the Athenians, was called _Theoria_ and _Delias_. When the ship was ready for the voyage, the priest of Apollo solemnly adorned the stern with garlands, and a universal lustration was made all over the city. The _Theori_ were crowned with laurel, and before them proceeded men armed with axes, in commemoration of Theseus, who had cleared the way from Trœzene to Athens, and delivered the country from robbers. When the ship arrived at Delos, they offered solemn sacrifices to the god of the island, and celebrated a festival in his honour. After this they retired to their ship, and sailed back to Athens, where all the people of the city ran in crowds to meet them. Every appearance of festivity prevailed at their approach, and the citizens opened their doors, and prostrated themselves before the Deliastæ, as they walked in procession. During this festival, it was not lawful to put to death any malefactor, and on that account the life of Socrates was prolonged for 30 days. _Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_ & _Symposium_.――♦_Plato_, _Phædo_.――_Seneca_, ltr. 70.

♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Dēlia=, a surname of Diana, because she was born in Delos. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3, li. 67.

=Dēliădes=, a son of Glaucus, killed by his brother Bellerophon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――The priestesses in Apollo’s temple. _Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_.

=Dēlium=, a temple of Apollo.――――A town of Bœotia opposite Calchis, famous for a battle fought there, B.C. 424, &c. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45; bk. 35, ch. 51.

=Dēlius=, a surname of Apollo, because he was born in Delos.――――Quintus, an officer of Antony, who, when he was sent to cite Cleopatra before his master, advised her to make her appearance in the most captivating attire. The plan succeeded. He afterwards abandoned his friend, and fled to Augustus, who received him with great kindness. Horace has addressed bk. 2, ode 3 to him. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Delmatius Flavius Julius=, a nephew of Constantine the Great, honoured with the title of Cæsar, and put in possession of Thrace, Macedonia, and Achaia. His great virtues were unable to save him from a violent death, and he was assassinated by his own soldiers, &c.

=Delmĭnium=, a town of Dalmatia. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Dēlos=, one of the Cyclades at the north of Naxos, was severally called Lagia, Ortygia, Asteria, Chlamidia, Pelasgia, Pyrpyle, Cynthus, and Cynæthus, and now bears the name of Sailles. It was called Delos from δηλος, because it suddenly made its _appearance_ on the surface of the sea, by the power of Neptune, who, according to the mythologists, permitted Latona to bring forth there, when she was persecuted all over the earth, and could find no safe asylum. _See:_ Apollo. The island is celebrated for the nativity of Apollo and Diana; and the solemnity with which the festivals of these deities were celebrated there, by the inhabitants of the neighbouring islands and of the continent, is well known. One of the altars of Apollo, in the island, was reckoned among the seven wonders of the world. It had been erected by Apollo when only four years old, and made with the horns of goats, killed by Diana on mount Cynthus. It was unlawful to sacrifice any living creature upon that altar, which was religiously kept pure from blood and every pollution. The whole island of Delos was held in such veneration, that the Persians, who had pillaged and profaned all the temples of Greece, never offered violence to the temple of Apollo, but respected it with the most awful reverence. Apollo, whose image was in the shape of a dragon, delivered there oracles during the summer, in a plain manner, without any ambiguity or obscure meaning. No dogs, as Thucydides mentions, were permitted to enter the island. It was unlawful for a man to die, or for a child to be born there; and when the Athenians were ordered to purify the place, they dug up all the dead bodies that had been interred there, and transported them to the neighbouring islands. An edict was also issued, which commanded all persons labouring under any mortal or dangerous disease to be instantly removed to the adjacent island called Rhane. Some mythologists suppose that Asteria, who changed herself into a quail, to avoid the importuning addresses of Jupiter, was metamorphosed into this island, originally called Ortygia _ab_ ὀρτυξ, _a quail_. The people of Delos are described by _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 18, as famous for rearing hens. _Strabo_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 329; bk. 6, li. 333.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Plutarch_, _de Sollertia Animalium_, &c.――_Thucydides_, bks. 3, 4, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 73.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Delos_.――_Claudian_, _Panegyricus de Consulatu Honorii Augusti_, bk. 4.

=Delphi=, now _Castri_, a town of Phocis, situate in a valley at the south-west side of mount Parnassus. It was also called _Pytho_, because the serpent Python was killed there; and it received the name of _Delphi_, from Delphus the son of Apollo. Some have also called it _Parnassia Nape_, the _valley_ of Parnassus. It was famous for a temple of Apollo, and for an oracle celebrated in every age and country. The origin of the oracle, though fabulous, is described as something wonderful. A number of goats that were feeding on mount Parnassus came near a place which had a deep and long perforation. The steam which issued from the hole seemed to inspire the goats, and they played and frisked about in such an uncommon manner, that the goat-herd was tempted to lean on the hole, and see what mysteries the place contained. He was immediately seized with a fit of enthusiasm, and his expressions were wild and extravagant, and passed for prophecies. This circumstance was soon known about the country, and many experienced the same enthusiastic inspiration. The place was revered, and a temple was soon after erected in honour of Apollo, and a city built. According to some accounts, Apollo was not the first who gave oracles there; but Terra, Neptune, Themis, and Phœbe were in possession of the place before the son of Latona. The oracles were generally given in verse; but when it had been sarcastically observed that the god and patron of poetry was the most imperfect poet in the world, the priestess delivered her answers in prose. The oracles were always delivered by a priestess called _Pythia_. _See:_ Pythia. The temple was built and destroyed several times. It was customary for those who consulted the oracle to make rich presents to the god of Delphi; and no monarch distinguished himself more by his donations than Crœsus. This sacred repository of opulence was often the object of plunder, and the people of Phocis seized 10,000 talents from it, and Nero carried away no less than 500 statues of brass, partly of the gods, and partly of the most ♦illustrious heroes. In another age, Constantine the Great removed its most splendid ornaments to his new capital. It was universally believed, and supported, by the ancients, that Delphi was in the middle of the earth; and on that account it was called _terræ umbilicus_. This, according to mythology, was first found out by two doves, which Jupiter had let loose from the two extremities of the earth, and which met at the place where the temple of Delphi was built. _Apollonius_, bk. 2, li. 706.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16. ――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 168.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

♦ ‘illustrous’ replaced with ‘illustrious’

=Delphĭcus=, a surname of Apollo, from the worship paid to his divinity at Delphi.

=Delphīnia=, festivals at Ægina, in honour of Apollo of Delphi.

=Delphīnium=, a place in Bœotia, opposite Eubœa.

=Delphis=, the priestess of Delphi. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 43.

=Delphus=, a son of Apollo, who built Delphi, and consecrated it to his father. The name of his mother is differently mentioned. She is called by some Celæno, by others Melæne daughter of Cephis, and by others Thyas daughter of Castalius, the first who was priestess of Bacchus. _Hyginus_, fable 161.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Delphȳne=, a serpent which watched over Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Delta=, a part of Egypt, which received that name from its resemblance to the form of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. It lies between the Canopian and Pelusian mouths of the Nile, and begins to be formed where the river divides itself into several streams. It has been formed totally by the mud and sand, which are washed down from the upper parts of Egypt by the Nile, according to ancient tradition. _Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bks. 15 & 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 13, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Demădes=, an Athenian, who, from a sailor, became an eloquent orator, and obtained much influence in the state. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Cheronæa by Philip, and ingratiated himself into the favour of that prince, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was put to death, with his son, on suspicion of treason, B.C. 322. One of his orations is extant. _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 17.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.

=Demænetus=, a rhetorician of Syracuse, enemy to Timoleon. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_, ch. 5.

=Demagŏras=, one of Alexander’s flatterers.――――An historian, who wrote concerning the foundation of Rome. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Demarāta=, a daughter of Hiero, &c. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 22.

=Demarātus=, the son and successor of Ariston on the throne of Sparta, B.C. 526. He was banished by the intrigues of Cleomenes his royal colleague, as being illegitimate. He retired into Asia, and was kindly received by Darius son of Hystaspes king of Persia. When the Persian monarch made preparations to invade Greece, Demaratus, though persecuted by the Lacedæmonians, informed them of the hostilities which hung over their head. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 75, &c.; bk. 6, ch. 50, &c.――――A rich citizen of Corinth, of the family of the Bacchiadæ. When Cypselus had usurped the sovereign power of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family, migrated to Italy, and settled at Tarquinii, 658 years before Christ. His son Lucumon was king of Rome, under the name of Tarquinius Priscus. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A Corinthian exile at the court of Philip king of Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Demarchus=, a Syracusan put to death by Dionysius.

=Demarēta=, the wife of Gelon. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Demariste=, the mother of Timoleon.

=Dēmātria=, a Spartan mother, who killed her son because he returned from a battle without glory. _Plutarch_, _Instituta Laconica_.

=Demetria=, a festival in honour of Ceres, called by the Greeks _Demeter_. It was then customary for the votaries of the goddess to lash themselves with whips made with the bark of trees. The Athenians had a solemnity of the same name, in honour of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

=Dēmētrias=, a town of Thessaly. The name was common to other places.

=Dēmētrius=, a son of Antigonus and Stratonice, surnamed Poliorcetes, _destroyer of towns_. At the age of 22, he was sent by his father against Ptolemy, who had invaded Syria. He was defeated near Gaza, but he soon repaired his loss by a victory over one of the generals of the enemy. He afterwards sailed with a fleet of 250 ships to Athens, and restored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them from the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and expelling the garrison, which was stationed there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this successful expedition, he besieged and took Munychia, and defeated Cassander at Thermopylæ. His reception at Athens, after these victories, was attended with the greatest servility; and the Athenians were not ashamed to raise altars to him as to a god, and to consult his oracles. This uncommon success raised the jealousy of the successors of Alexander; and Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus united to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hostile armies met at Ipsus, B.C. 301. Antigonus was killed in the battle; and Demetrius, after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill success raised him many enemies; and the Athenians, who lately adored him as a god, refused to admit him into their city. He soon after ravaged the territories of Lysimachus, and reconciled himself to Seleucus, to whom he gave his daughter Stratonice in marriage. Athens now laboured under tyranny; and Demetrius relieved it, and pardoned the inhabitants. The loss of his possessions in Asia recalled him from Greece, and he established himself on the throne of Macedonia, by the murder of Alexander the son of Cassander. Here he was continually at war with the neighbouring states; and the superior power of his adversaries obliged him to leave Macedonia, after he had sat on the throne for seven years. He passed into Asia, and attacked some of the provinces of Lysimachus with various success; but famine and pestilence destroyed the greatest part of his army, and he retired to the court of Seleucus for support and assistance. He met with a kind reception, but hostilities were soon begun; and after he had gained some advantages over his son-in-law, Demetrius was totally forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and became an easy prey to the enemy. Though he was kept in confinement by his son-in-law, yet he maintained himself like a prince, and passed his time in hunting and in every laborious exercise. His son Antigonus offered Seleucus all his possessions and even his person, to procure his father’s liberty; but all proved unavailing, and Demetrius died in the 54th year of his age, after a confinement of three years, 286 B. C. His remains were given to Antigonus, and honoured with a ♦splendid funeral pomp at Corinth, and thence conveyed to Demetrias. His posterity remained in possession of the Macedonian throne till the age of Perseus, who was conquered by the Romans. Demetrius has rendered himself famous for his fondness of dissipation when among the dissolute, and his love of virtue and military glory in the field of battle. He has been commended as a great warrior, and his ingenious inventions, his warlike engines, and stupendous machines in his war with the Rhodians, justify his claims to that perfect character. He has been blamed for his voluptuous indulgencies; and his biographer observes, that no Grecian prince had more wives and concubines than Poliorcetes. His obedience and reverence to his father have been justly admired; and it has been observed, that Antigonus ordered the ambassadors of a foreign prince particularly to remark the cordiality and friendship which subsisted between him and his son. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17. ――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 17, &c.――――A prince who succeeded his father Antigonus on the throne of Macedonia. He reigned 11 years, and was succeeded by Antigonus Doson. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 2.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――――A son of Philip king of Macedonia, given up as a hostage to the Romans. His modesty delivered his father from a heavy accusation laid before the Roman senate. When he returned to Macedonia, he was falsely accused by his brother Perseus, who was jealous of his popularity, and his father too credulously consented to his death, B.C. 180. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 2.――――A Magnesian.――――A servant of Cassius.――――A son of Demetrius of Cyrene.――――A freedman of Pompey.――――A son of Demetrius, surnamed Slender.――――A prince surnamed _Soter_, was son of Seleucus Philopater, the son of Antiochus the Great king of Syria. His father gave him as a hostage to the Romans. After the death of Seleucus, Antiochus Epiphanes, the deceased monarch’s brother, usurped the kingdom of Syria, and was succeeded by his son Antiochus Eupator. This usurpation displeased Demetrius, who was detained at Rome; he procured his liberty on pretence of going to hunt, and fled to Syria, where the troops received him as their lawful sovereign, B.C. 162. He put to death Eupator and Lysias, and established himself on his throne by cruelty and oppression. Alexander Bala the son of Antiochus Epiphanes laid claim to the crown of Syria, and defeated Demetrius in a battle, in the 12th year of his reign. _Strabo_, bk. 16. ――_Appian._――_Justin_, bk. 34, ch. 3.――――The Second, surnamed _Nicanor_, or _Conqueror_, was son of Soter, to whom he succeeded by the assistance of Ptolemy Philometer, after he had driven out the usurper Alexander Bala, B.C. 146. He married Cleopatra daughter of Ptolemy; who was, before, the wife of the expelled monarch. Demetrius gave himself up to luxury and voluptuousness, and suffered his kingdom to be governed by his favourites. At that time a pretended son of Bala, called Diodorus Tryphon, seized a part of Syria; and Demetrius, to oppose his antagonist, made an alliance with the Jews, and marched into the east, where he was taken by the Parthians. Phraates king of Parthia gave him his daughter Rhodogyne in marriage; and Cleopatra was so incensed at this new connection, that she gave herself up to Antiochus Sidetes her brother-in-law, and married him. Sidetes was killed in a battle against the Parthians, and Demetrius regained the possession of his kingdom. His pride and oppression rendered him odious, and his subjects asked a king of the house of Seleucus, from Ptolemy Physcon king of Egypt; and Demetrius, unable to resist the power of his enemies, fled to Ptolemais, which was then in the hands of his wife Cleopatra. The gates were shut up against his approach by Cleopatra; and he was killed by order of the governor of Tyre, whither he had fled for protection. He was succeeded by Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had raised to the throne, B.C. 127. _Justin_, bk. 36, &c.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――_Josephus._ ――――The Third, surnamed _Eucerus_, was son of Antiochus Gryphus. After the example of his brother Philip, who had seized Syria, he made himself master of Damascus, B.C. 93, and soon after obtained a victory over his brother. He was taken in a battle against the Parthians, and died in captivity. _Josephus_, bk. 1.――――Phalereus, a disciple of Theophrastus, who gained such an influence over the Athenians, by his eloquence, and the purity of his manners, that he was elected decennial archon, B.C. 317. He so embellished the city, and rendered himself so popular by his munificence, that the Athenians raised 360 brazen statues to his honour. Yet in the midst of all this popularity, his enemies raised a sedition against him, and he was condemned to death, and all his statues thrown down, after obtaining the sovereign power for 10 years. He fled without concern or mortification to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, where he met with kindness and cordiality. The Egyptian monarch consulted him concerning the succession of his children; and Demetrius advised him to raise to the throne the children of Eurydice, in preference to the offspring of Berenice. This counsel so irritated Philadelphus the son of Berenice, that after his father’s death he sent the philosopher into Upper Egypt, and there detained him in strict confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an end to his life by the bite of an asp, 284 B.C. According to some, Demetrius enjoyed the confidence of Philadelphus, and enriched his library at Alexandria with 200,000 volumes. All the works of Demetrius, on rhetoric, history, and eloquence are lost; and the treatise on rhetoric, falsely attributed to him, is by some supposed to be the composition of Halicarnassus. The last edition of this treatise is that of Glasgow, 8vo, 1743. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_ & _de Officiis_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Exilio_.――――A Cynic philosopher, disciple of Apollonius Thyaneus, in the age of Caligula. The emperor wished to gain the philosopher to his interest by a large present; but Demetrius refused it with indignation, and said, “If Caligula wishes to bribe me, let him send me his crown.” Vespasian was displeased with his insolence, and banished him to an island. The Cynic derided the punishment, and bitterly inveighed against the emperor. He died in a great old age; and Seneca observes, that _nature had brought him forth, to show mankind that an exalted genius can live securely without being corrupted by the vices of the surrounding world_. _Seneca._――_Philostratus_, _Apollonius_.――――One of Alexander’s flatterers.――――A native of Byzantium, who wrote on the Greek poets. ――――An Athenian killed at Mantinea, when fighting against the Thebans. _Polyænus._――――A writer who published a history of the irruptions of the Gauls into Asia.――――A philological writer in the age of Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 11.――――A stage player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 99.――――Syrus, a rhetorician at Athens. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 174.――――A geographer surnamed the Calatian. _Strabo_, bk. 1.

♦ ‘splended’ replaced with ‘splendid’

=Demo=, a sibyl of Cumæ.

=Demoanassa=, the mother of Ægialeus.

=Democēdes=, a celebrated physician of Crotona, son of Calliphon, and intimate with Polycrates. He was carried as a prisoner from Samos to Darius king of Persia, where he acquired great riches and much reputation by curing the king’s foot, and the breast of Atossa. He was sent to Greece as a spy by the king, and fled away to Crotona, where he married the daughter of the wrestler Milo. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 18.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 124, &c.

=Dēmŏchăres=, an Athenian sent with some of his countrymen with an embassy to Philip king of Macedonia. The monarch gave them audience, and when he asked them what he could do to please the people of Athens, Demochares replied, “Hang yourself.” This imprudence raised the indignation of all the hearers; but Philip mildly dismissed them, and bade them ask their countrymen, which deserved most the appellation of wise and moderate, either they who gave such ill language, or he who received it without any signs of resentment? _Seneca_, _de Irâ_, bk. 3.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 3, 7, 8, 12.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 3; _On Oratory_, bk. 2.――――A poet of Soli, who composed a comedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――A statuary, who wished to make a statue to mount Athos. _Vitruvius._――――A general of Pompey the younger, who died B.C. 36.

=Dēmŏcles=, a man accused of disaffection towards Dionysius, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A beautiful youth, passionately loved by Demetrius Poliorcetes. He threw himself into a cauldron of boiling water, rather than submit to the unnatural lusts of the tyrant. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Demŏcoon=, a natural son of Priam, who came from his residence at Abydos to protect his country against the Greeks. He was, after a glorious defence, killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.

=Dēmŏcrătes=, an architect of Alexandria.――――A wrestler. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――――An Athenian, who fought on the side of Darius against the Macedonians. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Dēmŏcrĭtus=, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He travelled over the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and Africa, in quest of knowledge, and returned home in the greatest poverty. There was a law at Abdera, which deprived of the honour of a funeral the man who had reduced himself to indigence; and Democritus, to avoid ignominy, repeated before his countrymen one of his compositions called _Diacosmus_. It was received with such uncommon applause that he was presented with 500 talents; statues were erected in his honour; and a decree passed that the expenses of his funeral should be paid from the public treasury. He retired to a garden near the city, where he dedicated his time to study and solitude; and according to some authors he put out his eyes, to apply himself more closely to philosophical inquiries. He was accused of insanity, and Hippocrates was ordered to inquire into the nature of his disorder. The physician had a conference with the philosopher, and declared that not Democritus, but his enemies, were insane. He continually laughed at the follies and vanity of mankind, who distract themselves with care, and are at once a prey to hope and anxiety. He told Darius, who was inconsolable for the loss of his wife, that he would raise her from the dead, if he could find three persons who had gone through life without adversity, whose names he might engrave on the queen’s monument. The king’s inquiries to find such persons proved unavailing, and the philosopher in some manner soothed the sorrow of his sovereign. He taught his disciples that the soul died with the body; and therefore, as he gave no credit to the existence of ghosts, some youths, to try his fortitude, dressed themselves in a hideous and deformed habit, and approached his cave in the dead of night, with whatever could create terror and astonishment. The philosopher received them unmoved; and without even looking at them, he desired them to cease making themselves such objects of ridicule and folly. He died in the 109th year of his age, B.C. 361. His father was so rich, that he entertained Xerxes, with all his army, as he was marching against Greece. All the works of Democritus are lost. He was the author of the doctrine of atoms, and first taught that the milky way was occasioned by a confused light from a multitude of stars. He may be considered as the parent of experimental philosophy, in the prosecution of which he showed himself so ardent, that he declared he would prefer the discovery of one of the causes of the works of nature to the diadem of Persia. He made artificial emeralds, and tinged them with various colours; he likewise dissolved stones, and softened ivory. _Eusebius_, bk. 14, ch. 27.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 20.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 15.――――An Ephesian, who wrote a book on Diana’s temple, &c. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A powerful man of Naxos. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 46.

=Dēmŏdĭce=, the wife of Cretheus king of Iolchos. Some call her Biadice, or Tyro. _Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Dēmŏdŏchus=, a musician at the court of Alcinous, who sang, in the presence of Ulysses, the secret amours of Mars and Venus, &c. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, li. 44.――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.――――A Trojan chief, who came with Æneas into Italy, where he was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 413.――――An historian. _Plutarch_, _de Fluviis_.

_Dēmŏleon_, a centaur, killed by Theseus at the ♦nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 356.――――A son of Antenor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 395.

♦ ‘nupitals’ replaced with ‘nuptials’

=Dēmŏleus=, a Greek, killed by Æneas in the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 260.

=Dēmon=, an Athenian, nephew to Demosthenes. He was at the head of the government during the absence of his uncle, and obtained a decree that Demosthenes should be recalled, and that a ship should be sent to bring him back.

=Dēmonassa=, a daughter of Amphiaraus, who married Thersander. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Dēmōnax=, a celebrated philosopher of Crete, in the reign of Adrian. He showed no concern about the necessaries of life; but when hungry, he entered the first house he met, and there satisfied his appetite. He died in his 100th year.――――A man of Mantinea, sent to settle the government of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 161.

=Dēmŏnīca=, a woman who betrayed Ephesus to Brennus. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Dēmŏphantus=, a general killed by Antigonus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 49.

=Demophĭle=, a name given to the sibyl of Cumæ, who, as it is supposed by some, sold the sibylline books to Tarquin. _Varro_, cited by _Lactantius_, _[Divine Institutes]_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Dēmŏphĭlus=, an Athenian archon.――――An officer of Agathocles. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Dēmŏphon=, an Athenian, who assisted the Thebans in recovering Cadmea, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Dēmŏphoon=, son of Theseus and Phædra, was king of Athens, B.C. 1182 and reigned 33 years. At his return from the Trojan war, he visited Thrace, where he was tenderly received and treated by Phyllis. He retired to Athens, and forgot the kindness and love of Phyllis, who hanged herself in despair. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 55.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675.

=Dēmŏpŏlis=, a son of Themistocles. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.

=Dēmos=, a place of Ithaca.

=Dēmosthĕnes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of a rich blacksmith, called Demosthenes, and of Cleobule. He was but seven years of age when his father died. His guardians negligently managed his affairs, and embezzled the greatest part of his possessions. His education was totally neglected; and for whatever advances he made in learning, he was indebted to his own industry and application. He became the pupil of Isæus and Plato, and applied himself to study the orations of Isocrates. At the age of 17 he gave an early proof of his eloquence and abilities against his guardians, from whom he obtained the retribution of the greatest part of his estate. His rising talents were, however, impeded by weak lungs, and a difficulty of pronunciation, especially of the letter ρ, but these obstacles were soon conquered by unwearied application. To correct the stammering of his voice, he spoke with pebbles in his mouth; and removed the distortion of his features, which accompanied his utterance, by watching the motions of his countenance in a looking-glass. That his pronunciation might be loud and full of emphasis, he frequently ran up the steepest and most uneven walks, where his voice acquired force and energy; and on the sea-shore, when the waves were violently agitated, he declaimed aloud, to accustom himself to the noise and tumults of a public assembly. He also confined himself in a subterraneous cave, to devote himself more closely to studious pursuits; and to eradicate all curiosity of appearance in public, he shaved one half of his head. In this solitary retirement, by the help of a glimmering lamp, he composed the greatest part of his orations, which have ever been the admiration of every age, though his contemporaries and rivals severely inveighed against them, and observed that they smelt of oil. His abilities as an orator raised him to consequence at Athens, and he was soon placed at the head of the government. In this public capacity he roused his countrymen from their indolence, and animated them against the encroachments of Philip of Macedonia. In the battle of Cheronæa, however, Demosthenes betrayed his pusillanimity, and saved his life by flight. After the death of Philip, he declared himself warmly against his son and successor Alexander, whom he branded with the appellation of boy; and when the Macedonians demanded of the Athenians their orators, Demosthenes reminded his countrymen of the fable of the sheep which delivered their dogs to the wolves. Though he had boasted that all the gold of Macedonia could not tempt him, yet he suffered himself to be bribed by a small golden cup from Harpalus. The tumults which this occasioned forced him to retire from Athens; and in his banishment, which he passed at Trœzene and Ægina, he lived with more effeminacy than true heroism. When Antipater made war against Greece, after the death of Alexander, Demosthenes was publicly recalled from his exile, and a galley was sent to fetch him from Ægina. His return was attended with much splendour, and all the citizens crowded at the Piræus to see him land. His triumph and popularity, however, were short. Antipater and Craterus were near Athens, and demanded all the orators to be delivered up into their hands. Demosthenes, with all his adherents, fled to the temple of Neptune in Calauria, and when he saw that all hopes of safety were banished, he took a dose of poison, which he always carried in a quill, and expired on the day that the Thesmophoria were celebrated, in the 60th year of his age, B.C. 322. The Athenians raised a brazen statue to his honour, with an inscription translated into this distich:

_Si tibi par menti robur, Vir magne, fuisset, Græcia non Macedæ succubuisset hero._

Demosthenes has been deservedly called the prince of orators; and Cicero, his successful rival among the Romans, calls him a perfect model, and such as he wished to be. These two great princes of eloquence have often been compared together; but the judgment hesitates to which to give the preference. They both arrived at perfection, but the measures by which they obtained it were diametrically opposite. Demosthenes has been compared, and with propriety, by his rival Æschines, to a Siren, from the melody of his expressions. No orator can be said to have expressed the various passions of hatred, resentment, or indignation, with more energy than he; and as a proof of his uncommon application, it need only be mentioned, that he transcribed eight or even ten times the history of Thucydides, that he might not only imitate, but possess the force and energy of the great historian. The best editions of his works are that of Wolfius, folio, Frankof. 1604; that left unfinished by Taylor, Cambridge, 4to, and that published in 12 vols., 8vo, 1720, &c., Lipscomb, by Reiske and his widow. Many of the orations of Demosthenes have been published separately. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Cicero_, _Orator_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 2, ch. 33.――――An Athenian general, sent to succeed Alcibiades in Sicily. He attacked Syracuse with Nicias, but his efforts were ineffectual. After many calamities he fell into the enemy’s hands, and his army was confined to hard labour. The accounts about the death of Demosthenes are various; some believe that he stabbed himself, while others suppose that he was put to death by the Syracusans, B.C. 413. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――_Thucydides_, bk. 4, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――The father of the orator Demosthenes. He was very rich, and employed an immense number of slaves in the business of a sword-cutler. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――――A governor of Cæsarea, under the Roman emperors.

=Dēmostrătus=, an Athenian orator.

=Demūchus=, a Trojan, son of Philetor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 457.

=Dēmy̆lus=, a tyrant who tortured the philosopher Zeno. _Plutarch_, _de Stoicorum Repugnantiis_.

=Denseletæ=, a people of Thrace. _Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 34.

=Deobriga=, a town on the Iberus in Spain, now _Miranda de Ebro_.

=Deodătus=, an Athenian who opposed the cruel resolutions of Cleon against the captive prisoners of Mitylene.

=Dēōis=, a name given to Proserpine from her mother Ceres, who was called _Deo_. This name Ceres received, because when she sought her daughter all over the world, all wished her success in her pursuits, with the word δηεις, _invenies_; a δηω, _invenio_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 114.

=Deræ=, a place of Messenia.

=Derbe=, a town of Lycaonia, at the north of mount Taurus in Asia Minor, now _Alah-Dag_.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 73.

=Derbĭces=, a people near Caucasus, who killed all those that had reached their 70th year. They buried such as died a natural death. _Strabo._

=Derce=, a fountain in Spain, whose waters were said to be uncommonly cold.

=Dercennus=, an ancient king in Latium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 850.

=Dercĕto= and =Dercĕtis=, a goddess of Syria, called also _Atergatis_, whom some supposed to be the same as Astarte. She was represented as a beautiful woman above the waist, and the lower part terminated in a fish’s tail. According to Diodorus, Venus, whom she had offended, made her passionately fond of a young priest, remarkable for the beauty of his features. She had a daughter by him, and became so ashamed of her incontinence, that she removed her lover, exposed the fruit of her amour, and threw herself into a lake. Her body was transformed into a fish, and her child was preserved, and called Semiramis. As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria, and represented like a fish, the Syrians anciently abstained from fishes. _Lucian_, _de Deâ Syria_.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 44.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.

=Dercyllĭdas=, a general of Sparta, celebrated for his military exploits. He took nine different cities in eight days, and freed Chersonesus from the inroads of the Thracians by building a wall across the country. He lived B.C. 399. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. ――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_, bk. 1, &c.

=Dercyllus=, a man appointed over Attica by Antipater. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Phocion_, ch. 2.

=Dercy̆nus=, a son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Dersæi=, a people of Thrace.

=Derthona=, now _Tortona_, a town of Liguria, between Genoa and Placentia, where a Roman colony was settled. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 2.

=Dertose=, now _Tortosa_, a town of Spain near the Iberus.

=Derusiæi=, a people of Persia.

=Dēsudăba=, a town of Media. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 26.

=Deva=, a town of Britain, now _Chester_ on the Dee.

=Deucălion=, a son of Prometheus, who married Pyrrha the daughter of Epimetheus. He reigned over part of Thessaly, and in his age the whole earth was overwhelmed with a deluge. The impiety of mankind had irritated Jupiter, who resolved to destroy the world, and immediately the earth exhibited a boundless scene of waters. The highest mountains were climbed up by the frightened inhabitants of the country; but this seeming place of security was soon overtopped by the rising waters, and no hope was left of escaping the universal calamity. Prometheus advised his son to make himself a ship, and by this means he saved himself and his wife Pyrrha. The vessel was tossed about during nine successive days, and at last stopped on the top of mount Parnassus, where Deucalion remained till the waters had subsided. Pindar and Ovid make no mention of a vessel built by the advice of Prometheus; but, according to their relation, Deucalion saved his life by taking refuge on the top of Parnassus, or, according to Hyginus, of Ætna in Sicily. As soon as the waters had retired from the surface of the earth, Deucalion and his wife went to consult the oracle of Themis, and were directed to repair the loss of mankind, by throwing behind them the bones of their grandmother. This was nothing but the stones of the earth; and after some hesitation about the meaning of the oracle, they obeyed. The stones thrown by Deucalion became men, and those of Pyrrha women. According to Justin, Deucalion was not the only one who escaped from the universal calamity. Many saved their lives by ascending the highest mountains, or trusting themselves in small vessels to the mercy of the waters. This deluge, which chiefly happened in Thessaly, according to the relation of some writers, was produced by the inundation of the waters of the river Peneus, whose regular course was stopped by an earthquake near mount Ossa and Olympus. According to Xenophon, there were no less than five deluges. The first happened under Ogyges, and lasted three months. The second, which was in the age of Hercules and Prometheus, continued but one month. During the third, which happened in the reign of another Ogyges, all Attica was laid waste by the waters. Thessaly was totally covered by the waters during the fourth, which happened in the age of Deucalion. The last was before the Trojan war, and its effects were severely felt by the inhabitants of Egypt. There prevailed a report in Attica, that the waters of Deucalion’s deluge had disappeared through a small aperture about a cubit wide, near Jupiter Olympius’s temple; and Pausanias, who saw it, further adds, that a yearly offering of flour and honey was thrown into it with religious ceremony. The deluge of Deucalion, so much celebrated in ancient history, is supposed to have happened 1503 years B.C. Deucalion had two sons by Pyrrha, Hellen, called by some son of Jupiter, and Amphictyon king of Attica, and also a daughter, Protogenia, who became mother of Æthlius by Jupiter. _Pindar_, poem 9, _Olympian_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 8; _Heroides_, ♦poem 15, li. 167. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 81.――_Hyginus_, fable 153. ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Lucian_, _de Deâ Syriâ_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 62.――――One of the Argonauts.――――A son of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A son of Abas.

♦ ‘45’ replaced with ‘15’

=Deucetius=, a Sicilian general. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.

=Deudorix=, one of the Cherusci, led in triumph by Germanicus.

=Dexamĕne=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.

=Dexamĕnus=, a man delivered by Hercules from the hands of his daughter’s suitors. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A king of Olenus in Achaia, whose two daughters married the sons of Actor. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Dexippus=, a Spartan who assisted the people of Agrigentum, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Dexithea=, the wife of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Dexius=, a Greek, father of Iphinous, killed by Glaucus in the Trojan war, &c. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.

=Dīa=, a daughter of Deion, mother of Pirithous by Ixion.――――An island in the Ægean sea, 17 miles from Delos. It is the same as Naxos. _See:_ Naxos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 157.――――Another on the coast of Crete, now _Standia_.――――A city of Thrace,――――of Eubœa, ――――Peloponnesus,――――Lusitania,――――Italy, near the Alps,――――Scythia, near the Phasis,――――Caria,――――Bithynia,――――and Thessaly.

=Diactorĭdes=, one of Agarista’s suitors. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127. ――――The father of Eurydame the wife of Leutychides. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 71.

=Diæus=, of Megalopolis, a general of the Achæans, who killed himself when his affairs became desperate. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 16.

=Diadumeniānus=, a son of Macrinus, who enjoyed the title of Cæsar during his father’s lifetime, &c.

=Diăgon= and =Diăgum=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus, and separating Pisa from Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.

=Diagondas=, a Theban who abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Diăgŏras=, an Athenian philosopher. His father’s name was Teleclytus. From the greatest superstition, he became a most unconquerable atheist, because he saw a man who laid a false claim to one of his poems, and who perjured himself, go unpunished. His great impiety and blasphemies provoked his countrymen, and the Areopagites promised one talent to him who brought his head before their tribunal, and two if he were produced alive. He lived about 416 years before Christ. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 3, ch. 37, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――An athlete of Rhodes, 460 years before the christian era. Pindar celebrated his merit in a beautiful ode still extant, which was written in golden letters in a temple of Minerva. He saw his three sons crowned the same day at Olympia, and died through excess of joy. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Diālis=, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first instituted by Numa. He was never permitted to swear, even upon public trials. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2. ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Diallus=, an Athenian who wrote a history of all the memorable occurrences of his age.

=Diamastigōsis=, a festival of Sparta in honour of Diana Orthia, which received that name, ἀπο του μαστιγουν, _from whipping_, because boys were whipped before the altar of the goddess. These boys, called Bomonicæ, were originally free-born Spartans; but, in the more delicate ages, they were of mean birth, and generally of a slavish origin. This operation was performed by an officer in a severe and unfeeling manner; and that no compassion should be raised, the priest stood near the altar with a small light statue of the goddess, which suddenly became heavy and insupportable if the lash of the whip was more lenient or less rigorous. The parents of the children attended the solemnity, and exhorted them not to commit anything, either by fear or groans, that might be unworthy of Laconian education. These flagellations were so severe, that the blood gushed in profuse torrents, and many expired under the lash of the whip without uttering a groan, or betraying any marks of fear. Such a death was reckoned very honourable, and the corpse was buried with much solemnity, with a garland of flowers on its head. The origin of this festival is unknown. Some suppose that Lycurgus first instituted it to inure the youths of Lacedæmon to bear labour and fatigue, and render them insensible to pain and wounds. Others maintain that it was a mitigation of an oracle, which ordered that human blood should be shed on Diana’s altar; and according to their opinion, Orestes first introduced that barbarous custom, after he had brought the statue of Diana Taurica into Greece. There is another tradition, which mentions that Pausanias, as he was offering prayers and sacrifices to the gods, before he engaged with Mardonius, was suddenly attacked by a number of Lydians who disturbed the sacrifice, and were at last repelled with staves and stones, the only weapons with which the Lacedæmonians were provided at that moment. In commemoration of this, therefore, the whipping of boys was instituted at Sparta, and after that the Lydian procession.

=Diāna=, was the goddess of hunting. According to Cicero, there were three of this name; a daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, who became mother of Cupid; a daughter of Jupiter and Latona; and a daughter of Upis and Glauce. The second is the most celebrated, and to her all the ancients allude. She was born at the same birth as Apollo; and the pains which she saw her mother suffer during her labour, gave her such an aversion to marriage, that she obtained from her father the permission to live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside over the travails of women. To shun the society of men, she devoted herself to hunting, and obtained the permission of Jupiter to have for her attendants 60 of the Oceanides, and 20 other nymphs, all of whom, like herself, abjured the use of marriage. She is represented with a bent bow and quiver, and attended with dogs, and sometimes drawn in a chariot by two white stags. Sometimes she appears with wings, holding a lion in one hand and a panther in the other, with a chariot drawn by two heifers, or two horses of different colours. She is represented taller by the head than her attendant nymphs, her face has something manly, her legs are bare, well-shaped, and strong, and her feet are covered with a buskin, worn by huntresses among the ancients. Diana received many surnames, particularly from the places where her worship was established, and from the functions over which she presided. She was called Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba, when invoked by women in child-bed, and Trivia when worshipped in the cross-ways, where her statues were generally erected. She was supposed to be the same as the moon, and Proserpine or Hecate, and from that circumstance she was called Triformis; and some of her statues represented her with three heads, that of a horse, a dog, and a boar. Her power and functions under these three characters have been beautifully expressed in these two verses:

Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, Diana, Ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagittâ.

She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Taurica, Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She was supposed to be the same as the Isis of the Egyptians, whose worship was introduced into Greece with that of Osiris under the name of Apollo. When Typhon waged war against the gods, Diana is said to have metamorphosed herself into a cat, to avoid his fury. The goddess is generally known in the figures that represent her, by the crescent on her head, by the dogs which attend her, and by her hunting habit. The most famous of her temples was that of Ephesus, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. _See:_ Ephesus. She was there represented with a great number of breasts, and other symbols which signified the earth, or Cybele. Though she was the patroness of chastity, yet she forgot her dignity to enjoy the company of Endymion, and the very familiar favours which, according to mythology, she granted to Pan and Orion are well known. _See:_ Endymion, Pan, Orion. The inhabitants of Taurica were particularly attached to the worship of this goddess, and they cruelly offered on her altar all the strangers that were shipwrecked on their coasts. Her temple in Aricia was served by a priest who had always murdered his predecessor, and the Lacedæmonians yearly offered her human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who changed this barbarous custom for the sacrifice of flagellation. The Athenians generally offered her goats, and others a white kid, and sometimes a boar pig, or an ox. Among plants the poppy and the ditamy were sacred to her. She, as well as her brother Apollo, had some oracles, among which those of Egypt, Cilicia, and Ephesus are the most known. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 155; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 156; bk. 7, lis. 94 & 194, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 22.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 302; _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 505.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 31 & 37.――_Catullus._――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 57.――_Apollodorus_ bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.

=Dianasa=, the mother of Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Dianium=, a town and promontory of Spain, now cape _Martin_, where Diana was worshipped.

=Diasia=, festivals in honour of Jupiter at Athens. They received their name ἀπο του διος και της ἁτης, _from Jupiter and misfortune_, because, by making application to Jupiter, men obtained relief from their misfortunes, and were delivered from dangers. During this festival things of all kinds were exposed for sale.

=Dibio=, a town of France, now _Dijon_ in Burgundy.

=Dicæa= and =Dicæarchea=, a town of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 385.

=Dicæus=, an Athenian who was supernaturally apprised of the defeat of the Persians in Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 65.

=Dice=, one of the Horæ, daughters of Jupiter. _Apollonius_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Dicearchus=, a Messenian famous for his knowledge of philosophy, history, and mathematics. He was one of Aristotle’s disciples. Nothing remains of his numerous compositions. He had composed a history of the Spartan republic, which was publicly read over every year by order of the magistrates, for the improvement and instruction of youth.

=Diceneus=, an Egyptian philosopher in the age of Augustus, who travelled into Scythia, where he ingratiated himself with the king of the country, and by his instruction softened the wildness and rusticity of his manners. He also gained such an influence over the multitude, that they destroyed all the vines which grew in their country, to prevent the riot and dissipation which the wine occasioned among them. He wrote all his maxims and his laws in a book, that they might not lose the benefit of them after his death.

=Dicomas=, a king of the Getæ. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Dictæ= and =Dictæus mons=, a mountain of Crete. The island is often known by the name of _Dictæa arva_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6; _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 171.――――Jupiter was called _Dictæus_, because worshipped there, and the same epithet was applied to Minos. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 536.――_Ovid_. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 43.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Dictamnum= and =Dictynna=, a town of Crete, where the herb called _dictamnus_ chiefly grows. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 412. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 50.

=Dictātor=, a magistrate at Rome, invested with regal authority. This officer, whose magistracy seems to have been borrowed from the customs of the Albans or Latins, was first chosen during the Roman wars against the Latins. The consuls being unable to raise forces for the defence of the state, because the plebeians refused to enlist, if they were not discharged from all the debts they had contracted with the patricians, the senate found it necessary to elect a new magistrate, with absolute and incontrollable power to take care of the state. The dictator remained in office for six months, after which he was again elected, if the affairs of the state seemed to be desperate; but if tranquillity was re-established, he generally laid down his power before the time was expired. He knew no superior in the republic, and even the laws were subjected to him. He was called dictator, because _dictus_, named by the consul, or _quoniam dictis ejus parebat populus_, because the people implicitly obeyed his command. He was named by the consul in the night, _vivâ voce_, and his election was confirmed by the auguries, though sometimes he was nominated or recommended by the people. As his power was absolute, he could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct them against an enemy, and disband them at pleasure. He punished as he pleased; and from his decision there was no appeal, at least till later times. He was preceded by 24 lictors, with the _fasces_: during his administration, all other offices, except the tribunes of the people, were suspended, and he was the master of the republic. But amidst all his independence he was not permitted to go beyond the borders of Italy, and he was always obliged to march on foot in his expeditions; and he never could ride in difficult and laborious marches, without previously obtaining a formal leave from the people. He was chosen only when the state was in imminent dangers from foreign enemies or inward seditions. In the time of a pestilence, a dictator was sometimes elected, as also to hold the _comitia_, or to celebrate the public festivals, to hold trials, to choose senators, or drive a nail in the Capitol, by which superstitious ceremonies the Romans believed that a plague could be averted, or the progress of an enemy stopped. This office, so respectable and illustrious in the first ages of the republic, became odious by the perpetual usurpations of Sylla and Julius Cæsar; and after the death of the latter the Roman senate, on the motion of the consul Antony, passed a decree, which for ever after forbade a dictator to exist in Rome. The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer, called his master of horse, _magister equitum_. This officer was respectable, but he was totally subservient to the will of the dictator, and could do nothing without his express order, though he enjoyed the privilege of using a horse, and had the same insignia as the pretors. This subordination, however, was some time after removed; and during the second Punic war the master of the horse was invested with a power equal to that of the dictator. A second dictator was also chosen for the election of magistrates at Rome, after the battle of Cannæ. The dictatorship was originally confined to the patricians, but the plebeians were afterwards admitted to share it. Titus Lartius Flavus was the first dictator, A.U.C. 253. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 3. ――_Dio Cassius._――_Plutarch_, _Fabius Maximus_.――_Appian_, bk. 3. ――_Polybius_, bk. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 28.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 57; bk. 9, ch. 38.

=Dictidienses=, certain inhabitants of mount Athos. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 82.

=Dictynna=, a nymph of Crete, who first invented hunting nets. She was one of Diana’s attendants, and for that reason the goddess is often called _Dictynnia_. Some have supposed that Minos pursued her, and that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea, and was caught in fishermen’s nets, δικτυα, whence her name. There was a festival at Sparta in honour of Diana, called Dictynnia. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A city of Crete.

=Dictys=, a Cretan, who went with Idomeneus to the Trojan war. It is supposed that he wrote a history of this celebrated war, and that at his death he ordered it to be laid in his tomb, where it remained till a violent earthquake, in the reign of Nero, opened the monument where he had been buried. This convulsion of the earth threw out his history of the ♦Trojan war, which was found by some shepherds, and afterwards carried to Rome. This mysterious tradition is deservedly deemed fabulous; and the history of the Trojan war, which is now extant as the composition of Dictys of Crete, was composed in the 15th century, or, according to others, in the age of Constantine, and falsely attributed to one of the followers of Idomeneus. The edition of Dictys is by Mascellus Venia, 4to, Milan, 1477.――――A king of the island of Seriphus, son of Magnes and Nais. He married the nymph Clymene, and was made king of Seriphus by Perseus, who deposed Polydectes, because he behaved with wantonness to Danae. _See:_ Polydectes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A centaur, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 334.

♦ ‘Trojon’ replaced with ‘Trojan’

=Didas=, a Macedonian who was employed by Perseus to render Demetrius suspected to his father Philip. _Livy_, bk. 40.

=Didia lex=, _de Sumptibus_, by Didius, A.U.C. 606, to restrain the expenses that attended public festivals and entertainments, and limit the number of guests which generally attended them, not only at Rome, but in all the provinces of Italy. By it, not only those who received guests in these festive meetings, but the guests themselves, were liable to be fined. It was an extension of the Oppian and Fannian laws.

=Didius=, a governor of Spain, conquered by Sertorius. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――――A man who brought Cæsar the head of Pompey’s eldest son. _Plutarch._――――A governor of Britain under Claudius. ――――Julianus, a rich Roman, who, after the murder of Pertinax, bought the empire which the pretorians had exposed to sale, A.D. 192. His great luxury and extravagance rendered him odious; and when he refused to pay the money which he had promised for the imperial purple, the soldiers revolted against him, and put him to death, after a short reign. Severus was made emperor after him.

=Dīdo=, called also _Elissa_, a daughter of Belus king of Tyre, who married Sichæus, or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of Hercules. Pygmalion, who succeeded to the throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered Sichæus, to get possession of the immense riches which he possessed; and Dido, disconsolate for the loss of a husband whom she tenderly loved, and by whom she was equally esteemed, set sail in quest of a settlement, with a number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty of the tyrant became odious. According to some accounts, she threw into the sea the riches of her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly desired; and by that artifice compelled the ships to fly with her, that had come by order of the tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichæus. During her voyage, Dido visited the coast of Cyprus, where she carried away 50 women, who prostituted themselves on the sea-shore, and gave them as wives to her Tyrian followers. A storm drove her fleet on the African coast, and she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could be covered by a bull’s hide, cut into thongs. Upon this piece of land she built a citadel, called Byrsa [_See:_ Byrsa], and in the increase of population, and the rising commerce among her subjects, soon obliged her to enlarge her city and the boundaries of her dominions. Her beauty, as well as the fame of her enterprise, gained her many admirers; and her subjects wished to compel her to marry Iarbas king of Mauritania, who threatened them with a dreadful war. Dido begged three months to give her decisive answer; and during that time, she erected a funeral pile, as if wishing, by a solemn sacrifice, to appease the manes of Sichæus, to whom she had promised eternal fidelity. When all was prepared, she stabbed herself on the pile in presence of her people, and by this uncommon action obtained the name of Dido, _valiant woman_, instead of Elissa. According to Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused by the sudden departure of Æneas, of whom she was deeply enamoured, and whom she could not obtain as a husband. This poetical fiction represents Æneas as living in the age of Dido, and introduces an anachronism of near 300 years. Dido left Phœnicia, 247 years after the Trojan war, or the age of Æneas; that is, about 953 years B.C. This chronological error proceeds not from the ignorance of the poets, but it is supported by the authority of Horace,

_Aut famam sequere, aut sibi convenientia finge._

While Virgil describes, in a beautiful episode, the desperate love of Dido, and the submission of Æneas to the will of the gods, he at the same time gives an explanation of the hatred which existed between the republics of Rome and Carthage, and informs his readers that their mutual enmity originated in their very first foundation, and was apparently kindled by a more remote cause than the jealousy and rivalship of two flourishing empires. Dido, after her death, was honoured as a deity by her subjects. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 2; _Heroides_, poem 6.――_Appian_, _Punic Wars_.――_Orosius_, bk. 4.――_Herodian._――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Dĭdy̆ma=, a place of Miletus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――――An island in the Sicilian sea. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11.

=Dĭdy̆mæus=, a surname of Apollo.

=Dĭdy̆māon=, an excellent artist, famous for making suits of armour. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 359.

=Dĭdy̆me=, one of the Cyclades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 469. ――――A city of Sicily. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 476.――――One of the Lipari isles, now _Saline_.――――A place near Miletus, where the Branchidæ had their famous oracle.

=Dĭdy̆mum=, a mountain of Asia Minor.

=Dĭdy̆mus=, a freedman of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 24.――――A scholiast on Homer, surnamed Χαλκεντερος, flourished B.C. 40. He wrote a number of books, which are now lost. The editions of his commentaries are, that in 2 vols., Venice, by Aldus Manutius, 1528, and that of Paris, 8vo, 1530.

=Diēnĕces=, a Spartan, who, upon hearing, before the battle of Thermopylæ, that the Persians were so numerous that their arrows would darken the light of the sun, observed that it would be a great convenience, for they then should fight in the shade. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 226.

=Diespĭter=, a surname of Jupiter, as being the father of light.

=Digentia=, a small river which watered Horace’s farm, in the country of the Sabines. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 104.

=Digma=, a part of the Piræus at Athens.

=Dii=, the divinities of the ancient inhabitants of the earth, were very numerous. Every object which causes terror, inspires gratitude, or bestows affluence, received the tribute of veneration. Man saw a superior agent in the stars, the elements, or the trees, and supposed that the waters which communicated fertility to his fields and possessions, were under the influence and direction of some invisible power, inclined to favour and to benefit mankind. Thus arose a train of divinities, which imagination arrayed in different forms, and armed with different powers. They were endowed with understanding, and were actuated by the same passions which daily afflict the human race; and those children of superstition were appeased or provoked as the imperfect being which gave them birth. Their wrath was mitigated by sacrifice and incense, and sometimes human victims bled to expiate a crime which superstition alone supposed to exist. The sun, from its powerful influence and animating nature, first attracted the notice, and claimed the adoration, of the uncivilized inhabitants of the earth. The moon also was honoured with sacrifices, and addressed in prayers; and after immortality had been liberally bestowed on all the heavenly bodies, mankind classed among their deities the brute creation, and the cat and the sow shared equally with Jupiter himself, the father of gods and men, the devout veneration of their votaries. This immense number of deities have been divided into classes, according to the will and pleasure of the mythologists. The Romans, generally speaking, reckoned two classes of the gods, the _dii majorum gentium_, or _dii consulentes_, and the _dii minorum gentium_. The former were 12 in number, six males and six females. _See:_ Consentes. In the class of the latter, were ranked all the gods who were worshipped in different parts of the earth. Besides these, there were some called _dii selecti_, sometimes classed with the 12 greater gods; these were Janus, Saturn, the Genius, the Moon, Pluto, and Bacchus. There were also some called demi-gods, that is, who deserved immortality by the greatness of their exploits, and for their uncommon services to mankind. Among these were Priapus, Vertumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents were some of the immortal gods. Besides these, there were some called _topici_, whose worship was established at particular places, such as Isis in Egypt, Astarte in Syria, Uranus at Carthage, &c. In process of time also, all the passions and the moral virtues were reckoned as powerful deities, and temples were raised to a goddess of concord, peace, &c. According to the authority of Hesiod, there were no less than 30,000 gods that inhabited the earth, and were guardians of men, all subservient to the power of Jupiter. To these succeeding ages have added an almost equal number; and indeed they were so numerous, and their functions so various, that we find temples erected, and sacrifices offered, to unknown gods. It is observable, that all the gods of the ancients have lived upon earth as mere mortals; and even Jupiter, who was the ruler of heaven, is represented by the mythologists as a helpless child; and we are acquainted with all the particulars that attended the birth and education of Juno. In process of time, not only good and virtuous men who had been the patrons of learning and the supporters of liberty, but also thieves and pirates, were admitted among the gods; and the Roman senate courteously granted immortality to the most cruel and abandoned of their emperors.

=Dii=, a people of Thrace, on mount Rhodope.

=Dimassus=, an island near Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Dinarchus=, a Greek orator, son of Sostratus, and disciple to Theophrastus at Athens. He acquired much money by his compositions, and suffered himself to be bribed by the enemies of the Athenians, 307 B.C. Of 64 of his orations, only three remain. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――――A Corinthian ambassador, put to death by Polyperchon. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――A native of Delos, who collected some fables in Crete, &c. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_.

=Dindy̆mus= (or a, orum), a mountain of Phrygia, near a town of the same name in the neighbourhood of Cyzicus. It was from this place that Cybele was called _Dindymene_, as her worship was established there by Jason. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 9.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16, li. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 617.

=Dinia=, a town of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 5.――――A town of Gaul, now _Digne_ in Provence.

=Dinias=, a general of Cassander. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A man of Pheræ, who seized the supreme power at Cranon. _Polyænus_, bk. 2. ――――A man who wrote a history of Argos. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Dinĭche=, the wife of Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Dinŏchăres=, an architect who finished the temple of Diana at Ephesus, after it had been burnt by Erostratus.

=Dinŏcrătes=, an architect of Macedonia, who proposed to Alexander to cut mount Athos in the form of a statue, holding a city in one hand, and in the other a basin, into which all the waters of the mountain should empty themselves. This project Alexander rejected as too chimerical, but he employed the talents of the artist in building and beautifying Alexandria. He began to build a temple in honour of Arsinoe, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, in which he intended to suspend a statue of the queen, by means of loadstones. His death, and that of his royal patron, prevented the execution of a work which would have been the admiration of future ages. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 40.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_. ――――A general of Agathocles.――――A Messenian, who behaved with great effeminacy and wantonness. He defeated Philopœmen, and put him to death, B.C. 183. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.

=Dinŏdŏchus=, a swift runner. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 1.

=Dinolŏchus=, a Syracusan, who composed 14 comedies. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 6, ch. 52.

=Dinŏmĕnes=, a tyrant of Syracuse. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 42.

=Dinon=, a governor of Damascus, under Ptolemy, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 4. ――――The father of Clitarchus, who wrote a history of Persia in Alexander’s age. He is esteemed a very ♦authentic historian by _Cornelius Nepos_, _Conon_.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Diogenes Laërtius._

♦ ‘anthentic’ replaced with ‘authentic’

=Dinosthĕnes=, a man who made himself a statue of an Olympian victor. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Dinostrătus=, a celebrated geometrician in the age of Plato.

=Diŏclea=, festivals in the spring at Megara, in honour of Diocles, who died in the defence of a certain youth to whom he was tenderly attached. There was a contention on his tomb, and the youth who gave the sweetest kiss was publicly rewarded with a garland. Theocritus has described them in his _Idylls_, bk. 12, li. 27.――――A town on the coast of Dalmatia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Diocles=, a general of Athens, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A comic poet of Athens.――――An historian, the first Grecian who ever wrote concerning the origin of the Romans, and the fabulous history of Romulus. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――One of the four brothers placed over the citadel of Corinth by Archelaus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6. ――――A rich man of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A general of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Diocletianopŏlis=, a town of Thessaly, called so in honour of Diocletian.

=Diocletiānus Caius Valerius Jovius=, a celebrated Roman emperor, born of an obscure family in Dalmatia. He was first a common soldier, and by merit and success he gradually rose to the office of a general, and at the death of Numerian he was invested with the imperial purple. In this high station, he rewarded the virtue and fidelity of Maximian, who had shared with him all the subordinate offices in the army, by making him his colleague on the throne. He created two subordinate emperors, Constantius and Galerius, whom he called _Cæsars_, whilst he claimed for himself and his colleague the superior title of _Augustus_. Diocletian has been celebrated for his military virtues; and though he was naturally unpolished by education and study, yet he was the friend and patron of learning and true genius. He was bold and resolute, active and diligent, and well acquainted with the arts which endear a sovereign to his people, and make him respectable even in the eyes of his enemies. His cruelty, however, against the followers of christianity has been deservedly branded with the appellation of unbounded tyranny, and insolent wantonness. After he had reigned 21 years in the greatest prosperity, he publicly abdicated the crown at Nicomedia, on the 1st of May, A.D. 304, and retired to a private station at Salona. Maximian, his colleague, followed his example, but not from voluntary choice; and when he some time after endeavoured to rouse the ambition of Diocletian, and persuade him to reassume the imperial purple, he received for answer, that Diocletian took now more delight in cultivating his little garden, than he formerly enjoyed in a palace, when his power was extended over all the earth. He lived nine years after his abdication in the greatest security and enjoyment at Salona, and died in the 68th year of his age. Diocletian is the first sovereign who voluntarily resigned his power; a philosophical resolution, which, in a later age, was imitated by the emperor Charles V. of Germany.

=Diŏdōrus=, an historian, surnamed _Siculus_, because he was born at Argyra in Sicily. He wrote a history of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Media, Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was divided into 40 books, of which only 15 are extant, with some few fragments. This valuable composition was the work of an accurate inquirer, and it is said that he visited all the places of which he has made mention in his history. It was the labour of 30 years, though the greater part may be considered as nothing more than a judicious compilation from Berosus, Timæus, Theopompus, Callisthenes, and others. The author, however, is too credulous in some of his narrations, and often wanders far from the truth. His style is neither elegant nor too laboured, but it contains great simplicity and unaffected correctness. He often dwells too long upon fabulous reports and trifling incidents, while events of the greatest importance to history are treated with brevity, and sometimes passed over in silence. His manner of reckoning, by the Olympiads and the Roman consuls, will be found very erroneous. The historian flourished about 44 years B.C. He spent much time at Rome to procure information, and authenticate his historical narrations. The best edition of his works is that of Wesseling, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1746.――――A disciple of Euclid, in the age of Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A comic poet.――――A son of Echeanax, who, with his brothers Codrus and Anaxagoras, murdered Hegesias the tyrant of Ephesus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――An Ephesian, who wrote an account of the life of Anaximander. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An orator of Sardis, in the time of the Mithridatic war.――――A stoic philosopher, preceptor to Cicero. He lived and died in the house of his pupil, whom he instructed in the various branches of Greek literature. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A general of Demetrius.――――A writer, surnamed _Periegetes_, who wrote a description of the earth. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.――――An African, &c. _Plutarch._

=Dioetas=, a general of Achaia, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.

=Dīŏgēnes=, a celebrated Cynic philosopher of Sinope, banished from his country for coining false money. From Sinope, he retired to Athens, where he became the disciple of Antisthenes, who was at the head of the Cynics. Antisthenes, at first, refused to admit him into his house, and even struck him with a stick. Diogenes calmly bore the rebuke, and said, “Strike me, Antisthenes, but never shall you find a stick sufficiently hard to remove me from your presence, whilst there is anything to be learnt, any information to be gained, from your conversation and acquaintance.” Such firmness recommended him to Antisthenes, and he became his most devoted pupil. He dressed himself in the garment which distinguished the Cynics, and walked about the streets with a tub on his head, which served him as a house and a place of repose. Such singularity, joined to the greatest contempt for riches, soon gained him reputation, and Alexander the Great condescended to visit the philosopher in his tub. He asked Diogenes if there was anything in which he could gratify or oblige him. “Get out of my sunshine,” was the only answer which the philosopher gave. Such an independence of mind so pleased the monarch, that he turned to his courtiers, and said, “Were I not Alexander, I would wish to be Diogenes.” He was once sold as a slave, but his magnanimity so pleased his master, that he made him the preceptor of his children, and the guardian of his estates. After a life spent in the greatest misery and indigence, he died B.C. 324, in the 96th year of his age. He ordered his body to be carelessly thrown into a ditch, and some dust to be sprinkled over it. His orders were, however, disobeyed in this particular, and his friends honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral at Corinth. The inhabitants of Sinope raised statues to his memory; and the marble figure of a dog was placed on a high column erected on his tomb. His biographer has transmitted to posterity a number of his sayings, remarkable for their simplicity and moral tendency. The life of Diogenes, however, shrinks from the eye of a strict examination; he boasted of his poverty, and was so arrogant, that many have observed that the virtues of Diogenes arose from pride and vanity, not from wisdom and sound philosophy. His morals were corrupted, and he gave way to his most vicious indulgencies, and his unbounded wantonness has given occasion to some to observe, that the bottom of his tub would not bear too close an examination. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 36, &c.――――A stoic of Babylon, disciple of Chrysippus. He went to Athens, and was sent as ambassador to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus, 155 years before Christ. He died in the 88th year of his age, after a life of the most exemplary virtue. Some suppose that he was strangled by order of Antiochus king of Syria, for speaking disrespectfully of his family in one of his treatises. _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――_Athenæus_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 51. ――――A native of Apollonia, celebrated for his knowledge of philosophy and physic. He was pupil to Anaxagoras. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――Laërtius, an epicurean philosopher, born in Cilicia. He wrote the lives of the philosophers in 10 books, still extant. This work contains an accurate account of the ancient philosophers, and is replete with all their anecdotes and particular opinions. It is compiled, however, without any plan, method, or precision, though much neatness and conciseness are observable through the whole. In this multifarious biography the author does not seem particularly partial to any sect, except perhaps it be that of Potamon of Alexandria. Diogenes died A.D. 222. The best editions of his works are that of Meibomius, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1692, and that of Lipscomb, 8vo, 1759.――――A Macedonian, who betrayed Salamis to Aratus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――――There was a philosopher of that name who attended Alexander in his Asiatic expedition, for the purpose of marking out and delineating his march, &c.

=Diogĕnia=, a daughter of Celeus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――――A daughter of the Cephisus, who married Erechtheus. _Apollodorus._

=Diogĕnus=, a man who conspired with Dymnus against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Diognetus=, a philosopher who instructed Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and in writing dialogues.

=Diŏmēda=, a daughter of Phorbas, whom Achilles brought from Lemnos, to be his mistress after the loss of Briseis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 661.――――The wife of Deion of Amyclæ.

=Diŏmēdes=, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, was king of Ætolia, and one of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He engaged Hector and Æneas, and by repeated acts of valour obtained much military glory. He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium from the temple of Minerva at Troy; and assisted in murdering Rhesus king of Thrace, and carrying away his horses. At his return from the siege of Troy, he lost his way in the darkness of the night, and landed in Attica, where his companions plundered the country, and lost the Trojan Palladium. During his long absence, his wife Ægiale forgot her marriage vows, and prostituted herself to Cometes, one of her servants. This lasciviousness of the queen was attributed by some to the resentment of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely wounded in the arm in a battle before Troy. The infidelity of Ægiale was highly displeasing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon his native country, which was the seat of his disgrace, and the attempts of his wife to take away his life, according to some accounts, did not a little contribute to hasten his departure. He came to that part of Italy which has been called Magna Græcia, where he built a city called Argyripa, and married the daughter of Daunus the king of the country. He died there in extreme old age, or, according to a certain tradition, he perished by the hand of his father-in-law. His death was greatly lamented by his companions, who in the excess of their grief were changed into birds resembling swans. These birds took flight into a neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and became remarkable for the tameness with which they approached the Greeks, and for the horror with which they shunned all other nations. They are called the birds of Diomedes. Altars were raised to Diomedes, as to a god, one of which Strabo mentions at Timavus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 756; bk. 11, li. 243, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Hyginus_, fables 97, 112, & 113.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――――A king of Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his horses with human flesh. It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy him; and accordingly the hero, attended with some of his friends, attacked the inhuman tyrant, and gave him to be devoured by his own horses, which he had fed so barbarously. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A friend of Alcibiades. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――A grammarian.

=Diŏmēdon=, an Athenian general, put to death for his negligence at Arginusæ. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 19.――――A man of Cyzicus, in the interest of Artaxerxes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.

=Dion=, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, famous for his power and abilities. He was related to Dionysius, and often advised him, together with the philosopher Plato, who at his request had come to reside at the tyrant’s court, to lay aside the supreme power. His great popularity rendered him odious in the eyes of the tyrant, who banished him to Greece. There he collected a numerous force, and encouraged by the influence of his name, and the hatred of his enemy, he resolved to free his country from tyranny. He entered the port of Syracuse only with two ships, and in three days reduced under his power an empire which had already subsisted for 50 years, and which was guarded by 500 ships of war, and 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse. The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the power in his own hands, fearful of the aspiring ambition of some of the friends of Dionysius. He was, however, shamefully betrayed and murdered by one of his familiar friends, called Callicrates, or Callipus, 354 years before the christian era, in the 55th year of his age, and four years after his return from Peloponnesus. His death was universally lamented by the Syracusans, and a monument was raised to his memory. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Life of Dion_.――――A town of Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.――――Cassius, a native of Nicæa in Bithynia. His father’s name was Apronianus. He was raised to the greatest offices of state in the Roman empire by Pertinax and his three successors. Naturally fond of study, he improved himself by unwearied application, and was 10 years collecting materials for a history of Rome, which he made public in 80 books, after a laborious employment of 12 years in composing it. This valuable history began with the arrival of Æneas in Italy, and was continued down to the reign of the emperor Alexander Severus. The 34 first books are totally lost, the 20 following are mutilated, and fragments are all that we possess of the last 20. In the compilation of his extensive history, Dion proposed to himself Thucydides for a model; but he is not perfectly happy in his imitation. His style is pure and elegant, and his narrations are judiciously managed, and his reflections learned; but upon the whole he is credulous, and the bigoted slave of partiality, satire, and flattery. He inveighs against the republican principles of Brutus and Cicero, and extols the cause of Cæsar. Seneca also is the object of his satire, and he represents him as debauched and licentious in his morals. Dion flourished about the 230th year of the christian era. The best edition of his works is that of Reimarus, 2 vols., folio, Hamburg, 1750.――――A famous christian writer, surnamed _Chrysostom_, &c.

=Diōnæa=, a surname of Venus, supposed to be the daughter of Jupiter and Done.

=Diōne=, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was mother of Venus by Jupiter, according to Homer and others. Hesiod, however, gives Venus a different origin. _See:_ Venus. Venus is herself sometimes called Dione. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 19.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 381.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 86.

=Dionȳsia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. Their form and solemnity were first introduced into Greece from Egypt by a certain Melampus, and if we admit that Bacchus is the same as Isis, the Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as the festivals celebrated by the Egyptians in honour of Isis. They were observed at Athens with more splendour and ceremonious superstition than in any other part of Greece. The years were numbered by their celebration, the Archon assisted at the solemnity, and the priests that officiated were honoured with the most dignified seats at the public games. At first they were celebrated with great simplicity, and the time was consecrated to mirth. It was then usual to bring a vessel of wine adorned with a vine branch, after which followed a goat, a basket of figs, and the φαλλοι. The worshippers imitated in their dress and actions the poetical fictions concerning Bacchus. They clothed themselves in fawns’ skins, fine linen, and mitres; they carried thyrsi, drums, pipes, and flutes, and crowned themselves with garlands of ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan, and the Satyrs by the uncouth manner of their dress, and their fantastical motions. Some rode upon asses, and others drove the goats to slaughter for the sacrifice. In this manner both sexes joined in the solemnity, and ran about the hills and country, nodding their heads, dancing in ridiculous postures, and filling the air with hideous shrieks and shouts, and crying aloud, “Evoe Bacche! Io! Io! Evoe! Iacche! Io Bacche! Evohe!” With such solemnities were the festivals of Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, particularly the Athenians. In one of these there followed a number of persons carrying sacred vessels, one of which contained water. After these came a select number of noble virgins, carrying little baskets of gold filled with all sorts of fruits. This was the most mysterious part of the solemnity. Serpents were sometimes put in the baskets, and by their wreathing and crawling out they amused and astonished the beholders. After the virgins followed a company of men carrying poles, at the end of which were fastened φαλλοι. The heads of these men, who were called φαλλοφοροι, were crowned with ivy and violets, and their faces covered with other herbs. They marched singing songs upon the occasion of the festivals, called φαλλικα ᾁσματα. Next to the φαλλοφοροι followed the ἰθυφαλλοι in women’s apparel, with white striped garments reaching to the ground; their heads were decked with garlands, and on their hands they wore gloves composed of flowers. Their gestures and actions were like those of a drunken man. Besides these, there were a number of persons called λικνοφοροι, who carried the λικνον or _musical van_ of Bacchus; without their attendance none of the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated with due solemnity, and on that account the god is often called λικνιτης. The festivals of Bacchus were almost innumerable. The name of the most celebrated were the Dionysia ♦ἀρχαιότερα, at Limnæ in Attica. The chief persons that officiated were 14 women called γεραιραι, _venerable_. They were appointed by one of the archons, and before their appointment they solemnly took an oath before the archon or his wife, that their body was free from all pollution.――――The greater Dionysia, sometimes called ἀστικα or τα κατ’ ἀστυ, as being celebrated _within the city_, were the most famous. They were supposed to be the same as the preceding.――――The less Dionysia, sometimes called τα κατ’ ἀργους, because celebrated _in the country_, or ληναια, from ληνος, _a wine-press_, were, to all appearance, a preparation for the greater festivals. They were celebrated in autumn.――――The Dionysia βραυρωνια, observed at _Brauron_ in Attica, were a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and debauchery.――――The Dionysia νυκτηλια were observed by the Athenians in honour of Bacchus Nyctelius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever was seen or done during the celebration.――――The Dionysia called ὠμοφαγια, because human victims were offered to the god, or because the priests imitated the _eating of raw flesh_, were celebrated with much solemnity. The priests put serpents in their hair, and by the wildness of their looks, and the oddity of their actions, they feigned insanity.――――The Dionysia ἀρκαδικα were yearly observed in Arcadia, and the children who had been instructed in the music of Philoxenus and Timotheus, were introduced in a theatre, where they celebrated the festivals of Bacchus by entertaining the spectators with songs, dances, and different exhibitions. There were, besides these, others of inferior note. There was also one observed every three years called Dionysia τριετηρικα, and it is said that Bacchus instituted it himself in commemoration of his Indian expedition, in which he spent three years. There is also another, celebrated every fifth year, as mentioned by the scholiast of Aristophanes.――――All these festivals, in honour of the god of wine, were celebrated by the Greeks with great licentiousness, and they contributed much to the corruption of morals among all ranks of people. They were also introduced into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. Among the Romans, both sexes promiscuously joined in the celebration during the darkness of night. The drunkenness, the debauchery, and impure actions and indulgencies which soon prevailed at the solemnity, called aloud for the interference of the senate, and the consuls Spurius Posthumius Albinus and Quintus Martius Philippus made a strict examination concerning the propriety and superstitious forms of the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution which was practised with impunity by no less than 7000 votaries of either sex, were beheld with horror and astonishment by the consuls, and the Bacchanalia were for ever banished from Rome by a decree of the senate. They were again reinstituted there in length of time, but not with such licentiousness as before. _Euripides_, _Bacchæ_. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 737.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 533; bk. 4, li. 391; bk. 6, li. 587.

♦ ‘ἀλχαιωτερα’ replaced with ‘ἀρχαιότερα’

=Diŏnȳsiădes=, two small islands near Crete.――――Festivals in honour of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Diŏnȳsias=, a fountain. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.

=Diŏnysides=, a tragic poet of Tarsus.

=Diŏnȳsiodōrus=, a famous geometer. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 109.――――A Bœotian historian. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A Tarentine, who obtained a prize at Olympia in the 100th Olympiad.

=Dionȳsion=, a temple of Bacchus in Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Dionȳsipŏlis=, a town of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Dionȳsius I.=, or the elder, was son of Hermocrates. He signalized himself in the wars which the Syracusans carried on against the Carthaginians, and, taking advantage of the power lodged in his hands, he made himself absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself in his usurpation, and acquire popularity, he increased the pay of the soldiers, and recalled those that had been banished. He vowed eternal enmity against Carthage, and experienced various success in his wars against that republic. He was ambitious of being thought a poet, and his brother Theodorus was commissioned to go to Olympia, and repeat there some verses in his name, with other competitors, for the poetical prizes. His expectations were frustrated, and his poetry was received with groans and hisses. He was not, however, so unsuccessful at Athens, where a poetical prize was publicly adjudged to one of his compositions. This victory gave him more pleasure than all the victories he had ever obtained in the field of battle. His tyranny and cruelty at home rendered him odious in the eyes of his subjects, and he became so suspicious that he never admitted his wife or children to his private apartment without a previous examination of their garments. He never trusted his head to a barber, but always burnt his beard. He made a subterraneous cave in a rock, said to be still extant, in the form of a human ear, which measured 80 feet in height and 250 in length. It was called the ear of Dionysius. The sounds of this subterraneous cave were all necessarily directed to one common tympanum, which had a communication with an adjoining room, where Dionysius spent the greatest part of his time to hear whatever was said by those whom his suspicion and cruelty had confined in the apartments above. The artists that had been employed in making this cave were all put to death by order of the tyrant, for fear of their revealing to what purposes a work of such uncommon construction was to be appropriated. His impiety and sacrilege were as conspicuous as his suspicious credulity. He took a golden mantle from the statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of Saturn had a covering too warm for the summer, and too cold for the winter, and he placed one of wool instead. He also robbed Æsculapius of his golden beard, and plundered the temple of Proserpine. He died of an indigestion in the 63rd year of his age, B.C. 368, after a reign of 38 years. Authors, however, are divided about the manner of his death, and some are of opinion that he died a violent death. Some suppose that the tyrant invented the _catapulta_, an engine which proved of infinite service for the discharging of showers of darts and stones in the time of a siege. _Diodorus_, bks. 13, 15, &c. ――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1, &c.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――_Plutarch_, _Diodorus_.――――The second of that name, surnamed the younger, was son of Dionysius I. by Doris. He succeeded his father as tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice of Dion his brother-in-law, he invited the philosopher Plato to his court, under whom he studied for a while. The philosopher advised him to lay aside the supreme power, and in his admonitions he was warmly seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused to consent, and soon after Plato was seized and publicly sold as a slave. Dion likewise, on account of his great popularity, was severely abused and insulted in his family, and his wife given in marriage to another. Such a violent behaviour was highly resented; Dion, who was banished, collected some forces in Greece, and in three days rendered himself master of Syracuse, and expelled the tyrant B.C. 357. _See:_ Dion. Dionysius retired to Locri, where he behaved with the greatest oppression, and was ejected by the citizens. He recovered Syracuse 10 years after his expulsion, but his triumph was short, and the Corinthians, under conduct of Timoleon, obliged him to abandon the city. He fled to Corinth, where to support himself he kept a school, as Cicero observes, that he might still continue to be tyrant; and as he could not command over men, that he might still exercise his power over boys. It is said that he died from excess of joy, when he heard that a tragedy of his own composition had been rewarded with a poetical prize. Dionysius was as cruel as his father, but he did not, like him, possess the art of restraining his power. This was seen and remarked by the old man, who, when he saw his son attempting to debauch the wives of some of his old subjects, asked him, with the greatest indignation, whether he had ever heard of his having acted so brutal a part in his younger days? “No,” answered the son, “because you were not the son of a king.” “Well, my son,” replied the old man, “never shalt thou be the father of a king.” _Justin_, bk. 21, chs. 1, 2, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Quintilian_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 2. ――――An historian of _Halicarnassus_, who left his country and came to reside at Rome, that he might carefully study all the Greek and Latin writers, whose compositions treated of the Roman history. He formed an acquaintance with all the learned of the age, and derived much information from their company and conversation. After an unremitted application, during 24 years, he gave to the world his Roman antiquities in 20 books, of which only the 11 first are now extant, nearly containing the account of 312 years. His composition has been greatly valued by the ancients as well as the moderns for the easiness of his style, the fidelity of his chronology, and the judiciousness of his remarks and criticism. Like a faithful historian, he never mentioned anything but what was authenticated, and he totally disregarded the fabulous traditions which fill and disgrace the pages of both his predecessors and followers. To the merits of the elegant historian, Dionysius, as may be seen in his treatises, has also added the equally respectable character of the eloquent orator, the critic, and the politician. He lived during the Augustan age, and came to Rome about 80 years before the christian era. The best editions of his works are that of Oxford, 2 vols., folio, 1704, and that of Reiske, 6 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.――――A tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the Great. After the death of the conqueror and of Perdiccas, he married Amestris the niece of king Darius, and assumed the title of king. He was of such an uncommon corpulence that he never exposed his person in public, and when he gave audience to foreign ambassadors, he always placed himself in a chair which was conveniently made to hide his face and person from the eyes of the spectators. When he was asleep, it was impossible to awake him without boring his flesh with pins. He died in the 55th year of his age. As his reign was remarkable for mildness and popularity, his death was severely lamented by his subjects. He left two sons and a daughter, and appointed his widow queen-regent.――――A surname of Bacchus.――――A disciple of Chæremon. ――――A native of Chalcis, who wrote a book entitled κτισεις, or _the origin of cities_.――――A commander of the Ionian fleet against the Persians, who went to plunder Phœnicia. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 17. ――――A general of Antiochus Hierax.――――A philosopher of Heraclea, disciple to Zeno. He starved himself to death, B.C. 279, in the 81st year of his age. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An epic poet of Mitylene.――――A sophist of Pergamus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A writer in the Augustan age, called _Periegetes_. He wrote a very valuable geographical treatise in Greek hexameters, still extant. The best edition of his treatise is that of Henry Stephens, 4to, 1577, with the scholia, and that of Hill, 8vo, London, 1688.――――A christian writer, A.D. 492, called _Areopagita_. The best edition of his works is that of Antwerp, 2 vols., folio, 1634.――――The music master of Epaminondas. _Cornelius Nepos._――――A celebrated critic. _See:_ Longinus.――――A rhetorician of Magnesia.――――A Messenian madman, &c. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A native of Thrace, generally called the Rhodian, because he lived there. He wrote some grammatical treatises and commentaries, B.C. 64. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A painter of Colophon.

=Diŏphănes=, a man who joined Peloponnesus to the Achæan league. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.――――A rhetorician intimate with Tiberias Gracchus. _Plutarch_, _Tiberius Gracchus_.

=Diŏphantus=, an Athenian general of the Greek mercenary troops in the service of Nectanebus king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A Greek orator of Mitylene, preceptor to Tiberius Gracchus. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A native of Alexandria in the fourth century. He wrote 13 books of arithmetical questions, of which six are still extant, the best edition of which is that in folio, Tolosæ, 1670. He died in his 84th year, but the age in which he lived is uncertain. Some place him in the reign of Augustus, others under Nero and Antonines.

=Diopœnus=, a noble sculptor of Crete. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 4.

=Diopŏlis=, a name given to Cabira, a town of Paphlagonia, by Pompey. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Diōres=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. He had engaged in the games exhibited by Æneas on his father’s tomb in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 297; bk. 12, li. 509.

=Dioryctus=, a place of Acarnania, where a canal was cut (δια ὀρυσσω), to make Leucadia an island. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Dioscorĭdes=, a native of Cilicia, who was physician to Antony and Cleopatra, or lived, as some suppose, in the age of Nero. He was originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied himself to study, and wrote a book upon medicinal herbs, of which the best edition is that of Saracenus, folio, Frankfurt. 1598.――――A man who wrote an account of the republic of Lacedæmon.――――A nephew of Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A Cyprian, blind of one eye, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――A disciple of Isocrates.――――An astrologer sent ambassador by Julius Cæsar to Achillas, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 109.

=Dioscorĭdis insula=, an island situate at the south of the entrance of the Arabic gulf, and now called _Socotra_.

=Dioscūri=, or _sons of Jupiter_, a name given to Castor and Pollux. There were festivals in their honour, called _Dioscuria_, celebrated by the people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the Lacedæmonians. They were observed with much jovial festivity. The people made a free use of the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted themselves with sports, of which wrestling matches always made a part.

=Dioscurias=, a town of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28.

=Diospăge=, a town of Mesopotamia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Diospŏlis=, or =Thebæ=, a famous city of Egypt, formerly called Hecatompylos. _See:_ Thebæ.

=Diotīme=, a woman who gave lectures upon philosophy, which Socrates attended. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.

=Diotīmus=, an Athenian skilled in maritime affairs, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A stoic, who flourished 85 B.C.

=Diotrephes=, an Athenian officer, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 75.

=Dioxippe=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Dioxippus=, a soldier of Alexander, who killed one of his fellow-soldiers in a fury, &c. _Ælian._――――An Athenian boxer, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 574.

=Dipæa=, a place of Peloponnesus, where a battle was fought between the Arcadians and Spartans. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Diphĭlas=, a man sent to Rhodes by the Spartans, to destroy the Athenian faction there. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A governor of Babylon in the interest of Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――An historian.

=Dīphĭlus=, an Athenian general, A.U.C. 311.――――An architect so slow in finishing his works, that _Diphilo tardior_ became a proverb. _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.――――A tragic writer.

=Diphorĭdas=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.

=Dipœnæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.

=Dipŏlis=, a name given to Lemnos, as having two cities, Hephæstia and Myrina.

=Dipsas= (antis), a river of Cilicia, flowing from mount Taurus. _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 255.――――(adis), a profligate and incontinent woman mentioned by _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 8.――――A kind of serpent. _Lucan_, bk. 9.

=Dipylon=, one of the gates of Athens.

=Diræ=, the daughters of Acheron and Nox, who persecuted the souls of the guilty. They are the same as the furies, and some suppose they are called Furies in hell, Harpies on earth, and Diræ in heaven. They were represented as standing near the throne of Jupiter, in an attitude which expressed their eagerness to receive his orders, and the power of tormenting the guilty on earth with the most excruciating punishments. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 473; bk. 8, li. 701.

=Dirce=, a woman whom Lycus king of Thebes married after he had divorced Antiope. When Antiope became pregnant by Jupiter, Dirce suspected her husband of infidelity to her bed, and imprisoned Antiope, whom she tormented with the greatest cruelty. Antiope escaped from her confinement, and brought forth Amphion and Zethus on mount Cithæron. When these children were informed of the cruelties to which their mother had been exposed, they besieged Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her over rocks and precipices, and exposed her to the most poignant pains, till the gods, pitying her fate, changed her into a fountain, in the neighbourhood of Thebes. According to some accounts, Antiope was mother of Amphion and Zethus before she was confined and exposed to the tyranny of Dirce. _See:_ Amphion, Antiope. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 37.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 57.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 175; bk. 4, li. 550.

=Dircenna=, a cold fountain of Spain, near Bilbilis. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 17.

=Dirphyia=, a surname of Juno, from _Dirphya_, a mountain of Bœotia, where the goddess had a temple.

=Dis=, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto the god of hell. The inhabitants of Gaul supposed themselves descended from that deity. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 84.

=Discordia=, a malevolent deity, daughter of Nox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parcæ, and death. She was driven from heaven by Jupiter, because she sowed dissensions among the gods, and was the cause of continual quarrels. When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were celebrated, the goddess of discord was not invited, and this seeming neglect so irritated her, that she threw an apple into the midst of the assembly of the gods, with the inscription of _detur pulchriori_. This apple was the cause of the ruin of Troy, and of infinite misfortunes to the Greeks. _See:_ Paris. She is represented with a pale, ghastly look, her garment is torn, her eyes sparkle with fire, and she holds a dagger concealed in her bosom. Her head is generally entwined with serpents, and she is attended by Bellona. She is supposed to be the cause of all dissensions, murders, wars, and quarrels which arise upon earth, public as well as private. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 702.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 225. ――_Petronius._

=Dithyrambus=, a surname of Bacchus, whence the hymns sung in his honour were called Dithyrambics. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2.

=Dittani=, a people of Spain.

=Divi=, a name chiefly appropriated to those who were made gods after death, such as heroes and warriors, or the Lares and Penates, and other domestic gods.

=Divitiăcus=, one of the Ædui, intimate with Cæsar. _Cicero_ bk. 1, _de Divinatione_.

=Dium=, a town of Eubœa, where there were hot baths. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.――――A promontory of Crete.――――A town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 7.

=Divodurum=, a town of Gaul, now _Metz_ in Lorrain.

=Divus Fidius=, a god of the Sabines, worshipped also at Rome. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Diyllus=, an Athenian historian. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.

=Doberes=, a people of Pæonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 16.

=Docĭlis=, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 19.

=Docĭmus=, a man of Tarentum, deprived of his military dignity by Philip son of Amyntas, for indulging himself with hot baths. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.――――An officer of Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 19. ――――An officer of Perdiccas, taken by Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.

=Dōdōna=, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, or, according to others, in Thessaly. There was in its neighbourhood, upon a small hill called Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. The town and temple of the god were first built by Deucalion, after the universal deluge. It was supposed to be the most ancient oracle of all Greece, and according to the traditions of the Egyptians mentioned by Herodotus, it was founded by a dove. Two black doves, as he relates, took their flight from the city of Thebes in Egypt, one of which flew to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the other to Dodona, where, with a human voice, they acquainted the inhabitants of the country that Jupiter had consecrated the ground, which in future would give oracles. The extensive grove which surrounded Jupiter’s temple was endowed with the gift of prophecy, and oracles were frequently delivered by the sacred oaks, and the doves which inhabited the place. This fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the doves is explained by Herodotus, who observes that some Phœnicians carried away two priestesses from Egypt, one of which went to fix her residence at Dodona, where the oracle was established. It may further be observed, that the fable might have been founded upon the double meaning of the word πελειαι, which signifies _doves_ in most parts of Greece, while in the dialect of the Epirots, it implies _old women_. In ancient times the oracles were delivered by the murmuring of a neighbouring fountain, but the custom was afterwards changed. Large kettles were suspended in the air near a brazen statue, which held a lash in its hand. When the wind blew strong, the statue was agitated and struck against one of the kettles, which communicated the motion to all the rest, and raised that clattering and discordant din which continued for a while, and from which the artifice of the priests drew their predictions. Some suppose that the noise was occasioned by the shaking of the leaves and boughs of an old oak, which the superstition of the people frequently consulted, and from which they pretended to receive oracles. It may be observed with more probability that the oracles were delivered by the priests, who, by artfully concealing themselves behind the oaks, gave occasion to the superstitious multitude to believe that the trees were endowed with the power of prophecy. As the ship Argo was built with some of the oaks of the forest of Dodona, there were some beams in the vessel which gave oracles to the Argonauts, and warned them against the approach of calamity. Within the forest of Dodona there was a stream with a fountain of cool water, which had the power of lighting a torch as soon as it touched it. This fountain was totally dry at noonday, and was restored to its full course at midnight, from which time till the following noon it began to decrease, and at the usual hour was again deprived of its waters. The oracles of Dodona were originally delivered by men, but afterwards by women. _See:_ Dodonides. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 57.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 14; _Iliad_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 427.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 23.

=Dōdōnæus=, a surname of Jupiter from Dodona.

=Dōdōne=, a daughter of Jupiter and Europa.――――A fountain in the forest of Dodona. _See:_ Dodona.

=Dōdōnĭdes=, the priestesses who gave oracles in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. According to some traditions the temple was originally inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas, who nursed Bacchus. Their names were Ambrosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure, Coronis, Tythe or Tyche. In the latter ages the oracles were always delivered by three old women, which custom was first established when Jupiter enjoyed the company of Dione, whom he permitted to receive divine honour in his temple at Dodona. The Bœotians were the only people of Greece who received their oracles at Dodona from men, for reasons which _Strabo_, bk. 9, fully explains.

=Doii=, a people of Arabia Felix.

=Dolabella Publius Cornelius=, a Roman who married the daughter of Cicero. During the civil wars he warmly espoused the interest of Julius Cæsar, whom he accompanied at the famous battles at Pharsalia, Africa, and Munda. He was made consul by his patron, though Marcus Antony his colleague opposed it. After the death of Julius Cæsar, he received the government of Syria as his province. Cassius opposed his views, and Dolabella, for violence, and for the assassination of Trebonius, one of Cæsar’s murderers, was declared an enemy to the republic of Rome. He was besieged by Cassius in Laodicea, and when he saw that all was lost, he killed himself, in the 27th year of his age. He was of small stature, which gave occasion to his father-in-law to ask him once when he entered his house, who had tied him so cleverly to his sword.――――A proconsul of Africa. ――――Another, who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, and Boii at the lake of Vadimonis, B. C. 283.――――The family of the Dolabellæ distinguished themselves at Rome, and one of them, Lucius Cornelius, conquered Lusitania, B.C. 99.

=Dolichaon=, the father of the Hebrus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 696.

=Dolīche=, an island in the Ægean sea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6. ――――A town of Syria,――――of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53.

=Dolius=, a faithful servant of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 675.

=Dolomēna=, a country of Assyria. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Dŏlon=, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, famous for his swiftness. Being sent by Hector to spy the Grecian camp by night, he was seized by Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed the situation, schemes, and resolutions of his countrymen, with the hopes of escaping with his life. He was put to death by Diomedes, as a traitor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10, li. 314.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 349, &c. ――――A poet. _See:_ Susarion.

=Dōlonci=, a people of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.

=Dŏlŏpes=, a people of Thessaly, near mount Pindus. Peleus reigned there, and sent them to the Trojan war under Phœnix. They became also masters of Scyros, and like the rest of the ancient Greeks, were fond of migration. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 7.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 10.――_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 33.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.

=Dŏlŏpia=, the country of the Dolopes, near Pindus, through which the Achelous flowed.

=Dŏlops=, a Trojan, son of Lampus, killed by Menelaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 525.

=Domidūcus=, a god who presided over marriage. Juno also was called _Domiduca_, from the power she was supposed to have in marriages.

=Domīnĭca=, a daughter of Petronius, who married the ♦emperor Valens.

♦ ‘emperior’ replaced with ‘emperor’

=Domitĭa lex=, _de Religione_, was enacted by Domitius Ahenobarbus the tribune, A.U.C. 650. It transferred the right of electing priests from the college to the people.

=Domĭtia Longīna=, a Roman lady who boasted in her debaucheries. She was the wife of the emperor Domitian.

=Domĭtiānus Titus Flavius=, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domatilla, made himself emperor of Rome at the death of his brother Titus, whom, according to some accounts, he destroyed by poison. The beginning of his reign promised tranquillity to the people, but their expectations were soon frustrated. Domitian became cruel, and gave way to incestuous and unnatural indulgencies. He commanded himself to be called God and Lord in all the papers which were presented to him. He passed the greatest part of the day in catching flies and killing them with a bodkin, so that it was wittily answered by Vibius to a person who asked him who was with the emperor, “Nobody, not even a fly.” In the latter part of his reign Domitian became suspicious, and his anxieties were increased by the predictions of astrologers, but still more poignantly by the stings of remorse. He was so distrustful even when alone, that round the terrace, where he usually walked, he built a wall with shining stones, that from them he might perceive as in a looking-glass whether anybody followed him. All these precautions were unavailing; he perished by the hand of an assassin the 18th of September, A.D. 96, in the 45th year of his age and the 15th of his reign. He was the last of the 12 Cæsars. He distinguished himself for his love of learning, and in a little treatise which he wrote upon the great care which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent baldness, he displayed much taste and elegance, according to the observations of his biographers. After his death he was publicly deprived by the senate of all the honours which had been profusely heaped upon him, and even his body was left in the open air without the honours of a funeral. This disgrace might proceed from the resentment of the senators, whom he had exposed to terror as well as to ridicule. He once assembled that august body, to know in what vessel a turbot might be most conveniently dressed. At another time they received a formal invitation to a feast, and when they arrived at the palace, they were introduced into a large gloomy hall hung with black, and lighted with a few glimmering tapers. In the middle were placed a number of coffins, on each of which was inscribed the name of some one of the invited senators. On a sudden a number of men burst into the room, clothed in black, with drawn swords and flaming torches, and after they had for some time terrified the guests, they permitted them to retire. Such were the amusements and cruelties of a man who, in the first part of his reign, was looked upon as the father of his people, and the restorer of learning and liberty. _Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.――_Eutropius_, bk. 7.

=Domĭtilla Flavia=, a woman who married Vespasian, by whom she had Titus a year after her marriage, and, 11 years after, Domitian.――――A niece of the emperor Domitian, by whom she was banished.

=Domĭtius Domitiănus=, a general of Diocletian in Egypt. He assumed the imperial purple at Alexandria, A.D. 288, and supported the dignity of emperor for about two years. He died a violent death. ――――Lucius. _See:_ Ænobarbus.――――Cnæus Ænobarbus, a Roman consul, who conquered Bituitus the Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy on the field of battle, and took 3000 prisoners.――――A grammarian in the reign of Adrian. He was remarkable for his virtues, and his melancholy disposition.――――A Roman who revolted from Antony to Augustus. He was at the battle of Pharsalia, and forced Pompey to fight by the mere force of his ridicule.――――The father of Nero, famous for his cruelties and debaucheries. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.――――A tribune of the people, who conquered the Allobroges. _Plutarch._ ――――A consul during whose consulate peace was concluded with Alexander king of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17.――――A consul under Caligula. He wrote some few things now lost.――――A Latin poet, called also Marsus, in the age of Horace. He wrote epigrams, remarkable for little besides their indelicacy. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 5.――――Afer, an orator, who was preceptor to Quintilian. He disgraced his talents by his adulation, and by practising the arts of an informer under Tiberius and his successors. He was made a consul by Nero, and died A.D. 59.

=Ælius Donātus=, a grammarian, who flourished A.D. 353.――――A bishop of Numidia, a promoter of the Donatists, A.D. 311.――――A bishop of Africa, banished from Carthage, A.D. 356.

=Donilāus=, a prince of Gallogræcia, who assisted Pompey with 300 horsemen against Julius Cæsar.

=Donūca=, a mountain of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 57.

=Dŏnȳsa=, one of the Cyclades in the Ægean, where green marble is found. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 125.

=Doracte=, an island in the Persian gulf.

=Dōres=, the inhabitants of Doris. _See:_ Doris.

=Dori= and =Dorica=, a part of Achaia near Athens.

=Dorĭcus=, an epithet applied not only to Doris, but to all the Greeks in general. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 27.

=Dorienses=, a people of Crete,――――of Cyrene.

=Dorieus=, a son of Anaxandridas, who went with a colony into Sicily, because he could not bear to be under his brother at home. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 42, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 16, &c.――――A son of Diagoras of Rhodes. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Dorilas=, a rich Libyan prince, killed in the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 4.

=Dorilaus=, a general of the great Mithridates.

=Dorion=, a town of Thessaly, where Thamyras the musician challenged the muses to a trial of skill. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 182. ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 22, li. 19.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 352.

=Dōris=, a country of Greece between Phocis, Thessaly, and Acarnania. It received its name from Dorus the son of Deucalion, who made a settlement there. It was called _Tetrapolis_, from the four cities of Pindus or Dryopis, Erineum, Cytinium, Borium, which it contained. To these four some add Lilæum and Carphia, and therefore call it Hexapolis. The name of Doris has been common to many parts of Greece. The Dorians, in the age of Deucalion, inhabited Phthiotis, which they exchanged for Histiæotis, in the age of Dorus. From thence they were driven by the Cadmæans, and came to settle near the town of Pindus. From thence they passed into Dryopis, and afterwards into Peloponnesus. Hercules having re-established Ægimius king of Phthiotis or Doris, who had been driven from his country by the Lapithæ, the grateful king appointed Hyllus the son of his patron to be his successor, and the Heraclidæ marched from that part of the country to go to recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians sent many colonies into different places, which bore the same name as their native country. The most famous of these is _Doris in Asia Minor_, of which Halicarnassus was once the capital. This part of Asia Minor was called Hexapolis, and afterwards Pentapolis, after the exclusion of Halicarnassus. _Strabo_, bk. 9, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 144; bk. 8, ch. 31.――――A goddess of the sea, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married her brother Nereus, by whom she had 50 daughters called Nereides. Her name is often used to express the sea itself. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 25.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 240.――――A woman of Locri, daughter of Xenetus, whom Dionysius the elder, of Sicily, married the same day with Aristomache. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.――――One of the 50 Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 250.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 45.

=Doriscus=, a place of Thrace near the sea, where Xerxes numbered his forces. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 59.

=Dorium=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._

=Dorius=, a mountain of Asia Minor. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Dorsennus=, a comic poet of great merit in the Augustan age. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 13.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 10, li. 173.

=Dorso Caius Fabius=, a Roman who, when Rome was in the possession of the Gauls, issued from the Capitol, which was then besieged, to go and offer a sacrifice, which was to be offered on mount Quirinalis. He dressed himself in sacerdotal robes, and carrying on his shoulders the statues of his country gods, passed through the guards of the enemy, without betraying the least signs of fear. When he had finished his sacrifice, he returned to the Capitol unmolested by the enemy, who were astonished at his boldness, and did not obstruct his passage or molest his sacrifice. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 46.

=Dōrus=, a son of Hellen and Orseis, or, according to others, of Deucalion, who left Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and went to make a settlement with some of his companions near mount Ossa. The country was called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 56, &c.――――A city of Phœnicia, whose inhabitants are called Dorienses. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Doryasus=, a Spartan, father to Agesilaus.

=Dŏrȳclus=, an illegitimate son of Priam, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――――A brother of Phineus king of Thrace, who married Beroe. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 620.

=Dŏrȳlæum= and =Dorylæus=, a city of Phrygia, now _Eski Shehr_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Cicero_, _Flaccus_, ch. 17.

=Dory̆las=, one of the centaurs killed by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 180.

=Dory̆lāus=, a warlike person intimate with Mithridates Evergetes, and general of the Gnossians, B.C. 125. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Doryssus=, a king of Lacedæmon, killed in a tumult. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Dosci=, a people near the Euxine.

=Dosiadas=, a poet who wrote a piece of poetry in the form of an altar (βωμος), which Theocritus has imitated.

=Dosiades=, a Greek, who wrote a history of Crete. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Doson=, a surname of Antigonus, because he promised and never performed.

=Dossēnus=, or =Dorsennus=. _See:_ Dorsennus.

=Dotădas=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Doto=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 102.

=Dotus=, a general of the Paphlagonians, in the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72.

=Doxander=, a man mentioned by _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5.

=Dracānus=, a mountain where Jupiter took Bacchus from his thigh. _Theocritus._

=Draco=, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. When he exercised the office of archon, he made a code of laws, B.C. 623, for the use of the citizens, which, on account of their severity, were said to be written in letters of blood. By them, idleness was punished with as much severity as murder, and death was denounced against the one as well as the other. Such a code of rigorous laws gave occasion to a certain Athenian to ask of the legislator why he was so severe in his punishments, and Draco gave for answer, that as the smallest transgression had appeared to him deserving death, he could not find any punishment more rigorous for more atrocious crimes. These laws were at first enforced, but they were often neglected on account of their extreme severity, and Solon totally abolished them, except that one which punished a murderer with death. The popularity of Draco was uncommon, but the gratitude of his admirers proved fatal to him. When once he appeared on the theatre, he was received with repeated applauses, and the people, according to the custom of the Athenians, showed their respect to their lawgiver, by throwing garments upon him. This was done in such profusion, that Draco was soon hid under them, and smothered by the too great veneration of his citizens. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A man who instructed Plato in music. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.

=Dracontides=, a wicked citizen of Athens. ♦_Plato [Comicus]_, _The Sophists_.

♦ ‘Plut.’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Dracus=, a general of the Achæans, conquered by Mummius.

=Drances=, a friend of Latinus, remarkable for his weakness and eloquence. He showed himself an obstinate opponent to the violent measures which Turnus pursued against the Trojans. Some have imagined that the poet wished to delineate the character and the eloquence of Cicero under this name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 122.

=Drangina=, a province of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Drapes=, a seditious Gaul, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 30.

=Drapus=, a river of Noricum, which falls into the Danube near Mursa.

=Drĕpăna= and =Drĕpănum=, now _Trapani_, a town of ♦Sicily near mount Eryx, in the form of a scythe, whence its name (δρεπανον, _falx_). Anchises died there, in his voyage to Italy with his son Æneas. The Romans under Claudius Pulcher were defeated near the coast, B.C. 249, by the Carthaginian general Adherbal. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 707.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 57.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 474.――――A promontory of Peloponnesus.

♦ ‘Scily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’

=Drilo=, a river of Macedonia, which falls into the Adriatic at Lissus.

=Drimăchus=, a famous robber of Chios. When a price was set upon his head, he ordered a young man to cut it off and go and receive the money. Such an uncommon instance of generosity so pleased the Chians, that they raised a temple to his memory, and honoured him as a god. _Athenæus_, bk. 13.

=Drinus=, a small river falling into the Save and Danube.

=Driŏpĭdes=, an Athenian ambassador sent to Darius when the peace with Alexander had been violated. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Drios=, a mountain of Arcadia.

=Droi=, a people of Thrace. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 101.

=Dromæus=, a surname of Apollo in Crete.

=Dropĭci=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.

=Dropion=, a king of Pæonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.

=Druentius= and =Druentia=, now _Durance_, a rapid river of Gaul, which falls into the Rhone between Arles and Avignon. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 468.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Drugĕri=, a people of Thrace. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Druĭdæ=, the ministers of religion among the ancient Gauls and Britons. They were divided into different classes, called the Bardi, Eubages, the Vates, the Semnothei, the Sarronides, and the Samothei. They were held in the greatest veneration by the people. Their life was austere and recluse from the world, their dress was peculiar to themselves, and they generally appeared with a tunic which reached a little below the knee. As the chief power was lodged in their hands, they punished as they pleased, and could declare war and make peace at their option. Their power was extended not only over private families, but they could depose magistrates and even kings, if their actions in any manner deviated from the laws of the state. They had the privilege of naming the magistrates which annually presided over their cities, and the kings were created only with their approbation. They were entrusted with the education of youth, and all religious ceremonies, festivals, and sacrifices were under their peculiar care. They taught the doctrine of the metempsychosis, and believed the immortality of the soul. They were professionally acquainted with the art of magic, and from their knowledge of astrology they drew omens and saw futurity revealed before their eyes. In their sacrifices they often immolated human victims to their gods, a barbarous custom which continued long among them, and which the Roman emperors attempted to abolish, to little purpose. The power and privileges which they enjoyed were beheld with admiration by their countrymen, and as their office was open to every rank and every station, there were many who daily proposed themselves as candidates to enter upon this important function. The rigour, however, and severity of a long noviciate deterred many, and few were willing to attempt a labour, which enjoined them during 15 or 20 years to load their memory with the long and tedious maxims of druidical religion. Their name is derived from the Greek word δρυς, _an oak_, because the woods and solitary retreats were the places of their residence. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 44.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Druna=, the _Drome_, a river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone.

=Drusilla Livia=, a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, famous for her debaucheries and licentiousness. She committed incest with her brother Caligula, who was so tenderly attached to her, that, in a dangerous illness, he made her heiress of all his possessions, and commanded that she should succeed him in the Roman empire. She died A.D. 38, in the 23rd year of her age, and was deified by her brother Caligula, who survived her for some time.――――A daughter of Agrippa king of Judæa, &c.

=Drūso=, an unskilful historian and mean usurer, who obliged his debtors, when they could not pay him, to hear him read his compositions, to draw from them praises and flattery. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 86.

=Drūsus=, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania, who made himself famous by his intrepidity and courage in the provinces of Illyricum and Pannonia. He was raised to the greatest honours of the state by his father, but a blow which he gave to Sejanus, an audacious libertine, proved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Livia the wife of Drusus, and in conjunction with her, he caused him to be poisoned by a eunuch, A.D. 23.――――A son of Germanicus and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices of the greatest trust under Tiberius. His enemy Sejanus, however, effected his ruin by his insinuations; Drusus was confined by Tiberius, and deprived of all aliment. He was found dead nine days after his confinement, A.D. 33.――――A son of the emperor Claudius, who died by swallowing a pear thrown in the air.――――An ambitious Roman, grandfather to Cato. He was killed for his seditious conduct. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――Livius, father of Julia Augusta, was intimate with Brutus, and killed himself with him after the battle of Philippi. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 71.――――Marcus Livius, a celebrated Roman, who renewed the proposals of the Agrarian laws, which had proved fatal to the Gracchi. He was murdered as he entered his house, though he was attended with a number of clients and Latins, to whom he had proposed the privilege of Roman citizens, B.C. 190. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ♦ch. 22.――――Nero Claudius, a son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, adopted by Augustus. He was brother to Tiberius, who was afterwards made emperor. He greatly signalized himself in his wars in Germany and Gaul against the Rhœti and Vindelici, and was honoured with a triumph. He died of a fall from his horse in the 30th year of his age, B.C. 9. He left three children, Germanicus, Livia, and Claudius, by his wife Antonia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――Marcus Livius Salinator, a consul who conquered Asdrubal with his colleague Claudius Nero. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 824.――――Caius, an historian, who being one day missed from his cradle, was found the next on the highest part of the house, with his face turned towards the sun.――――Marcus, a pretor, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――――The plebeian family of the Drusi produced eight consuls, two censors, and one dictator. The surname of Drusus was given to the family of the Livii, as some suppose, because one of them killed a Gaulish leader of that name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,