Part 6

4. _Avesta fors_--this locates the scene of the poem near the old copper works at the great and little falls (_Storforsen_ and _Lillforsen_) in _Dalälven_, the main river flowing through the poet's native province of _Dalarna_ (Dalecarlia). The old works were recently replaced by a large steel plant, iron ore being also abundant in this old copper region. Cf. line 6, _hällarnas järn_.

15. As indicated here and in the title, this is a lyrical farewell to the poet's native scenes.

22. _stenen_--a monument commemorating the battle of _Brunnbäck_ (also written _Brunbäck_). Here the peasant army of Gustav Vasa in 1521 gained their first victory over the Danish forces of King Christian sent from Stockholm under command of Gustav Trolle to put down the movement for Swedish independence. The victory was celebrated in a ballad (_Dalvisan_) which says:

_Så körde vi jutar (Danes)i Brunbäcks älv, så vattnet dem porlade om. Vi sörjde däröver, att Kristian själv ej där tillika omkom_.

JUNGFRU MARIA.

This is a selection from a group of poems, entitled _Dalmålningar, utlagda på rim_ (Dalecarlian Paintings Interpreted in Rhyme), in which Karlfeldt describes old paintings in the churches of his native province with all the originality and quaintness that characterized these mural depictions by anonymous country artists.

1-4 form the introduction to the poem, the body of which is a direct address to the Virgin.

10. _vit och lutad går_ has the force of a personification of the moon as an old man, white-haired and stooping, though the simile in line 9 has no such comparison in view, _bågig_ there serving to describe the arched forehead.

12. _akleja_, a modification of the Latin _Aquilegia_, columbine.

18. The progressive mood is often thus expressed in questions by an interposed verb, like _gå, stå, sitta_, between the principal verb and its object, where English requires an adverbial clause in addition to the progressive form. Thus, _vad sitter du och tänker på_--what are you thinking of (as you are sitting there)? The sense of the line in the text is, what are you pondering on, while walking thus alone?

26. _den slående björnen_, in prose usually _slagbjörnen_, the large, man-eating bear.

33. _tiljan_, in apposition with _strålen_ (line 30).

VINTERHÄLSNING.

3. _Apoll_, irregular form of _Apollo_.

5-6. The incongruous combination _nordanvinden_--_eld och läge_ has the force of an oxymoron.

7. _Cupid_, regularly written _Cupido_ or _Kupido_.

10. _sexton grindar_, the sixteen points of the compass familiar to navigators.

29. _Hövding, ryck an_--the North Wind here, as throughout, personifies the spirit and genius of the North, manifested in manhood and honor (lines 13-14), power and beauty (31-32), song and action (28, 34-36).

VOCABULARY.

EXPLANATORY.

This vocabulary covers Vols. I and II of _Svensk Diktning_.

The vertical line is used to set off that part of a word left intact in the process of inflection or conjugation; as, _aft|on (-onen, -nar)_; _akt|a (-ade, -at)_; _an|gripa (-grep, -gripit)_.

The dash is employed for brevity and convenience to indicate that the indefinite nominative plural form of a noun is the same as the corresponding form in the singular; thus, _arbetare (-n, --)_. Also, in peculiar instances, to show that the supine of a verb is the same as the root, or, the infinitive without its sign _(-a)_; thus, _mist|a (-ade, -at; -e, --)_.

Of _nouns_, the def. nom. sg. and the indef. nom. pl. are given or indicated within parentheses. Proper nouns are here included only where their Swedish and English forms differ or where they may be variously rendered.

Of _regular verbs_, the principal parts are indicated by their conjugational endings in the preterite and supine, active or passive, according to the text and for the purpose of preciseness in rendition. _Strong_ and _irregular verbs_ are given either in full or mainly complete in form, as, _bryta (bröt, brutit)_; _be|grava (-grov, -gravit; -gravde, -gravt)_.

A title-word with several radically different meanings is repeated.

The use of inflected adjectives as adverbs and of participles as adjectives is noted except where the meaning is obvious.

VOCABULARY.

A.

absolut, absolute. ack, ah, oh, alas. adelsmärke (-t, -n), mark of nobility. aderton, eighteen. adertonhundratalet, the eighteen hundreds; the nineteenth century. adjunkt (-en, -er), assistant pastor, curate; assistant teacher, instructor. adl|a (-ade, -at), to confer knighthood; to ennoble; to raise to nobility. aft|on (-onen, -nar), evening. aftonhim|mel (-meln, -len, -lar), evening sky, sunset sky. aftonljus (-et, --), evening light. aftonrodnad (-en, -er), evening glow, sunset glow. aftonskim|mer (-ret), evening glow. aftonsky (-n, -ar), evening sky. aftonstjärn|a (-an, -or), evening star. aftonstund (-en, -er), evening hour. aftonsång (-en, -er), vesper song, evening song. aftonvind (-en, -ar), evening breeze. aga (-n), punishment, chastisement, whipping. agg (-et), grudge, spite, malice. ah, ah, oh. Ahasverus, Ahasuerus, name applied to the Wandering Jew. akademi (-en, -er), academy; university; Svenska akademien, the Swedish Academy. akademisk, academic. aklej|a (-an, -or), columbine. akt, attention, heed, notice; giv akt! Attention! Notice! akt|a (-ade, -at), to consider, esteem; to notice; akta på (påakta), to observe, take notice of, mark. akterhus (et, --), deckhouse. aktning (-en), respect, deference, appreciation. aktör (-en, -er), actor. aldrig, never. Alienus, Alienus, a Latin cognomen for himself, employed by Heidenstam. all, all, the whole, every; dagen är all, the day is done, past. alla, all. allaredan, already. alldeles, just, exactly, precisely; altogether, very. allen, allena, alone, lonely. allestädes, everywhere. Allfader (-n), All-father. allmoge (-n), common people, commonalty. allmän, general, common, usual, customary; public. allmänhet (-en), public. allo, all. allra, of all, very, most; allra helst som, especially as; allra minst, least of all. allt, all, altogether, ever, constantly; allt för, too, all too; allt efter som, as, according as; allt oftare, oftener than before, the more often; allt hittills, until now, up to the present. alltför, too, all too. alltid, always, ever. alltigenom, throughout. alltjämt, constantly, always, ever. alltmer, alltmera, gradually, more and more, the more. alltnog, sufficiently, amply. alltren, already; usually allaredan. alltsedan, ever since, from the time (that). allvar (-et), earnestness, seriousness, soberness, intensity. allvarsam, serious, somber, solemn. allvarsfylld, serious, sober, heavy. alm (-en, -ar), elm. alpkurort (-en, -er), Alpine health resort. altar|e, altar (-et, -en or --), altar. Amerika, America. an, on, forward, onward. anande, anticipating. anblick (-en), aspect, sight, prospect, view. and (anden, änder), duck, wild duck. and|a (-an, -ar), spirit; breath. and|as (-ades, -ats), to breathe, inhale, respire, exhale. and|e (-en, -ar), spirit, mind, intellect; ghost, apparition; Anden or den Helige Ande, the Holy Spirit. andedräkt (-en), breath. andelig, andlig, spiritual. andeliv (-et), spiritual life. Anders, Andrew. anderöst (-en, -er), voice of a (the) spirit; spec., the voice of the Holy Spirit. andevärld (-en, -ar), spirit world, spiritual world. andlig, spiritual, mental; theological, religious, divine. andra, other, different, others. Andreas, Andrew. anförvant (-en, -er), kin, kindred. Angelika, Angelica. angrepp (-et, --), attack. an|gripa (-grep, -gripit), to attack. anhängare (-n, --), follower, devotee; member. aning (-en, -ar), anticipation, premonition; fancy. anklag|a (-ade, -at), to accuse, charge, implead; to complain of. anlag (-et, --), aptitude, aptness, ability; prerequisites. anledning (-en, -ar), reason, occasion, cause. anlet, anlet|e (-et, -en), face, countenance, visage. anletsdrag (-et, --), countenance, visage, features. anlän|da (-de, -t), to arrive. ann, annan, other. Anna, Anna, Ann, Anne. anna|n (-t) other, another; different; something else; otherwise; en och annan, a few, one here and there, sundry. anonymt, anonymously. anor (no sg.), ancestry, descent, pedigree. anrättning (-en, -ar), preparation, course, dish. ansad, cultivated, well cared for, nurtured. ansedd, renowned, noted. an|sluta (-slöt, -slutit) sig, to join. an|slå (-slog, -slagit), to intone; to strike (a note). anspråk (-en, --), claim, demand, requirement. anspråkslöshet (-en), simplicity, unassuming manner. anstalt (-en, -er), institution, establishment; pl., provision, arrangements. an|stå (-stod, -stått), to fit, become, beseem; to be suitable for. anställ|a (-de, -t), to engage, employ. anställning (-en, -ar), situation, position. anständig, decent, fitting, proper. ansvar (-et), responsibility. antagligen, presumably, supposedly. antal (-et, --), number. antites (-en, -er), antithesis. antåg (et, --), approach. anvisning (-en, -ar), suggestion, direction. använ|da (-de, -t), to use, employ. Apollo, Apollon, Apollo, god of music and poetry; also, poet., Apoll. apost|el (-eln, -lar), apostle. appell (-en, -er), appeal, call, signal. april, April. arbetare (-n, --), workman, laborer. arbete (-t, -n), work, labor, employment, occupation. arbetsdag (-en, -ar), working day, day of toil. arbetstrött, toilworn, tired, exhausted with work. arg, evil, depraved. aristokratisk, aristocratic. ark (-et, --), sheet (of paper). arkipelag (-en, -er), archipelago; Cap., the Grecian archipelago. arla, early. arm (-en, -ar), arm. arm, poor, pitiful, unfortunate. armé (-en, -er), army. armod (-et), poverty, need, want, penury. art (-en, -er), variety, kind; style, character. artighet (-en), politeness, courtesy; artigheter, compliments; säga artigheter, to pass compliments. artigt, politely, affably, courteously. artik|el (-eln, -lar), article. arv (-et, --), heritage, inheritance, legacy. arving, arvinge (-en, -ar), heir. arvked (-en), hereditary chain or link. ask|a (-an), ashes, cinders, dust, debris. Aten, Athens. atenare (-n, --), Athenian. atensk, Athenian. Atis, character in an epic poem by Creutz. att, to; that, so that, in order that. auktoritet (-en, -er), authority. Auroraförbundet, the Aurora Society. av, of, by, from; off; about, concerning. avbild (-en, -er), image. avböj|a (-de, -t), to decline, refuse, relinquish. avfall (-et, --), desertion, defection, falling away, dissension; apostasy, fall. avgrund (-en, -er), abyss, chasm, precipice; gulf, pit; bottomless pit, hell, Hades. avgrundsbedövande, infernally noisy, deafening as pandemonium. avgörande, decisive, final. av|lida (-led, -lidit), to pass away, die, expire. avlång, oblong. av|lägga (-lade, -lagt), to take (as a degree, an oath); to show, present; to take off, remove. avlös|a (-te, -t), to relieve; to remove; also lösa av. av|se (-såg, -sett), to intend, plan, propose, purpose; to design, have in mind, aim at; to have for one's object. avsked (-et), leave, farewell, parting; discharge, dismissal; taga avsked, to take leave, say farewell, depart; to resign. avskedsstund (-en, -er), hour or moment of farewell, parting or departure. avskrift (-en, -er), copy. avslipad, ground smooth, polished. avslut|a (-ade, -at), to finish, complete, end, close. avspegl|a (-ade, -at), to reflect. avstann|a (-ade, -at), to stop, cease, abate, subside. avstånd (-et, --), distance. avsän|da (-de, -t), to send, send away, send off; to dispatch. av|taga (-tog, -tagit), to diminish, decrease; to lapse; to ebb. avvikande, at variance (with), departing (from), different (from).

B.