CHAPTER V. THE RATIONALISM OF THE NATURAL SCIENCE PERIOD

OF THE RENAISSANCE 62 THE NATURE OF RATIONALISM 62 THE MENTAL CONFLICT IN DESCARTES 65 THE LIFE AND PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGS OF DESCARTES (1596–1650) 66 1. As Child and Student (1596–1613) 66 2. As Traveler (1613–1628) 66 3. As Writer (1629–1650) 67 4. In Stockholm (1649–1650) 67 THE TWO CONFLICTING INFLUENCES UPON THE THOUGHT OF DESCARTES 67 THE METHOD OF DESCARTES 69 INDUCTION――PROVISIONAL DOUBT――THE ULTIMATE CERTAINTY OF CONSCIOUSNESS 70 DEDUCTION――THE IMPLICATIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS 72 THE EXISTENCE OF GOD 73 THE REALITY OF MATTER 75 GOD AND THE WORLD 77 THE RELATION OF GOD TO MATTER 77 THE RELATION OF GOD TO MINDS 78 THE RELATION OF MIND AND BODY 78 THE INFLUENCE OF DESCARTES 80 THE RELATION OF THE OCCASIONALISTS AND SPINOZA TO DESCARTES 81 PORTRAIT OF SPINOZA 84 THE HISTORICAL PLACE OF SPINOZA 84 THE INFLUENCES UPON SPINOZA 86 1. His Jewish Training 86 2. His Impulse from the New Science――Descartes’ Influence 86 3. His Acquaintance with the Collegiants 87 THE LIFE AND PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGS OF SPINOZA (1632–1677) 88 1. In Israel (1632–1656) 89 2. In Retirement (1656–1663) 89 3. In the Public Eye (1663–1677) 90 THE METHOD OF SPINOZA 90 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF SPINOZA’S PHILOSOPHY 91 THREE CENTRAL PROBLEMS IN SPINOZA’S TEACHING 93 THE PANTHEISM OF SPINOZA――THE ALL-INCLUSIVENESS OF GOD 94 THE MYSTICISM OF SPINOZA 98 SPINOZA’S DOCTRINE OF SALVATION 102 SUMMARY OF SPINOZA’S TEACHING 106 LEIBNITZ AS THE FINISHER OF THE RENAISSANCE AND THE FORERUNNER OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT 107 THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF LEIBNITZ (1646–1716) 108 1. Leipsic and University Life (1646–1666) 111 2. Mainz and Diplomacy (1666–1672) 111 3. Paris and Science (1672–1676) 111 4. Hanover and Philosophy (1676–1716) 112 THE THREE INFLUENCES UPON THE THOUGHT OF LEIBNITZ 112 (1) His Early Classical Studies 112 (2) The New Science and his own Discoveries 113 (3) Political Pressure for Religious Reconciliation 114 THE METHOD OF LEIBNITZ 115 THE IMMEDIATE PROBLEM FOR LEIBNITZ 118 THE RESULT OF LEIBNITZ’S EXAMINATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE――A PLURALITY OF METAPHYSICAL SUBSTANCES 119 1. Leibnitz first scrutinized the Scientific Conception of Motion 119 2. Leibnitz next examined the Scientific Conception of the Atom 120 3. Leibnitz then identified Force with the Metaphysical Atom 121 THE DOUBLE NATURE OF THE MONADS 122 THE TWO FORMS OF LEIBNITZ’S CONCEPTION OF THE UNITY OF SUBSTANCES 125 THE INTRINSIC UNITY OF THE MONADS――THE PHILOSOPHICAL UNITY 125 THE SUPERIMPOSED UNITY OF THE MONADS――THE THEOLOGICAL UNITY 129