li. 56, calls them Æolia, and the kingdom of Æolus the god of

storms and winds. They sometimes bear the name of _Vulcaniæ_ and _Hephæstides_, and are known now among the moderns under the general appellation of Lipari islands. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 609.――_Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Æolĭda=, a city of Tenedos.――――Another near Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Æolĭdes=, a patronymic of Ulysses, from Æolus; because Anticlea, his mother, was pregnant by Sisyphus the son of Æolus, when she married Laertes. It is also given to Athamas and Misenus, as sons of Æolus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 511; bk. 13, li. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 164 & 529.

=Æŏlus=, the king of storms and winds, was the son of Hippotas. He reigned over Æolia; and because he was the inventor of sails, and a great astronomer, the poets have called him the god of the wind. It is said that he confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses all the winds that could blow against his vessel, when he returned to Ithaca. The companions of Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the winds their liberty. Æolus was indebted to Juno for his royal dignity, according to Virgil. The name seems to be derived from αἰολος, _varius_, because the winds, over which he presided, are ever varying.―――― There were two others, a king of Etruria, father to Macareus and Canace, and a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the god of the winds. This last married Enaretta, by whom he had seven sons and five daughters. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 478; bk. 14, li. 224.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 556.――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56, &c.

=Æōra=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Erigone.

=Æpālius=, a king of Greece, restored to his kingdom by Hercules, whose son Hyllus he adopted. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Æpēa=, a town of Crete, called Solis, in honour of Solon. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Æpŭlo=, a general of the Istrians, who drank to excess, after he had stormed the camp of Acidinus Manlius the Roman general. Being attacked by a soldier, he fled to a neighbouring town, which the Romans took, and killed himself for fear of being taken. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.

=Æpy=, a town of Elis, under the dominion of Nestor. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Thebiad_, li. 180.

=Æpy̆tus=, king of Mycenæ, son of Chresphontes and Merope, was educated in Arcadia with Cypselus his mother’s father. To recover his kingdom, he killed Polyphontes, who had married his mother against her will, and usurped the crown. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus.――――A son of Hippothous, who forcibly entered the temple of Neptune, near Mantinea, and was struck blind by the sudden eruption of salt water from the altar. He was killed by a serpent in hunting. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 5.

=Æqui=, or =Æquicŏli=, a people of Latium, near Tibur. They were great enemies to Rome in its infant state, and were conquered with much difficulty. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32; bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 747; bk. 9, li. 684.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 93.―― _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Æquimelium=, a place in Rome where the house of Melius stood, who aspired to sovereign power, for which crime his habitation was levelled to the ground. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16.

=Ærias=, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built the temple of Paphos. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Ærŏpe=, wife of Atreus, committed adultery with Thyestes her brother-in-law, and had by him twins, who were placed as food before Atreus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 391.――――A daughter of Cepheus, ravished by Mars. She died in child-bed: her child was preserved, and called Æropus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Ærŏpus=, a general of Epirus in the reign of Pyrrhus.――――A person appointed regent to Orestes the infant son of Archelaus king of Macedonia.――――An officer of king Philip, banished for bringing a singer into his camp. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A mountain of Chaonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 5.

=Æsăcus=, a river of Troy, near Ida.――――A son of Priam by Alexirhoo: or according to others by Arisba. He became enamoured of Hesperia, whom he pursued into the woods. The nymph threw herself into the sea, and was changed into a bird. Æsacus followed her example, and was changed into a cormorant by Tethys. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 11.

=Æsāpus=, a river of Mysia in Asia, falling into the Hellespont. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.

=Æsar=, or =Æsāras=, a river of Magna Græcia, falling into the sea near Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 28.

=Æschĭnes=, an Athenian orator, who flourished about 342 B.C., and distinguished himself by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His father’s name was Atrometus, and he boasted of his descent from a noble family, though Demosthenes reproached him as being the son of a courtesan. The first open signs of enmity between the rival orators appeared at the court of Philip, where they were sent as ambassadors; but the character of Æschines was tarnished by the acceptance of a bribe from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny had hitherto been the general subject of his declamation. When the Athenians wished to reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes with a golden crown, Æschines impeached Ctesiphon, who proposed it; and to their subsequent dispute we are indebted for the two celebrated orations _de coronâ_. Æschines was defeated by his rival’s superior eloquence, and banished to Rhodes; but as he retired from Athens, Demosthenes ran after him, and nobly forced him to accept a present of silver. In his banishment, the orator repeated to the Rhodians what he had delivered against Demosthenes; and after receiving much applause, he was desired to read the answer of his antagonist. It was received with greater marks of approbation; but, exclaimed Æschines, how much more would your admiration have been raised, had you heard Demosthenes himself speak it! Æschines died in the 75th year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at Samos. He wrote three orations, and nine epistles, which, from their number, received the name, the first of the graces, and the last of the muses. The orations alone are extant, generally found collected with those of Lysias. An oration which bears the name of _Deliaca lex_, is said not to be his production, but that of Æschines, another orator of that age. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 24; bk. 2, ch. 53; _Brutus_, ch. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30. Diogenes Laërtius mentions seven more of the same name.――――A philosopher, disciple of Socrates, who wrote several dialogues, some of which bore the following titles: Aspasia, Phædon, Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia, Polyænus, Telauges, &c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus, and ascribed to Plato, is supposed to be his composition. The best editions are that of Leovard, 1718, with the notes of Horræus, in 8vo, and that of Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1766.――――A man who wrote on oratory. ――――An Arcadian.――――A Mitylenean.――――A disciple of Melanthius.――――A Milesian writer.――――A statuary.

=Æschrion=, a Mitylenean poet, intimate with Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic expedition.――――An Iambic poet of Samos. _Athenæus._――――A physician commended by Galen. A treatise of his own husbandry has been quoted by _Pliny_.――――A lieutenant of Archagathus, killed by Hanno. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.

=Æschylīdes=, a man who wrote a book on agriculture. _Ælian_, _Nature of Animals_, bk. 15.

=Æschy̆lus=, an excellent soldier and poet of Athens, son of Euphorion, and brother to Cynægirus. He was in the Athenian army at the battles of Marathon, Salamis, and Platæa. But the most solid fame he has obtained, is the offspring less of his valour in the field of battle than of his writings. Of 90 tragedies, however, the fruit of his ingenious labours, 40 of which were rewarded with the public prize, only seven have come safe to us: _Prometheus vinctus_, _Septem duces apud Thebas_, _Persæ_, _Agamemnon_, _Chœphori_, _Eumenides_, _Supplices_. Æschylus is the first who introduced two actors on the stage, and clothed them with dresses suitable to their character. He likewise removed murder from the stage. It is said that, when he composed, his countenance betrayed the greatest ferocity; and according to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides were represented, many children died through fear, and several pregnant women actually miscarried in the house, at the sight of the horrible masks that were introduced. The imagination of the poet was strong and comprehensive, but disorderly and wild: fruitful in prodigies, but disdaining probabilities. His style is obscure, and the labours of an excellent modern critic have pronounced him the most difficult of all the Greek classics. A few expressions of impious tendency in one of his plays, nearly proved fatal to Æschylus; he was condemned to death, but his brother Amynias, it is reported, reversed his sentence, by uncovering an arm, of which the hand had been cut off at the battle of Salamis in the service of his country, and the poet was pardoned. Æschylus has been accused of drinking to excess, and of never composing except when in a state of intoxication. In his old age he retired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. Being informed that he was to die by the fall of a house, he became dissatisfied with the fickleness of his countrymen, and withdrew from the city into the fields, where he sat down. An eagle, with a tortoise in her bill, flew over his bald head, and supposing it to be a stone, dropped her prey upon it to break the shell, and Æschylus instantly died of the blow, in the 69th year of his age, 456 B. C. It is said that he wrote an account of the battle of Marathon, in elegiac verses. The best editions of his works are that of Stanley, folio, London, 1663, that of Glasgow, 2 vols. in 12mo, 1746, and that of Schutz, 2 vols., 8vo, Halæ, 1782.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 278.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 3.―― _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――――The 12th perpetual archon of Athens.――――A Corinthian, brother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate with Timoleon. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.――――A Rhodian set over Egypt with Peucestes of Macedonia. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A native of Cnidus, teacher of rhetoric to Cicero. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.

=Æsculāpius=, son of Apollo by Coronis, or as some say, by Larissa daughter of Phlegias, was god of medicine. After his union with Coronis, Apollo set a crow to watch her, and was soon informed that she admitted the caresses of Ischys of Æmonia. The god, in a fit of anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning, but saved the infant from her womb, and gave him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him the art of medicine. Some authors say, that Coronis left her father to avoid the discovery of her pregnancy, and that she exposed her child near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks of Aresthanas gave him her milk, and the dog which kept the flock stood by him to shelter him from injury. He was found by the master of the flock, who went in search of his stray goat, and saw his head surrounded with resplendent rays of light. Æsculapius was physician to the Argonauts, and considered so skilled in the medicinal power of plants, that he was called the inventor as well as the god of medicine. He restored many to life, of which Pluto complained to Jupiter, who struck Æsculapius with thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death of his son, killed the Cyclops who made the thunderbolts. Æsculapius received divine honours after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna, &c. Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and the cock and the serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A.U.C. 462, was delivered of a plague, and built a temple to the god of medicine, who, as was supposed, had come there in the form of a serpent, and hid himself among the reeds in an island of the Tyber. Æsculapius was represented with a large beard, holding in his hand a staff, round which was wreathed a serpent: his other hand was supported on the head of a serpent. Serpents are more particularly sacred to him, not only as the ancient physicians used them in their prescriptions; but because they were the symbols of prudence and foresight, so necessary in the medical profession. He married Epione, by whom he had two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, Machaon and Podalirus; and four daughters, of whom Hygiea, goddess of health, is the most celebrated. Some have supposed that he lived a short time after the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention of him. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 193; _Hymn to Æsculapius_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Hyginus_, fable 49. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 11 & 27; bk. 7, ch. 23, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 3.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi de Saltatione_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22, says there were three of this name; the first, a son of Apollo, worshipped in Arcadia; second, a brother of Mercury; third, a man who first taught medicine.

=Æsēpus=, a son of Bucolion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 21.――――A river. _See:_ Æsapus.

=Æsernia=, a city of the Samnites, in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 12.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 567.

=Æsīon=, an Athenian, known for his respect for the talents of Demosthenes. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.

=Æsis=, a river of Italy, which separates Umbria from Picenum.

=Æson=, son of Cretheus, was born at the same birth as Pelias. He succeeded his father in the kingdom of Iolchos, but was soon exiled by his brother. He married Alcimeda, by whom he had Jason, whose education he entrusted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. When Jason was grown up, he demanded his father’s kingdom from his uncle, who gave him evasive answers, and persuaded him to go in quest of the golden fleece. _See:_ Jason. At his return, Jason found his father very infirm; and Medea [_See:_ Medea], at his request, drew the blood from Æson’s veins, and refilled them with the juice of certain herbs which she had gathered, and immediately the old man recovered the vigour and bloom of youth. Some say that Æson killed himself by drinking bull’s blood, to avoid the persecution of Pelias. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 285.――_Hyginus_, fable 12.――――A river of Thessaly, with a town of the same name.

=Æsŏnĭdes=, a patronymic of Jason, as being descended from Æson.

=Æsōpus=, a Phrygian philosopher, who, though originally a slave, procured his liberty by the sallies of his genius. He travelled over the greatest part of Greece and Egypt, but chiefly resided at the court of Crœsus king of Lydia, by whom he was sent to consult the oracle of Delphi. In this commission Æsop behaved with great severity, and satirically compared the Delphians to floating sticks, which appear large at a distance, but are nothing when brought near. The Delphians, offended with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of having secreted one of the sacred vessels of Apollo’s temple, and threw him down from a rock, 561 B.C. Maximus Planudes has written his life in Greek; but no credit is to be given to the biographer, who falsely asserts that the mythologist was short and deformed. Æsop dedicated his fables to his patron Crœsus; but what appears now under his name, is no doubt a compilation of all the fables and apologues of wits before and after the age of Æsop, conjointly with his own. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――_Phædras_, bk. 1, fable 2; bk. 2, fable 9.――――Claudus, an actor on the Roman stage, very intimate with Cicero. He amassed an immense fortune. His son, to be more expensive, melted precious stones to drink at his entertainments. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 239.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 35; bk. 10, ch. 51.――――An orator. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An historian in the time of Anaximenes. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A river of Pontus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――An attendant of Mithridates, who wrote a treatise on Helen, and a panegyric on his royal master.

=Æstria=, an island in the Adriatic. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Æsŭla=, a town on a mountain between Tibur and Præneste. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29.

=Æsyetes=, a man from whose tomb Polites spied what the Greeks did in their ships during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 793.

=Æsymnētes=, a surname of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.

=Æsymnus=, a person of Megara, who consulted Apollo to know the best method of governing his country. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Æthalia=, or =Ætheria=, now _Elba_, an island between Etruria and Corsica. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 30.

=Æthalĭdes=, a herald, son of Mercury, to whom it was granted to be amongst the dead and the living at stated times. _Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1, li. 641.

=Æthion=, a man slain at the nuptials of Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 146.

=Æthiŏpia=, an extensive country of Africa, at the south of Egypt, divided into east and west by the ancients, the former division lying near Meroe, and the latter near the Mauri. The country, properly now called Abyssinia, as well as the inhabitants, were little known to the ancients, though Homer has styled them the justest of men and the favourites of the gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 4, says, that the Æthiopians were the first inhabitants of the earth. They were the first who worshipped the gods, for which, as some suppose, their country has never been invaded by a foreign enemy. The inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The country is inundated for five months every year, and their days and nights are almost of an equal length. The ancients have given the name of Æthiopia to every country whose inhabitants are of a black colour. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 253; bk. 9, li. 651.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 23. ――_Virgil_, [_Eclogues_], poem 6, li. 68.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 22; _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 423.

=Æthlius=, son of Jupiter by Protogenia, was father of Endymion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Æthon=, a horse of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 1. ――――A horse of Pallas, represented as shedding tears at the death of his master, by _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 89.――――A horse of Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 185.

=Æthra=, daughter of Pittheus king of Trœzene, had Theseus by Ægeus. _See:_ Ægeus. She was carried away by Castor and Pollux, when they recovered their sister Helen, whom Theseus had stolen, and intrusted to her care. _See:_ Helena. She went to Troy with Helen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 144.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 5, ch. 19.――_Hyginus_, fables 37 & 79.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 10, li. 131.――――One of the Oceanides, wife to Atlas. She is more generally called Pleione.

=Æthūsa=, a daughter of Neptune by Amphitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo of Eleuthere and two sons. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.――――An island near Lilybæum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Ætia=, a poem of Callimachus, in which he speaks of sacrifices, and of the manner in which they were offered. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 4.

=Ætion=, or =Eetion=, the father of Andromache, Hector’s wife. He was killed at Thebes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks.――――A famous painter. He drew a painting of Alexander going to celebrate his nuptials with Roxane. This piece was much valued, and was exposed to public view at the Olympic games, where it gained so much applause that the president of the games gave the painter his daughter in marriage. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 18.

=Ætna=, a mountain of Sicily, now called Gibello, famous for its volcano, which, for about 3000 years, has thrown out fire at intervals. It is two miles in perpendicular height, and measures 180 miles round at the base, with an ascent of 30 miles. Its crater forms a circle about 3½ miles in circumference, and its top is covered with snow and smoke at the same time, whilst the sides of the mountain, from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a rich scenery of cultivated fields and blooming vineyards. Pindar is the first who mentions an eruption of Ætna; and the silence of Homer on the subject is considered as a proof that the fires of the mountain were unknown in his age. From the time of Pythagoras, the supposed date of the first volcanic appearance, to the battle of Pharsalia, it is computed that Ætna had 100 eruptions. The poets supposed that Jupiter had confined the giants under this mountain, and it was represented as the forge of Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops fabricated thunderbolts, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 860.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 570.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6; bk. 15, li. 340.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 59.

=Ætōlia=, a country bounded by Epirus, Acarnania, and Locris, supposed to be about the middle of Greece. It received its name from Ætolus. The inhabitants were covetous and illiberal, and were little known in Greece, till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they assumed consequence in the country, and afterwards made themselves formidable as the allies of Rome, and as its enemies, till they were conquered by Fulvius. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 18.――_Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.

=Ætōlus=, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by whom he had Pleuron and Calydon. Having accidentally killed Apis son of Phoroneus, he left his country, and came to settle in that part of Greece which has been called from him Ætolia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Æx=, a rocky island between Tenedos and Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――A city in the country of the Marsi.――――The nurse of Jupiter changed into a constellation.

=Afer=, an inhabitant of Africa.――――An informer under Tiberius and his successors. He became also known as an orator, and as the preceptor of Quintilian, and was made consul by Domitian. He died A. D. 59.

=Afrānia=, a Roman matron, who frequented the forum, forgetful of female decency. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Lucius Afrānius=, a Latin comic poet in the age of Terence, often compared to Menander, whose style he imitated. He is blamed for the unnatural gratifications which he mentions in his writings, some fragments of which are to be found in the _Corpus Poetarum_. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 11.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 57.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.―― _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 13, ch. 8.――――A general of Pompey, conquered by Cæsar in Spain. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 34.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――Quintianus, a man who wrote a severe satire against Nero, for which he was put to death in the Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus._――――Potitus, a plebeian, who said before Caligula, that he would willingly die if the emperor could recover from the distemper he laboured under. Caligula recovered, and Afranius was put to death that he might not forfeit his word. _Dio Cassius._

=Afrĭca=, called _Libya_ by the Greeks, one of the three parts of the ancient world, and the greatest peninsula of the universe, is bounded on the east by Arabia and the Red sea, on the north by the Mediterranean, south and west by the ocean. In its greatest length it extends 4300 miles, and in its greatest breadth it is 3500 miles. It is joined on the east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles long, which some of the Ptolemies endeavoured to cut, in vain, to join the Red and Mediterranean seas. It is so immediately situate under the sun, that only the maritime parts are inhabited, and the inland country is mostly barren and sandy, and infested with wild beasts. The ancients, through ignorance, peopled the southern parts of Africa with monsters, enchanters, and chimeras; errors which begin to be corrected by modern travellers. _See:_ Libya. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 3, 4, & 20.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 17, 26, & 32; bk. 4, ch. 41, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1, &c.――――There is a part of Africa called _Propria_, which lies about the middle, on the Mediterranean, and has Carthage for its capital.

=Africānus=, a blind poet, commended by Ennius.――――A christian writer, who flourished A.D. 222. In his chronicle, which was universally esteemed, he reckoned 5500 years from the creation of the world to the age of Julius Cæsar. Nothing remains of this work but what Eusebius has preserved. In a letter to Origen, Africanus proved that the history of Susanna is supposititious; and in another to Aristides, still extant, he endeavours to reconcile the seeming contradictions that appear in the genealogies of Christ in St. Matthew and Luke. He is supposed to be the same who wrote nine books, in which he treats of physic, agriculture, &c.――――A lawyer, disciple to Papinian, and intimate with the emperor Alexander.――――An orator mentioned by Quintilian.――――The surname of the Scipios, from the conquest of Africa. _See:_ Scipio.

=Afrĭcum mare=, is that part of the Mediterranean which is on the coast of Africa.

=Agăgriāne portæ=, gates at Syracuse, near which the dead were buried. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_.

=Agalasses=, a nation of India, conquered by Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Agalla=, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote a treatise upon grammar. _Athenæus_, bk. 1.

=Agamēdes= and =Trophonius=, two architects who made the entrance of the temple of Delphi, for which they demanded of the god whatever gift was most advantageous for a man to receive. Eight days after they were found dead in their bed. _Plutarch_, _Consolatio ad Apollonium_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 47. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 11 & 37, gives a different account.

=Agamemnon=, king of Mycenæ and Argos, was brother to Menelaus, and son of Plisthenes the son of Atreus. Homer calls them sons of Atreus, which is false, upon the authority of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c. _See:_ Plisthenes. When Atreus was dead, his brother Thyestes seized the kingdom of Argos, and removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who fled to Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and hence to Œneus king of Ætolia, where they were educated. Agamemnon married Clytemnestra, and Menelaus Helen, both daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who assisted them to recover their father’s kingdom. After the banishment of the usurper to Cythera, Agamemnon established himself at Mycenæ, whilst Menelaus succeeded his father-in-law at Sparta. When Helen was stolen by Paris, Agamemnon was elected commander-in-chief of the Grecian forces going against Troy; and he showed his zeal in the cause by furnishing 100 ships, and lending 60 more to the people of Arcadia. The fleet was detained at Aulis, where Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter to appease Diana. _See:_ Iphigenia. During the Trojan war, Agamemnon behaved with much valour; but his quarrel with Achilles, whose mistress he took by force, was fatal to the Greeks. _See:_ Briseis. After the ruin of Troy, Cassandra fell to his share, and foretold him that his wife would put him to death. He gave no credit to this, and returned to Argos with Cassandra. Clytemnestra, with her adulterer Ægisthus [_See:_ Ægisthus], prepared to murder him; and as he came from the bath, to embarrass him, she gave him a tunic, whose sleeves were sewed together, and while he attempted to put it on, she brought him to the ground with a stroke of a hatchet, and Ægisthus seconded her blows. His death was revenged by his son Orestes. _See:_ Clytemnestra, Menelaus, and Orestes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 2, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 4, &c.――_Ovid_, _Remedia Amoris_, li. 777; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 30.――_Hyginus_, fables 88 & 97.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 9.―― _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Sophocles_, _Electra_.――_Euripides_, _Orestes_.――_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 40, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 838.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Agamemnonius=, an epithet applied to Orestes, as son of Agamemnon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 471.

=Agamētor=, an athlete of Mantinea. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Agamnestor=, a king of Athens.

=Aganippe=, a celebrated fountain of Bœotia, at the foot of mount Helicon. It flows into the Permessus, and is sacred to the muses, who, from it, were called Aganippedes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29. ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 312.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Agapēnor=, the commander of Agamemnon’s fleet. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――The son of Ancæus, and grandson of Lycurgus, who, after the ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into Cyprus, where he built Paphos. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Agar=, a town of Africa. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 76.

=Agarēni=, a people of Arabia. Trajan destroyed their city, called Agarum. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Agarista=, daughter of Clisthenes, was courted by all the princes of Greece. She married Megacles. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 24.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 126, &c.――――A daughter of Hippocrates, who married Xantippus. She dreamed that she had brought forth a lion, and some time after became mother of Pericles. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 131.

=Agasĭcles=, king of Sparta, was son of Archidamus, and one of the Proclidæ. He used to say that a king ought to govern his subjects as a father governs his children. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.

=Agassæ=, a city of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 27.

=Agasthĕnes=, father to Polyxenus, was, as one of Helen’s suitors, concerned in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――――A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Agrastrŏphus=, a Trojan, wounded by Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 338.

=Agasthus=, an archon of Athens.

=Agăsus=, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Agătha=, a town of France near _Agde_, in Languedoc. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Agatharchĭdas=, a general of Corinth in the Peloponnesian war. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 83.――――A Samian philosopher and historian, who wrote a treatise on stones, and a history of Persia and Phœnice, besides an account of the Red sea, of Europe and Asia. Some make him a native of Cnidus, and add that he flourished about 177 B.C. _Josephus_, _Against Apion_.

=Agatharchus=, an officer in the Syracusan fleet. _Thucydides_, bk. 7, ch. 27.――――A painter in the age of Zeuxis. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.

=Agathias=, a Greek historian of Æolia.――――A poet and historian in the age of Justinian, of whose reign he published the history in five books. Several of his epigrams are found in the _Anthologia_. His history is a sequel of that of Procopius. The best edition is that of Paris, folio, 1660.

=Agătho=, a Samian historian, who wrote an account of Scythia.――――A tragic poet, who flourished 406 B.C. The name of some of his tragedies are preserved, such as Telephus, Thyestes, &c.――――A comic poet who lived in the same age. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.――――A governor of Babylon. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――――A Pythagorean philosopher. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――――A learned and melodious musician, who first introduced songs in tragedy. _Aristotle_, _Poetics_.――――A youth of Athens, loved by Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 3, ch. 32.

=Agathŏclēa=, a beautiful courtesan of Egypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyed his wife Eurydice to marry her. She, with her brother, long governed the kingdom, and attempted to murder the king’s son. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.――_Justin_, bk. 30, ch. 1.

=Agathŏcles=, a lascivious and ignoble youth, son of a potter, who, by entering in the Sicilian army, arrived to the greatest honours, and made himself master of Syracuse. He reduced all Sicily under his power, but being defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, he carried the war into Africa, where, for four years, he extended his conquests over his enemies. He afterwards passed into Italy, and made himself master of Crotona. He died in his 72nd year, B.C. 289, after a reign of 28 years of mingled prosperity and adversity. _Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Justin_, bks. 22 & 23.―― _Polybius_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 18, &c.――――A son of Lysimachus, taken prisoner by the Getæ. He was ransomed, and married Lysandra daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, married Arsinoe the sister of Lysandra. After her husband’s death, Arsinoe, fearful for her children, attempted to murder Agathocles. Some say that she fell in love with him, and killed him because he slighted her. When Agathocles was dead, 283 B.C., Lysandra fled to Seleucus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_ & _Demetrius_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 9 & 10.――――A Grecian historian of Babylon, who wrote an account of Cyzicus. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――――A Chian who wrote on husbandry. _Varro._――――A Samian writer.――――A physician.――――An Athenian archon.

=Agăthon.= _See:_ Agatho.

=Agathonȳmus=, wrote a history of Persia. _Plutarch_, _de Fluviis_.

=Agathosthĕnes=, a poet, &c.

=Agathyllus=, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Agathynum=, a town of Sicily.

=Agathyrsi=, an effeminate nation of Scythia, who had their wives in common. They received their name from Agathyrsus son of Hercules. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 146.

=Agāve=, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, married Echion, by whom she had Pentheus, who was torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. _See:_ Pentheus. She is said to have killed her husband in celebrating the orgies of Bacchus. She received divine honours after death, because she had contributed to the education of Bacchus. _Theocritus_, poem 26.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 725.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 574.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 11, li. 318.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――One of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――A tragedy of Statius. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 87, &c.

=Agaui=, a northern nation who lived upon milk. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.

=Agāvus=, a son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.

=Agdestis=, a mountain of Phrygia, where Atys was buried. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A surname of Cybele.

=Agelades=, a statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Agelastus=, a surname of Crassus, the grandfather of the rich Crassus. He only laughed once in his life, and this, it is said, was upon seeing an ass eat thistles. _Cicero_, _de Finibus_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――The word is also applied to Pluto, from the sullen and melancholy appearance of his countenance.

=Agelāus=, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion.――――One of Penelope’s suitors. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20.――――A son of Hercules and Omphale, from whom Crœsus was descended. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A servant of Priam, who preserved Paris when exposed on mount Ida. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Agendīcum=, now _Sens_, a town of Gaul, the capital of the Senones. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 44.

=Agēnor=, king of Phœnicia, was son of Neptune and Libya, and brother to Belus. He married Telephassa, by whom he had Cadmus, Phœnix, Cilix, and Europa. _Hyginus_, fable 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 15; bk. 17, li. 58.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 1. ――――A son of Jasus and father of Argus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Phlegeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A son of Pleuron, father to Phineus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A son of Amphion and Niobe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A king of Argos, father to Crotopus.――――A son of Antenor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, li. 579. ――――A Mitylenean, who wrote a treatise on music.

=Agenŏrĭdes=, a patronymic applied to Cadmus, and the other descendants of Agenor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 8.

=Agerīnus=, a freedman of Agrippina, accused of attempting Nero’s life. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 16.

=Agesander=, a sculptor of Rhodes under Vespasian, who made a representation of Laocoon’s history, which now passes for the best relict of all ancient sculpture.

=Agesias=, a Platonic philosopher who taught the immortality of the soul. One of the Ptolemies forbade him to continue his lectures, because his doctrine was so prevalent that many of his auditors committed suicide.

=Agesilāus=, king of Sparta, of the family of the Agidæ, was son of Doryssus and father of Archelaus. During his reign Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A son of Archidamus, of the family of the Proclidæ, made king in preference to his nephew Leotychides. He made war against Artaxerxes king of Persia with success; but in the midst of his conquests in Asia, he was recalled home to oppose the Athenians and Bœotians, who desolated his country; and his return was so expeditious that he passed, in 30 days, over that tract of country which had taken up a whole year of Xerxes’ expedition. He defeated his enemies at Coronea; but sickness prevented the progress of his conquests, and the Spartans were beat in every engagement, especially at Leuctra, till he appeared at their head. Though deformed, small of stature, and lame, he was brave, and a greatness of soul compensated all the imperfections of nature. He was as fond of sobriety as of military discipline; and when he went, in his 80th year, to assist Tachus king of Egypt, the servants of the monarch could hardly be persuaded that the Lacedæmonian general was eating with his soldiers on the ground, bare-headed, and without any covering to repose upon. Agesilaus died on his return from Egypt, after a reign of 36 years, 362 B.C., and his remains were embalmed and brought to Lacedæmon. _Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Xenophon_, _Oratation for Agesilaus_.――――A brother of Themistocles, who was sent as a spy into the Persian camp, where he stabbed Mardonius instead of Xerxes. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A surname of Pluto.――――A Greek who wrote a history of Italy.

=Agesipŏlis I.=, king of Lacedæmon, son of Pausanias, obtained a great victory over the Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and was succeeded by his brother Cleombrotus, B.C. 380. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Xenophon_, bk. 3, _Hellenica_.

=Agesipŏlis II.=, son of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, was succeeded by Cleomenes II., B.C. 370. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Agesistrăta=, the mother of king Agis. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.

=Agesistrătus=, a man who wrote a treatise entitled, _De arte machinali_.

=Aggrammes=, a cruel king of the Gangarides. His father was a hair-dresser, of whom the queen became enamoured, and whom she made governor of the king’s children, to gratify her passion. He killed them to raise Aggrammes, his son by the queen, to the throne. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2.

=Aggrīnæ=, a people near mount Rhodope. _Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 37.

=Agĭdæ=, the descendants of Eurysthenes, who shared the throne of Sparta with the Proclidæ. The name is derived from Agis son of Eurysthenes. The family became extinct in the person of Cleomenes son of Leonidas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 682.

=Agilāus=, king of Corinth, reigned 36 years.――――One of the Ephori, almost murdered by the partisans of Cleomenes. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.

=Agis=, king of Sparta, succeeded his father Eurysthenes, and, after a reign of one year, was succeeded by his son Echestratus, B.C. 1058. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――Another king of Sparta, who waged bloody wars against Athens, and restored liberty to many Greek cities. He attempted to restore the laws of Lycurgus at Sparta, but in vain; the perfidy of friends, who pretended to second his views, brought him to difficulties, and he was at last dragged from a temple, where he had taken refuge, to a prison, where he was strangled by order of the Ephori. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.――――Another, son of Archidamus, who signalized himself in the war which the Spartans waged against Epidaurus. He obtained a victory at Mantinea, and was successful in the Peloponnesian war. He reigned 27 years. _Thucydides_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 10.―――― Another, son of Archidamus king of Sparta, who endeavoured to deliver Greece from the empire of Macedonia, with the assistance of the Persians. He was conquered in the attempt, and slain by Antipater, Alexander’s general, and 5300 Lacedæmonians perished with him. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 1, &c.――――Another, son of Eudamidas, killed in a battle against the Mantineans. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――――An Arcadian in the expedition of Cyrus against his father Artaxerxes. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――A poet of Argos, who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and said that Bacchus and the sons of Leda would give way to his hero, when a god. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A Lycian, who followed Æneas into Italy, where he was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 751.

=Aglāia=, one of the Graces, called sometimes Pasiphae. Her sisters were Euphrosyne and Thalia, and they were all daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Aglaonīce=, daughter of Hegemon, was acquainted with astronomy and eclipses, whence she boasted of her power to draw down the moon from heaven. _Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_.

=Aglaŏpe=, one of the Sirens.

=Aglaŏphon=, an excellent Greek painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 8.

=Aglaosthĕnes=, wrote a history of Naxos. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Aglauros=, or =Agraulos=, daughter of Erechtheus the oldest king of Athens, was changed into a stone by Mercury. Some make her daughter of Cecrops. _See:_ Herse. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 12.

=Aglaus=, the poorest man of Arcadia, pronounced by the oracle more happy than Gyges king of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 46.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Agna=, a woman in the age of Horace, who, though deformed, had many admirers. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 40.

=Agno=, one of the nymphs who nursed Jupiter. She gave her name to a fountain on mount Lycæus. When the priest of Jupiter, after a prayer, stirred the waters of this fountain with a bough, a thick vapour arose, which was soon dissolved into a plentiful shower. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31, &c.

=Agnodĭce=, an Athenian virgin, who disguised her sex to learn medicine. She was taught by Hierophilus the art of midwifery, and when employed always discovered her sex to her patients. This brought her into so much practice, that the males of her profession, who were now out of employment, accused her, before the Areopagus, of corruption. She confessed her sex to the judges, and a law was immediately made to empower all free-born women to learn midwifery. _Hyginus_, fable 274.

=Agnon=, son of Nicias, was present at the taking of Samos by Pericles. In the Peloponnesian war he went against Potidæa, but abandoned his expedition through disease. He built Amphipolis, whose inhabitants rebelled to Brasidas, whom they regarded as their founder, forgetful of Agnon. _Thucydides_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――――A writer. _Quintilian_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――One of Alexander’s officers. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 3.

=Agnonĭdes=, a rhetorician of Athens, who accused Phocion of betraying the Piræus to Nicanor. When the people recollected what services Phocion had rendered them, they raised him statues, and put to death his accuser. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Phocion_.

=Agōnālia= and =Agonia=, festivals in Rome, celebrated three times a year in honour of Janus, or Agonius. They were instituted by Numa, and on the festive days the chief priest used to offer a ram. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 317.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.

=Agōnes Capitolīni=, games celebrated every fifth year upon the Capitoline hill. Prizes were proposed for agility and strength, as well as for poetical and literary compositions. The poet Statius publicly recited there his Thebaid, which was not received with much applause.

=Agonis=, a woman in the temple of Venus, on mount Eryx. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1.

=Agonius=, a Roman deity, who presided over the actions of men. _See:_ Agonalia.

=Agoracrĭtus=, a sculptor of Pharos, who made a statue of Venus for the people of Athens, B.C. 150.

=Agoranŏmi=, ten magistrates at Athens, who watched over the city and port, and inspected whatever was exposed to sale.

=Agorānis=, a river falling into the Ganges. _Arrian_, _de Indica_.

=Agoræa=, a name of Minerva at Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Agoreus=, a surname of Mercury among the Athenians, from his presiding over the markets. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Agra=, a place of Bœotia where the Ilissus rises. Diana was called Agræa, because she hunted there.――――A city of Susa――――of Arcadia ――――and of Arabia.

=Agræi= and =Agrenses=, a people of Arabia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28.――――Of Ætolia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 34.

=Agrāgas=, or =Acragras=, a river, town, and mountain of Sicily; called also Agrigentum. The town was built by the people of Gela, who were a Rhodian colony. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 703.―― _Diodorus_, bk. 11.

=Agraria lex=, was enacted to distribute among the Roman people all the lands which they had gained by conquest. It was first proposed A.U.C. 268, by the consul Spurius Cassius Vicellinus, and rejected by the senate. This produced dissensions between the senate and the people, and Cassius, upon seeing the ill success of the new regulations he proposed, offered to distribute among the people the money which was produced from the corn of Sicily, after it had been brought and sold in Rome. This act of liberality the people refused, and tranquillity was soon after re-established in the state. It was proposed a second time A.U.C. 269, by the tribune Licinius Stolo, but with no better success; and so great were the tumults which followed, that one of the tribunes of the people was killed, and many of the senators fined for their opposition. Mutius Scævola, A.U.C. 620, persuaded the tribune Tiberius Gracchus to propose it a third time; and though Octavius, his colleague in the tribuneship, opposed it, yet Tiberius made it pass into a law, after much altercation, and commissioners were authorized to make a division of the lands. This law at last proved fatal to the freedom of Rome under Julius Cæsar. _Florus_, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 13.――_Cicero_, _on the Agrarian Law_.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 41.

=Agraule=, a tribe of Athens. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.

=Agraulia=, a festival at Athens in honour of Agraulos. The Cyprians also observed these festivals, by offering human victims.

=Agraulos=, a daughter of Cecrops. _See:_ Aglauros.――――A surname of Minerva.

=Agrauonītæ=, a people of Illyria. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Agre=, one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 213.

=Agriānes=, a river of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A people that dwelt in the neighbourhood of that river. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 16.

=Agricŏla=, the father-in-law of the historian Tacitus, who wrote his life. He was eminent for his public and private virtues. He was governor of Britain, and first discovered it to be an island. Domitian envied his virtues; he recalled him from the province he had governed with equity and moderation, and ordered him to enter Rome in the night, that no triumph might be granted him. Agricola obeyed, and without betraying any resentment, he retired to peaceful solitude, and to the enjoyment of the society of a few friends. He died in his 56th year, A. D. 93. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.

=Agrigentum=, now _Girgenti_, a town of Sicily, 18 stadia from the sea, on mount Agragas. It was founded by a Rhodian, or, according to some, by an Ionian colony. The inhabitants were famous for their hospitality, and for their luxurious manner of living. In its flourishing situation Agrigentum contained 200,000 inhabitants, who submitted with reluctance to the superior power of Syracuse. The government was monarchical, but afterwards a democracy was established. The famous Phalaris usurped the sovereignty, which was also for some time in the hands of the Carthaginians. Agrigentum can now boast of more venerable remains of antiquity than any other town in Sicily. _Polybius_, bk. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 707.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 211.

=Agrinium=, a city of Acarnania. _Polybius_, bk. 6.

=Agriōnia=, annual festivals in honour of Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night. They were instituted, as some suppose, because the god was attended with wild beasts.

=Agriopas=, a man who wrote the history of all those who had obtained the public prize at Olympia. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 22.

=Agriōpe=, the wife of Agenor king of Phœnicia.

=Marcus Agrippa Vipsanius=, a celebrated Roman, who obtained a victory over Sextus Pompey, and favoured the cause of Augustus at the battles of Actium and Philippi, where he behaved with great valour. He advised his imperial friend to re-establish the republican government at Rome, but he was overruled by Mecænas. In his expeditions in Gaul and Germany, he obtained several victories, but refused the honours of a triumph, and turned his liberality towards the embellishing of Rome and the raising of magnificent buildings, one of which, the Pantheon, still exists. After he had retired for two years to Mitylene, in consequence of a quarrel with Marcellus, Augustus recalled him, and, as a proof of his regard, gave him his daughter Julia in marriage, and left him the care of the empire during an absence of two years employed in visiting the Roman provinces of Greece and Asia. He died, universally lamented, at Rome in the 51st year of his age, 12 B.C., and his body was placed in the tomb which Augustus had prepared for himself. He had been married three times: to Pomponia daughter of Atticus, to Marcella daughter of Octavia, and to Julia, by whom he had five children――Caius, and Lucius Cæsares, Posthumus Agrippa, Agrippina, and Julia. His son, Caius Cæsar Agrippa, was adopted by Augustus, and made consul, by the flattery of the Roman people at the age of 14 or 15. This promising youth went to Armenia on an expedition against the Persians, where he received a fatal blow from the treacherous hand of Lollius, the governor of one of the neighbouring cities. He languished for a little time and died in Lycia. His younger brother, Lucius Cæsar Agrippa, was likewise adopted by his grandfather Augustus; but he was soon after banished to Campania, for using seditious language against his benefactor. In the seventh year of his exile he would have been recalled had not Livia and Tiberius, jealous of the partiality of Augustus for him, ordered him to be assassinated in his 26th year. He has been called ferocious and savage; and he gave himself the name of Neptune, because he was fond of fishing. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 682.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 6.――――One of the servants of the murdered prince assumed his name and raised commotions. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 39. ――――Sylvius, a son of Tiberius Sylvius king of Latium. He reigned 33 years, and was succeeded by his son Romulus Sylvius. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A consul who conquered the Æqui.――――A philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――Herodes, a son of Aristobulus, grandson of the Great Herod, who became tutor to the grandchild of Tiberius, and was soon after imprisoned by the suspicious tyrant. When Caligula ascended the throne his favourite was released, presented with a chain of gold as heavy as that which had lately confined him, and made king of Judæa. He was a popular character with the Jews: and it is said, that while they were flattering him with the appellation of God, an angel of God struck him with the lousy disease, of which he died, A.D. 43. His son, of the same name, was the last king of the Jews, deprived of his kingdom by Claudius, in exchange for other provinces. He was with Titus at the celebrated siege of Jerusalem, and died A.D. 94. It was before him that St. Paul pleaded, and made mention of his incestuous commerce with his sister Berenice. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 156. ――_Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Histories_, ch. 81.――――Menenius, a Roman general, who obtained a triumph over the Sabines, appeased the populace of Rome by the well-known fable of the belly and the limbs, and erected the new office of tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 261. He died poor, but universally regretted: his funeral was at the expense of the public from which also his daughters received dowries. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 32.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 23.――――A mathematician in the reign of Domitian; he was a native of Bithynia.

=Agrippīna=, a wife of Tiberius. The emperor repudiated her to marry Julia. _Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 7.――――A daughter of Marcus Agrippa, and granddaughter to Augustus. She married Germanicus, whom she accompanied in Syria; and when Piso poisoned him, she carried his ashes to Italy, and accused his murderer, who stabbed himself. She fell under the displeasure of Tiberius, who exiled her in an island, where she died A.D. 26, for want of bread. She left nine children, and was universally distinguished for intrepidity and conjugal affection. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Annals_, ch. 2, &c.―― _Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 52.――――Julia, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, married Domitius Ænobarbus, by whom she had Nero. After her husband’s death she married her uncle the emperor Claudius, whom she destroyed to make Nero succeed to the throne. After many cruelties and much licentiousness she was assassinated by order of her son, and as she expired she exclaimed, “Strike the belly which could give birth to such a monster.” She died A.D. 59, after a life of prostitution and incestuous gratifications. It is said that her son viewed her dead body with all the raptures of admiration, saying, he never could have believed his mother was so beautiful a woman. She left memoirs which assisted Tacitus in the composition of his annals. The town which she built, where she was born, on the borders of the Rhine, and called _Agrippina Colonia_, is the modern Cologne. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 75; bk. 12, chs. 7, 22, &c.

=Agrisius.= _See:_ Acrisius.

=Agrisope=, or =Agriope=, the mother of Cadmus. _Hyginus_, fable 6.

=Agrius=, son of Parthaon drove his brother Œneus from the throne. He was afterwards expelled by Diomedes the grandson of Œneus, upon which he killed himself. _Hyginus_, fables 175 & 242.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 117.――――A giant.――――A centaur killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A son of Ulysses by Circe. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1013.――――The father of Thersites. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 9.

=Agrŏlas=, surrounded the citadel of Athens with walls, except that part which afterwards was repaired by Cimon. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.

=Agron=, king of Illyria, who, after conquering the Ætolians, drank to such excess that he died instantly, B.C. 231. _Polybius_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Agrotas=, a Greek orator of Marseilles.

=Agrotĕra=, an anniversary sacrifice of goats offered to Diana at Athens. It was instituted by Callimachus the Polemarch, who vowed to sacrifice to the goddess so many goats as there might be enemies killed in a battle which he was going to fight against the troops of Darius, who had invaded Attica. The quantity of the slain was so great, that a sufficient number of goats could not be procured; therefore they were limited to 500 every year, till they equalled the number of Persians slain in battle.――――A temple of Ægira in Peloponnesus, erected to the goddess under this name. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.

=Agyleus= and =Agyieus= from ἀγυια, _a street_, a surname of Apollo, because sacrifices were offered to him in the public streets of Athens. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6.

=Agylla=, a town of Etruria, founded by a colony of Pelasgians, and governed by Mezentius when Æneas came to Italy. It was afterwards called Cære, by the Lydians, who took possession of it. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 479.

=Agyllæus=, a gigantic wrestler of Cleonæ, scarce inferior to Hercules in strength. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 837.

=Agyrium=, a town of Sicily, where Diodorus the historian was born. The inhabitants were called _Agyrinenses_. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.―― _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 65.

=Agyrius=, an Athenian general who succeeded Thrasybulus. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Agyrtes=, a man who killed his father. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 148.――――A piper. _♦Statius_, bk. 2, _Achilleis_, li. 50.

♦ ‘Sil.’ replaced with ‘Statius’

=Agȳrus=, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by Dionysius against the Carthaginians. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Ahāla=, the surname of the Servilii at Rome.

=Ahenobarbus.= _See:_ Ænobarbus.

=Ajax=, the son of Telamon by Peribœa or Eribœa daughter of Alcathous, was, next to Achilles, the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan war. He engaged Hector, with whom at parting he exchanged arms. After the death of Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed their claim to the arms of the dead hero. When they were given to the latter, Ajax was so enraged that he slaughtered a whole flock of sheep, supposing them to be the sons of Atreus, who had given the preference to Ulysses, and stabbed himself with his sword. The blood which ran to the ground from the wound, was changed into the flower hyacinth. Some say that he was killed by Paris in battle, others that he was murdered by Ulysses. His body was buried at Sigæum, some say on mount Rhœtus, and his tomb was visited and honoured by Alexander. Hercules, according to some authors, prayed to the gods that his friend Telamon, who was childless, might have a son, with a skin as impenetrable as the skin of the Nemæan lion which he then wore. His prayers were heard. Jupiter, under the form of an eagle, promised to grant the petition; and when Ajax was born, Hercules wrapped him up in the lion’s skin, which rendered his body invulnerable, except that part which was left uncovered by a hole in the skin, through which Hercules hung his quiver. This vulnerable part was in his breast, or as some say behind the neck. _Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 10 & 13.――_Philostratus_, _Heroicus_, ch. 12.――_Pindar_, _Isthmean_, ode 6.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 197. ――_Hyginus_, fables 107 & 242.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35; bk. 5, ch. 19.――――The son of Oileus king of Locris, was surnamed _Locrian_, in contradistinction to the son of Telamon. He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war, as being one of Helen’s suitors. The night that Troy was taken, he offered violence to Cassandra, who fled into Minerva’s temple; and for this offence, as he returned home, the goddess, who had obtained the thunders of Jupiter, and the power of tempests from Neptune, destroyed his ship in a storm. Ajax swam to a rock, and said that he was safe in spite of all the gods. Such impiety offended Neptune, who struck the rock with his trident, and Ajax tumbled into the sea with part of the rock and was drowned. His body was afterwards found by the Greeks, and black sheep offered on his tomb. According to Virgil’s account, Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, and dashed him against a rock, where he expired, consumed by thunder. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 43, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2, 13, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 116 & 273.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.――_Horace_, _Epodes_, poem 10, li. 13.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 26 & 31.――――The two Ajaces were, as some suppose, placed after death in the island of Leuce, a separate place reserved only for the bravest heroes of antiquity.

=Aidōneus=, a surname of Pluto.――――A king of the Molossi, who imprisoned Theseus, because he and Pirithous attempted to ravish his daughter Proserpine, near the Acheron; whence arose the well-known fable of the descent of Theseus and Pirithous into hell. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A river near Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Aimy̆lus=, son of Ascanius, was, according to some, the progenitor of the noble family of the Æmylii in Rome.

=Aius Locutius=, a deity to whom the Romans erected an altar, from the following circumstance: one of the common people, called Ceditius, informed the tribunes, that as he passed one night through one of the streets of the city, a voice more than human, issuing from above Vesta’s temple, told him that Rome would soon be attacked by the Gauls. His information was neglected; but his veracity was proved by the event; and Camillus, after the conquest of the Gauls, built a temple to that supernatural voice which had given Rome warning of the approaching calamity, under the name of Aius Locutius.

=Alabanda=, æ, or orum, an inland town of Caria, abounding with scorpions. The name is derived from Alabandus, a deity worshipped there. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 195.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Alabastrum=, a town of Egypt. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 7.

=Alăbus=, a river in Sicily.

=Alæa=, a surname of Minerva in Peloponnesus. Her festivals are also called Alæa. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 7.

=Alæi=, a number of islands in the Persian gulf, abounding in tortoises. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.

=Alæsa=, a city on a mountain in Sicily.

=Alæus=, the father of Auge, who married Hercules.

=Alagōnia=, a city of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26.

=Alāla=, the goddess of war, sister to Mars. _Plutarch_, _de gloria Atheniensium_.

=Alalcomĕnæ=, a city of Bœotia, where some suppose that Minerva was born. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 330.

=Alalia=, a town of Corsica, built by a colony of Phocæans, destroyed by Scipio, 262 B.C., and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 165.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Alamānes=, a statuary at Athens, disciple of Phidias.

=Alamanni=, or =Alemanni=, a people of Germany, near the Hercynian forest. They were very powerful and inimical to Rome.

=Alāni=, a people of Sarmatia, near the Palus Mœotis, who were said to have 26 different languages. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo._

=Alăres=, a people of Pannonia. _Tacitus_, bk. 15, _Annals_, ch. 10.

=Alarīcus=, a famous king of the Goths, who plundered Rome in the reign of Honorius. He was greatly respected for his military valour, and during his reign he kept the Roman empire in continual alarms. He died after a reign of 13 years, A.D. 410.

=Alarōdii=, a nation near Pontus. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 94.

=Alastor=, a son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――――An arm-bearer to Sarpedon king of Lycia, killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 677.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 257.――――One of Pluto’s horses when he carried away Proserpine. _Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_, bk. 1, li. 286.

=Alaudæ=, soldiers of one of Cæsar’s legions in Gaul. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 24.

=Alazon=, a river flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus, and separating Albania from Iberia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 101.

=Alba Sylvius=, son of Latinus Sylvius, succeeded his father in the kingdom of Latium, and reigned 36 years. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 612.――――Longa, a city of Latium, built by Ascanius, B.C. 1152, on the spot where Æneas found, according to the prophecy of Helenus (_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 390, &c.), and of the god of the river (_Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 43), a _white_ sow with 30 young ones. It was called _longa_ because it extended along the hill Albinus. The descendants of Æneas reigned there in the following order: 1. Ascanius, son of Æneas, with little intermission, eight years. 2. Sylvius Posthumus, 29 years. 3. Æneas Sylvius, 31 years. 4. Latinus, five years. 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atys, or Capetus, 26 years. 7. Capys, 28 years. 8. Calpetus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus, eight years. 10. Agrippa, 33 years. 11. Remulus, 19 years. 12. Aventinus, 37 years. 13. Procas, 13 years. 14. Numitor and Amulius. Alba, which had long been the powerful rival of Rome, was destroyed by the Romans, 665 B.C., and the inhabitants were carried to Rome. _Livy._――_Florus._――_Justin_, &c.――――A city of the Marsi in Italy. ――――Pompeia, a city of Liguria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Albāni= and =Albenses=, names applied to the inhabitants of the two cities of Alba. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 28.

=Albānia=, a country of Asia, between the Caspian sea and Iberia. The inhabitants are said to have their eyes all blue. Some maintain that they followed Hercules from mount Albanus in Italy, when he returned from the conquest of Geryon. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――The Caspian sea is called _Albanum_, as being near Albania. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Albānus=, a mountain with a lake in Italy, 16 miles from Rome, near Alba. It was on this mountain that the _Latinæ feriæ_ were celebrated with great solemnity. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 27. The word, taken adjectively, is applied to such as are natives of, or belong to, the town of Alba.

=Albia Terennia=, the mother of Otho. _Suetonius._

=Albīci=, a people of Gallia Aquitania. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 34.

=Albiētæ=, a people of Latium. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Albigaunum=, a town of Liguria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Albīni=, two Roman orators of great merit, mentioned by Cicero in _Brutus_. This name is common to many tribunes of the people. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 6, ch. 30. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Albinovānus Celsus.= _See:_ Celsus.――――Pedo, a poet contemporary with Ovid. He wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in a style so elegant that he merited the epithet of divine. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 5.

=Albintemēlium=, a town of Liguria. _Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Histories_, ch. 13.

=Albīnus=, was born at Adrumetum in Africa, and made governor of Britain by Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, he was elected emperor by the soldiers in Britain. Severus had also been invested with the imperial dignity by his own army; and these two rivals, with about 50,000 men each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of the empire. Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the head of Albinus to be cut off, and his body to be thrown into the Rhone, A.D. 198. Albinus, according to the exaggerated account of a certain writer called Codrus, was famous for his voracious appetite, and sometimes ate for breakfast no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches, 20 pounds of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400 oysters.――――A pretorian sent to Sylla, as ambassador from the senate during the civil wars. He was put to death by Sylla’s soldiers. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――An usurer. _Horace._――――A Roman plebeian who received the vestals into his chariot in preference to his family, when they fled from Rome, which the Gauls had sacked. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 40.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――Aulus Posthumus, consul with Lucullus, A.U.C. 603, wrote a history of Rome in Greek.

=Albion=, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, came into Britain, where he established a kingdom, and first introduced astrology and the art of building ships. He was killed at the mouth of the Rhone, with stones thrown by Jupiter, because he opposed the passage of Hercules. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The greatest island of Europe, now called Great Britain. It is called after Albion, who is said to have reigned there; or from its chalky white (_albus_) rocks, which appear at a great distance. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Tacitus_, _Agricola_. The ancients compared its figure to a long buckler, or to the iron of a hatchet.

=Albis=, a river of Germany falling into the German ocean, and now called the Elbe. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 52.

=Albius=, a man, father to a famous spendthrift. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4.――――A name of the poet Tibullus. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33, li. 1.

=Albucilla=, an immodest woman. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 47.

=Albŭla=, the ancient name of the river Tiber. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 332.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Albŭnea=, a wood near Tibur, and the river Anio, sacred to the muses. It received its name from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, worshipped as a goddess at Tibur, whose temple still remains. Near Albunea there was a small lake of the same name, whose waters were of a sulphureous smell, and possessed some medicinal properties. This lake fell, by a small stream called Albula, into the river Anio, with which it soon lost itself in the Tiber. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 12.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 83.

=Alburnus=, a lofty mountain of Lucania, where the Tanager takes its rise. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 147.

=Albus Pagus=, a place near Sidon, where Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra.

=Albūtius=, a prince of Celtiberia, to whom Scipio restored his wife. _Arrian._――――A sordid man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants before they were guilty of any offence, “lest,” said he, “I should have no time to punish them when they offend.” _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 2.――――A rhetorician in the age of Seneca.――――An ancient satirist. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Titus, an epicurean philosopher, born at Rome; so fond of Greece and Grecian manners, that he wished not to pass for a Roman. He was made governor of Sardinia; but he grew offensive to the senate and was banished. It is supposed that he died at Athens.

=Alcæus=, a celebrated lyric poet of Mitylene in Lesbos, about 600 years before the christian era. He fled from a battle, and his enemies hung up, in the temple of Minerva, the armour which he left in the field, as a monument of his disgrace. He is the inventor of alcaic verses. He was contemporary to the famous Sappho, to whom he paid his addresses. Of all his works, nothing but a few fragments remain, found in Athenæus. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 95.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 9.――_Cicero_, bk. 4, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, ch. 33.――――A poet of Athens, said by Suidas to be the inventor of tragedy.――――A writer of epigrams.――――A comic poet.――――A son of Androgeus, who went with Hercules into Thrace, and was made king of part of the country. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A son of Hercules by a maid of Omphale.――――A son of Perseus, father of Amphitryon and Anaxo. From him Hercules has been called Alcides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Alcamĕnes=, one of the Agidæ, king of Sparta, known by his apophthegms. He succeeded his father Teleclus, and reigned 37 years. The Helots rebelled in his reign. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 4, chs. 4 & 5.――――A general of the Achæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 15.――――A statuary, who lived 448 B.C., and was distinguished for his statues of Venus and Vulcan. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――The commander of a Spartan fleet, put to death by the Athenians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.

=Alcander=, an attendant of Sarpedon, killed by Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 257.――――A Lacedæmonian youth, who accidentally put out one of the eyes of Lycurgus, and was generously forgiven by the sage. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 767.

=Alcandre=, the wife of Polybius, a rich Theban. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 672.

=Alcānor=, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose sons Pandarus and Bitias followed Æneas into Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 672.――――A son of Phorus, killed by Æneas. _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 338.

=Alcăthoe=, a name of Megara, in Attica, because rebuilt by Alcathous son of Pelops. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 8.

=Alcăthous=, a son of Pelops, who, being suspected of murdering his brother Chrysippus, came to Megara, where he killed a lion which had destroyed the king’s son. He succeeded to the kingdom of Megara, and in commemoration of his services, festivals, called Alcathoia, were instituted at Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 41, &c.――――A Trojan, who married Hippodamia daughter of Anchises. He was killed in the Trojan war by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, li. 93.――――A son of Parthaon, killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.――――A friend of Æneas, killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 747.

=Alce=, one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid._――――A town of Spain which surrendered to Gracchus, now _Alcazar_, a little above Toledo. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 47.

=Alcēnor=, an Argive, who, along with Chromius, survived the battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Lacedæmonians. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 82.

=Alceste=, or =Alcestis=, daughter of Pelias and Anaxibia, married Admetus. She, with her sisters, put to death her father, that he might be restored to youth and vigour by Medea, who, however, refused to perform her promise. Upon this the sisters fled to Admetus, who married Alceste. They were soon pursued by an army headed by their brother Acastus; and Admetus, being taken prisoner, was redeemed from death by the generous offer of his wife, who was sacrificed in his stead to appease the shades of her father. Some say that Alceste, with an unusual display of conjugal affection, laid down her life for her husband, when she had been told by an oracle that he could never recover from a disease, except some one of his friends died in his stead. According to some authors, Hercules brought her back from hell. She had many suitors while she lived with her father. _See:_ Admetus. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 651.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――_Hyginus_, fable 251.――_Euripides_, _Alcestis_.

=Alcĕtas=, a king of the Molossi, descended from Pyrrhus the son of Achilles. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――――A general of Alexander’s army, brother to Perdiccas.――――The eighth king of Macedonia, who reigned 29 years.――――An historian, who wrote an account of everything that had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi. _Athenæus._――――A son of Arybas king of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Alchĭdas=, a Rhodian, who became enamoured of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Alchimăchus=, a celebrated painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Alcibiădes=, an Athenian general famous for his enterprising spirit, versatile genius, and natural foibles. He was disciple to Socrates, whose lessons and example checked for a while his vicious propensities. In the Peloponnesian war he encouraged the Athenians to make an expedition against Syracuse. He was chosen general in that war, and in his absence his enemies accused him of impiety, and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, and stirred up the Spartans to make war against Athens, and when this did not succeed he retired to Tissaphernes, the Persian general. Being recalled by the Athenians, he obliged the Lacedæmonians to sue for peace; made several conquests in Asia, and was received in triumph at Athens. His popularity was of short duration; the failure of an expedition against Cyme exposed him again to the resentment of the people, and he fled to Pharnabazus, whom he almost induced to make war upon Lacedæmon. This was told to Lysander the Spartan general, who prevailed upon Pharnabazus to murder Alcibiades. Two servants were sent for that purpose, and they set on fire the cottage where he was, and killed him with darts as he attempted to make his escape. He died in the 46th year of his age, 404 B.C., after a life of perpetual difficulties. If the fickleness of his countrymen had known how to retain among them the talents of a man who distinguished himself, and was admired wherever he went, they might have risen to greater splendour, and to the sovereignty of Greece. His character has been cleared from the aspersions of malevolence, by the writings of Thucydides, Timæus, and Theopompus; and he is known to us as a hero, who, to the principles of the debauchee, added the intelligence and sagacity of the statesman, the cool intrepidity of the general, and the humanity of the philosopher. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_.――_Thucydides_, bks. 5, 6, & 7.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_, bk. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.

=Alcidămas=, of Cos, was father to Ctesilla, who was changed into a dove. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 12.――――A celebrated wrestler. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 10, li. 500.――――A philosopher and orator, who wrote a treatise on death. He was pupil to Gorgias, and flourished B.C. 424. _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Alcidamēa=, was mother of Bunus by Mercury.

=Alcidamĭdas=, a general of the Messenians, who retired to Rhegium, after the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, B.C. 723. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Alcidămus=, an Athenian rhetorician, who wrote an eulogy on death, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, ch. 48.――_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.

=Alcīdas=, a Lacedæmonian, sent with 23 galleys against Corcyra, in the Peloponnesian war. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 16, &c.

=Alcīdes=, a name of Hercules, from his _strength_, ἀλκος, or from his grandfather Alcæus.――――A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 51.

=Alcidĭce=, the mother of Tyro, by Salmoneus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Alcimăchus=, an eminent painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Alcimĕde=, the mother of Jason by Æson. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 296.

=Alcimĕdon=, a plain of Arcadia, with a cave the residence of Alcimedon, whose daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.――――An excellent carver. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3.――――A sailor, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 10.

=Alcimĕnes=, a tragic poet of Megara.――――A comic writer of Athens. ――――An attendant of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――A man killed by his brother Bellerophon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Alcĭmus=, an historian of Sicily, who wrote an account of Italy.―――― An orator. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Alcinoe=, a daughter of Sthenelus son of Perseus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Alcĭnor.= _See:_ Alcenor.

=Alcinous=, son of Nausithous and Peribœa, was king of Phæacia, and is praised for his love of agriculture. He married his niece Arete, by whom he had several sons and a daughter, Nausicaa. He kindly entertained Ulysses, who had been shipwrecked on his coast, and heard the recital of his adventures; whence arose the proverb of the stories of Alcinous to denote improbability. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7.――_Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 87.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 81.――_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 151.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 56.―― _Plato_, _Republic_, bk. 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A son of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A man of Elis. _Pausanias._――――A philosopher in the second century, who wrote a book _de Doctriná Platonis_, the best edition of which is the 12mo, printed Oxford, 1667.

=Alcioneus=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 4.

=Alciphron=, a philosopher of Magnesia, in the age of Alexander. There are some epistles in Greek that bear his name, and contain a very perfect picture of the customs and manners of the Greeks. They are by some supposed to be the production of a writer of the fourth century. The only edition is that of Leipzig, 12mo, 1715, cum notis Bergleri.

=Alcippe=, a daughter of the god Mars, by Agraulos. She was ravished by Halirrhotius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――The wife of Metion and mother to Eupalamus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――The daughter of Œnomaus, and wife of Evenus, by whom she had Marpessa. ――――A woman who brought forth an elephant. _Pliny_, bk. 7.――――A country-woman. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7.

=Alcippus=, a reputed citizen of Sparta, banished by his enemies. He married Democrite, of whom _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_.

=Alcis=, a daughter of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Alcithoe=, a Theban woman, who ridiculed the orgies of Bacchus. She was changed into a bat, and the spindle and yarn with which she worked, into a vine and ivy. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 1.

=Alcmæon=, was son of the prophet Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. His father going to the Theban war, where, according to an oracle, he was to perish, charged him to revenge his death upon Eriphyle, who had betrayed him. _See:_ Eriphyle. As soon as he heard of his father’s death, he murdered his mother, for which crime the Furies persecuted him till Phlegeus purified him and gave him his daughter Alphesibœa in marriage. Alcmæon gave her the fatal collar which his mother had received to betray his father, and afterwards divorced her, and married Callirhoe the daughter of Achelous, to whom he promised the necklace which he had given to Alphesibœa. When he attempted to recover it, Alphesibœa’s brothers murdered him on account of the treatment which he had shown their sister, and left his body a prey to dogs and wild beasts. Alcmæon’s children by Callirhoe revenged their father’s death by killing his murderers. _See:_ Alphesibœa, Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 18; bk. 8, ch. 24. ――_Plutarch_, _de Exilio_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Hyginus_, fables 73 & 245.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 2 & 4.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 44; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 10.――――A son of Ægyptus, the husband of Hippomedusa. _Apollodorus._――――A philosopher, disciple to Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He wrote on physic, and he was the first who dissected animals to examine into the structure of the human frame. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 6, ch. 27.――――A son of the poet Æschylus, the 13th archon of Athens.――――A son of Syllus, driven from Messenia with the rest of Nestor’s family, by the Heraclidæ. He came to Athens, and from him the Alcmæonidæ were descended. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Alcmæŏnĭdæ=, a noble family of Athens, descended from Alcmæon. They undertook for 300 talents to rebuild the temple of Delphi, which had been burnt, and they finished the work in a more splendid manner than was required, in consequence of which they gained popularity, and by their influence the Pythia prevailed upon the Lacedæmonians to deliver their country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. _Herodotus_, bks. 5 & 6.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 59.――_Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Alcman=, a very ancient lyric poet, born in Sardinia, and not at Lacedæmon, as some suppose. He wrote in the Doric dialect six books of verses, besides a play called Colymbosas. He flourished B.C. 670, and died of the lousy disease. Some of his verses are preserved by Athenæus and others. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 33.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 41; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Aristotle_, _History of Animals_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Alcmēna=, was daughter of Electryon king of Argos, by Anaxo, whom _Plutarch_, ♦_Theseus_ calls Lysidice, and _Diodorus_, bk. 2, Eurymede. Her father promised his crown and his daughter to Amphitryon, if he would revenge the death of his sons, who had been all killed, except Licymnius, by the Teleboans, a people of Ætolia. While Amphitryon was gone against the Ætolians, Jupiter, who was enamoured of Alcmena, resolved to introduce himself into her bed. The more effectually to insure success in his amour, he assumed the form of Amphitryon, declared that he had obtained a victory over Alcmena’s enemies, and even presented her with a cup, which he said he had preserved from the spoils for her sake. Alcmena yielded to her lover what she had promised to her future husband; and Jupiter, to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered his messenger, Mercury, to stop the rising of Phœbus, or the sun, so that the night he passed with Alcmena was prolonged to three long nights. Amphitryon returned the next day; and after complaining of the coldness with which he was received, Alcmena acquainted him with the reception of a false lover the preceding night, and even showed him the cup which she had received. Amphitryon was perplexed at the relation, and more so upon missing the cup from among his spoils. He went to the prophet Tiresias, who told him of Jupiter’s intrigue; and he returned to his wife proud of the dignity of his rival. Alcmena became pregnant by Jupiter, and afterwards by her husband; and when she was going to bring forth, Jupiter boasted in heaven that a child was to be born that day to whom he would give absolute power over his neighbours, and even over all the children of his own blood. Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter’s amours with Alcmena, made him swear by the Styx, and immediately prolonged the travails of Alcmena, and hastened the bringing forth of the wife of Sthenelus king of Argos, who, after a pregnancy of seven months, had a son called Eurystheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 5, &c., says that Juno was assisted by Lucina to put off the bringing forth of Alcmena, and that Lucina, in the form of an old woman, sat before the door of Amphitryon with her legs and arms crossed. This posture was the cause of infinite torment to Alcmena, till her servant, Galanthis, supposing the old woman to be a witch, and to be the cause of the pains of her mistress, told her that she had brought forth. Lucina retired from her posture, and immediately Alcmena brought forth twins, Hercules conceived by Jupiter, and Iphiclus by Amphitryon. Eurystheus was already born, and therefore Hercules was subjected to his power. After Amphitryon’s death, Alcmena married Rhadamanthus, and retired to Ocalea, in Bœotia. This marriage, according to some authors, was celebrated in the island of Leuce. The people of Megara said that she died ♠on her way from Argos to Thebes, and that she was buried in the temple of Jupiter Olympius. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 18; bk. 9, ch. 16.――_Plutarch_, ♦_Theseus_ & _Romulus_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11; _Iliad_, bk. 19.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, ♣poem 4.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Hyginus_, fable 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 4, 7; bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Plautus_, _Amphitruo_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 43 & 45. ――――_See:_ Amphitryon, Hercules, Eurystheus.

♦ ‘de Reb. Græc.’ replaced with ‘Theseus’ ♠ ‘in’ replaced with ‘on’ ♣ ‘9’ replaced with ‘4’

=Alcon=, a famous archer, who one day saw his son attacked by a serpent, and aimed at him so dexterously that he killed the beast without hurting his son.――――A silversmith. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 5.――――A son of Hippocoon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A surgeon under Claudius, who gained much money by his profession, in curing hernias and fractures.――――A son of Mars.――――A son of Amycus. These two last were at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Hyginus_, fable 173.

♦=Alcyŏna=, a pool of Greece, whose depth the emperor Nero attempted in vain to find. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 37.

♦ Resorted into proper alphabetical order

=Alcyŏne=, or =Halcyŏne=, daughter of Æolus, married Ceyx, who was drowned as he was going to Claros to consult the oracle. The gods apprised Alcyone in a dream of her husband’s fate; and when she found, on the morrow, his body washed on the sea-shore, she threw herself into the sea, and was with her husband changed into birds of the same name, who keep the waters calm and serene, while they build and sit on their nests on the surface of the sea, for the space of 7, 11, or 14 days. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 399.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 10.――_Hyginus_, fable 65.――――One of the Pleiades, daughter of Atlas. She had Arethusa by Neptune, and Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters, was changed into a constellation. _See:_ Pleiades. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Hyginus_, fable 157.――――The daughter of Evenus, carried away by Apollo after her marriage. Her husband pursued the ravisher with his bow and arrows, but was not able to recover her. Upon this, her parents called her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that of the wife of Ceyx. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 558.――――The wife of Meleager. _Hyginus_, fable 174.――――A town of Thessaly, where Philip, Alexander’s father, lost one of his eyes.

=Alcyŏneus=, a youth of exemplary virtue, son to Antigonus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4.――――A giant, brother to Porphyrion. He was killed by Hercules. His daughters, mourning his death, threw themselves into the sea, and were changed into Alcyons by Amphitrite. _Claudian_, _De Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Aldescus=, a river of European Sarmatia, rising from the Riphæan mountains, and falling into the northern sea. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Alduăbis.= _See:_ Dubis.

=Alea=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple built by Aleus son of Aphidas, at Tegæa in Arcadia. The statue of the goddess made of ivory was carried by Augustus to Rome. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 46.――――A town of Arcadia, built by Aleus. It had three famous temples, those of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana the Ephesian. When the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated, the women were whipped in the temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Alēbas=, a tyrant of Larissa, killed by his own guards for his cruelties. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 323.

=Alēbion= and =Dercynus=, sons of Neptune, were killed by Hercules for stealing his oxen in Africa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Alecto=, one of the Furies (_a_, ληγω, _non desino_), is represented with flaming torches, her head covered with serpents, and breathing vengeance, war, and pestilence. _See:_ Eumenides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 324, &c.; bk. 10, li. 41.

=Alector=, succeeded his father Anaxagoras in the kingdom of Argos, and was father to Iphis and Capaneus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Alectryon=, a youth whom Mars, during his amours with Venus, stationed at the door to watch against the approach of the sun. He fell asleep, and Apollo came and discovered the lovers, who were exposed by Vulcan, in each other’s arms, before all the gods. Mars was so incensed that he changed Alectryon into a cock, which, still mindful of his neglect, early announces the approach of the sun. _Lucian_, _Alectryon_ [_Gallus_].

=Alectus=, a tyrant of Britain, in Diocletian’s reign, &c. He died 296 A.D.

=Alēius Campus=, a place in Lycia, where Bellerophon fell from the horse Pegasus, and wandered over the country till the time of his death. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 201.――_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 872.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 257.

=Alemanni=, or =Alamanni=, a people of Germany. They are first mentioned in the reign of Caracalla, who was honoured with the surname of _Alemannicus_ for a victory over them.

=Alēmon=, the father of Myscellus. He built Crotona in Magna Græcia. Myscellus is often called Alemonides. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, lis. 19 & 26.

=Alemusii=, inhabitants of Attica, in whose country there was a temple of Ceres and of Proserpine. _Pausanias_, _Attica_.

=Alens=, a place in the island of Cos.

=Aleon=, or =Ales=, a river of Ionia, near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5; bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Alēse=, a town of Sicily, called afterwards Achronidion, after the founder. The Romans made it an independent city.

=Alēsia=, or =Alexia=, now _Alise_, a famous city of the Mandubii in Gaul, founded by Hercules, as he returned from Iberia, on a high hill. Julius Cæsar conquered it. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 68.

=Alēsium=, a town and mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 10.

=Aletes=, a son of Ægisthus, murdered by Orestes. _Hyginus_, fable 122.

=Alēthes=, the first of the Heraclidæ, who was king of Corinth. He was son of Hippotas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A companion of Æneas, described as a prudent and venerable old man. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 125; bk. 9, li. 246.

=Alethia=, one of Apollo’s nurses.

=Aletĭdas= (from ἀλαομαι, _to wander_), certain sacrifices at Athens, in remembrance of Erigone, who wandered with a dog after her father Icarius.

=Aletrium=, a town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called Aletrinates. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 42.

=Alētum=, a tomb near the harbour of Carthage in Spain. _Polybius_, bk. 10.

=Aleuādæ=, a royal family of Larissa in Thessaly, descended from Aleuas king of that country. They betrayed their country to Xerxes. The name is often applied to the Thessalians without distinction. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, chs. 6, 172.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Alēus=, a son of Aphidas king of Arcadia, famous for his skill in building temples. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 53.

=Alex=, a river in the country of the Brutii. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Alexamēnus=, an Ætolian, who killed Nabis tyrant of Lacedæmon, and was soon after murdered by the people. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 34.

=Alexander I.=, son of Amyntas, was the tenth king of Macedonia. He killed the Persian ambassadors for their immodest behaviour to the women of his father’s court, and was the first who raised the reputation of the Macedonians. He reigned 43 years, and died 451 B.C. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_, bks. 5, 7, 8, & 9.

=Alexander II.=, son of Amyntas II., king of Macedonia, was treacherously murdered, B.C. 370, by his younger brother Ptolemy, who held the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and Philip. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 5, says Eurydice, the wife of Amyntas, was the cause of his murder.

=Alexander III.=, surnamed the Great, was son of Philip and Olympias. He was born B.C. 355, that night on which the famous temple of Diana at Ephesus was burnt by Erostratus. This event, according to the magicians, was an early prognostic of his future greatness, as well as the taming of Bucephalus, a horse which none of the king’s courtiers could manage; upon which Philip said, with tears in his eyes, that his son must seek another kingdom, as that of Macedonia would not be sufficiently large for the display of his greatness. Olympias, during her pregnancy, declared that she was with child by a dragon; and the day that Alexander was born, two eagles perched for some time on the house of Philip, as if foretelling that his son would become master of Europe and Asia. He was pupil to Aristotle during five years, and he received his learned preceptor’s instructions with becoming deference and pleasure, and ever respected his abilities. When Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 15th year, was left governor of Macedonia, where he quelled a dangerous sedition, and soon after followed his father to the field, and saved his life in a battle. He was highly offended when Philip divorced Olympias to marry Cleopatra, and he even caused the death of Attalus, the new queen’s brother. After this he retired from court to his mother Olympias, but was recalled; and when Philip was assassinated, he punished his murderers; and, by his prudence and moderation, gained the affections of his subjects. He conquered Thrace and Illyricum, and destroyed Thebes; and after he had been chosen chief commander of all the forces of Greece, he declared war against the Persians, who under Darius and Xerxes had laid waste and plundered the noblest of the Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot and 5000 horse, he invaded Asia, and after the defeat of Darius at the Granicus, he conquered all the provinces of Asia Minor. He obtained two other celebrated victories over Darius at Issus and Arbela, took Tyre after an obstinate siege of seven months, and the slaughter of 2000 of the inhabitants in cold blood, and made himself master of Egypt, Media, Syria, and Persia. From Egypt he visited the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and bribed the priests, who saluted him as the son of their god, and enjoined his army to pay him divine honours. He built a town which he called Alexandria, on the western side of the Nile, near the coast of the Mediterranean, an eligible situation which his penetrating eye marked as best entitled to become the future capital of his immense dominions, and to extend the commerce of his subjects from the Mediterranean to the Ganges. His conquests were spread over India, where he fought with Porus, a powerful king of the country; and after he had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian ocean, he retired to Babylon loaded with the spoils of the east. His entering the city was foretold by the magicians as fatal, and their prediction was fulfilled. He died at Babylon the 21st of April, in the 32nd year of his age, after a reign of 12 years and 8 months of brilliant and continued success, 323 B.C. His death was so premature that some have attributed it to the effects of poison, and excess of drinking. Antipater has been accused of causing the fatal poison to be given him at a feast; and perhaps the resentment of the Macedonians, whose services he seemed to forget, by entrusting the guard of his body to the Persians, was the cause of his death. He was so universally regretted, that Babylon was filled with tears and lamentations; and the Medes and Macedonians declared that no one was able or worthy to succeed him. Many conspiracies were formed against him by the officers of his army, but they were all seasonably suppressed. His tender treatment of the wife and mother of king Darius, who were taken prisoners, has been greatly praised; and the latter, who had survived the death of her son, killed herself when she heard that Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity more than once endangered his life; he always fought as if sure of victory, and the terror of his name was often more powerfully effectual than his arms. He was always forward in every engagement, and bore the labours of the field as well as the meanest of his soldiers. During his conquests in Asia, he founded many cities, which he called Alexandria, after his own name. When he had conquered Darius, he ordered himself to be worshipped as a god; and Callisthenes, who refused to do it, was shamefully put to death. He also murdered at a banquet, his friend Clitus, who had once saved his life in a battle, because he enlarged upon the virtues and exploits of Philip, and preferred them to those of his son. His victories and success increased his pride; he dressed himself in the Persian manner, and, giving himself up to pleasure and dissipation, he set on fire the town of Persepolis in a fit of madness and intoxication, encouraged by the courtesan Thais. Yet, among all his extravagances, he was fond of candour and of truth; and when one of his officers read to him, as he sailed on the Hydaspes, a history which he had composed of his wars with Porus, and in which he had too liberally panegyrized him, Alexander snatched the book from his hand, and threw it into the river, saying, “What need is there of such flattery? Are not the exploits of Alexander sufficiently meritorious in themselves, without the colourings of falsehood?” He in like manner rejected a statuary, who offered to cut mount Athos like him, and represent him as holding a town in one hand, and pouring a river from the other. He forbade any statuary to make his statue except Lysippus, and any painter to draw his picture except Apelles. On his death-bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and it was supposed that by this singular present he wished to make him his successor. Some time before his death, his officers asked him whom he appointed to succeed him on the throne; and he answered, “The worthiest among you; but I am afraid,” added he, “my best friends will perform my funeral obsequies with bloody hands.” Alexander, with all his pride, was humane and liberal, easy and familiar with his friends, a great patron of learning, as may be collected from his assisting Aristotle with a purse of money to effect the completion of his natural history. He was brave often to rashness; he frequently lamented that his father conquered everything, and left him nothing to do; and exclaimed, in all the pride of regal dignity, “Give me kings for competitors, and I will enter the lists at Olympia.” All his family and infant children were put to death by Cassander. The first deliberation that was made after his decease, among his generals, was to appoint his brother Philip Aridæus successor, until Roxane, who was then pregnant by him, brought into the world a legitimate heir. Perdiccas wished to be supreme regent as Aridæus wanted capacity; and, more strongly to establish himself, he married Cleopatra, Alexander’s sister, and made alliance with Eumenes. As he endeavoured to deprive Ptolemy of Egypt, he was defeated in a battle by Seleucus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river Nile, and assassinated by his own cavalry. Perdiccas was the first of Alexander’s generals who took up arms against his fellow-soldiers, and he was the first who fell a sacrifice to his rashness and cruelty. To defend himself against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of alliance with some generals, among whom was Antipater, who had strengthened himself by giving his daughter Phila, an ambitious and aspiring woman, in marriage to Craterus, another of the generals of Alexander. After many dissensions and bloody wars among themselves, the generals of Alexander laid the foundation of several great empires in the three quarters of the globe. Ptolemy seized Egypt, where he firmly established himself, and where his successors were called Ptolemies, in honour of the founder of their empire, which subsisted till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his posterity reigned in Babylon and Syria. Antigonus at first established himself in Asia Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The descendants of Antipater were conquered by the successors of Antigonus, who reigned in Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans in the time of king Perseus. Lysimachus made himself master of Thrace; and Leonatus, who had taken possession of Phrygia, meditated for a while to drive Antipater from Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in Cappadocia, but was soon overpowered by the combinations of his rival Antigonus, and starved to death. During his lifetime, Eumenes appeared so formidable to the successors of Alexander, that none of them dared to assume the title of king. _Curtius_, _Arrian_, & _Plutarch_ have written an account of Alexander’s life. _Diodorus_, bks. 17 & 18.――_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7, 8, & 9.――_Justin_, bks. 11 & 12.―― _Valerius Maximus._――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――――A son of Alexander the Great, by Roxane, put to death, with his mother, by Cassander. _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 2.――――A man who, after the expulsion of Telestes, reigned in Corinth. Twenty-five years after, Telestes dispossessed him, and put him to death.――――A son of Cassander king of Macedonia, who reigned two years conjointly with his brother Antipater, and was prevented by Lysimachus from revenging his mother Thessalonica, whom his brother had murdered. Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, put him to death. _Justin_, bk. 16, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 7.――――A king of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and successor to Arybas. He banished Timolaus to Peloponnesus, and made war in Italy against the Romans, and observed that he fought with men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, was fighting with an army of women (meaning the Persians). He was surnamed Molossus. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Livy_, bk. 8, chs. 17 & 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A son of Pyrrhus, was king of Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, from which he was expelled by Demetrius. He recovered it by the assistance of the Acarnanians. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A king of Syria, driven from his kingdom by Nicanor son of Demetrius Soter, and his father-in-law Ptolemy Philometer. _Justin_, bk. 35, chs. 1 & 2.――_Josephus_, bk. 13, _Antiquities of the Jews_.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A king of Syria, first called Bala, was a merchant, and succeeded Demetrius. He conquered Nicanor by means of Ptolemy Physcon, and was afterwards killed by Antiochus Gryphus son of Nicanor. _Josephus_, _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 13, ch. 18.――――Ptolemy was one of the Ptolemean kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra raised him to the throne, in preference to his brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned conjointly with him. Cleopatra, however, expelled him, and soon after recalled him; and Alexander, to prevent being expelled a second time, put her to death, and for this unnatural action was himself murdered by one of his subjects. _Josephus_, bk. 13, _Antiquities of the Jews_, ch. 20, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――――Ptolemy II., king of Egypt, was son of the preceding. He was educated in the island of Cos, and, falling into the hands of Mithridates, escaped to Sylla, who restored him to his kingdom. He was murdered by his subjects a few days after his restoration. _Appian_, bk. 1, _Civil Wars_.――――Ptolemy III., was king of Egypt after his brother Alexander the last mentioned. After a peaceful reign, he was banished by his subjects, and died at Tyre, B.C. 65, leaving his kingdom to the Roman people. _See:_ Ægyptus and Ptolemæus. _Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_.――――A youth, ordered by Alexander the Great to climb the rock Aornus, with 30 other youths. He was killed in the attempt. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――An historian mentioned by _Plutarch_, _Marius_.――――An Epicurean philosopher. _Plutarch._――――A governor of Æolia, who assembled a multitude on pretence of showing them an uncommon spectacle, and confined them till they had each bought their liberty with a sum of money. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――――A name given to Paris son of Priam. _See:_ Paris.――――Jannæus, a king of Judea, son of Hyrcanus and brother of Aristobulus, who reigned as a tyrant, and died through excess of drinking, B.C. 79, after massacring 800 of his subjects for the entertainment of his concubines.――――A Paphlagonian, who gained divine honours by his magical tricks and impositions, and likewise procured the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. He died 70 years old.――――A native of Caria, in the third century, who wrote a commentary on the writings of Aristotle, part of which is still extant.――――Trallianus, a physician and philosopher of the fourth century, some of whose works in Greek are still extant.――――A poet of Ætolia, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――A peripatetic philosopher, said to have been preceptor to Nero.――――An historian, called also Polyhistor, who wrote five books on the Roman republic, in which he said that the Jews had received their laws, not from God, but from a woman whom he called Moso. He also wrote treatises on the Pythagorean philosophy, B.C. 88.――――A poet of Ephesus, who wrote a poem on astronomy and geography.――――A writer of Myndus, quoted by _Athenæus_ and _Ælian_.――――A sophist of Seleucia, in the age of Antoninus.――――A physician in the age of Justinian.――――A Thessalian, who, as he was going to engage in a naval battle, gave to his soldiers a great number of missile weapons, and ordered them to dart them continually upon the enemy to render their numbers useless. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 27.――――A son of Lysimachus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 12.――――A governor of Lycia, who brought a reinforcement of troops to Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――――A son of Polyperchon, killed in Asia by the Dymæans. _Diodorus_, bks. 18 & 19.――――A poet of Pleuron son of Satyrus and Stratoclea, who said that Theseus had a daughter called Iphigenia by Helen. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――A Spartan, killed with 200 of his soldiers by the Argives, when he endeavoured to prevent their passing through the country of Tegea. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A cruel tyrant of Pheræ, in Thessaly, who made war against the Macedonians, and took Pelopidas prisoner. He was murdered, B.C. 357, by his wife called Thebe, whose room he carefully guarded by a Thracian sentinel, and searched every night, fearful of some dagger that might be concealed to take away his life. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 49; _de Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Pelopidas_.―― _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――_Diodorus_, bks. 15 & 16.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 321.――――Severus, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Severus.

=Alexandra=, the name of some queens of Judæa mentioned by _Josephus_. ――――A nurse of Nero. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 50.――――A name of Cassandra, because she assisted mankind by her prophecies. _Lycophron._

=Alexandri Aræ=, the boundaries, according to some, of Alexander’s victories, near the Tanais. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Alexandrīa=, the name of several cities which were founded by Alexander, during his conquests in Asia; the most famous are:――A grand and extensive city, built B.C. 332, by Alexander, on the western side of the Delta. The illustrious founder intended it not only for the capital of Egypt, but of his immense conquests, and the commercial advantages which its situation commanded continued to improve from the time of Alexander till the invasion of the Saracens in the seventh century. The commodities of India were brought there, and thence dispersed to the different countries around the Mediterranean. Alexandria is famous, among other curiosities, for the large library which the pride or learning of the Ptolemies had collected there, at a vast expense, from all parts of the earth. This valuable repository was burnt by the orders of the caliph Omar, A.D. 642; and it is said that, during six months, the numerous volumes supplied fuel for the 4000 baths, which contributed to the health and convenience of the populous capital of Egypt. Alexandria has likewise been distinguished for its schools, not only of theology and philosophy, but of physic, where once to have studied was a sufficient recommendation to distant countries. The astronomical school, founded by Philadelphus, maintained its superior reputation for 10 centuries, till the time of the Saracens. The modern town of Scanderoon has been erected upon the ruins of Alexandria, and, as if it were an insult to its former greatness, it scarce contains 6000 inhabitants. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――Another in Albania, at the foot of mount Caucasus.――――Another in Arachosia, in India.――――The capital of Aria, between Hecatompylon and Bactra.――――Another of Carmania. ――――Another in Cilicia, on the confines of Syria.――――Another the capital of Margiana.――――Another of Troas, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7.―― _Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 16, 23, & 25.

=Alexandrĭdes=, a Lacedæmonian, who married his sister’s daughter, by whom he had Dorycus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus.――――A native of Delphi, of which he wrote a history.

=Alexandrīna aqua=, baths in Rome, built by the emperor Alexander Severus.

=Alexandropŏlis=, a city of Parthia, built by Alexander the Great. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 25.

=Alexānor=, a son of Machaon, who built in Sicyon a temple to his grandfather Æsculapius, and received divine honours after death. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11.

=Alexarchus=, a Greek historian.

=Alexas=, of Laodicea, was recommended to Marcus Antony by Timagenes. He was the cause that Antony repudiated Octavia to marry Cleopatra. Augustus punished him severely after the defeat of Antony. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Alexia=, or =Alesia=. _See:_ Alesia.

=Alexicăcus=, a surname given to Apollo by the Athenians, because he delivered them from the plague during the Peloponnesian war.

=Alexīnus=, a disciple of Eubulides the Milesian, famous for the acuteness of his genius and judgment, and for his fondness for contention and argumentation. He died of a wound which he had received from a sharp-pointed reed, as he swam across the river Alpheus. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Euclides_.

=Alexion=, a physician intimate with Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 25.

=Alexippus=, a physician of Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Alexiraes=, son of Hercules by Hebe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――――A place of Bœotia, where Alexiraes was born, bears also this name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 25.

=Alexirhoe=, a daughter of the river Granicus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 763.

=Alexis=, a man of Samos, who endeavoured to ascertain, by his writings, the borders of his country.――――A comic poet, 336 B.C., of Thurium, who wrote 245 comedies, of which some few fragments remain. ――――A servant of Asinius Pollio.――――An ungrateful youth of whom a shepherd is deeply enamoured, in Virgil’s _Eclogues_, poem 2.――――A statuary, disciple to Polycletes, 87th Olympiad _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A schoolfellow of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 2.

=Alexon=, a native of Myndos, who wrote fables. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Alfaterna=, a town of Campania, beyond mount Vesuvius.

=Publius Alfēnus Varus=, a native of Cremona, who, by the force of his genius and his application, raised himself from his original profession of a cobbler to offices of trust at Rome, and at last became consul. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 130.

=Algĭdum=, a town of Latium near Tusculum, about 12 miles from Rome. There is a mountain of the same name in the neighbourhood. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 21.

=Aliacmon= and =Haliacmon=, a river of Macedonia, separating it from Thessaly. It flows into the Ægean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Aliartus= (or um) and =Haliartus=, a town of Bœotia, near the river Permessus, taken by Marcus Lucretius. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 63. ――――Another in Peloponnesus, on the coast of Messenia. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 274.

=Alĭcis=, a town of Laconia.――――A tribe of Athens.

=Aliēnus Cæcīna=, a questor in Bœotia, appointed, for his services, commander of a legion in Germany, by Galba. The emperor disgraced him for his bad conduct, for which he raised commotions in the empire. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 52.

=Alīfæ=, =Alifa=, or =Alipha=, a town of Italy, near the Vulturnus, famous for the making of cups. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 39. ――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Alilæi=, a people of Arabia Felix.

=Alimentus Cincius=, an historian in the second Punic war, who wrote in Greek an account of Annibal, besides a treatise on military affairs. _Livy_, bks. 21 & 30.

=Alindæ=, a town of Caria. _Arrian._

=Aliphēria=, a town of Arcadia, situate on a hill. _Polybius_, bk. 4, ch. 77.

=Alirrothius=, a son of Neptune. Hearing that his father had been defeated by Minerva, in his dispute about giving a name to Athens, he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to cut down the olive, which had sprung from the ground and given the victory to Minerva; but in the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his own legs so severely that he instantly expired.

=Tiberius Alledius Severus=, a Roman knight, who married his brother’s daughter to please Agrippina.――――A noted glutton in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 118.

=Allia=, a river of Italy, falling into the Tiber. The Romans were defeated on its banks by Brennus and the Gauls, who were going to plunder Rome, 17th July, B.C. 390. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 37.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 717.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 413.

=Alliēnos=, a pretor of Sicily, under Cæsar. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 2.

=Allŏbrŏges=, a warlike nation of Gaul near the Rhone, in that part of the country now called Savoy, Dauphiné, and Vivarais. The Romans destroyed their city because they had assisted Annibal. Their ambassadors were allured by great promises to join in Catiline’s conspiracy against his country; but they scorned the offers, and discovered the plot. _Dio Cassius._――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 66.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Allobry̆ges=, a people of Gaul, supposed to be the same as the Allobroges. _Polybius_, bk. 30, ch. 56.

=Allotrĭges=, a nation on the southern parts of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Allutius=, or =Albutius=, a prince of the Celtiberi, to whom Scipio restored the beautiful princess whom he had taken in battle.

=Almo=, a small river near Rome falling into the Tiber. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 387.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 600.

=Almon=, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus. He was the first Rutulian killed by the Trojans; and from the skirmish which happened before and after his death, arose the enmities which ended in the fall of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 532.

=Alŏa=, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus and Ceres, by whose beneficence the husbandmen received the recompense of their labours. The oblations were the fruits of the earth. Ceres has been called from this, Aloas and Alois.

=Aloēus=, a giant, son of Titan and Terra. He married Iphimedia, by whom Neptune had the twins Othus and Ephialtus. Aloeus educated them as his own, and from that circumstance they have been called _Aloides_. They made war against the gods, and were killed by Apollo and Diana. They grew up nine inches every month, and were only nine years old when they undertook their war. They built the town of Ascra, at the foot of mount Helicon. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 582.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5; _Odyssey_, bk. 11.

=Aloīdes= and =Aloidæ=, the sons of Aloeus. _See:_ Aloeus.

=Alŏpe=, daughter of Cercyon king of Eleusis, had a child by Neptune, whom she exposed in the woods, covered with a piece of her gown. The child was preserved, and carried to Alope’s father, who, upon knowing the gown, ordered his daughter to be put to death. Neptune, who could not save his mistress, changed her into a fountain. The child, called Hippothoon, was preserved by some shepherds and placed by Theseus upon his grandfather’s throne. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 39.――_Hyginus_, fable 187.――――One of the Harpies. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A town of Thessaly. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 682.

=Alopĕce=, an island in the Palus Mæotis. _Strabo._――――Another in the Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――Another in the Ægean sea opposite Smyrna. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――A small village of Attica, where was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom the Spartans had sent to deliver Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. Socrates and Aristides were born there. _Aeschines_, _Against Timarchus_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 64.

=Alopius=, a son of Hercules and Antiope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Alos=, a town of Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Alotia=, festivals in Arcadia, in commemoration of a victory gained over Lacedæmon by the Arcadians.

=Alpēnus=, the capital of Locris, at the north of Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176, &c.

=Alpes=, mountains that separate Italy from Spain, Gaul, Rhætia, and Germany; considered as the highest ground in Europe. From them arise several rivers, which, after watering the neighbouring countries, discharge themselves into the German, Mediterranean, and Euxine seas. The Alps are covered with perpetual snows, and distinguished, according to their situation, by the different names of _Cottiæ_, _Carnicæ_, _Graiæ_, _Noricæ_, _Juliæ_, _Maritimæ_, _Pannoniæ_, _Penninæ_, _Pœnæ_, _Rhætiæ_, _Tridentinæ_, _Venetæ_. A traveller is generally five days in reaching the top in some parts. They were supposed for a long time to be impassable. Hannibal marched his army over them, and made his way through rocks, by softening and breaking them with vinegar. They were inhabited by fierce uncivilized nations, who were unsubdued till the age of Augustus, who, to eternize the victory which he had obtained over them, erected a pillar in their territory. _Strabo_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 35.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 151.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 41.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 183.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 53.

=Alpheia=, a surname of Diana in Elis. It was given her when the river Alpheus endeavoured to ravish her without success.――――A surname of the nymph Arethusa, because loved by the Alpheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 487.

=Alphēnor=, one of Niobe’s sons. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6.

=Alphēnus.= _See:_ Alfenus.

=Alphesibœa=, daughter of the river Phlegeus, married Alcmæon son of Amphiaraus, who had fled to her father’s court after the murder of his mother. _See:_ Alcmæon. She received, as a bridal present, the famous necklace which Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to induce her to betray her husband Amphiaraus. Alcmæon being persecuted by the means of his mother, left his wife by order of the oracle, and retired near the Achelous, whose daughter Callirrhoe had two sons by him, and begged of him, as a present, the necklace which was then in the hands of Alphesibœa. He endeavoured to obtain it, and was killed by Temenus and Axion, Alphesibœa’s brothers, who thus revenged their sister who had been so innocently abandoned. _Hyginus_, fable 244.――_Propertius_, bk. 8, poem 15, li. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Alphesibœus=, a shepherd, often mentioned in Virgil’s eclogues.

=Alphēus=, now _Alpheo_, a famous river of Peloponnesus, which rises in Arcadia, and after passing through Elis falls into the sea. The god of this river fell in love with the nymph Arethusa, and pursued her till she was changed into a fountain by Diana. The fountain Arethusa is in Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse; and the ancients affirm that the river Alpheus passes under the sea from Peloponnesus, and without mingling itself with the salt waters, rises again in Ortygia, and joins the stream of Arethusa. If anything is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, according to their traditions, it will reappear, after some time, swimming on the waters of Arethusa, near Sicily. Hercules made use of the Alpheus to clean the stables of Augeas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 694.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 10.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 176. ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 6, ch. 21.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.

=Alphius=, or =Alfeus=, a celebrated usurer ridiculed in _Horace_, _Epodes_, poem 2.

=Alphius Avitus=, a writer in the age of Severus, who gave an account of illustrious men, and a history of the Carthaginian war.

=Alpīnus=, belonging to the Alps. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 442.

=Alpīnus (Cornelius)=, a contemptible poet, whom Horace ridicules for the awkward manner in which he introduces the death of Memnon in a tragedy, and the pitiful style with which he describes the Rhine, in an epic poem which he attempted on the wars in Germany. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.――――Julius, one of the chiefs of the Helvetii. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 68.

=Alpis=, a small river falling into the Danube.

=Alsium=, a maritime town at the west of the Tiber, now _Statua_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.

=Alsus=, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, flowing from mount Sipylus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 27.――――A shepherd during the Rutulian wars. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 304.

=Althæa=, daughter of Thestius and Eurythemis, married Œneus king of Calydon, by whom she had many children, among whom was Meleager. When Althæa brought forth Meleager, the Parcæ placed a log of wood in the fire, and said, that as long as it was preserved, so long would the life of the child just born be prolonged. The mother saved the wood from the flames, and kept it very carefully; but when Meleager killed his two uncles, Althæa’s brothers, Althæa, to revenge their death, threw the log into the fire, and as soon as it was burnt, Meleager expired. She was afterwards so sorry for the death she had caused, that she killed herself, unable to survive her son. _See:_ Meleager. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45; bk. 10, ch. 31.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Althæmĕnes=, a son of Creteus king of Crete. Hearing that either he or his brothers were to be their father’s murderers, he fled to Rhodes, where he made a settlement, to avoid becoming a parricide. After the death of all his other sons, Creteus went after his son Althæmenes; when he landed in Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him, supposing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of his own son. When Althæmenes knew that he had killed his father, he entreated the gods to remove him, and the earth immediately opened, and swallowed him up. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Altīnum=, a flourishing city of Italy, near Aquileia, famous for its wool. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Altis=, a sacred grove round Jupiter’s temple at Olympia, where the statues of the Olympic conquerors were placed. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 20, &c.

=Altus=, a city of Peloponnesus. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.

=Aluntium=, a town of Sicily. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4.

=Alus=, =Aluus=, and =Halus=, a village of Arcadia, called also the temple of Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Alyattes I.=, a king of Lydia, descended from the Heraclidæ. He reigned 57 years.

=Alyattes II.=, king of Lydia, of the family of the Mermnadæ, was father to Crœsus. He drove the Cimmerians from Asia, and made war against the Medes. He died when engaged in a war against Miletus, after a reign of 35 years. A monument was raised on his grave with the money which the women of Lydia had obtained by prostitution. An eclipse of the sun terminated a battle between him and Cyaxares. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 16, 17, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Aly̆ba=, a country near Mysia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Alycæa=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Alycæus=, son of Sciron, was killed by Theseus. A place in Megara received its name from him. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Aly̆mon=, the husband of Circe.

=Alyssus=, a fountain of Arcadia, whose waters could cure the bite of a mad dog. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 19.

=Alyxothoe=, or =Alexirhoe=, daughter of Dymus, was mother of Æsacus by Priam. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 763.

=Alyzia=, a town of Acarnania on the western mouth of the Achelous, opposite to the Echinades. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 16, ltr. 2.

=Amadŏcus=, a king of Thrace, defeated by his antagonist Seuthes. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_, ch. 10.

=Amage=, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable for her justice and fortitude. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 56.

=Amalthæa=, daughter of Melissus king of Crete, fed Jupiter with goat’s milk. Hence some authors have called her a goat, and have maintained that Jupiter, to reward her kindnesses, placed her in heaven as a constellation, and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who had taken care of his infant years. This horn was called the horn of plenty, and had the power to give the nymphs whatever they desired. _Diodorus_, bks. 3, 4, 5.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 113.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Hyginus_, fable 139.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.――――A Sibyl of Cumæ, called also Hierophile and Demophile. She is supposed to be the same who brought nine books of prophecies to Tarquin king of Rome, &c. _Varro._――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 67. _See:_ Sibyllæ.

=Amalthēum=, a public place which Atticus had opened in his country house, called Amalthea, in Epirus, and provided with everything which could furnish entertainment and convey instruction. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 13.

=Amăna=, or =Amanus=, part of mount Taurus in Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 244.

=Cn. Salvius Amandus=, a rebel general under Diocletian, who assumed imperial honours, and was at last conquered by Diocletian’s colleague.

=Amantes=, or =Amantīni=, a people of Illyricum descended from the Abantes of Phocis. _Callimachus._

=Amānus=, one of the deities worshipped in Armenia and Cappadocia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.――――A mountain in Cilicia.

=Amārăcus=, an officer of Cinyras, changed into marjoram.

=Amardi=, a nation near the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Amartus=, a city of Greece. _Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_.

=Amaryllis=, the name of a countrywoman in Virgil’s eclogues. Some commentators have supposed that the poet spoke of Rome under this fictitious appellation.

=Amarynceus=, a king of the Epeans, buried at Buprasium. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 1.

=Amarynthus=, a village in Eubœa, whence Diana is called Amarysia, and her festivals in that town Amarynthia.――――Eubœa is sometimes called Amarynthus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.

=Amas=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3.

=Amăsēnus=, a small river of Latium falling into the Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 685.

=Amasia=, a city of Pontus, where Mithridates the Great and Strabo the geographer were born. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Amāsis=, a man who, from a common soldier, became king of Egypt. He made war against Arabia, and died before the invasion of his country by Cambyses king of Persia. He made a law that every one of his subjects should yearly give an account to the public magistrates of the manner in which he supported himself. He refused to continue in alliance with Polycrates the tyrant of Samos, on account of his uncommon prosperity. When Cambyses came into Egypt, he ordered the body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be insulted and burnt; an action which was very offensive to the religious notions of the Egyptians. _Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――――A man who led the Persians against the inhabitants of Barce. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 201, &c.

=Amastris=, the wife of Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily, was sister to Darius, whom Alexander conquered. _Strabo_.――――Also, the wife of Xerxes king of Persia. _See:_ Amestris.――――A city of Paphlagonia, on the Euxine sea. _Catullus._

=Amastrus=, one of the auxiliaries of Perses, against Ætes king of Colchis, killed by Argus son of Phryxus. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 544. ――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 673.

=Amāta=, the wife of king Latinus. She had betrothed her daughter Lavinia to Turnus, before the arrival of Æneas in Italy. She zealously favoured the interest of Turnus, and when her daughter was given in marriage to Æneas, she hung herself to avoid the sight of her son-in-law. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, &c.

=Amăthus= (genitive: untis), now _Limisso_, a city on the southern side of the island of Cyprus, particularly dedicated to Venus. The island is sometimes called Amathusia, a name not unfrequently applied to the goddess of the place. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 51.――_Claudius Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Amaxampēus=, a fountain of Scythia, whose waters imbitter the stream of the river Hypanis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 52.

=Amaxia=, or =Amaxīta=, an ancient town of Troas.――――A place of Cilicia abounding with wood fit for building ships. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Amazēnes=, or =Mazēnes=, a prince of the island Oaractus, who sailed for some time with the Macedonians and Nearchus in Alexander’s expedition to the east. _Arrian_, _Indica_.

=Amazŏnes=, or =Amazŏnĭdes=, a nation of famous women who lived near the river Thermodon in Cappadocia. All their life was employed in wars and manly exercises. They never had any commerce with the other sex, but, only for the sake of propagation, they visited the inhabitants of the neighbouring country for a few days, and the male children which they brought forth were given to the fathers. According to Justin, they were strangled as soon as born, and Diodorus says that they maimed them and distorted their limbs. The females were carefully educated with their mothers, in the labours of the field; their right breast was burnt off that they might hurl a javelin with more force, and make a better use of the bow; from that circumstance, therefore, their name is derived (_a non_, μαζα _mamma_). They founded an extensive empire in Asia Minor, along the shores of the Euxine, and near the Thermodon. They were defeated in a battle near the Thermodon by the Greeks; and some of them migrated beyond the Tanais, and extended their territories as far as the Caspian sea. Themyscyra was the most capital of their towns; and Smyrna, Magnesia, Thyatira, and Ephesus, according to some authors, were built by them. Diodorus, bk. 3, mentions a nation of Amazons in Africa more ancient than those of Asia. Some authors, among whom is Strabo, deny the existence of the Amazons, and of a republic supported and governed by women, who banished or extirpated all their males; but Justin and Diodorus particularly support it; and the latter says that Penthesilea, one of their queens, came to the Trojan war on the side of Priam, and that she was killed by Achilles, and from that time the glory and character of the Amazons gradually decayed, and was totally forgotten. The Amazons of Africa flourished long before the Trojan war, and many of their actions have been attributed to those of Asia. It is said, that after they had subdued almost all Asia, they invaded Attica, and were conquered by Theseus. Their most famous actions were their expeditions against Priam, and afterwards the assistance they gave him during the Trojan war; and their invasion of Attica, to punish Theseus, who had carried away Antiope, one of their queens. They were also conquered by Bellerophon and Hercules. Among their queens, Hippolyte, Antiope, Lampeto, Marpesia, &c., are famous. Curtius says that Thalestris, one of their queens, came to Alexander, whilst he was pursuing his conquests in Asia, for the sake of raising children from a man of such military reputation; and that, after she had remained 13 days with him, she retired into her country. The Amazons were such expert archers, that, to denote the goodness of a bow or quiver, it was usual to call it Amazonian. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 311. ――_Jornandes_, _Getica_, ch. 7.――_Philostratus Major_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5. ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 7; bk. 14, ch. 8; bk. 36, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 110.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 163.

=Amazŏnia=, a celebrated mistress of the emperor Commodus.――――The country of the Amazons, near the Caspian sea.

=Amazŏnium=, a place in Attica, where Theseus obtained a victory over the Amazons.

=Amazŏnius=, a surname of Apollo at Lacedæmon.

=Ambarri=, a people of Gallia Celtica, on the Arar, related to the Ædui. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Ambarvālia=, a joyful procession round the ploughed fields, in honour of Ceres the goddess of corn. There were two festivals of that name celebrated by the Romans, one about the month of April, the other in July. They went three times round their fields crowned with oak leaves singing hymns to Ceres, and entreating her to preserve their corn. The word is derived _ab ambiendis arvis_, going round the fields. A sow, a sheep, and a bull, called _ambarvaliæ hostiæ_, were afterwards immolated, and the sacrifice has sometimes been called _suovetaurilia_, from _sus_, _ovis_, and _taurus_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, lis. 339 & 345.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 19.――_Cato_, _de Re Rustica_, ch. 141.

=Ambĕnus=, a mountain of European Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, ch. 85.

=Ambialītes=, a people of Gallia Celtica. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Ambiānum=, a town of Belgium, now _Amiens_. Its inhabitants conspired against Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Ambiatīnum=, a village of Germany, where the emperor Caligula was born. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 8.

=Ambigātus=, a king of the Celtæ, in the time of Tarquinius Priscus. Seeing the great population of his country, he sent his two nephews, Sigovesus and Bellovesus, with two colonies, in quest of new settlements; the former towards the Hercynian woods, and the other towards Italy. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34, &c.

=Ambiōrix=, a king of the Eburones in Gaul. He was a great enemy to Rome, and was killed in a battle with Julius Cæsar, in which 60,000 of his countrymen were slain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, chs. 11, 26; bk. 6, ch. 30.

=Ambivius=, a man mentioned by _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.

=Amblada=, a town of Pisidia. _Strabo._

=Ambracia=, a city of Epirus near the Acheron, the residence of king Pyrrhus. Augustus, after the battle of Actium, called it Nicopolis. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Polybius_, bk. 4, ch. 63.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Ambracius Sinus=, a bay of the Ionian sea, near Ambracia, about 300 stadia deep, narrow at the entrance, but within near 100 stadia in breadth, and now called the gulf of Larta. _Polybius_, bk. 4, ch. 63.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Ambri=, an Indian nation. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 9.

=Ambrōnes=, certain nations of Gaul, who lost their possessions by the inundation of the sea, and lived upon rapine and plunder, whence the word _Ambrones_ implied a dishonourable meaning. They were conquered by Marius. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.

=Ambrōsia=, festivals observed in honour of Bacchus in some cities in Greece. They were the same as the Brumalia of the Romans.――――One of the daughters of Atlas, changed into a constellation after death. ――――The food of the gods was called _ambrosia_, and their drink _nectar_. The word signifies immortal. It had the power of giving immortality to all those who eat it. It was sweeter than honey, and of a most odoriferous smell; and it is said that Berenice, the wife of Ptolemy Soter, was saved from death by eating ambrosia given her by Venus. Titonus was made immortal by Aurora, by eating ambrosia; and in like manner Tantalus and Pelops, who, on account of their impiety, had been driven from heaven, and compelled to die upon earth. It had the power of healing wounds, and therefore Apollo, in Homer’s Iliad, saves Sarpedon’s body from putrefaction, by rubbing it with ambrosia; and Venus also heals the wounds of her son, in Virgil’s Æneid, with it. The gods used generally to perfume the hair with ambrosia; as Juno when she adorned herself to captivate Jupiter, and Venus when she appeared to Æneas. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 14, 16, & 24.――_Lucian_, _de Dea Syria_.――_Catullus_, poem 100.―― _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 15.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 407; bk. 12, li. 419.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2.――_Pindar_, bk. 1, _Olympian_.

=Ambrosius=, bishop of Milan, obliged the emperor Theodosius to make penance for the murder of the people of Thessalonica, and distinguished himself by his writings, especially against the Arians. His three books, _de Officiis_, are still extant, besides eight hymns on the creation. His style is not inelegant, but his diction is sententious, his opinions eccentric, though his subject is diversified by copiousness of thought. He died A.D. 397. The best edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1686.

=Ambrȳon=, a man who wrote the life of Theocritus of Chios. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Ambryssus=, a city of Phocis, which receives its name from a hero of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 35.

=Ambūbājæ=, Syrian women of immoral lives, who, in the dissolute period of Rome, attended festivals and assemblies as minstrels. The name is derived by some from Syrian words, which signify a flute. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 27.

=Ambulli=, a surname of Castor and Pollux, in Sparta.

=Ameles=, a river of hell, whose waters no vessel could contain. ♦_Plato_, bk. 10, _Republic_.

♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Amenanus=, a river of Sicily, near mount Ætna, now _Guidicello_. _Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Amenīdes=, a secretary of Darius the last king of Persia. Alexander set him over the Arimaspi. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Amenŏcles=, a Corinthian, said to be the first Grecian who built a three-oared galley at Samos and Corinth. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 13.

=Ameria=, a city of Umbria, whose osiers (_Amerinæ salices_) were famous for the binding of vines to the elm trees. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 265.

=Amestrătus=, a town of Sicily, near the Halesus. The Romans besieged it for seven months, and it yielded at last after a third siege, and the inhabitants were sold as slaves. _Polybius_, bk. 1, ch. 24.

=Amestris=, queen of Persia, was wife to Xerxes. She cruelly treated the mother of Artiante, her husband’s mistress, and cut off her nose, ears, lips, breast, tongue, and eyebrows. She also buried alive 14 noble Persian youths, to appease the deities under the earth. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61; bk. 9, ch. 111.――――A daughter of Oxyartes, wife to Lysimachus. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.

=Amīda=, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged and taken by Sapor king of Persia. _Ammianus_, bk. 19.

=Amilcar=, a Carthaginian general of great eloquence and cunning, surnamed Rhodanus. When the Athenians were afraid of Alexander, Amilcar went to his camp, gained his confidence, and secretly transmitted an account of all his schemes to Athens. _Trogus_, bk. 21, ch. 6.――――A Carthaginian, whom the Syracusans called to their assistance against the tyrant Agathocles, who besieged their city. Amilcar soon after favoured the interest of Agathocles, for which he was accused at Carthage. He died in Syracuse, B.C. 309. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 22, chs. 2 & 3.――――A Carthaginian, surnamed Barcas, father to the celebrated Annibal. He was general in Sicily during the first Punic war; and after a peace had been made with the Romans, he quelled a rebellion of slaves, who had besieged Carthage, and taken many towns of Africa, and rendered themselves so formidable to the Carthaginians that they begged and obtained assistance from Rome. After this, he passed into Spain with his son Annibal, who was but nine years of age, and laid the foundation of the town of Barcelona. He was killed in a battle against the Vettones, B.C. 237. He had formed the plan of an invasion of Italy, by crossing the Alps, which his son afterwards carried into execution. His great enmity to the Romans was the cause of the second Punic war. He used to say of his three sons, that he kept three lions to devour the Roman power. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 1.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_.――――A Carthaginian general, who assisted the Insubres against Rome, and was taken by Cnaeus Cornelius. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 30; bk. 33, ch. 8.――――A son of Hanno, defeated in Sicily by Gelon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated at Salamis by Themistocles. He burnt himself, that his body might not be found among the slain. Sacrifices were offered to him. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 165, &c.

=Amĭlos=, or =Amĭlus=, a river of Mauritania, where the elephants go to wash themselves by moonshine. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 1.――――A town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, _Arcadia_.

=Amimŏne=, or =Amymŏne=, a daughter of Danaus, changed into a fountain which is near Argos, and flows into the lake Lerna. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240.

=Amĭnea=, or =Amminea=, a part of Campania, where the inhabitants are great husbandmen. Its wine was highly esteemed. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 97.――――A place of Thessaly.

=Aminias=, a famous pirate, whom Antigonus employed against Apollodorus tyrant of Cassandrea. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 18.

=Aminius=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.

=Aminŏcles=, a native of Corinth, who flourished 705 B.C., &c.

=Amisēna=, a country of Cappadocia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Amisias=, a comic poet, whom Aristophanes ridiculed for his insipid verses.

=Amissas=, an officer of Megalopolis in Alexander’s army. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 8.

=Amiternum=, a town of Italy, where Sallust was born. The inhabitants assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 710.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 45.

=Amithāon=, or =Amythāon=, was father to Melampus the famous prophet. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 451.

=Ammālo=, a festival in honour of Jupiter in Greece.

=Ammiānus.= _See:_ Marcellinus.

=Ammon= and =Hammon=, a name of Jupiter, worshipped in Libya. He appeared under the form of a ram to Hercules, or, according to others, to Bacchus, who, with his army, suffered the greatest extremities for want of water, in the deserts of Africa, and showed him a fountain. Upon this Bacchus erected a temple to his father, under the name of Jupiter Ammon, _i.e._ _sandy_, with the horns of a ram. The ram, according to some, was made a constellation. The temple of Jupiter Ammon was in the deserts of Libya, nine days’ journey from Alexandria. It had a famous oracle, which, according to ancient tradition, was established about 18 centuries before the time of Augustus, by two doves which flew away from Thebais in Egypt, and came, one to Dodona, and the other to Libya, where the people were soon informed of their divine mission. The oracle of Hammon was consulted by Hercules, Perseus, and others; but when it pronounced Alexander to be the son of Jupiter, such flattery destroyed its long-established reputation, and in the age of Plutarch it was scarce known. The situation of the temple was pleasant; and according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 310,――_Lucretius_, bk. 6, li. 147,――_Herodotus_, _Melpomene_.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 7, there was near it a fountain whose waters were cold at noon and midnight, and warm in the morning and evening. There were above 100 priests in the temple, but only the elders delivered oracles. There was also an oracle of Jupiter Ammon in Æthiopia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 11, & 17.――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_, & _Iside et Osiride_.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 10; bk. 10, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 2, chs. 32 & 55; bk. 4, ch. 44.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 23.――_Hyginus_, fable 133; _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 11, ch. 11.――――A king of Libya, father to Bacchus. He gave his name to the temple of Hammon, according to _Diodorus_, bk. 8.

=Ammon= and =Brothas=, two brothers famous for their skill in boxing. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 107.

=Ammōnia=, a name of Juno in Elis, as being the wife of Jupiter Ammon. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15.

=Ammōnii=, a nation of Africa, who derived their origin from the Egyptians and Æthiopians. Their language was a mixture of that of the two people from whom they were descended. _Herodotus_, bks. 2, 3, & 4.

=Ammōnius=, a christian philosopher, who opened a school of Platonic philosophy at Alexandria, 232 A.D., and had amongst his pupils Origen and Plotinus. His treatise, Περι Ὁμοιων, was published in 4to by Valckenaer, Leiden, 1739.――――A writer who gave an account of sacrifices, as also a treatise on the harlots of Athens. _Athenæus_, bk. 13.――――An Athenian general surnamed Barcas. _Polybius_, bk. 3.

=Ammothea=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.

=Amnias=, a river of Bithynia. _Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.

=Amnīsus=, a port of Gnossus, at the north of Crete, with a small river of the same name, near which Lucina had a temple. The nymphs of the place were called Amnisiades. _Callimachus._

=Amœbæus=, an Athenian player of great reputation, who sung at the nuptials of Demetrius and Nicæa. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Amomētus=, a Greek historian. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.

=Amor=, the son of Venus, was the god of love. _See:_ Cupido.

=Amorges=, a Persian general, killed in Caria, in the reign of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 121.

=Amorgos=, an island among the Cyclades, where Simonides was born. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Ampĕlus=, a promontory of Samos.――――A town of Crete,――――of Macedonia,――――of Liguria,――――and Cyrene.――――A favourite of Bacchus, son of a satyr and a nymph, made a constellation after death. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 407.

=Ampelūsia=, a promontory of Africa, in Mauritania. _Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 6.

=Amphēa=, a city of Messenia, taken by the Lacedæmonians. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Amphialāus=, a famous dancer in the island of the Phæacians. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8.

=Amphiănax=, a king of Lycia in the time of Acrisius and Prœtus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Amphiarāus=, son of Oicleus, or, according to others, of Apollo by Hypermnestra, was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, and accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition. He was famous for his knowledge of futurity and thence he is called by some son of Apollo. He married Eriphyle, the sister of Adrastus king of Argos, by whom he had two sons, Alcmæon and Amphilochus. When Adrastus, at the request of Polynices, declared war against Thebes, Amphiaraus secreted himself, not to accompany his brother-in-law in an expedition in which he knew he was to perish. But Eriphyle, who knew where he had concealed himself, was prevailed upon to betray him by Polynices, who gave her as a reward for her perfidy a famous golden necklace set with diamonds. Amphiaraus being thus discovered, went to the war, but previously charged his son Alcmæon to put to death his mother Eriphyle, as soon as he was informed that he was killed. The Theban war was fatal to the Argives, and Amphiaraus was swallowed up in his chariot by the earth, as he attempted to retire from the battle. The news of his death was brought to Alcmæon, who immediately executed his father’s command, and murdered Eriphyle. Amphiaraus received divine honours after death, and had a celebrated temple and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His statue was made of white marble, and near his temple was a fountain, whose waters were ever held sacred. They only who had consulted his oracle, or had been delivered from a disease, were permitted to bathe in it, after which they threw pieces of gold and silver into the stream. Those who consulted the oracle of Amphiaraus first purified themselves, and abstained from food for 24 hours, and three days from wine, after which they sacrificed a ram to the prophet, and spread the skin upon the ground, upon which they slept in expectation of receiving in a dream the answer of the oracle. Plutarch, _De Defectu Oraculorum_, mentions that the oracle of Amphiaraus was once consulted in the time of Xerxes, by one of the servants of Mardonius, for his master, who was then with an army in Greece; and that the servant, when asleep, saw in a dream the priest of the temple, who upbraided him and drove him away, and even threw stones at his head when he refused to comply. This oracle was verified in the death of Mardonius, who was actually killed by the blow of a stone which he received on the head. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 40. ――_Philostratus_, _Lives_.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 243, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 70, 73, 128, & 150.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, bk. 9, fable 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34; bk. 2, ch. 37; bk. 9, chs. 8 & 19.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9; bk. 3, ch. 6, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Amphiarāĭdes=, a patronymic of Alcmæon as being son of Amphiaraus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 43.

=Amphicrătes=, an historian who wrote the lives of illustrious men. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Amphictyon=, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned at Athens after Cranaus, and first attempted to give the interpretation of dreams, and to draw omens. Some say that the deluge happened in his age. _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――The son of Helenus, who first established the celebrated council of the _Amphictyons_, composed of the wisest and most virtuous men of some cities of Greece. This august assembly consisted of 12 persons, originally sent by the following states: the Ionians, Dorians, Perhæbians, Bœotians, Magnesians, Phthians, Locrians, Malians, Phocians, Thessalians, Dolopes, and the people of Œta. Other cities in process of time sent also some of their citizens to the council of the Amphictyons, and in the age of Antoninus Pius, they were increased to the number of 30. They generally met twice every year at Delphi, and sometimes sat at Thermopylæ. They took into consideration all matters of difference which might exist between the different states of Greece. When the Phocians plundered the temple of Delphi the Amphictyons declared war against them, and this war was supported by all the states of Greece, and lasted 10 years. The Phocians, with their allies the Lacedæmonians, were deprived of the privilege of sitting in the council of the Amphictyons, and the Macedonians were admitted in their place, for their services in support of the war. About 60 years after, when Brennus, with the Gauls, invaded Greece, the Phocians behaved with such courage, that they were reinstated in all their former privileges. Before they proceeded to business, the Amphictyons sacrificed an ox to the god of Delphi, and cut his flesh into small pieces, intimating that union and unanimity prevailed in the several cities which they represented. Their decisions were held sacred and inviolable, and even arms were taken up to enforce them. _Pausanias_, _Phocis_ & _Achaia_.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Suidas._ ――_Hesychius._――_Aeschines._

=Amphiclea=, a town of Phocis, where Bacchus had a temple.

=Amphidāmus=, a son of Aleus, brother to Lycurgus. He was of the family of the Inachidæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――One of the Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 376.――――A son of Busiris, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Amphidrŏmia=, a festival observed by private families at Athens, the fifth day after the birth of every child. It was customary to _run round_ the fire with a child in their arms; whence the name of the festivals.

=Amphigenīa=, a town of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 178.

=Amphilŏchus=, a son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. After the Trojan war, he left Argos, his native country, and built Amphilochus, a town of Epirus. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――An Athenian philosopher who wrote upon agriculture. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.

=Amphily̆tus=, a soothsayer of Acarnania, who encouraged Pisistratus to seize the sovereign power of Athens. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 62.

=Amphimăche=, a daughter of Amphidamus, wife of Eurystheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Amphimăchus=, one of Helen’s suitors, son of Cteatus. He went to the Trojan war. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Hyginus_, fable 97.――――A son of Actor and Theronice. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Amphimĕdon=, a Libyan killed by Perseus, in the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 75.――――One of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li. 283.

=Amphinŏme=, the name of one of the attendants of Thetis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 44.

=Amphinŏmus=, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 16 & 22.

=Amphinŏmus= and =Anapius=, two brothers, who, when Catana and the neighbouring cities were in flames, by an eruption from mount Ætna, saved their parents upon their shoulders. The fire, as it is said, spared them while it consumed others by their side; and Pluto, to reward their uncommon piety, placed them after death in the island of Leuce, and they received divine honours in Sicily. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 197.――_Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_.

=Amphīon=, was son of Jupiter, by Antiope daughter of Nycteus, who had married Lycus, and had been repudiated by him when he married Dirce. Amphion was born at the same birth as Zethus, on mount Citheron, where Antiope had fled to avoid the resentment of Dirce; and the two children were exposed in the woods, but preserved by a shepherd. _See:_ Antiope. When Amphion grew up, he cultivated poetry and made such an uncommon progress in music, that he is said to have been the inventor of it, and to have built the walls of Thebes at the sound of his lyre. Mercury taught him music, and gave him the lyre. He was the first who raised an altar to this god. Zethus and Amphion united to avenge the wrongs which their mother had suffered from the cruelties of Dirce. They besieged and took Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied his wife to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her through precipices till she expired. The fable of Amphion’s moving stones and raising the walls of Thebes at the sound of his lyre, has been explained by supposing that he persuaded, by his eloquence, a wild and uncivilized people to unite together and build a town to protect themselves against the attacks of their enemies. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 20; bk. 9, chs. 5 & 17.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 15.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 323.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 11; _Art of Poetry_, li. 394.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 1, li. 10.――――A son of Jasus king of Orchomenos, by Persephone daughter of Mius. He married Niobe daughter of Tantalus, by whom he had many children, among whom was Chloris the wife of Neleus. He has been confounded by mythologists with the son of Antiope, though Homer in his Odyssey speaks of them both, and distinguishes them beyond contradiction. The number of Amphion’s children, according to Homer, was 12, six of each sex; according to Ælian, 20; and according to Ovid, 14, seven males and seven females. When Niobe boasted herself greater, and more deserving of immortality than Latona, all her children, except Chloris, were destroyed by the arrows of Apollo and Diana; Niobe herself was changed into a stone, and Amphion killed himself in a fit of despair. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, lis. 261 & 282.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, li. 36.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 5.――――One of the Argonauts. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A famous painter and statuary, son of Acestor of Gnossus. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 10.――――One of the Greek generals in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 692.

=Amphipŏles=, magistrates appointed at Syracuse by Timoleon, after the expulsion of Dionysius the younger. The office existed for above 300 years. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Amphipŏlis=, a town on the Strymon, between Macedonia and Thrace. An Athenian colony, under Agnon son of Nicias, drove the ancient inhabitants, called Edonians, from the country, and built a city, which they called Amphipolis, _i.e._ a town surrounded on all sides, because the Strymon flowed all around it. It has been also called Acra, Strymon, Myrica, Eion, and the town of Mars. It was the cause of many wars between the Athenians and Spartans. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 102, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 126; bk. 7, ch. 114.―― _Diodorus_, bks. 11, 12, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cimon_.

=Amphipy̆ros=, a surname of Diana, because she carries a _torch_ in _both_ her hands. _Sophocles_, _Trachiniæ_.

=Amphirētus=, a man of Acanthus, who artfully escaped from pirates who had made him prisoner. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.

=Amphiroe=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 361.

=Amphis=, a Greek comic poet of Athens, son of Amphicrates, contemporary with Plato. Besides his comedies he wrote other pieces, which are now lost. _Suidas._――_Diogenes Laërtius._

=Amphisbæna=, a two-headed serpent in the deserts of Libya, whose bite was venomous and deadly. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 719.

=Amphissa=, or =Issa=, a daughter of Macareus, beloved by Apollo. She gave her name to a city of Locris near Phocis, in which was a temple of Minerva. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 703.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 172.――――A town of the Brutii on the east coast.

=Amphissēne=, a country of Armenia.

=Amphissus=, a son of Dryope. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 10.

=Amphisthĕnes=, a Lacedæmonian, who fell delirious in sacrificing to Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Amphistīdes=, a man so naturally destitute of intellect, that he seldom remembered that he ever had a father. He wished to learn arithmetic, but never could comprehend beyond the figure 4. _Aristotle_, _Problemata_, bk. 4.

=Amphistrătus= and =Rhecas=, two men of Laconia, charioteers to Castor and Pollux. _Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 3.

=Amphitea=, the mother of Ægialeus by Cyanippus, and of three daughters, Argia, Deipyle, and Ægialea, by Adrastus king of Argos. She was daughter to Pronax. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――The wife of Autolycus, by whom she had Anticlea the wife of Laertes. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 416.

=Amphitheātrum=, a large round or oval building at Rome, where the people assembled to see the combats of gladiators, of wild beasts, and other exhibitions. The amphitheatres of Rome were generally built with wood. Statilius Taurus was the first who made one with stones, under Augustus.

=Amphithĕmis=, a Theban general, who involved the Lacedæmonians into a war with his country. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Amphithoe=, one of the Nereides.

=Amphītrīte=, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, married Neptune, though she had made a vow of perpetual celibacy. She had by him Triton, one of the sea deities. She had a statue at Corinth in the temple of Neptune. She is sometimes called Salatia, and is often taken for the sea itself. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 930.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_, bk. 1, li. 104.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 14.――――One of the Nereides.

=Amphĭtryon=, a Theban prince, son of Alcæus and Hipponome. His sister Anaxo had married Electryon king of Mycenæ, whose sons were killed in a battle by the Teleboans. Electryon promised his crown and daughter Alcmena to him who could revenge the death of his sons upon the Teleboans; and Amphitryon offered himself and was received, on condition that he should not approach Alcmena before he had obtained a victory. Jupiter, who was captivated with the charms of Alcmena, borrowed the features of Amphitryon when he was gone to the war, and introduced himself to Electryon’s daughter as her husband returned victorious. Alcmena became pregnant of Hercules by Jupiter, and of Iphiclus by Amphitryon, after his return. _See:_ Alcmena. When Amphitryon returned from the war, he brought back to Electryon the herds which the Teleboans had taken from him. One of the cows having strayed from the rest, Amphitryon, to bring them together, threw a stick, which struck the horns of the cow, and rebounded with such violence upon Electryon, that he died on the spot. After this accidental murder, Sthenelus, Electryon’s brother, seized the kingdom of Mycenæ, and obliged Amphitryon to leave Argolis, and retire to Thebes with Alcmena. Creon king of Thebes purified him of the murder. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 213.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.――_Hyginus_, fable 29.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Amphitryōniădes=, a surname of Hercules, as the supposed son of Amphitryon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 103.

=Amphitus=, a priest of Ceres, at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 5.

=Amphotĕrus=, was appointed commander of a fleet in the Hellespont by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A son of Alcmæon.

=Amphrȳsus=, a river of Thessaly, near which Apollo, when banished from heaven, fed the flocks of king Admetus. From this circumstance the god has been called _Amphryssius_, and his priestess _Amphryssia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 580.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 367.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 2; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 398.――――A river of Phrygia, whose waters rendered women liable to barrenness. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.

=Ampia Labiena lex=, was enacted by Titus Ampius and ♦Titus Labienus, tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 693. It gave Pompey the Great the privilege of appearing in triumphal robes and with a golden crown at the Circensian games, and with a prætexta and golden crown at theatrical plays.

♦ ‘A.’ replaced with ‘Titus’

=Ampracia=. _See:_ Ambracia.

=Ampysĭdes=, a patronymic of Mopsus son of Ampyx. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 316.

=Ampyx=, a son of Pelias. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――A man mentioned by _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 184.――――The father of Mopsus. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.

=Amsactus=, a lake in the country of the Hirpini, at the east of Capua, whose waters are so sulphureous that they infect and destroy whatever animals come near the place. It was through this place that Virgil made the fury Alecto descend into hell, after her visit to the upper regions. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 565.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Amūlius=, king of Alba, was son of Procas and youngest brother to Numitor. The crown belonged to Numitor by right of birth; but Amulius dispossessed him of it, and even put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated his daughter Rhea Sylvia to the service of Vesta, to prevent her ever becoming a mother. Yet, in spite of all these precautions, Rhea became pregnant by the god Mars, and brought forth twins, Romulus and Remus. Amulius, who was informed of this, ordered the mother to be buried alive for violating the laws of Vesta, which enjoined perpetual chastity, and the two children to be thrown into the river. They were providentially saved by some shepherds, or, as others say, by a she-wolf; and when they had attained the years of manhood, they put to death the usurper, Amulius, and restored the crown to their grandfather. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 67.―― _Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 3 & 4.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A celebrated painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Amy̆ci Portus=, a place in Pontus, famous for the death of Amycus king of the Bebryces. His tomb was covered with laurels, whose boughs, as is reported, when carried on board a ship, caused uncommon dissensions among the sailors. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Arrian._

=Amy̆cla=, a daughter of Niobe, who, with her sister Melibœa, was spared by Diana, when her mother boasted herself greater than Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――Homer says that all the daughters perished. _Iliad_, bk. 24. _See:_ Niobe.――――The nurse of Alcibiades.

=Amy̆clæ=, a town of Italy between Caieta and Tarracina, built by the companions of Castor and Pollux. The inhabitants were strict followers of the precepts of Pythagoras, and therefore abstained from flesh. They were killed by serpents, which they thought impious to destroy, though in their own defence. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 29. Once a report prevailed in Amyclæ that the enemies were coming to storm it; upon which the inhabitants made a law that forbade such a report to be credited, and when the enemy really arrived, no one mentioned it, or took up arms in his own defence, and the town was easily taken. From this circumstance the epithet of _tacitæ_ has been given to Amyclæ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 564.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 529.――――A city of Peloponnesus, built by Amyclas. Castor and Pollux were born there. The country was famous for dogs. Apollo, called Amyclæus, had a rich and magnificent temple there, surrounded with delightful groves. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18. ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 223.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 345.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 5.

=Amyclæus=, a statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.――――A surname of Apollo.

=Amyclas=, son of Lacedæmon and Sparta, built the city of Amyclæ. His sister Eurydice married Acrisius king of Argos, by whom she had Danae. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 18.――――The master of a ship in which Cæsar embarked in disguise. When Amyclas wished to put back to avoid a violent storm, Cæsar, unveiling his head, discovered himself, and bidding the pilot pursue his voyage, exclaimed, _Cæsarem vehis, Cæsarisque fortunam_. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 520.

=Amy̆cus=, son of Neptune by Melia, or Bithynis, according to others, was king of the Bebryces. He was famous for his skill in the management of the cestus, and he challenged all strangers to a trial of strength. When the Argonauts, in their expedition, stopped on his coasts, he treated them with great kindness, and Pollux accepted his challenge, and killed him when he attempted to overcome him by fraud. _Apollonius_, bk. 2, _Argonautica_.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 22.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――One of the companions of Æneas, who almost perished in a storm on the coast of Africa. He was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 225; bk. 9, li. 772.――――Another, likewise killed by Turnus. _Ibis_, bk. 12, li. 509.――――A son of Ixion and the cloud.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 245.

=Amy̆don=, a city of Pæonia in Macedonia, which sent auxiliaries to Priam during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Amȳmōne=, daughter of Danaus and Europa, married Enceladus son of Ægyptus, whom she murdered the first night of her nuptials. She wounded a satyr with an arrow which she had aimed at a stag. The satyr pursued her, and even offered her violence, but Neptune delivered her. It was said that she was the only one of the 50 sisters who was not condemned to fill a leaky tub with water in hell, because she had been continually employed, by order of her father, in supplying the city of Argos with water in a great drought. Neptune saw her in this employment, and was enamoured of her. He carried her away, and in the place where she stood, he raised a fountain by striking a rock. The fountain has been called Amymone. She had Nauplius by Neptune. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 46. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, li. 515.――_Hyginus_, fable 169.――――A fountain and rivulet of Peloponnesus, flowing through Argolis into the lake of Lerna. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240.

=Amyntas I.=, was king of Macedonia after his father Alcetas. His son Alexander murdered the ambassadors of Megabyzus, for their wanton and insolent behaviour to the ladies of his father’s court. Bubares, a Persian general, was sent with an army to revenge the death of the ambassadors; but instead of making war, he married the king’s daughter, and defended his possessions. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 3. ――_Herodotus_, bks. 5, 7, & 8.――――The second of that name was son of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia after his murder of Pausanias. He was expelled by the Illyrians, and restored by the Thessalians and Spartans. He made war against the Illyrians and Olynthians, and lived to a great age. His wife Eurydice conspired against his life; but her snares were seasonably discovered by one of his daughters by a former wife. He had Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, Alexander the Great’s father, by his first wife; and by the other he had Archelaus, Aridæus, and Menelaus. He reigned 24 years; and soon after his death his son Philip murdered all his brothers, and ascended the throne.――_Justin_, bk. 7, chs. 4 & 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――There is another king of Macedonia of the same name, but of his life few particulars are recorded in history.――――A man who succeeded Dejotarus, in the kingdom of Gallogræcia. After his death it became a Roman province under Augustus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――One of Alexander’s officers.――――Another officer who deserted to Darius, and was killed as he attempted to seize Egypt. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A son of Antiochus, who withdrew himself from Macedonia, because he hated Alexander.――――An officer in Alexander’s cavalry. He had two brothers, called Simias and Polemon. He was accused of a conspiracy against the king, on account of his great intimacy with Philotas, and acquitted. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15; bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 8, ch. 12.――――A shepherd’s name in Virgil’s _Eclogues_.――――A Greek writer who composed several works quoted by Athenæus, 10 & 12.

=Amyntiānus=, an historian in the age of Antoninus, who wrote a treatise in commendation of Philip, Olympias, and Alexander.

=Amyntor=, a king of Argos, son of Phrastor. He deprived his son Phœnix of his eyes, to punish him for the violence which he had offered to Clytia his concubine. _Hyginus_, fable 173.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 307.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――――A general of the Dolopes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 364.――――A son of Ægyptus, killed by Damone the first night of his marriage. _Hyginus_, fable 170.

=Amyris=, a man of Sybaris, who consulted the oracle of Delphi concerning the probable duration of his country’s prosperity, &c.

=Amyrīcus Campus=, a plain of Thessaly. _Polybius_, bk. 3.

=Amyrius=, a king by whom Cyrus was killed in a battle. _Ctesias._

=Amy̆rus=, a town of Thessaly.――――A river mentioned by _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 11.

=Amystis=, a river of India falling into the Ganges. _Arrian_, _Indica_.

=Amythāon=, a son of Cretheus king of Iolchos, by Tyro. He married Idomene, by whom he had Bias and Melampus. After his father’s death, he established himself in Messenia with his brother Neleus, and re-established or regulated the Olympic games. Melampus is called _Amythaonius_, from his father Amythaon. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 550.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――――A son of Hippasus, who assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed by Lycomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17.

=Amytis=, a daughter of Astyages, whom Cyrus married. _Ctesias._――――A daughter of Xerxes, who married Megabyzus, and disgraced herself by her debaucheries.

=Anăces=, or =Anactes=, a name given to Castor and Pollux among the Athenians. Their festivals were called Anaceia. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Anacharsis=, a Scythian philosopher, 592 B.C., who, on account of his wisdom, temperance, and extensive knowledge, has been called one of the seven wise men. Like his countrymen, he made use of a cart instead of a house. He was wont to compare laws to cobwebs, which can stop only small flies, and are unable to resist the superior force of large insects. When he returned to Scythia from Athens, where he had spent some time in study, and in the friendship of Solon, he attempted to introduce there the laws of the Athenians, which so irritated his brother, who was then on the throne, that he killed him with an arrow. Anacharsis has rendered himself famous among the ancients by his writings, and his poems on war, the laws of Scythia, &c. Two of his letters to Crœsus and Hanno are still extant. Later authors have attributed to him the invention of tinder, of anchors, and of the potter’s wheel. The name of Anacharsis is become very familiar to modern ears, by that elegant, valuable, and truly classical work of Barthelemi, called the travels of Anacharsis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, chs. 56, 47, & 48.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Convivales_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Anacium=, a mountain with a temple sacred to the Anaces in Peloponnesus. _Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 21.

=Anacreon=, a famous lyric poet of Teos in Ionia, highly favoured by Polycrates and Hipparchus son of Pisistratus. He was of a lascivious and intemperate disposition, much given to drinking, and deeply enamoured of a youth called Bathyllus. His odes are still extant, and the uncommon sweetness and elegance of his poetry have been the admiration of every age and country. He lived to his 85th year, and, after every excess of pleasure and debauchery, choked himself with a grape stone and expired. Plato says that he was descended from an illustrious family, and that Codrus, the last king of Athens, was one of his progenitors. His statue was placed in the citadel of Athens, representing him as an old drunken man, singing, with every mark of dissipation and intemperance. Anacreon flourished 532 B.C. All that he wrote is not extant; his odes were first published by H. Stephens, with an elegant translation. The best editions of Anacreon are that of Maittaire, 4to, London, 1725, of which only 100 copies were printed, and the very correct one of Barnes, 12mo, Cambridge, 1721, to which may be added that of Brunck, 12mo, Strasbourg, 1778. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 2, 25.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 4.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 33.――_Horace_, epode 14, li. 20.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 121.

=Anactoria= and =Anactorium=, a town of Epirus, in a peninsula towards the gulf of Ambracia. It was founded by a Corinthian colony, and was the cause of many quarrels between the Corcyreans and Corinthians. Augustus carried the inhabitants to the city of Nicopolis, after the battle of Actium. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 55.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1; bk. 5, ch. 29.――――An ancient name of Miletus.

=Anactŏrie=, a woman of Lesbos, wantonly loved by Sappho. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15, li. 17.

=Anadyomĕne=, a valuable painting of Venus, represented as rising from the sea, by Apelles. Augustus bought it and placed it in the temple of Julius Cæsar. The lower part of it was a little defaced, and there were found no painters in Rome able to repair it. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Anagnia=, now _Anagni_, a city of the Hernici in Latium, where Antony struck a medal when he divorced Octavia and married Cleopatra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 684.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 392.

=Anagogia=, a festival, celebrated by the people of Eryx in Sicily, in honour of Venus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15; _Natura Animalium_, bk. 4, ch. 2.

=Anagyrontum=, a small village of Attica. _Herodotus._

=Anaītis=, a goddess of Armenia. The virgins who were consecrated to her service, esteemed themselves more dignified by public prostitution. The festivals of the deity were called Sacarum Festa; and when they were celebrated both sexes assisted at the ceremony, and inebriated themselves to such a degree, that the whole was concluded by a scene of the greatest lasciviousness and intemperance. They were first instituted by Cyrus, when he marched against the Sacæ, and covered tables with the most exquisite dainties, that he might detain the enemy by the novelty and sweetness of food to which they were unaccustomed, and thus easily destroy them. _Strabo._――――Diana is also worshipped under this name by the Lydians. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 4.

=Ananias=, an Iambic poet. _Athenæus._

=Anăphe=, an island that rose out of the Cretan sea, and received this name from the Argonauts, who, in the middle of a storm, suddenly saw the new moon. Apollo was worshipped there, and called Anaphæus. _Apollonius._

=Anaphlystus=, a small village of Attica near the sea, called after an ancient hero of the same name, who was son of Trœzen.――――A small village near Athens.

=Anāpus=, a river of Epirus. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 82.――――Of Sicily, near Syracuse. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 96.

=Anartes=, a people of Lower Pannonia. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 25.

=Anas=, a river of Spain, now called Guadiana. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Anatŏle=, one of the Horæ. _Hyginus_, fable 183.――――A mountain near the Ganges, where Apollo ravished a nymph called Anaxibia.

=Anauchĭdas=, a Samian wrestler. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Anaurus=, a river of Thessaly, near the foot of mount Pelion, where Jason lost one of his sandals. _Callimachus_, _Diana [Artemis]_.――――A river of Troas near Ida. _Colluthus._

=Anausis=, one of Medea’s suitors, killed by Styrus. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 43.

=Anax=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, father to Asterius, from whom Miletus has been called Anactoria. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 36; bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Anaxagŏras=, succeeded his father Megapenthes on the throne of Argos. He shared the sovereign power with Bias and Melampus, who had cured the women of Argos of madness. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――A Clazomenian philosopher, son of Hegesibulus, disciple to Anaximes and preceptor to Socrates and Euripides. He disregarded wealth and honours, to indulge his fondness for meditation and philosophy. He applied himself to astronomy, was acquainted with eclipses, and predicted that one day a stone would fall from the sun, which it is said really fell into the river Ægos. Anaxagoras travelled into Egypt for improvement, and used to say that he preferred a grain of wisdom to heaps of gold. Pericles was in the number of his pupils, and often consulted him in matters of state; and once dissuaded him from starving himself to death. The ideas of Anaxagoras concerning the heavens were wild and extravagant. He supposed that the sun was inflammable matter, about the bigness of Peloponnesus; and that the moon was inhabited. The heavens he believed to be of stone, and the earth of similar materials. He was accused of impiety and condemned to die; but he ridiculed the sentence, and said it had long been pronounced upon him by nature. Being asked whether his body should be carried into his own country, he answered, no, as the road that led to the other side of the grave was as long from one place as the other. His scholar Pericles pleaded eloquently and successfully for him, and the sentence of death was exchanged for banishment. In prison, the philosopher is said to have attempted to square the circle, or determine exactly the proportion of its diameter to the circumference. When the people of Lampsacus asked him before his death whether he wished anything to be done in commemoration of him, “Yes,” said he, “let the boys be allowed to play on the anniversary of my death.” This was carefully observed, and that time, dedicated to relaxation, was called _Anaxagoreia_. He died at Lampsacus in his 72nd year, 428 B.C. His writings were not much esteemed by his pupil Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_. ――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_ & _Pericles_.――_Cicero_, _Academicæ quaestiones_, bk. 4, ch. 23; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 43.――――A statuary of Ægina. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――――A grammarian, disciple to Zenodotus. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An orator, disciple to Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A son of Echeanox, who, with his brothers Codrus and Diodorus, destroyed Hegesias tyrant of Ephesus.

=Anaxander=, of the family of the Heraclidæ, was son of Eurycrates and king of Sparta. The second Messenian war began in his reign, in which Aristomenes so egregiously signalized himself. His son was called Eurycrates. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 204.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 3; bk. 4, chs. 15 & 16.――――A general of Megalopolis, taken by the Thebans.

=Anaxandrĭdes=, son of Leon and father to Cleomenes I. and Leonidas, was king of Sparta. By the order of the Ephori, he divorced his wife, of whom he was extremely fond, on account of her barrenness; and he was the first Lacedæmonian who had two wives. _Herodotus_, bks. 1, 5, & 7.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 3, &c.――――A son of Theopompus. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 131.――――A comic poet of Rhodes in the age of Philip and Alexander. He was the first poet who introduced intrigues and rapes upon the stage. He was of such a passionate disposition, that he tore to pieces all his compositions which met with no success. He composed about 100 plays, of which 10 obtained the prize. Some fragments of his poetry remain in Athenæus. He was starved to death by order of the Athenians, for satirizing their government. _Aristotle_, bk. 3, _Rhetoric_.

=Anaxarchus=, a philosopher of Abdera, one of the followers of Democritus, and the friend of Alexander. When the monarch had been wounded in a battle, the philosopher pointed to the place, adding, “That is human blood, and not the blood of a god.” The freedom of Anaxarchus offended Nicocreon, and after Alexander’s death, the tyrant, in revenge, seized the philosopher, and pounded him in a stone mortar with iron hammers. He bore this with much resignation, and exclaimed, “Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou dost not pound his soul.” Upon this Nicocreon threatened to cut his tongue, and Anaxarchus bit it off with his teeth, and spit it out into the tyrant’s face. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 571.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 7.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2, ch. 22. ――――A Theban general. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 100.

=Anaxarĕte=, a girl of Salamis, who so arrogantly despised the addresses of Iphis, a youth of ignoble birth, that the lover hung himself at her door. She saw this sad spectacle without emotion or pity, and was changed into a stone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 748.

=Anaxēnor=, a musician, whom Marcus Antony greatly honoured, and presented with the tribute of four cities. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Anaxias=, a Theban general. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Anaxibia=, a sister of Agamemnon, mother of seven sons and two daughters by Nestor. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――――A daughter of Bias, brother to the physician Melampus. She married Pelias king of Iolchos, by whom she had Acastus and four daughters――Pisidice, Pelopea, Hippothoe, and Alceste. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――She is called daughter of Dymas by _Hyginus_, fable 14.

=Anaxicrătes=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 23.

=Anaxidămus=, succeeded his father Zeuxidamus on the throne of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7; bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Anaxĭlas= and =Anaxĭlaus=, a Messenian, tyrant of Rhegium. He took Zancle, and was so mild and popular during his reign, that when he died, 476 B.C., he left his infant sons to the care of one of his servants, and the citizens chose rather to obey a slave than revolt from their benevolent sovereign’s children. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 2. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23; bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 7, ch. 167.――――A magician of Larissa, banished from Italy by Augustus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.――――A physician. _Pliny_, bk. 19, ch. 1.――――An historian, who began his history with bitter invectives against former writers. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A Lacedæmonian. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――A comic writer, about the 100th Olympiad.

=Anaxilĭdes=, wrote some treatises concerning philosophers, and mentioned that Plato’s mother became pregnant by a phantom of the god Apollo, from which circumstance her son was called the prince of wisdom. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plutarch_.

=Anaximander=, a Milesian philosopher, the companion and disciple of Thales. He was the first who constructed spheres, asserted that the earth was of a cylindrical form, and taught that men were born of earth and water mixed together, and heated by the beams of the sun; that the earth moved, and that the moon received light from the sun, which he considered as a circle of fire like a wheel, about 28 times bigger than the earth. He made the first geographical maps and sun-dials. He died in the 64th year of his age, B.C. 547. _Cicero_, _Academicæ Quæstiones_, bk. 4, ch. 37.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 70.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Convivales_. He had a son who bore his name. _Strabo_, bk. 1.

=Anaximĕnes=, a philosopher, son of Erasistratus and disciple of Anaximander, whom he succeeded in his school. He said that the air was the cause of every created being, and a self-existent divinity, and that the sun, the moon, and the stars, had been made from the earth. He considered the earth as a plain, and the heavens as a solid concave figure, on which the stars were fixed like nails, an opinion prevalent at that time, and from which originated the proverb, τι εἰ οὐρανος ἐμπεσοι, _if the heavens should fall?_ to which Horace has alluded, bk. 3, _Odes_, poem 3, li. 7. He died 504 years B.C. _Cicero_, _Academicæ Quæstiones_, bk. 4, ch. 37; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Convivales_. ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 76.――――A native of Lampsacus, son of Aristocles. He was pupil to Diogenes the cynic, and preceptor to Alexander the Great, of whose life, and that of Philip, he wrote the history. When Alexander, in a fit of anger, threatened to put to death all the inhabitants of Lampsacus, because they had maintained a long siege against him, Anaximenes was sent by his countrymen to appease the king, who, as soon as he saw him, swore he would not grant the favour he was going to ask. Upon this, Anaximenes begged the king to destroy the city and enslave the inhabitants, and by this artful request the city of Lampsacus was saved from destruction. Besides the life of Philip and his son, he wrote a history of Greece, in 12 books, all now lost. His nephew bore the same name, and wrote an account of ancient paintings. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_.

=Anaxipŏlis=, a comic poet of Thasos. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 14.――――A writer on agriculture, likewise of Thasos.

=Anaxippus=, a comic writer in the age of Demetrius. He used to say, that philosophers were wise only in their speeches, but fools in their actions. _Athenæus._

=Anaxirrhoe=, a daughter of Coronus, who married Epeus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Anaxis=, a Bœotian historian, who wrote a history down to the age of Philip son of Amyntas. _Diodorus_, bk. 25.――――A son of Castor and Hilaira.

=Anaxo=, a virgin of Trœzene carried away by Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A daughter of Alceus, mother of Alcmene by Electryon.

=Ancæus=, the son of Lycurgus and Antinoe, was in the expedition of the Argonauts. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in which he perished. _Hyginus_, fables 173 & 248.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.――――The son of Neptune and Astypalæa. He went with the Argonauts, and succeeded Tiphis as pilot of the ship Argo. He reigned in Ionia, where he married Samia daughter of the Mæander, by whom he had four sons, Perilas, Enudus, Samus, Alithersus, and one daughter called Parthenope. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_. He was once told by one of his servants, whom he pressed with hard labour in his vineyard, that he never would taste of the produce of his vines. He had already the cup in his hand, and called the prophet to convince him of his falsehood; when the servant, yet firm in his prediction, uttered this well-known proverb:

Πολλα μεταξυ πελει κυλικος και χειλεος ακρου. _Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra._

At that very moment Ancæus was told that a wild boar had entered his vineyard; upon which he threw down the cup, and ran to drive away the wild beast. He was killed in the attempt.

=Ancalītes=, a people of Britain near the Trinobantes. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Ancarius=, a god of the Jews. _See:_ Anchialus.

=Ancharia=, a family of Rome.――――The name of Octavia’s mother. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Ancharius=, a noble Roman killed by the partisans of Marius during the civil wars with Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.

=Anchemŏlus=, son of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother-in-law Casperia, for which he was expelled by his father. He fled to Turnus, and was killed by Pallas son of Evander, in the wars of Æneas against the Latins. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 389.

=Anchesītes=, a wind which blows from Achisa, a harbour of Epirus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Anchesmus=, a mountain of Attica, where Jupiter _Anchesmius_ had a statue.

=Anchiăle= and =Anchiala=, a city on the sea coast of Cilicia. Sardanapalus, the last king of Assyria, built it, with Tarsus in its neighbourhood, in one day. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27. The founder was buried there, and had a statue, under which was a famous inscription in the Syrian language, denoting the great intemperance and dissipation which distinguished all his life. There was a city of the same name in Thrace, called by Ovid the city of Apollo. There was another in Epirus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 36.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Anchiălus=, a famous astrologer.――――A great warrior, father of Mentes. ――――One of the Phæacians. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A god of the Jews, as some suppose, in _Martial’s_ epigrams, bk. 11, ltr. 95.

=Anchimolius=, a Spartan general sent against the Pisistratidæ, and killed in the expedition. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 63.――――A son of Rhœtus. _See:_ Anchemolus.

=Anchinoe=, a daughter of Nilus and wife of Belus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Anchion=. _See:_ Chion.

=Anchīse=, a city of Italy. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Anchīses=, a son of Capys by Themis daughter of Ilus. He was of such a beautiful complexion, that Venus came down from heaven on mount Ida, in the form of a nymph, to enjoy his company. The goddess became pregnant, and forbade Anchises ever to mention the favours he had received, on pain of being struck with thunder. The child which Venus brought forth was called Æneas; he was educated as soon as born by the nymphs of Ida, and, when of a proper age, was entrusted to the care of Chiron the centaur. When Troy was taken, Anchises was become so infirm that Æneas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take away whatever he esteemed most, carried him through the flames upon his shoulders, and thus saved his life. He accompanied his son in his voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicily, in the 80th year of his age. He was buried on mount Eryx by Æneas and Acestes king of the country, and the anniversary of his death was afterwards celebrated by his son and the Trojans on his tomb. Some authors have maintained that Anchises had forgot the injunctions of Venus, and boasted at a feast that he enjoyed her favours on mount Ida, upon which he was killed with thunder. Others say that the wounds he received from the thunder were not mortal, and that they only weakened and disfigured his body. Virgil, in the sixth book of the Æneid, introduces him in the Elysian fields, relating to his son the fates that were to attend him, and the fortune of his descendants the Romans. _See:_ Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 1, 2, &c.―― _Hyginus_, fables 94, 254, 260, 270.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1010. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 34.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, & _Hymn to Aphrodite_.――_Xenophon_, _On Hunting_, ch. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, _Roman Antiquities_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12, says that Anchises was buried on a mountain in Arcadia, which, from him, has been called Anchisia. ――――An Athenian archon. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8.

=Anchīsia=, a mountain of Arcadia, at the bottom of which was a monument of Anchises. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 12 & 13.

=Anchīsiădes=, a patronymic of Æneas, as being the son of Anchises. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 348, &c.

=Anchoe=, a place near the mouth of the Cephisus, where there is a lake of the same name. _Strabo._

=Anchŏra=, a fortified place in Galatia.

=Anchūrus=, a son of Midas king of Phrygia, who sacrificed himself for the good of his country when the earth had opened and swallowed up many buildings. The oracle had been consulted, and gave for answer, that the gulf would never close, if Midas did not throw into it whatever he had most precious. Though the king had parted with many things of immense value, yet the gulf continued open, till Anchurus, thinking himself the most precious of his father’s possessions, took a tender leave of his wife and family, and leaped into the earth, which closed immediately over his head. Midas erected there an altar of stones to Jupiter, and that altar was the first object which he turned to gold, when he had received his fatal gift from the gods. This unpolished lump of gold existed still in the age of Plutarch. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Ancīle= and =Ancy̆le=, a sacred shield, which, according to the Roman authors, fell from heaven in the reign of Numa, when the Roman people laboured under a pestilence. Upon the preservation of this shield depended the fate of the Roman empire, and therefore Numa ordered 11 of the same size and form to be made, that if ever any attempt was made to carry them away, the plunderer might find it difficult to distinguish the true one. They were made with such exactness, that the king promised Veterius Mamurius, the artist, whatever reward he desired. _See:_ Mamurius. They were kept in the temple of Vesta, and an order of priests was chosen to watch over their safety. These priests were called Salii, and were 12 in number; they carried, every year on the 1st of March, the shields in a solemn procession round the walls of Rome, dancing and singing praises to the god Mars. This sacred festival continued three days, during which every important business was stopped. It was deemed unfortunate to be married on those days, or to undertake any expedition; and _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Histories_, has attributed the unsuccessful campaign of the emperor Otho against Vitellius to his leaving Rome during the celebration of the Ancyliorum festum. These two verses of Ovid explain the origin of the word Ancyle, which is applied to these shields:

_Idque ancyle vocat, quod ab omni parte recisum est, Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest._

_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 377, &c.

_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 124.――_Plutarch_, _Numa_. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 664.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Ancon= and =Ancōna=, a town of Picenum, built by the Sicilians, with a harbour in the form of a crescent or elbow (ἀγχων), on the shores of the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous chapel of Loretto, supposed by monkish historians to have been brought through the air by angels, August 10, A. D. 1291, from Judæa, where it was a cottage, inhabited by the virgin Mary. The reputed sanctity of the place has often brought 100,000 pilgrims in one day to Loretto. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 402.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 437.

=Ancus Martius=, the fourth king of Rome, was grandson to Numa by his daughter. He waged a successful war against the Latins, Veientes, Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines, and joined mount Janiculum to the city by a bridge, and inclosed mount Martius and the Aventine within the walls of the city. He extended the confines of the Roman territories to the sea, where he built the town of Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber. He inherited the valour of Romulus with the moderation of Numa. He died B.C. 616, after a reign of 24 years, and was succeeded by Tarquin the elder. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 4. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 815.

=Ancȳræ=, a town of Sicily.――――A town of Phrygia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.

=Anda=, a city of Africa. _Polybius._

=Andabătæ=, certain gladiators who fought blindfolded, whence the proverb, _Andabatarum more_, to denote rash and inconsiderate measures. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 10.

=Andania=, a city of Arcadia, where Aristomenes was educated. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. It received its name from a gulf of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Andegavia=, a country of Gaul, near the Turones and the ocean. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 41.

=Andēra=, a town of Phrygia.

=Andes=, a nation among the Celtæ, whose chief town is now _Anjou_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 35.――――A village of Italy, near Mantua, where Virgil was born, hence _Andinus_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 595.

=Andocĭdes=, an Athenian orator, son of Leogoras. He lived in the age of Socrates the philosopher, and was intimate with the most illustrious men of his age. He was often banished, but his dexterity always restored him to favour. _Plutarch_ has written his life in _Lives of the Ten Orators_. Four of his orations are extant.

=Andomătis=, a river in India, falling into the Ganges. _Arrian._

=Andræmon=, the father of Thoas. _Hyginus_, fable 97.――――The son-in-law and successor of Œneus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Andragrathius=, a tyrant defeated by Gratian, A.D. 383, &c.

=Andragrăthus=, a man bribed by Lysimachus to betray his country, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Andragŏras=, a man who died a sudden death. _Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 53.

=Andramy̆les=, a king of Lydia, who castrated women, and made use of them as eunuchs. _Athenæus._

=Andrēas=, a statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.――――A man of Panormum, who wrote an account of all the remarkable events that had happened in Sicily. _Athenæus._――――A son of the Peneus. Part of Bœotia, especially where Orchomenos was built, was called _Andreis_ after him. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34, &c.

=Andriclus=, a mountain of Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A river of Troas, falling into the Scamander. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Andriscus=, a man who wrote a history of Naxos. _Athenæus_, bk. 1. ――――A worthless person called _Pseudophilippus_, on account of the likeness of his features to king Philip. He incited the Macedonians to revolt against Rome, and was conquered and led in triumph by Metellus, 152 B.C. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Androbius=, a famous painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Androclēa=, a daughter of Antipœnus of Thebes. She, with her sister Alcida, sacrificed herself in the service of her country, when the oracle had promised the victory to her countrymen, who were engaged in a war against Orchomenos, if any one of noble birth devoted himself for the glory of his nation. Antipœnus refused to do it, and his daughters cheerfully accepted it, and received great honours after death. Hercules, who fought on the side of Thebes, dedicated to them the image of a lion in the temple of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 17.

=Andrōcles=, a son of Phintas, who reigned in Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.――――A man who wrote a history of Cyprus.

=Androclīdes=, a noble Theban, who defended the democratical, against the encroachments of the oligarchical, power. He was killed by one of his enemies.――――A sophist in the age of Aurelian, who gave an account of philosophers.

=Androclus=, a son of Codrus, who reigned in Ionia, and took Ephesus and Samos. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Androcy̆des=, a physician, who wrote the following letter to Alexander: ――_Vinum potaturus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem terræ, sicuti venenum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum._ _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 5.

=Androdămus.= _See:_ Andromadas.

=Andrōdus=, a slave known and protected in the Roman circus by a lion whose foot he had cured. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 5, ch. 15.

=Andrŏgeos=, a Greek, killed by Æneas and his friends, whom he took to be his countrymen. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 371.

=Andrŏgeus=, son of Minos and Pasiphae, was famous for his skill in wrestling. He overcame every antagonist at Athens, and became such a favourite of the people, that Ægeus king of the country grew jealous of his popularity, and caused him to be assassinated as he was going to Thebes. Some say that he was killed by the wild bull of Marathon. Minos declared war against Athens to revenge the death of his son, and peace was at last re-established on condition that Ægeus sent yearly seven boys and seven girls from Athens to Crete to be devoured by the Minotaur. _See:_ Minotaurus. The Athenians established festivals by order of Minos, in honour of his son, and called them Androgeia. _Hyginus_, fable 41.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 20.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 27.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Androgy̆næ=, a fabulous nation of Africa, beyond the Nasamones. Every one of them bore the characteristics of the male and female sex; and one of their breasts was that of a man, and the other that of a woman. _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 837.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Andrŏmăche=, a daughter of Eetion king of Thebes in Cilicia, married Hector son of Priam king of Troy, by whom she had Astyanax. She was so fond of her husband, that she even fed his horses with her own hand. During the Trojan war she remained at home employed in her domestic concerns. Her parting with Hector, who was going to a battle, in which he perished, has always been deemed the best, most tender and pathetic of all the passages in Homer’s Iliad. She received the news of her husband’s death with extreme sorrow; and after the taking of Troy, she had the misfortune to see her only son Astyanax, after she had saved him from the flames, thrown headlong from the walls of the city, by the hands of the man whose father had killed her husband. _Seneca_, _Troades_. Andromache, in the division of the prisoners by the Greeks, fell to the share of Neoptolemus, who treated her as his wife, and carried her to Epirus. He had by her three sons, Molossus, Piclus, and Pergamus, and afterwards repudiated her. After this divorce she married Helenus son of Priam, who, as herself, was a captive of Pyrrhus. She reigned with him over part of the country, and became mother by him of Cestrinus. Some say that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and Euripides says that Menelaus put him to death. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 6, 22, & 24.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 486. ――_Hyginus_, fable 123.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 35; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 6, li. 43.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Andromachidæ=, a nation who presented to their king all the virgins who were of nubile years, and permitted him to use them as he pleased.

=Andromăchus=, an opulent person of Sicily, father to the historian Timæus. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. He assisted Timoleon in recovering the liberty of the Syracusans.――――A general of Alexander, to whom Parmenio gave the government of Syria. He was burnt alive by the Samaritans. _Curtius_, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 8.――――An officer of Seleucus the younger. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.――――A poet of Byzantium.――――A physician of Crete, in the age of Nero.――――A sophist of Naples, in the age of Diocletian.

=Andromădus=, or =Androdamus=, a native of Rhegium, who made laws for the Thracians concerning the punishment of homicide, &c. _Aristotle._

=Andrŏmĕda=, a daughter of Cepheus king of Æthiopia by Cassiope. She was promised in marriage to Phineus her uncle, when Neptune drowned the kingdom, and sent a sea monster to ravage the country, because Cassiope had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the Nereides. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was consulted, and nothing could stop the resentment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not exposed to the sea monster. She was accordingly tied naked on a rock, and at the moment that the monster was going to devour her, Perseus, who returned through the air from the conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was captivated with her beauty. He promised to deliver her and destroy the monster, if he received her in marriage as a reward for his trouble. Cepheus consented, and Perseus changed the sea monster into a rock, by showing him Medusa’s head, and untied Andromeda and married her. He had by her many children, among whom were Sthenelus, Ancæus, and Electryon. The marriage of Andromeda with Perseus was opposed by Phineus, who, after a bloody battle, was changed into a stone by Perseus. Some say that Minerva made Andromeda a constellation in heaven after her death. _See:_ Medusa, Perseus. _Hyginus_, fable 64.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 43. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 5, li. 533. ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 21.――――According to _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31, it was at Joppa in Judæa that Andromeda was tied on a rock. He mentions that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to which she had been exposed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus, and carefully preserved. The fable of Andromeda and the sea monster has been explained, by supposing that she was courted by the captain of a ship, who attempted to carry her away, but was prevented by the interposition of another more faithful lover.

=Andron=, an Argive, who travelled all over the deserts of Libya without drink. ♦_Aristotle’s book on Drunkenness_ [quoted in Apollonius] “Historiæ Mirabiles”.――――A man set over the citadel of Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised him to seize it and revolt from the tyrant, which he refused to do. The tyrant put him to death for not discovering that Hermocrates had incited him to rebellion. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A man of Halicarnassus, who composed some historical works. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A native of Ephesus, who wrote an account of the seven wise men of Greece. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A man of Argos.――――Another of Alexandria, &c. _Apollonius [Paradoxographus]_, _Historiæ Mirabiles_, ch. 25. ――_Athenæus._

♦ reference edited for clarity

=Andronīcus Livius.= _See:_ Livius.

=Andronīcus=, a peripatetic philosopher of Rhodes, who flourished 59 years B.C. He was the first who published and revised the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus. His periphrasis is extant, the best edition of which is that of Heinsius, 8vo, Leiden, 1617. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――A Latin poet in the age of Cæsar.――――A Latin grammarian, whose life Suetonius has written.――――A king of Lydia, surnamed Alpyus.――――One of Alexander’s officers.――――One of the officers of Antiochus Epiphanes.――――An astronomer of Athens, who built a marble octagonal tower in honour of the eight principal winds, on the top of which was placed a Triton with a stick in his hand, pointing always to the side whence the wind blew.

=Androphăgi=, a savage nation of European Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, chs. 18, 102.

=Andropompus=, a Theban who killed Xanthus in a single combat by fraud. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.

=Andros=, an island in the Ægean sea, known by the different names of Epagrys, Antandros, Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nonagria. Its chief town was called Andros. It had a harbour, near which Bacchus had a temple, with a fountain, whose waters, during the ides of January, tasted like wine. It received the name of Andros from Andros son of Anius, one of its kings, who lived in the time of the Trojan war. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 648.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 80.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 70.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103. ――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 2.

=Androsthĕnes=, one of Alexander’s generals, sent with a ship on the coast of Arabia. _Arrian_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A governor of Thessaly, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was conquered by Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 80.――――A statuary of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.――――A geographer in the age of Alexander.

=Androtrion=, a Greek, who wrote a history of Attica, and a treatise on agriculture. _Pliny._――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8.

=Anelontis=, a river near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Anerastus=, a king of Gaul.

=Anemolia=, a city of Phocis, afterwards called Hyampolis. _Strabo._

=Anemōsa=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Anfinomus= and =Anapius=. Rather _Amphinomus_, which _see_.

=Angelia=, a daughter of Mercury.

=Angelion=, a statuary who made Apollo’s statue at Delphi. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 32.

=Angĕlus=, a son of Neptune, born in Chios, of a nymph whose name is unknown. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Angītes=, a river of Thrace falling into the Strymon. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 113.

=Angli=, a people of Germany at the north of the Elbe, from whom, as being a branch of the Saxons, the English have derived their name. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.

=Angrus=, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a northern direction. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Anguitia=, a wood in the country of the Marsi, between the lake Fucinus and Alba. Serpents, it is said, could not injure the inhabitants, because they were descended from Circe, whose power over those venomous creatures has been much celebrated. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 759.

=Ania=, a Roman widow, celebrated for her beauty. One of her friends advised her to marry again. “No,” said she, “if I marry a man as affectionate as my first husband, I shall be apprehensive for his death; and if he is bad, why have him, after such a kind and indulgent one?”

=Anicētus=, a son of Hercules by Hebe the goddess of youth. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A freedman who directed the education of Nero, and became the instrument of his crimes. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.

=Anicia=, a family at Rome, which, in the flourishing times of the republic, produced many brave and illustrious citizens.――――A relation of Atticus. _Cornelius Nepos._

=Anicium=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.

=Anicius Gallus=, triumphed over the Illyrians and their king Gentius, and was propretor of Rome, A.U.C. 585.――――A consul with Cornelius Cethegus, A.U.C. 594.――――Probus, a Roman consul in the fourth century, famous for his humanity.

=Anigrus=, a river of Thessaly, where the centaurs washed the wounds which they had received from Hercules, and made the waters unwholesome. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 281. The nymphs of this river are called Anigriades. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Anio= and =Anien=, now _Taverone_, a river of Italy, flowing through the country of Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber, about five miles at the north of Rome. It receives its name, as some suppose, from Anius, a king of Etruria, who drowned himself there when he could not recover his daughter, who had been carried away. _Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 683. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 13.――_Plutarch_, _de Fortuna Romanorum_.

=Anitorgis=, a city of Spain, near which a battle was fought between Asdrubal and the Scipios. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 33.

=Anius=, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was king of Delos and father of Andrus. He had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, and Elais, to whom Bacchus had given the power of changing whatever they pleased into wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he wished to carry them with him to supply his army with provisions; but they complained to Bacchus, who changed them into doves. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 642.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 80.

=Anna=, a goddess, in whose honour the Romans instituted festivals. She was, according to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister of Dido, who after her sister’s death fled from Carthage, which Jarbas had besieged, and came to Italy, where Æneas met her, as he walked on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an honourable reception, for the kindnesses she had shown him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia the wife of Æneas was jealous of the tender treatment which was shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprised of this by her sister in a dream, and she fled to the river Numicus, of which she became a deity, and ordered the inhabitants of the country to call her _Anna Perenna_, because she would remain for ever under the water. Her festivals were performed with many rejoicings, and the females often, in the midst of their cheerfulness, forgot their natural decency. They were introduced into Rome, and celebrated the 15th of March. The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to obtain a long and happy life: and thence the words _Annare et Perennare_. Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, _quia mensibus impleat annum_; others call her Themis, or Io, the daughter of Inachus, and sometimes Maia. Another more received opinion maintains that Anna was an old industrious woman of Bovillæ, who, when the Roman populace had fled from the city to mount Sacer, brought them cakes every day; for which kind treatment the Romans, when peace was re-established, decreed immortal honours to her whom they called Perenna, _ab perennitate cultûs_, and who, as they supposed, was become one of their deities. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 653, &c. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 79.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, lis. 9, 20, 421, & 500.

=Anna Commena=, a princess of Constantinople, known to the world for the Greek history which she wrote of her father Alexius, emperor of the east. The character of this history is not very high for authenticity or beauty of composition: the historian is lost in the daughter; and instead of simplicity of style and narrative, as Gibbon says, an elaborate affectation of rhetoric and science betrays in every page the vanity of a female author. The best edition of Anna Commena is that of Paris, folio, 1651.

=Annæus=, a Roman family, which was subdivided into the Lucani, Senecæ, Flori, &c.

=Annāles=, a chronological history which gives an account of all the important events of every year in a state, without entering into the causes which produced them. The annals of Tacitus may be considered in this light. In the first ages of Rome, the writing of the annals was one of the duties and privileges of the high priest; whence they have been called Annales Maximi, from the priest _Pontifex Maximus_, who consecrated them, and gave them as truly genuine and authentic.

=Annālis lex=, settled the age at which, among the Romans, a citizen could be admitted to exercise the offices of the state. This law originated in Athens, and was introduced in Rome. No man could be a knight before 18 years of age, nor be invested with the consular power before he had arrived to his 25th year.

=Anniānus=, a poet in the age of Trajan.

=Annĭbal=, a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was educated in his father’s camp, and inured from his early years to the labours of the field. He passed into Spain when nine years old, and, at the request of his father, took a solemn oath that he never would be at peace with the Romans. After his father’s death, he was appointed over the cavalry in Spain; and some time after, upon the death of Asdrubal, he was invested with the command of all the armies of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year of his age. In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of Spain which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Saguntum after a siege of eight months. This city was in alliance with the Romans, and its fall was the cause of the second Punic war, which Annibal prepared to support with all the courage and prudence of a consummate general. He levied three large armies, one of which he sent to Africa; he left another in Spain, and marched at the head of the third towards Italy. This army some have calculated at 20,000 foot and 6000 horse; others say that it consisted of 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38. He came to the Alps, which were deemed almost inaccessible, and had never been passed over before him but by Hercules, and after much trouble he gained the top in nine days. He conquered the uncivilized inhabitants that opposed his passage, and, after the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his way so easy, by softening the rocks with fire and vinegar, that even his armed elephants descended the mountains without danger or difficulty, where a man, disencumbered of his arms, could not walk before in safety. He was opposed by the Romans as soon as he entered Italy; and after he had defeated Publius Cornelius Scipio and Sempronius, near the Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apennines and invaded Etruria. He defeated the army of the consul Flaminius near the lake Thrasymenus, and soon after met the two consuls Culleo Terentius and Lucius Æmilius at Cannæ. His army consisted of 40,000 foot and 10,000 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the celebrated battle of Cannæ. The slaughter was so great, that no less than 40, 000 Romans were killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with the dead carcases; and as a sign of his victory, he sent to Carthage three bushels of gold rings which had been taken from 5630 Roman knights slain in the battle. Had Annibal, immediately after the battle, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it must have yielded amidst the general consternation, if we believe the opinions of some writers; but his delay gave the enemy spirit and boldness, and when at last he approached the walls, he was informed that the piece of ground on which his army then stood was selling at a high price in the Roman forum. After hovering for some time round the city, he retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers soon forgot to conquer in the pleasures and riot of this luxurious city. From that circumstance it has been said, and with propriety, that Capua was a Cannæ to Annibal. After the battle of Cannæ the Romans became more cautious, and when the dictator Fabius Maximus had defied the artifice as well as the valour of Annibal, they began to look for better times. Marcellus, who succeeded Fabius in the field, first taught the Romans that Annibal was not invincible. After many important debates in the senate, it was decreed that war should be carried into Africa, to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome; and Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, was empowered to put it into execution. When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, she recalled Annibal from Italy; and that great general is said to have left, with tears in his eyes, a country which during 16 years he had kept under continual alarms, and which he could almost call his own. He and Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, in which neither would give the preference to his enemy, they determined to come to a general engagement. The battle was fought near Zama: Scipio made a great slaughter of the enemy, 20,000 were killed, and the same number made prisoners. Annibal, after he had lost the day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon after this decisive battle, the Romans granted peace to Carthage, on hard conditions; and afterwards Annibal, who was jealous and apprehensive of the Roman power, fled to Syria, to king Antiochus, whom he advised to make war against Rome, and lead an army into the heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted the fidelity of Annibal, and was conquered by the Romans, who granted him peace on the condition of his delivering their mortal enemy into their hands. Annibal, who was apprised of this, left the court of Antiochus, and fled to Prusias king of Bithynia. He encouraged him to declare war against Rome, and even assisted him in weakening the power of Eumenes king of Pergamus, who was in alliance with the Romans. The senate received intelligence that Annibal was in Bithynia, and immediately sent ambassadors, amongst whom was Lucius Quintus Flaminius, to demand him of Prusias. The king was unwilling to betray Annibal and violate the laws of hospitality, but at the same time he dreaded the power of Rome. Annibal extricated him from his embarrassment, and when he heard that his house was besieged on every side, and all means of escape fruitless, he took a dose of poison, which he always carried with him in a ring on his finger; and as he breathed his last, he exclaimed, _Solvamus diuturnâ curâ populum Romanum, quando mortem senis expectare longum censet_. He died in his 70th year, according to some, about 182 years B.C. That year was famous for the death of the three greatest generals of the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. The death of so formidable a rival was the cause of great rejoicing in Rome; he had always been a professed enemy to the Roman name, and ever endeavoured to destroy its power. If he shone in the field, he also distinguished himself by his studies. He was taught Greek by Sosilus, a Lacedæmonian, and he even wrote some books in that language on different subjects. It is remarkable that the life of Annibal, whom the Romans wished so many times to destroy by perfidy, was never attempted by any of his soldiers or countrymen. He made himself as conspicuous in the government of the state as at the head of armies, and though his enemies reproached him with the rudeness of laughing in the Carthaginian senate, while every senator was bathed in tears for the misfortunes of the country, Annibal defended himself by saying that he, who had been bred all his life in a camp, ought to be dispensed with all the more polished feelings of a capital. He was so apprehensive for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia his house was fortified like a castle, and on every side there were secret doors which could give immediate escape if his life was ever attempted. When he quitted Italy, and embarked on board a vessel for Africa, he so strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot, who told him that the lofty mountains which appeared at a distance was a promontory of Sicily, that he killed him on the spot; and when he was convinced of his fatal error, he gave a magnificent burial to the man whom he had so falsely murdered, and called the promontory by his name. The labours which he sustained, and the inclemency of the weather to which he exposed himself in crossing the Alps, so weakened one of his eyes, that he ever after lost the use of it. The Romans have celebrated the humanity of Annibal, who, after the battle of Cannæ, sought the body of the fallen consul amidst the heaps of slain, and honoured it with a funeral becoming the dignity of Rome. He performed the same friendly offices to the remains of Marcellus and Tiberius Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He often blamed the unsettled measures of his country; and when the enemy had thrown into his camp the head of his brother Asdrubal, who had been conquered as he came from Spain with a reinforcement into Italy, Annibal said that the Carthaginian arms would no longer meet with their usual success. Juvenal, in speaking of Annibal, observes that the ring which caused his death made a due atonement to the Romans for the many thousand rings which had been sent to Carthage from the battle of Cannæ. Annibal, when in Spain, married a woman of Castulo. The Romans entertained such a high opinion of him as a commander, that Scipio, who conquered him, calls him the greatest general that ever lived, and gives the second rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, and places himself the next to these in merit and abilities. It is plain that the failure of Annibal’s expedition in Italy did not arise from his neglect, but from that of his countrymen, who gave him no assistance; far from imitating their enemies of Rome, who even raised in one year 18 legions to oppose the formidable Carthaginian. Livy has painted the character of Annibal like an enemy, and it is much to be lamented that this celebrated historian has withheld the tribute due to the merits and virtues of the greatest of generals. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.――_Livy_, bks. 21, 22, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Flamininus_, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 4. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Appian._――_Florus_, bks. 2 & 3. ――_Polybius._――_Diodorus._――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 159, &c. ――_Valerius Maximus._――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, stanza 16.――――The son of the great Annibal, was sent by Himilco to Lilybæeum, which was besieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians in their duty. _Polybius_, bk. 1.――――A Carthaginian general, son of Asdrubal, commonly called of Rhodes, above 160 years before the birth of the great Annibal. _Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――――A son of Giscon and grandson of Amilcar, sent by the Carthaginians to the assistance of Ægista, a town of Sicily. He was overpowered by Hermocrates, an exiled Syracusan. _Justin_, bks. 22 & 23.――――A Carthaginian, surnamed Senior. He was conquered by the consul Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus in Sardinia, and hung on a cross by his countrymen for his ill success.

=Annicĕris=, an excellent charioteer of Cyrene, who exhibited his skill in driving a chariot before Plato and the academy. When the philosopher was wantonly sold by Dionysius, Anniceris ransomed his friend, and he showed further his respect for learning by establishing a sect at Cyrene, called after his name, which supported that all good consisted in pleasure. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3. ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plato_ & _Aristotle_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 27.

=Annius Scapŭla=, a Roman of great dignity, put to death for conspiring against Cassius. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 55.

=Annon=, or =Hanno=, a Carthaginian general conquered in Spain by Scipio, and sent to Rome. He was son of Bomilcar whom Annibal sent privately over the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 27.――――A Carthaginian who taught birds to sing “Annon is a god,” after which he restored them to their native liberty; but the birds lost with their slavery what they had been taught. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 30.――――A Carthaginian who wrote, in the Punic language, the account of a voyage which he had made round Africa. This book was translated into Greek, and is still extant. _Vossius_, _Greek Historians_, bk. 4.――――Another, banished from Carthage for taming a lion for his own amusement, which was interpreted as if he wished to aspire to sovereign power. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 16.――――This name has been common to many Carthaginians who have signalized themselves among their countrymen during the Punic wars against Rome, and in their wars against the Sicilians. _Livy_, bks. 26, 27, &c.

=Anopæa=, a mountain and road near the river Asopus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 216.

=Anser=, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 425, calls bold and impertinent. Virgil and Propertius are said to have played upon his name with some degree of severity.

=Ansibarii=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55.

=Antæa=, the wife of Proteus, called also Stenobæa. _Homer_, _Iliad_. ――――A goddess worshipped by the inhabitants of Antium.

=Antæas=, a king of Scythia, who said that the neighing of a horse was far preferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous musician who had been taken captive. _Plutarch._

=Antæus=, a giant of Libya, son of Terra and Neptune. He was so strong in wrestling, that he boasted that he would erect a temple to his father with the skulls of his conquered antagonists. Hercules attacked him, and as he received new strength from his mother as often as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him up in the air, and squeezed him to death in his arms. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 598.―― _Statius_, bk. 6, _Thebiad_, li. 893.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 88. ――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 44.――――A friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 561.

=Antagŏras=, a man of Cos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A Rhodian poet, much admired by Antigonus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2. One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him whether Homer ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of Agamemnon. “And do you think,” replied the poet, “that he ὡ λαοι τ’ ἐπιτετραφαται και τοσσα μεμηλε (ever inquired whether any individual dressed fish in his army)?” _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_ & _Apophthegmata Laconica_.

=Antalcĭdas=, of Sparta, son of Leon, was sent into Persia, where he made a peace with Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his country, by which, B.C. 387, the Greek cities of Asia became tributary to the Persian monarch. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14. ――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Antander=, a general of Messenia, against the Spartans. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A brother of Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 7.

=Antandros=, now _St. Dimitri_, a city of Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near which Æneas built his fleet after the destruction of Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimmeris, Assos, and Apollonia. There is a hill in its neighbourhood called Alexandria, where Paris sat, as some suppose, when the three rival goddesses appeared before him when contending for the prize of beauty. _Strabo_, bk. 13.―― _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Anterbrogius=, an ambassador to Cæsar from the Rhemi a nation of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Anteins Publius=, was appointed over Syria by Nero. He was accused of sedition and conspiracy, and drank poison, which, operating slowly, obliged him to open his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, &c.

=Antemnæ=, a city of the Sabines between Rome and the Anio, whence the name (_ante amnem_). _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 631.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Antēnor=, a Trojan prince related to Priam. It is said that, during the Trojan war, he always kept a secret correspondence with the Greeks, and chiefly with Menelaus and Ulysses. In the council of Priam, Homer introduces him as advising the Trojans to restore Helen and conclude the war. He advised Ulysses to carry away the Trojan palladium, and encouraged the Greeks to make the wooden horse which, at his persuasion, was brought into the city of Troy by a breach made in the walls. Æneas has been accused of being a partner of his guilt, and the night that Troy was taken, they had a number of Greeks stationed at the doors of their houses to protect them from harm. After the destruction of his country, Antenor migrated into Italy near the Adriatic, where he built the town of Padua. His children were also concerned in the Trojan war, and displayed much valour against the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, Acamas, Agenor, and, according to others, Polydamas and Helicaon. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 242.――_Tacitus_, bk. 16, ch. 21.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 3, 7, 8, 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.――――A statuary. _Pausanias._――――A Cretan, who wrote a history of his country. _Ælian._

=Antenorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the three sons of Antenor, all killed during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 484.

=Antĕros= (ἀντι ἐρως, _against love_), a son of Mars and Venus. He was not, as the derivation of his name implies, a deity that presided over an opposition to love, but he was the god of mutual love and of mutual tenderness. Venus had complained to Themis that her son Cupid always continued a child, and was told that, if he had another brother, he would grow up in a short space of time. As soon as Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength increase and his wings enlarge; but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, he found himself reduced to his ancient shape. From this circumstance it is seen, that return of passion gives vigour to love. Anteros had a temple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles had experienced the coldness and disdain of Timagoras, whom he passionately esteemed, and for whom he had killed himself. _See:_ Meles. Cupid and Anteros are often represented striving to seize a palm tree from one another, to teach us that true love always endeavours to overcome by kindness and gratitude. They were always painted in the Greek academies, to inform the scholars that it is their immediate duty to be grateful to their teachers, and to reward their trouble with love and reverence. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30; bk. 6, ch. 23.――――A grammarian of Alexandria, in the age of the emperor Claudius.――――A freedman of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 9, ltr. 14.

=Anthēa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――Of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.――――Of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Antheas=, a son of Eumelus, killed in attempting to sow corn from the chariot of Triptolemus drawn by dragons. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.

=Anthēdon=, a city of Bœotia, which received its name from the flowery plains that surround it, or from Anthedon, a certain nymph. Bacchus and Ceres had there temples. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch. 22. It was formerly inhabited by Thracians. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 905.――――A port of Peloponnesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Statius_, bk. 9, li. 291.

=Anthēla=, a town near the Asopus, near which Ceres and Amphictyon had a temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176.

=Anthĕmis=, an island in the Mediterranean, the same as the Ionian Samos. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Anthemon=, a Trojan. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.

=Anthĕmus=, a city of Macedonia at Thermæ.――――A city of Syria. _Strabo._

=Anthemusia=, the same as Samos.――――A city of Mesopotamia. _Strabo._

=Anthēne=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 41.

=Anthermus=, a Chian sculptor, son of Micciades and grandson to Malas. He and his brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet Hipponax, which caused universal laughter on account of the deformity of its countenance. The poet was so incensed upon this, and inveighed with so much bitterness against the statuaries, that they hung themselves, according to the opinion of some authors. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Anthes=, a native of Anthedon, who first invented hymns. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.――――A son of Neptune.

=Anthesphoria=, festivals celebrated in Sicily in honour of Proserpine, who was carried away by Pluto as she was gathering flowers. _Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――――Festivals of the same name were also observed at Argos in honour of Juno, who was called Antheia. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.――_Pollux_, _Onomasticon_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Anthesteria=, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. They were celebrated in the month of February, called Anthesterion, whence the name is derived, and continued three days. The first was called Πιθοιγια, ἀπο του πιθους οἰγειν, because they _tapped_ their _barrels_ of liquor. The second day was called Χοες, from the measure χοα, because every individual drank of his own vessel, in commemoration of the arrival of Orestes, who, after the murder of his mother, came, without being purified, to Demophoon or Pandion king of Athens, and was obliged, with all the Athenians, to drink by himself for fear of polluting the people by drinking with them before he was purified of the parricide. It was usual on that day to ride out in chariots, and ridicule those that passed by. The best drinker was rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and with a cask of wine. The third day was called χυτροι from χυτρα, a vessel brought out full of all sorts of seeds and herbs, deemed sacred to Mercury, and therefore not touched. The slaves had the permission of being merry and free during these festivals; and at the end of the solemnity a herald proclaimed, Θυραζε, Καρες, ουκ ετ’ Ἀνθεστηρια, _i.e._ Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at an end. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 41.

=Anthēus=, a son of Antenor, much esteemed by Paris.――――One of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 514.

=Anthīa=, a sister of Priam, seized by the Greeks. She compelled the people of Pallene to burn their ships, and build Scione. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 47.――――A town. _See:_ Anthea.――――A daughter of Thespius, mistress to Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Anthias.= _See:_ Antheas.

=Anthippe=, a daughter of Thestius.

=Anthium=, a town of Thrace, afterwards called Apollonia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――A city of Italy.

=Anthius= (_flowery_), a name of Bacchus worshipped at Athens. He had also a statue at Patræ.

=Antho=, a daughter of Amulius king of Alba.

=Anthōres=, a companion of Hercules, who followed Evander, and settled in Italy. He was killed in the war of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 778.

=Anthracia=, a nymph. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.

=Anthropinus=, =Tisarchus=, and =Diocles=, three persons who laid snares for Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Anthropophăgi=, a people of Scythia that fed on human flesh. They lived near the country of the Massagetæ. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Anthylla=, a city of Egypt on the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It maintained the queens of the country in shoes, or, according to _Athenæus_, bk. 1, in girdles. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98.

=Antia lex=, was made for the suppression of luxury at Rome. Its particulars are not known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who afterwards never supped abroad for fear of being himself a witness of the profusion and extravagance which his law meant to destroy, but without effect. _Macrobius_, bk. 3, ch. 17.

=Antianīra=, the mother of Echion.

=Antias=, the goddess of fortune, chiefly worshipped at Antium.――――A poet. _See:_ Furius.

=Anticlēa=, a daughter of Autolycus and Amphithea. Her father, who was a famous robber, permitted Sisyphus son of Æolus to enjoy the favours of his daughter, and Anticlea was really pregnant of Ulysses when she married Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was nevertheless the reputed father of Ulysses. Ulysses is reproached by Ajax in _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, as being the son of Sisyphus. It is said that Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false report of her son’s death. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 11, 19.――_Hyginus_, fables 201, 243.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 29.――――A woman who had Periphetes by Vulcan. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Diocles, who married Machaon the son of Æsculapius, by whom she had Nicomachus and Gorgasus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Antĭcles=, an Athenian archon.――――A man who conspired against Alexander with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――――An Athenian victor at Olympia.

=Anticlīdes=, a Greek historian, whose works are now lost. They are often quoted by _Athenæus_ & _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Anticrăgus=, a mountain of Lycia, opposite mount Cragus. _Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Anticrătes=, a Spartan who stabbed Epaminondas, the Theban general, at the battle of Mantinea. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.

=Anticy̆ra=, two towns of Greece, the one in Phocis and the other near mount Oeta, both famous for the hellebore which they produced. This plant was of infinite service to cure diseases, and particularly insanity; hence the proverb _Naviget Anticyram_. The Anticyra of Phocis was anciently called Cyparissa. It had a temple of Neptune, who was represented holding a trident in one hand and resting the other on his side, with one of his feet on a dolphin. Some writers, especially Horace (_Art of Poetry_, li. 300), speak of three islands of this name, but this seems to be a mistake. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 36.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 166; _Art of Poetry_, li. 300.――_Persius_, bk. 4, li. 16.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 3, li. 53.――――A mistress of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Antidŏmus=, a warlike soldier of king Philip at the siege of Perinthus.

=Antidŏtus=, an excellent painter, pupil of Euphranor. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Antigĕnes=, one of Alexander’s generals, publicly rewarded for his valour. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Antigenĭdas=, a famous musician of Thebes, disciple to Philoxenus. He taught his pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment of the populace. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 97.

=Antigŏna=, daughter of Berenice, was wife to king Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.

=Antigŏne=, a daughter of Œdipus king of Thebes by his mother Jocasta. She buried by night her brother Polynices, against the positive orders of Creon, who, when he heard of it, ordered her to be buried alive. She, however, killed herself before the sentence was executed; and Hæmon the king’s son, who was passionately fond of her, and had not been able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on her grave. The death of Antigone is the subject of one of the tragedies of Sophocles. The Athenians were so pleased with it at the first representation, that they presented the author with the government of Samos. This tragedy was represented 32 times at Athens without interruption. _Sophocles_, _Antigone_.――_Hyginus_, fables 67, 72, 243, 254.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 3.――_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12, li. 350.――――A daughter of Eurytion king of Phthia in Thessaly. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Laomedon. She was the sister of Priam, and was changed into a stork for comparing herself to Juno. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 93.

=Antigŏnia=, an inland town of Epirus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――One of Macedonia, founded by Antigonus son of Gonatas. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――――One in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――Another in Bithynia, called also Nicæa. _Strabo_, bk. 12. ――――Another in Arcadia, anciently called Mantinea. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――――One of Troas in Asia Minor. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Antigŏnus=, one of Alexander’s generals, universally supposed to be the illegitimate son of Philip, Alexander’s father. In the division of the provinces after the king’s death, he received Pamphylia, Lycia, and Phrygia. He united with Antipater and Ptolemy, to destroy Perdiccas and Eumenes; and after the death of Perdiccas he made continual war against Eumenes, whom, after three years of various fortune, he took prisoner, and ordered to be starved. He afterwards declared war against Cassander, whom he conquered, and had several engagements by his generals with Lysimachus. He obliged Seleucus to retire from Syria, and fly for refuge and safety to Egypt. Ptolemy, who had established himself in Egypt, promised to defend Seleucus, and from that time all friendship ceased between Ptolemy and Antigonus, and a new war was begun, in which Demetrius the son of Antigonus conquered the fleet of Ptolemy, near the island of Cyprus, and took 16,000 men prisoners, and sunk 200 ships. After this famous naval battle, which happened 26 years after Alexander’s death, Antigonus and his son assumed the title of kings, and their example was followed by all the rest of Alexander’s generals. The power of Antigonus was now become so formidable, that Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus combined together to destroy him; yet Antigonus despised them, saying that he would disperse them as birds. He attempted to enter Egypt in vain, though he gained several victories over his opponents, and he at last received so many wounds in a battle that he could not survive them, and died in the 80th year of his age, 301 B.C. During his life, he was master of all Asia Minor, as far as Syria; but after his death, his son Demetrius lost Asia, and established himself in Macedonia after the death of Cassander, and some time after attempted to recover his former possessions, but died in captivity in the court of his son-in-law Seleucus. Antigonus was concerned in the different intrigues of the Greeks. He made a treaty of alliance with the Ætolians, and was highly respected by the Athenians, to whom he showed himself very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus discharged some of his officers because they spent their time in taverns, and he gave their commissions to common soldiers who performed their duty with punctuality. A certain poet called him divine; but the king despised his flattery, and bade him go and inquire of his servants whether he was really what he supposed him. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.――_Justin_, bks. 13, 14, & 15.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_, _Eumenes_, & _Aratus_.――――Gonatas, son of Demetrius and grandson to Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. He restored the Armenians to liberty, conquered the Gauls, and at last was expelled by Pyrrhus, who seized his kingdom. After the death of Pyrrhus, he recovered Macedonia, and died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his son Demetrius to succeed, B. C. 243. _Justin_, bks. 21 & 25.――_Polybius._ ――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――The guardian of his nephew Philip, the son of Demetrius, who married the widow of Demetrius and usurped the kingdom. He was called _Doson_, from his promising much and giving nothing. He conquered Cleomenes king of Sparta, and obliged him to retire into Egypt, because he favoured the Ætolians against the Greeks. He died, B.C. 221, after a reign of 11 years, leaving his crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, who distinguished himself by his cruelties, and the war which he made against the Romans. _Justin_, bks. 28 & 29.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_. ――――A son of Aristobulus king of Judæa, who obtained an army from the king of Parthia, by promising him 1000 talents and 500 women. With these foreign troops he attacked his country, and cut the ears of Hyrcanus to make him unfit for the priesthood. Herod, with the aid of the Romans, took him prisoner, and he was put to death by Antony. _Josephus_, bk. 14.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_ & _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――Carystius, an historian in the age of Philadelphus, who wrote the lives of some of the ancient philosophers. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Athenæus._――――A writer on agriculture.――――A statuary, who wrote on his profession.

=Antilco=, a tyrant of Chalcis. After his death, oligarchy prevailed in that city. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_.

=Antilibănus=, a mountain of Syria opposite mount Libanus; near which the Orontes flows. _Strabo._――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Antilŏchus=, a king of Messenia.――――The eldest son of Nestor by Eurydice. He went to the Trojan war with his father, and was killed by Memnon the son of Aurora. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, says he was killed by Hector.――――A poet who wrote a panegyric upon Lysander, and received a hat filled with silver. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――An historian commended by _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_.

=Antimăchus=, a lascivious person.――――An historian.――――A Greek poet and musician of Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a treatise on the age and genealogy of Homer, and proved him to be a native of Colophon. He repeated one of his compositions before a large audience, but his diction was so obscure and unintelligible that all retired except Plato; on which he said, _Legam nihilominus, Plato enim mihi est unus instar omnium_. He was reckoned the next to Homer in excellence, and the emperor Adrian was so fond of his poetry that he preferred him to Homer. He wrote a poem upon the Theban war; and before he had brought his heroes to the city of Thebes, he had filled 24 volumes. He was surnamed _Clarius_ from Claros, a mountain near Colophon, where he was born. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.―― _Plutarch_, _Lysander_ & _Timoleon_.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 45.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Another poet of the same name, surnamed _Psecas_, because he praised himself. _Suidas._――――A Trojan whom Paris bribed to oppose the restoring of Helen to Menelaus and Ulysses, who had come as ambassadors to recover her. His sons, Hippolochus and Pisander, were killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 123; bk. 23, li. 188.――――A son of Hercules by a daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――――A native of Heliopolis, who wrote a poem on the creation of the world, in 3780 verses.

=Antimĕnes=, a son of Deiphon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 28.

=Antinoe=, one of the daughters of Pelias, whose wishes to restore her father to youthful vigour proved so fatal. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.―― _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Antinoeia=, annual sacrifices and quinquennial games in honour of Antinous, instituted by the emperor Adrian at Mantinea, where Antinous was worshipped as a divinity.

=Antinopŏlis=, a town of Egypt, built in honour of Antinous.

=Antinous=, a youth of Bithynia, of whom the emperor Adrian was so extremely fond, that at his death he erected a temple to him, and wished it to be believed that he had been changed into a constellation. Some writers suppose that Antinous was drowned in the Nile, while others maintain that he offered himself at a sacrifice as a victim, in honour of the emperor.――――A native of Ithaca, son of Eupeithes, and one of Penelope’s suitors. He was brutal and cruel in his manners; and excited his companions to destroy Telemachus, whose advice comforted his mother Penelope. When Ulysses returned home he came to the palace in a beggar’s dress, and begged for bread, which Antinous refused, and even struck him. After Ulysses had discovered himself to Telemachus and Eumæus, he attacked the suitors, who were ignorant who he was, and killed Antinous among the first. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 1, 16, 17, & 22.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 7.

=Antiŏchia=, the name of a Syrian province. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 14. ――――A city of Syria, once the third city of the world for beauty, greatness, and population. It was built by Antiochus and Seleucus Nicanor, partly on a hill and partly in a plain. It has the river Orontes in its neighbourhood, with a celebrated grove called Daphne; whence, for the sake of distinction, it has been called Antiochia near Daphne. _Dionysius Periegeta._――――A city called also Nisibis, in Mesopotamia, built by Seleucus son of Antiochus.――――The capital of Pisidia, 92 miles at the east of Ephesus.――――A city on mount Cragus.――――Another near the river Tigris, 25 leagues from Seleucia on the west.――――Another in Margiana, called Alexandria and Seleucia. ――――Another near mount Taurus, on the confines of Syria.――――Another of Caria, on the river Meander.

=Antiŏchis=, the name of the mother of Antiochus the son of Seleucus. ――――A tribe of Athens.

=Antiŏchus=, surnamed _Soter_, was son of Seleucus, and king of Syria in Asia. He made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Philadelphus king of Egypt. He fell into a lingering disease, which none of his father’s physicians could cure for some time, till it was discovered that his pulse was more irregular than usual when Stratonice his stepmother entered his room, and that love for her was the cause of his illness. This was told to the father, who willingly gave Stratonice to his son, that his immoderate love might not cause his death. He died 291 B.C., after a reign of 19 years. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 2, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5.――_Polybius_, bk. 4. ――_Appian._――――The second of that name, surnamed _Theos_ (_God_) by the Milesians, because he put to death their tyrant Timarchus, was son and successor to Antiochus Soter. He put an end to the war which had been begun with Ptolemy; and, to strengthen the peace, he married Berenice, the daughter of the Ægyptian king. This so offended his former wife Laodice, by whom he had two sons, that she poisoned him, and suborned Artemon, whose features were similar to his, to represent him as king. Artemon, subservient to her will, pretended to be indisposed, and as king, called all the ministers, and recommended to them Seleucus, surnamed Callinicus, son of Laodice, as his successor. After this ridiculous imposture, it was made public that the king had died a natural death, and Laodice placed her son on the throne, and despatched Berenice and her son, 246 years before the christian era. _Appian._――――The third of that name, surnamed the _Great_, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was king of Syria and Asia, and reigned 36 years. He was defeated by Ptolemy Philopater at Rapeia, after which he made war against Persia, and took Sardes. After the death of Philopater, he endeavoured to crush his infant son Epiphanes: but his guardians solicited the aid of the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled to resign his pretensions. He conquered the greatest part of Greece, of which some cities implored the aid of Rome; and Annibal, who had taken refuge at his court, encouraged him to make war against Italy. He was glad to find himself supported by the abilities of such a general; but his measures were dilatory, and not agreeable to the advice of Annibal, and he was conquered and obliged to retire beyond mount Taurus, and pay a yearly fine of 2000 talents to the Romans. His revenues being unable to pay the fine, he attempted to plunder the temple of Belus in Susiana, which so incensed the inhabitants, that they killed him with his followers, 187 years before the christian era. In his character of king, Antiochus was humane and liberal, the patron of learning, and the friend of merit; and he published an edict, ordering his subjects never to obey except his commands were consistent with the laws of the country. He had three sons, Seleucus Philopater, Antiochus Epiphanes, and Demetrius. The first succeeded him, and the two others were kept as hostages by the Romans. _Justin_, bks. 31 & 32.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 59. ――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――――The fourth Antiochus, surnamed _Epiphanes_ or _Illustrious_, was king of Syria, after the death of his brother Seleucus, and reigned 11 years. He destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to the Jews, that they called him _Epimanes_, or _Furious_, and not _Epiphanes_. He attempted to plunder Persepolis without effect. He was of a voracious appetite, and fond of childish diversions; he used for his pleasure to empty bags of money into the streets, to see the people’s eagerness to gather it; he bathed in the public baths with the populace, and was fond of perfuming himself to excess. He invited all the Greeks he could at Antioch, and waited upon them as a servant, and danced with such indecency among the stage players, that even the most dissipate and shameless blushed at the sight. _Polybius._――_Justin_, bk. 34, ch. 3.――――The fifth, surnamed _Eupator_, succeeded his father Epiphanes on the throne of Syria, 164 B.C. He made a peace with the Jews, and in the second year of his reign was assassinated by his uncle Demetrius, who said that the crown was lawfully his own, and that it had been seized from his father. _Justin_, bk. 34. ――_Josephus_, bk. 12.――――The sixth king of Syria was surnamed _Entheus_ or _Noble_. His father, Alexander Bala, entrusted him to the care of Malcus, an Arabian; and he received the crown from Tryphon, in opposition to his brother Demetrius, whom the people hated. Before he had been a year on the throne, Tryphon murdered him, 143 B.C., and reigned in his place for three years. _Josephus_, bk. 13.――――The seventh, called _Sidetes_, reigned nine years. In the beginning of his reign he was afraid of Tryphon, and concealed himself, but he soon obtained the means of destroying his enemy. He made war against Phraates king of Parthia, and he fell in the battle which was soon after fought, about 130 years before the christian era. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 1.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――――The eighth, surnamed _Grypus_, from his _aquiline_ nose, was son of Demetrius Nicanor by Cleopatra. His brother Seleucus was destroyed by Cleopatra, and he himself would have shared the same fate, had he not discovered his mother’s artifice, and compelled her to drink the poison which was prepared for himself. He killed Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had set to oppose him on the throne of Syria, and was at last assassinated, B.C. 112, after a reign of 11 years. _Justin_, bk. 39, &c.――_Josephus._――_Appian._――――The ninth, surnamed _Cyzenicus_, from the city of Cyzicus, where he received his education, was son of Antiochus Sidetes by Cleopatra. He disputed the kingdom with his brother Grypus, who ceded to him Cœlosyria, part of his patrimony, He was at last conquered by his nephew Seleucus near Antioch, and rather than to continue longer in his hands, he killed himself, B.C. 93. While a private man, he seemed worthy to reign; but when on the throne, he was dissolute and tyrannical. He was fond of mechanics, and invented some useful military engines. _Appian._――_Josephus._――――The tenth was ironically surnamed _Pius_, because he married Selena, the wife of his father and of his uncle. He was the son of Antiochus IX., and he expelled Seleucus the son of Grypus from Syria, and was killed in a battle which he fought against the Parthians, in the cause of the Galatians. _Josephus._――_Appian._ After his death the kingdom of Syria was torn to pieces by the faction of the royal family, or usurpers, who, under a good or false title, under the name of Antiochus or his relations, established themselves for a little time as sovereigns either of Syria, or Damascus, or other dependent provinces. At last Antiochus, surnamed _Asiaticus_, the son of Antiochus IX., was restored to his paternal throne by the influence of Lucullus the Roman general, on the expulsion of Tigranes king of Armenia from the Syrian dominions; but four years after, Pompey deposed him, and observed, that he who had hid himself while a usurper sat upon his throne, ought not to be a king. From that time, B.C. 65, Syria became a Roman province, and the race of Antiochus was extinguished. _Justin_, bk. 40.――――A philosopher of Ascalon, famous for his writings, and the respect with which he was treated by his pupils, Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus.――_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An historian of Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, who wrote, besides other works, a history of Sicily, in nine books, in which he began at the age of king Cocalus. _Strabo._――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A rich king, tributary to the Romans in the age of Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 81.――――A sophist who refused to take upon himself the government of a state, on account of the vehemence of his passions.――――A king conquered by Antony, &c. _Cæsar_, bk. 3, _Civil War_, bk. 4.――――A king of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4.――――A commander of the Athenian fleet, under Alcibiades, conquered by Lysander. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――――A writer of Alexandria, who published a treatise on comic poets. _Athenæus._――――A sceptic of Laodicea. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A learned sophist. _Philostratus._――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 3, ltr. 33.――――A hair-dresser mentioned by _Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 85.――――A son of Hercules by Medea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A stage player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 98.――――A sculptor, said to have made the famous statue of Pallas, preserved in the Ludovisi gardens at Rome.

=Antiŏpe=, a daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupiter, who, to deceive her, changed himself into a satyr. She became pregnant, and, to avoid the resentment of her father, she fled to mount Cithæron, where she brought forth twins, Amphion and Zethus. She exposed them, to prevent discovery, but they were preserved. After this she fled to Epopeus king of Sicyon, who married her. Some say that Epopeus carried her away, for which action Nycteus made war against him, and at his death left his crown to his brother Lycus, entreating him to continue the war, and punish the ravisher of his daughter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, killed Epopeus, and recovered Antiope, whom he loved and married, though his niece. His first wife, Dirce, was jealous of his new connection; she prevailed upon her husband, and Antiope was delivered into her hands, and confined in a prison, where she was daily tormented. Antiope, after many years’ imprisonment, obtained means to escape, and went after her sons, who undertook to avenge her wrongs upon Lycus and his wife Dirce. They took Thebes, put the king to death, and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till she died. Bacchus changed her into a fountain, and deprived Antiope of the use of her senses. In this forlorn situation she wandered all over Greece, and at last found relief from Phocus son of Ornytion, who cured her of her disorder, and married her. Hyginus, fable 7, says that Antiope was divorced by Lycus, because she had been ravished by Epopeus, whom he calls Epaphus, and that after her repudiation she became pregnant by Jupiter. Meanwhile Lycus married Dirce, who suspected that her husband still kept the company of Antiope, upon which she imprisoned her. Antiope, however, escaped from her confinement, and brought forth on mount Cithæron. Some authors have called her daughter of Asopus, because she was born on the banks of that river. The _Scholiast_ on _Apollonius_, bk. 1,