Part 5

742. Gaius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius consuls, X; twelfth year of tribunitial power, XV; eleventh time _imperator_, IV; made _pontifex maximus_, X; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; gives the people 400 sesterces each, XV.

743. Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero consuls, VI; twelfth time _imperator_, IV; for the third time refuses the custody of laws and morals, VI; dedicates theater of Marcellus, XXI, app. II.

745. Thirteenth time _imperator_; deposits the laurel in temple of Jupiter Feretrius, IV; Tiberius Nero subdues the Pannonians, XXX.

746. Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius consuls; second census taken; list of senate revised, VIII; children of Phraates sent to Rome; Maelo, King of the Sicambri, surrenders himself, XXXII; fourteenth time _imperator_; refuses a triumph, IV.

747. Tiberius Nero and Cnaeus Piso consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities, XVI; Alpine peoples added to the empire, XXVI; gives gladiatorial show, XXII.

748. Gaius Antistius and Decimus Laelius consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities, XVI; associates Tiberius in tribunitial power, VI.

749. Eighteenth year of tribunitial power; twelfth consulship; gives sixty denarii each to 320,000 citizens; Gaius Cæsar consul designate, made prince of the youth, received into senate, XIV; aqueducts repaired, XX, app. III.

750. Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Passienus consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities, XVI.

751. Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities, XVI.

752. Thirteenth consulship, XV, XXII, XXXV; Lucius Caninius and Quintus Fabricius consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities, XVI; gives the citizens sixty denarii each, XV; Lucius Cæsar consul designate, prince of the youth, and admitted to senate, XIV; dedicates temple of Mars Ultor, XXI, app. II; martial games instituted, XXII; naval contest exhibited, XXIII; title _pater patriae_ conferred, XXXV.

755. Lucius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; fifteenth time _imperator_, IV; Armenia subdued by Gaius Cæsar and given to Ariobarzanes, XXVII.

757. Gaius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; again associates Tiberius in tribunitial power, VI.

758. Fleet penetrates to limits of the Cimbri; the Cimbri, Charudes and Semnones send ambassadors, XXVI; King Vonones given to the Parthians, XXXIII.

759. Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius consuls, XVII; seventeenth time _imperator_, IV; Dacians subdued, XXX; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; military treasury established, XVII.

762. Nineteenth time _imperator_, IV.

766. Associates Tiberius the third time in tribunitial power, VI.

767. Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Appuleius consuls, VIII; thirty-seventh year of tribunitial power, IV; seventy-sixth year of Augustus, XXXV; third census taken; list of senate revised, VIII.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Abbreviations as used in the Notes are put in parentheses.

I. EDITIONS.

=Mommsen, Theodor: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti ex Monumentis Ancyrano et Apolloniensi.= pp. LXXXXVII, 223. With eleven photogravure plates. Berlin, 1883. (_R. G._)

This work is so exhaustive and so full that it puts all preceding editions and discussions out of date. Hence this bibliography enumerates only such editions and discussions as have appeared since 1883.

=C. Peltier and R. Cagnat: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, d’après la dernière recension de Th. Mommsen.= Paris, 1886.

II. DISCUSSIONS OF THE MONUMENTUM.

=Bormann, Ernest: Bemerkungen zum Schriftliche Nachlasse des Kaisers Augustus.= Marburg, 1884. Universitäts Einladung. pp. 1-46.

=Bormann, Ernest: Verhandlungen der dreiundvierzigsten Versammlung Deutschen Philologen in Köln=, 1895. pp. 180-191. Leipzig, 1896.

=Geppert, Paul: Zum Monumentum Ancyranum. Gymnasiums Programm.= pp. 1-18. Berlin, 1887.

=Hirschfeld, Otto: Wiener Studien=, 1885. pp. 170-174.

=Mommsen, Theodor: Historische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge=, XXI. pp. 385-397

=Nissen, H.: Rheinisches Museum=, XLI. 1886. pp. 481-499.

=Plew, J.: Quellenuntersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers Hadrian, nebst einem Anhang über das Monumentum Ancyranum.= Strassburg, 1890. pp. 98-121.

=Schiller, H.: Bursians Jahresbericht=, XLIV, 85-86.

=Schmidt, Johannes: Philologus=, XLIV, 1885. pp. 442-470; XLV, 1886. pp. 393-410; XLVI, 1887. pp. 70-86.

=Seeck, Otto: Wochenschrift für Klassische Philologie=, 19 Nov., 1884. Col. 1473-1481.

=v. Wilamowitz, Ulrich: Hermes=, XXI, 1886. pp. 623-627.

=Wölfflin, E.: Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Klasse der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München=, 1886. pp. 253-282.

III. WORKS OF REFERENCE MOST FREQUENTLY CITED.

=Gardthausen, V.: Augustus und seine Zeit.= 1er Th., 1er Bd., pp. VIII, 484; 2er Th., 1er Hlb., pp. 276. Leipzig, 1891. 1er Th., 2er Bd., pp. 485-1032; 2er Th., 2er Hlb., pp. 277-649. 1896.

Not yet completed; the standard work on the subject. Second part contains the references. (_Aug._)

=Marquardt, Joachim: Römische Staatsverwaltung.=

=Mommsen, Theodor: Römische Geschichte.= (_Röm. Gesch._)

=Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.= (=C. I. L.=)

IV. CLASSICAL AUTHORS CITED.

=Ammianus Marcellinus (Amm.)=: _Rerum Gestarum Libri_.

=Appianus (Appian)=: _Bella Civilia (B. C.)_; _Illyrica (Illyr.)_.

=Cæsar, Gaius Julius (Cæs.)=: _De Bello Gallico (B. G.)_; _De Bello Civili (B. C.)_.

=Cassiodorus (Cass.)=: _Chronicon (Chron.)_.

=Cicero, Marcus Tullius (Cic.)=: _Epistolae, ad Atticum (ad Att.)_; _pro Sextio (pro Sext.)_; _Philippica ( Phil.)_.

=Dio Cassius Cocceianus (Dio)=: _Historia Romana_.

=Dionysius=: _Archæologia Romana_.

=Eusebius=: _Chronicon (Chron.)_.

=Eutropius=: _Breviarium Historiæ Romanæ_.

=Festus, Sextus Pompeius=: _De Verborum Significatione_.

=Florus, Lucius Annæus (Flor.)=: _Epitome Rerum Romanarum_.

=Frontinus, Sextus Julius (Front.)=: _De Aquæductibus Urbis Romæ Libri II (De Aq.)_.

=Gellius, Aulus (Gell.)=: _Commentarii Noctium Atticarum_.

=Horatius Flaccus, Quintus (Hor.)=: _Carmina (Carm.)_; _Satiræ (Sat.)_; _Carmen Sæculare (Carm. Sæc.)_; _Epistolæ (Ep.)_; _Epodon (Epod.)_.

=Hyginus, Gromaticus=: _De Limitum Constructione (De Lim.)_.

=Jordanes=: _De Getarum Origine et Rebus Gestis_.

=Josephus Flavius (Jos.)=: _Jewish Wars (Wars)_; _Jewish Antiquities (Ant.)_.

=Justinus (Justin)=: _Historiarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV_.

=Juvenal, Decimus Junius (Juv.)=: _Satiræ (Sat.)_.

=Livius, Titus (Livy)=: _Annales_; _Epitomæ (Ep.)_.

=Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius (Mac.)=: _Saturnaliorum Conviviorum Libri VII (Sat.)_.

=Nepos, Cornelius (Nep.)=: _De Viris Illustribus_.

=Orosius, Paulus (Oros.)=: _Historiarum adversus Paganos (adv. Pag.)_.

=Ovidius Naso, Publius (Ovid)=: _Metamorphoses (Met.)_; _Fasti_; _Tristia (Tr.)_; _Ars Amatoria (Ars Am.)_.

=Plinius Secundus, Gaius (Pliny)=: _Historia Naturalis (Hist. Nat.)_

=Plutarchus (Plut.)=: _Vita Antonii (Ant.)_; _Vita Bruti (Brut.)_; _Moralia. De Fortuna Romanorum (De Fort. Rom.)_.

=Propertius, Sextus Aurelius (Prop.)=: _Elegiæ_.

=Ptolemæus, Claudius (Ptol.)=: _Geographia_.

=Seneca, Lucius Annæus (Sen.)=: _De Clementia ad Neronem Cæsarem Libri II (De Clem.)_.

=Strabo=: _Geographia_.

=Suetonius, Tranquillus Gaius (Suet.)=: _Vita Duodecim Cæsarum_; _Julii (Jul.)_; _Augusti (Aug.)_; _Tiberii (Tib.)_; _Claudii (Claud.)_.

=Tacitus, Gaius Cornelius (Tac.)=: _Historiæ (Hist.)_; _Annales (Ann.)_; _Germania (Ger.)_; _Agricola (Agr.)_.

=Valerius Maximus (Val.)=: _De Factis Dictisque Memorabilibus Libri IX_.

=Varro, Marcus Terentius=: _De Lingua Latina_.

=Velleius Paterculus, Gaius (Vell.)=: _Historiæ Romanæ Libri II_.

=Vergilius Maro, Publius (Ver.)=: _Æneid (Æn.)_; _Georgica, (Georg.)_.

=Victor, Sextus Aurelius (Vict.)=: _Historia Romana_.

=Zonaras, Joannes=: _Annales_.

NOTES:

[1] This title at Ancyra extends over the first three pages of the Latin, that is over so much of the inscription as is on the left wall of the pronaos; the Greek title extends over seventeen of the nineteen pages of the Greek version.

In its present form, the title cannot be the same as that over the original at Rome. All from “as engraved” is certainly an addition, probably made by the Galatian legate who ordered the magistrates of Ancyra to have the inscription placed on the temple of Augustus. The last two words in the Latin (placed first in the English), were probably inserted only by a blunder at Ancyra. “A copy subjoined,” doubtless stood in the legate’s letter, just as we might write “see enclosure.” But what of the remainder of the inscription, “Of the deeds ... Roman people”? It is hardly conceivable that this was the title of the inscription at Rome, because it embraces only two of the three parts into which the subject-matter falls. It covers the achievements and the expenditures of Augustus; in reverse order, however, from that of the document itself; and it omits any allusion to the subject-matter of the first fourteen chapters, which have to do with the offices and honors conferred upon Augustus.

It is impossible to say what was the superscription at Rome. Possibly there was none. The name of Augustus, most likely, was conspicuous somewhere in connection with the front of the mausoleum, and this inscription may very well have been devoid of title.

[2] Augustus was nineteen years old on Sept. 23, 710.

[3] Cicero (_Ad Att._ XVI, 8, 1,) on Nov. 1, 710, writes: “I have letters from Octavian; great things are doing; he has led over to his views the veterans of Casilinum and Calatia.” Cf. Vell. II, 61. Dio XLVI, 29.

[4] Cf. Cic. (_Phil._ III, 2, 3), “The young Cæsar, without our (the senate’s) advice or consent, raised an army and poured forth his patrimony.”

[5] Gardthausen, _Aug._ 1er Th. 2er Bd. p. 524, thinks that this beginning the Res Gestae with the raising of an army, is an admission of the military foundation of the principate.

[6] Such a statement is part of Augustus’ scheme to pose as a restorer of the old order. He makes Brutus, Cassius, Pompey and Antony public enemies.

[7] Cicero says (_Phil._ V, 17, 46), that on Jan. 1, 711, “the senate voted that Gaius Cæsar, son of Gaius, pontiff, should be a senator, and hold praetorian rank in speaking.” Dio (XLVI, 29), says that on Jan. 2 or 3, “Cæsar was made senator as a quaestor.”

[8] Livy (_Ep._ CXVIII), “he received the consular ornaments.” App. (_B. C._ III, 51) adds that he was given consular rank in speaking. Cf. Mommsen, _Röm. St._, I, pp. 442, 443.

[9] Cf. Cic. (_Phil._ ii, 8, 20), “The senate gave Gaius Cæsar the fasces.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ I, 10; Livy, _Ep._ CXVIII.

[10] App. _B. C._ III, 51. Vell. II, 61.

[11] The formula by which in emergencies, extraordinary powers were given to the ordinary magistrates. This measure had since 216 B. C., entirely superseded the old custom of appointing a dictator. (Cf. note [32]) Chap. V. The present formula, however, had been employed long before the disuse of the dictatorship. Cf. Livy III, 4; VI, 19. This extraordinary commission was not restricted to the consuls. Cf. Cæs. _B. C._ I, 5.

[12] Hirtius was killed April 16, 711, and Pansa died of wounds received on the 15th, in the fighting against Antonius. Cæsar Octavianus and Q. Pedius were elected consuls Aug. 19, 711. Dio LVI, 30; C. I. L. I, p. 400 = x, 8375; Tac. _Ann._ I, 9; Suet. _Aug._ 100. Vell. (II, 65), says the election was on Sept. 22. But Macrobius, (_Sat._ I, 35, 25), assigns the fact that he was made consul in the month Sextilis, as one of the reasons why the name of that month was changed to August.

[13] C. I. L. I, p. 466 and App. _B. C._ IV, 7, fix the formal ratification of the triumvirate by the people, as having been proposed by the tribune Publius Titius and carried in a public assembly on Nov. 27, 711.

[14] An instance of Augustus’ avoiding the names of his enemies; here, particularly, Brutus and Cassius.

[15] The _Lex Pedia_, Sept., 711, named from Augustus’ colleague in the consulship, constituted an extraordinary tribunal for this class of offenders: the penalty was interdiction from fire and water, _i. e._, outlawry. Livy, _Ep._ CXX; Vell. II, 69; App. III, 95; Suet. _Aug._ 10; Dio XLVI, 49.

[16] The only instance in the Res Gestae of a palpable distortion of fact. The battles at Philippi, in November, 712, are referred to. For the date see Gardthausen, _Aug._ 2er Th. 1er Halbband, p. 80. In the first fight, Suetonius says (_Aug._ 13), that Cæsar hardly escaped, ill and naked, from his camp to the wing of Antony’s army. He was ill, and had to be carried in a litter, according to Plutarch, _Brut._ p. 41. In _Antony_, 22, Plutarch says: “In the first battle, Cæsar was completely routed by Brutus, his camp taken, he himself very narrowly escaping by flight.” The decisive defeat of the Republicans was twenty days later.

[17] The text here is conjectural. Mommsen is almost alone in holding to “surviving,” Zumpt, in his edition of 1869, had read “suppliant” (_supplicibus_), Bergk, in 1873, “asking pardon” (_deprecantibus_). Hirschfeld, the same sense, (_veniam petentibus_). Seeck insists on the latter reading, in spite of Mommsen’s arguments for his own choice. Augustus did not spare all surviving citizens either after Philippi or Actium, cf. Dio LI, 2: After Actium “of the senators and knights, and other leading men, who in any way had helped Antony, he fined some, many he killed, some he spared.” For his conduct after Philippi, cf. Suet. _Aug._ 13. But a coin of 727 (Eckhel VI, 88, Cohen I, p. 66, No. 30), has CÆSAR COS VII CIVIBUS SERVATEIS, “Cæsar for the seventh time consul, the citizens having been preserved.” It commemorates the civic crown given to Augustus, cf. c. XXXIV. There are other coins with OB CIVES SERVATOS, “On account of the preservation of the citizens.”

[18] This fact is one of the few which the latest text, based on Humann’s work, alone establishes. Merivale’s comment on the relation of Augustus to the army is noteworthy: “Their hero (Julius Cæsar) discarded the defence of the legions, and a few months witnessed his assassination. Augustus learned circumspection from the failure of his predecessor’s enterprise. He organized a military establishment of which he made himself the permanent head; to him every legionary swore personal fidelity; every officer depended upon his direct appointment.” (C. XXXII.)

[19] C. 15 states the number colonized at 120,000. The 200,000 over and above the 300,000 here named, are accounted for in the twenty-five legions, 150,000 men in service at his death, leaving only 50,000 as the number who died in service or were dishonorably discharged during the long rule of Augustus. For a study of the strength and disposition of the Roman army at the death of Augustus, cf. Mommsen’s R. G., pp. 67-76.

[20] The term of service in 741, was twelve years for praetorian soldiers and sixteen for legionaries, raised in 758 to sixteen and twenty years respectively. Cf. c. 17, N. 2.

[21] The reading of Wölfflin and others (see textual note) would give instead of “lands purchased by me,” “I have assigned lands,” and instead of “money for farms, out of my own means” “money for reward of service.” Bormann, _Schr. Nachl._ p. 18-20, does not think that Augustus meant to state that he paid these charges from private sources, but believes that such a statement would be irrelevant in this section, if true, and an anticipation of cc. 15 and 16.

[22] Sextus Pompeius lost thirty ships at Mylae, and at Naulochus, out of three hundred which he had, eighteen were sunk and the rest, with the exception of seventeen, burned or captured. Cf. App. _B. C._ V, 108, 118, 121. Plut. _Ant._ 68, says that Augustus took 300 ships at Actium. These captures give, in round numbers, 600 vessels.

[23] The ovation was the lesser triumph. The general entered the city clad as an ordinary magistrate, and on foot, or as here, (see the Greek), on horseback, decked with myrtle. Suet. _Aug._ 22, says, these ovations were after Philippi, and the Sicilian war; the former in 714, the latter, Nov. 13, 718. Cf. Dio XLVIII, 31, XLIX, 15; C. I. L. 1, p. 461.

[24] In the curule triumph, for important victories, the general was vested in purple, and rode in a four-horse chariot, preceded by the fasces. These three triumphs were celebrated on the 13th, 14th and 15th of August, 725, for the Dalmatian successes, the victory of Actium and the capture of Alexandria. Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 328 and 478. Prop. II, 1, 31, ff, gives an eye-witness’ account of the second day. Cf. Livy, _Ep._ CXXXIII; Suet. _Aug._ 22; Verg. _Aen._ VIII; 714, Dio LI, 21.

[25] The acclamation as _imperator_, on account of success in war, must be carefully distinguished from the title used as a prefix to the name and as a mark of perpetual authority. The title imperator was regularly and permanently assumed at the beginning of each reign, after that of Augustus. To him it was formally assigned by the senate, in Jan., 725. C. I. L., V, 1873: _Senatus populusque Romanus imp. Cæsari, divi. Juli. f. cos. quinct. cos. design. sext. imp. sept. republica conservata._ The term thus had a double usage and meaning in such cases.

It soon came about that only the _princeps_ could assume the special designation for military successes, no matter whether won by him in person or not. Tacitus says, _Ann._ III, 74: “Tiberius allowed Blaesus to be saluted as imperator by the legions. Augustus conceded the title to some, but Tiberius’ allowing it to Blaesus was the last instance.” For a discussion of _Imperator_ as permanent title, see Gardthausen, p. 527, and Merivale, _History of the Romans_, c. XXXI.

Most of the acclamations of Augustus as imperator can be traced. No Greek inscription records them. A list follows. In the later instances Tiberius was associated.

I. April 15 (?) 711. After battles about Mutina. C. I. L. X, 8375 and Dio XLVI, 38.

II. Not traced.

III. Before 717. Cohen, _Vipsan._ 3, gives a coin with the words _imp. divi Juli f. ter. III Vir v. p. c. M. Agrippa cos. desig._ Agrippa entered his consulship Jan. 1, 717.

IV. Probably connected with the Sicilian victory and ovation of 718.

V. 720 or 721. Probably connected with Dalmatian victories of one of those years. Cf. C. I. L. V, 526.

VI. From Sept. 2, 723, to 725. On account of Actium. Cf. Oros. VI, 19, 14. C. I. L. X, 3826. _Imp. Cæsari divi f. imp. vi, cos. iii_ (723). C. I. L. X, 4830, _imp. Cæsari divi f. cos. v_ (725) _imp. vi_.

VII. From 725 to 729. C. I. L. VI, 873: _senatus populusque Romanus imp. Cæsari divi Juli f. cos. quinct._ (725) _cos. desig. sex. imp. sept. republica conservata_. On account of Thracian and Dacian victory of M. Licinius Crassus. Dio LI, 25, says: “Sacrifices and festivals were decreed to Cæsar and to Crassus. He did not, however, as some say, take the name imperator. Cæsar alone assumed that.”

VIII. From 729 to 734. Two inscriptions at Nismes (Donat. 96, 6) read: _imp. Cæsari divi f. Augusto cos. nonum_ (729) _designato decimum, imp. octavum_. Dio LIII, 26, says it was for a Celtic victory of Marcus Vinicius.

IX. From 734 to 739 (?) Coins have the inscription _Augustus Cæsar div. f. Armen. capt. imp. viii_. These commemorate the Armenian expedition of Tiberius in 734. Possibly Augustus took the title on account of the return of the captured standards from Parthia, which he accounted a greater triumph than many a victory in open warfare.

X. 739 (?) to 742. C. I. L. V, 8088 and others: _Augustus imp. x, tribunicia potestate xi_. The latter falls in the years 742, 743. Probably referable to successes in Rhætian war of 739.

XI. 742. Coins (Cohen, n. 147-150) give: _imp. xi_. The causes were the successes of Tiberius in Pannonia in 742. Dio LIV, 31.

XII. 743 to 744. C. I. L., III, 3117: _imp. xii tr. pot. xiii_ and VI, 701, 702: _pontifex maximus, imp. xii cos. xi trib. pot. xiv_. Referable to Germanic victory of Drusus. Dio LIV, 33.

XIII. Tiberius Imp. 745. Suet., _Tib._ 9, says that Tiberius received the oration for Pannonian and Dalmatian victories. Cf. Val. 5, 5, 3. Dio LV, 2.

XIV. Tiberius Imp. II. 746-755. Dio LV, 6, refers this acclamation to the Germanic victories of 746. Many coins, milestones and other inscriptions of the period indicated mention this fourteenth acclamation. Cf. C. I. L., II, 3827; 4931; V, 7243; 7817; VI, 1244.

XV. 755. For the Armenian victory of C. Cæsar. Dio Cass. LV, 11. C. I. L. X, 3827; _pont. max., cos. iii (xiii) imp. xv, tr. p. xxv, p. p._

XVI. Untraced.

XVII. Tiberius Imp. III. 759. Dio LV, 28, referring to the German expedition of Tiberius in 759, says, “Nothing great was accomplished. Yet both Augustus and Tiberius received the acclamation as imperators.” Cf. C. I. L. V. 6416.

XVIII. Tiberius Imp. IV. Probably for successes in Illyricum.

XIX. Tiberius Imp. V, 762. Dio LVI, 17, refers to the Dalmatian war. A coin of 763-4 (Cohen n. 27) gives: _Ti. Cæsar August. f. imperat. v. pontifex, tribun. potestate xii_.

XX. Tiberius Imp. VI. 765. The cause is not clear, probably for slight successes of Tiberius and Germanicus against the Germans in 763, 764. Dio LVI, 25. A Spanish milestone, C. I. L. II, 4868, gives the data.

XXI. Tiberius Imp. VII. Tac. _Ann._ I, 9, says Augustus was twenty-one times Imperator. A coin of Lyons (Cohen n. 35-38) has: _Ti. Cæsar Augusti f. imperator VII_. This dates from the lifetime of Augustus. Tiberius did not receive a further acclamation.

[26] ᵃ After his own victory over the Cantabri, that of Varro over the Salassi and that of M. Vinicius over the Germans, in 729. Cf. Florus, IV, 12, 53.

ᵇ After the restoration of the standards by the Parthians in 734. Cf. Borghesi II, 100 ff.

ᶜ After the victories of Tiberius in Germany in 746. Dio LV, 6.

ᵈ After the victories of Tiberius in Pannonia? Dio LVI, 17.

[27] A part of the ordinary ceremonial of the triumph. Cf. Mommsen, _Röm. St._ I, p. 61, 95, Marquardt, _Staatsverwaltung_, II, p. 582.

[28] For a thanksgiving after the expedition of Tiberius into Armenia cf. Dio LIV, 9. Cf. also Cic. _Phil._ XIV, 11, 29. For two other instances, cf. Mommsen, _R. G._, appendix, pp. 161-178.

[29] Not an incredible number. Thanksgivings were offered in Julius Cæsar’s time of fifteen, twenty, forty and fifty days. Cf. Drumann III, 609, No. 84. Fifty days were decreed for the victories of Hirtius, Pansa and Octavian in 711.

[30] The only names traceable are those of Alexander and Cleopatra, the children of Cleopatra and Alexander brother of Jamblichus, King of the Emesenes. Cf. Dio LI, 2, 21. Prop. 2, 1, 33, tells of “Kings with their necks surrounded with golden chains,” in the triumph of Aug. 14, 725.

[31] The emperors assumed the consulship only irregularly and for short periods. Their taking of the “tribunitial power” was not through a regular election to the tribuneship, as was the case with the consulship, for Augustus as a patrician was ineligible; but it was the assumption of a power equal to that of the tribunes. This made the emperors sacrosanct, gave them the initiative and the veto, and well subserved the fiction of their being the representatives and champions of the people. For discussions of this power cf. Merivale, _Hist. of Rom._ C. XXXI; Mommsen, _Röm. St._ II, p. 759, 771-777, 833-845.

Succeeding emperors, down to 268 A. D., dated their accession from the day of assuming the tribunitial power. The wording is peculiar in this sentence. May it not have been that Augustus expected his heir or executors to fill in the exact dates at the time of his death, as suggested in the introduction?