Category: Philosophy & Ethics
1. The Mind. 2. Logic Related to Other Subjects. 3. Logic Defined. 4. The Value of Logic to the Student. 5. Outline. 6. Summary. 7. Review Questions. 8. Questions for Original Thought and Investigation.
1. The Mind. 2. Logic Related to Other Subjects. 3. Logic Defined. 4. The Value of Logic to the Student. 5. Outline. 6. Summary. 7. Review Questions. 8. Questions for Original T...
2. CHAPTER 2.――THOUGHT AND ITS OPERATION.1. The Knowing Mind Compared with the Thinking Mind. 2. Knowing by Intuition. 3. The Thinking Process. 4. Notions, Individual and General. 5. Knowledge and Idea as Related to th...
3. CHAPTER 3.――THE PRIMARY LAWS OF THOUGHT.1. Two Fundamental Laws. 2. The Law of Identity. 3. The Law of Contradiction. 4. The Law of Excluded Middle. 5. The Law of Sufficient Reason. 6. Unity of Primary Laws of Thought...
4. CHAPTER 4.――LOGICAL TERMS.1. Logical Thought and Language Inseparable. 2. Meaning of Term. 3. Categorematic and Syncategorematic Words. 4. Singular Terms. 5. General Terms. 6. Collective and Distributive...
5. CHAPTER 5.――THE EXTENSION AND INTENSION OF TERMS.1. Two-fold Function of Connotative Terms. 2. Extension and Intension Defined. 3. Extended Comparison of Extension and Intension. 4. A List of Connotative Terms Used in Extensio...
6. CHAPTER 6.――DEFINITION.1. Importance. 2. The Predicables. 3. The Nature of a Definition. 4. Definition and Division Compared. 5. The Kinds of Definitions. 6. When the Three Kinds of Definitions are Se...
7. CHAPTER 7.――LOGICAL DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION.1. Nature of Logical Division. 2. Logical Division Distinguished from Enumeration. 3. Logical Division as Partition. 4. Four Rules of Logical Division. 5. Dichotomy. 6. Classifi...
8. CHAPTER 8.――LOGICAL PROPOSITIONS.1. The Nature of Logical Propositions. 2. Kinds of Logical Propositions. 3. The Four Elements of a Categorical Proposition. 4. Logical and Grammatical Subject and Predicate Dist...
9. CHAPTER 9.――IMMEDIATE INFERENCE――OPPOSITION.10. CHAPTER 10.――IMMEDIATE INFERENCE (Continued).(2) Immediate Inference by Obversion. (3) Immediate Inference by Conversion. (4) Immediate Inference by Contraversion. 4. Epitome of the Four Processes of Immediate Inference. ◆...
11. CHAPTER 11.――MEDIATE INFERENCE――THE SYLLOGISM.1. Inference and Reasoning. 2. The Syllogism. 3. The Rules of the Syllogism. 4. Rules of Syllogism Explained. 5. Aristotle’s Dictum. 6. Canons of the Syllogism. 7. Mathematical...
12. CHAPTER 12.――FIGURES AND MOODS OF THE SYLLOGISM.1. The Four Figures of the Syllogism. 2. The Moods of the Syllogism. 3. Testing the Validity of the Moods. 4. Special Canons of the Four Figures. 5. Special Canons Related. 6. M...
13. CHAPTER 13.――INCOMPLETE SYLLOGISMS AND IRREGULAR ARGUMENTS.14. CHAPTER 14.――CATEGORICAL ARGUMENTS TESTED ACCORDING TO FORM.1. Arguments of Form and Matter. 2. Order of Procedure in a Formal Testing of Arguments. 3. Illustrative Exercise in Testing Arguments which are Complete and whose Premises are...
15. CHAPTER 15.――HYPOTHETICAL AND DISJUNCTIVE ARGUMENTS INCLUDING THEDILEMMA. 1. Three Kinds of Arguments. 2. Hypothetical Arguments. 3. Antecedent and Consequent. 4. Two Kinds of Hypothetical Arguments. 5. Rule and Two Fallacies of Hypothetical...
16. CHAPTER 16.――THE LOGICAL FALLACIES OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING.1. A Negative Aspect. 2. Paralogism and Sophism. 3. A Division of the Deductive Fallacies. 4. General Divisions Explained. 5. Fallacies of Immediate Inference. 6. Fallacies in L...
17. CHAPTER 17.――INDUCTIVE REASONING.1. Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Distinguished. 2. The “Inductive Hazard.” 3. Complexity of the Problem of Induction. 4. Various Conceptions of Induction. 5. Induction and D...
18. CHAPTER 18.――MILL’S FIVE SPECIAL METHODS OF OBSERVATION ANDEXPERIMENT. 1. Aim of Five Methods. 2. Method of Agreement. 3. Method of Difference. 4. The Joint Method of Agreement and Difference. 5. The Method of Concomitant Variations. 6....
19. CHAPTER 19.――AUXILIARY ELEMENTS IN INDUCTION.OBSERVATION――EXPERIMENT――HYPOTHESIS. 1. Foundation of Inductive Generalizations. 2. Observation. 3. Experiment. 4. Rules for Logical Observation and Experiment. 5. Common Errors...
20. CHAPTER 20.――LOGIC IN THE CLASS ROOM.1. Thought is King. 2. Special Functions of Induction and Deduction. 3. Two Types of Minds. 4. Conservatism in School. 5. The Method of the Discoverer. 6. Real Inductive Method...
21. CHAPTER 21.――LOGIC AND LIFE.1. Logic Given a Place in a Secondary Course. 2. Man’s Supremacy Due to Power of Thought. 3. Importance of Progressive Thinking. 4. Necessity of Right Thinking. 5. Indifferent a...
22. CHAPTER 1.As to the true conception of matter the world is ignorant. Yet when asked, “What does matter do?” the reply is, “Matter moves, matter vibrates.” Moreover, relative to the exact...
23. CHAPTER 2.In the preceding chapter we were told that the mind may know in two ways (1) by intuition and (2) by thinking. It is thus implied that the knowing mind includes the thinking min...
24. CHAPTER 3.Judging is the process of conjoining and disjoining notions. When these notions are conjoined the judgment is affirmative; when disjoined the judgment is negative. To illustrate...
25. CHAPTER 4.Any impression upon the mind tends to manifest itself in some form of expression. Impression which arouses thought tends to expression in the form of symbols. Thought and symbol...
26. CHAPTER 5.It has been indicated that a connotative term is one which possesses the double function of signifying a subject as well as an attribute. It may be observed here that an attribu...
27. CHAPTER 6.To be clear, cogent, concise and consistent is to be logical. Reference has been made to a striking tendency on the part of writers and speakers to use words loosely. It is a no...
28. CHAPTER 7.The term _genus_ is used for any class name which stands for two or more subordinate classes while the term _species_ is made to stand for any one of the subordinate classes.
29. CHAPTER 8.Judging has been defined as the process of conjoining or disjoining notions. This may be put in another way: “Judging is the process of asserting or denying the agreement betwee...
30. CHAPTER 9.The process is simply a matter of expressing explicitly in a final judgment, a truth that was implied in one or two previous judgments. To exemplify: From the antecedent truth,...
31. CHAPTER 10.Obversion is based upon the principle that _two negatives are equivalent to one affirmative_. With this double negative principle in mind let us experiment with the four logical...
32. CHAPTER 11.Inference has been defined as both a product and a process. When used to indicate a process the term inference becomes synonomous with reasoning. If logicians could agree to con...
33. CHAPTER 12.By a figure of a syllogism is meant some particular arrangement of the three terms in the two premises. The conclusion is eliminated from this discussion, because in it the arra...
34. CHAPTER 13.Suppressing the major premise gives an enthymeme of the _first order_; whereas if the minor premise be suppressed, the enthymeme becomes one of the _second order_; while omittin...
35. CHAPTER 14.The matter relative to the syllogism treated in chapters 11, 12 and 13 is given primarily to enable the reader to test the validity of categorical arguments. Such arguments must...
36. CHAPTER 15.The proposition, constituting the basic unit of the argument, would of necessity be indicative of the nature of said argument; therefore the three general kinds of propositions,...
37. CHAPTER 16.It has been remarked that “Logic as a science makes known the laws and forms of thought and as an art suggests conditions which must be fulfilled to think rightly.” In recent ch...
38. CHAPTER 17.It has been remarked that inference is the process of deriving a judgment from one or two antecedent judgments, and that mediate inference is inference by means of a middle term...
39. CHAPTER 18.The primary forms of induction have been divided into _simple enumeration_, _analogy_ and _analysis_ . Conditioning these forms are the two laws, _uniformity of nature_ and _uni...
40. CHAPTER 19.Induction is the process of universalizing particular facts. _The starting point is the fact._ Through observation the investigator gathers _facts_, and then works them over wit...
41. CHAPTER 20.“Our habits make or unmake us.” “In a thoughtless hour a groove is imbedded in the nerve substance, and thereafter, nine-tenths of the life flows through that groove.” Habit is,...
42. CHAPTER 21.“To prepare for complete living” seems to be the ultimate aim of education, and any school subject which does not aid to this end must be eliminated from the courses of study. “...