iii. The gerundive is used (1) personally as a verb, usually with a

passive signification, e.g. _aqua bibenda est_, ‘water ought to be drunk’; (2) as a mere epithet, e.g. _ridenda poemata_, ‘poems to be laughed at.’

iv. The acc. of the gerundive is used in a final sense as an oblique predicate, or complement, agreeing with the direct object of certain transitive verbs--_curo_, _do_, _suscipio_, _habeo_, etc., e.g. _Caesar pontem faciendum curavit_, ‘Caesar had a bridge made’; _agros eis habitandos dedit_, ‘he gave them the lands to dwell in.’ Cf. vii. 3. note.

8. +usui+, predicative dative or dat. of purpose. Cf. _dono_, viii. 4. note.

+memoria+, etc. The order is _memoria prodita est neminem ex his nationibus, quae cum S. faciebant_ (‘who served with Sertorius’), _cum multis proeliis superatus esset_ (‘although he had been defeated in many battles’), _unquam ab eo descivisse_.

9. _neminem._ The gen. of this word, _neminis_, is only found in writers before Cicero, the abl. _nemine_ in late writers (_e.g._ Tacitus and Suetonius), and once in Plautus; the plural is not used. Hence we have

Nom., _nemo_, _nulli_, etc. Acc., _neminem_, _nullos_, etc. Gen., _nullius_, _nullorum_, etc. Dat., _nemini_, _nullis_. Abl., _nullo_ or _nullâ_, _nullis_.

XIV.

1. +alba+. _Albus_ is a dull white as opposed to _ater_, dull black; _candidus_, shining white, opposed to _niger_, shining black.

+eximiae pulchritudinis et celeritatis+, genitives of quality.

2. +dono+, predicative dat., or dat. of purpose. Cf. _dono_, viii. 4. note.

5. +factu+, the supine in _-u_, used as an abl. of respect. Cf. _foedum dictu est_, ‘it is horrible to state’ (lit. ‘in the saying’), and xxiv. 2, _utilia monitu suasuque_.

+quid+, the indef. pron.; so _cui_, line 13. For its use after _si_ cf. xi. 4. note.

7. +dixerat+, indic. after _cum_ in a frequentative sense, ‘whenever he had said that.’ Cf. vi. 8. note.

10. +in fugam se proripuit+, ‘took to hasty flight.’

18. +consuerat+, indic., because it is not part of what Sertorius said, but a statement made by the author.

+quod opus esset facto+, ‘what had to be done.’ _Facto_ is the abl. of the perf. part. pass.; for this use cf. _maturato, properato opus est_, ‘there is need of haste’; and the similar construction with the abl. of the supine, _dictu opus est_ (Terence), ‘it is necessary to speak’; _quod scitu opus est_ (Cicero), ‘what has to be known.’

XV.

+Tarquinius Superbus+, according to tradition, was the seventh and last of the Roman kings (535-510 B.C.), the others being Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius.

1. +Libris Sibyllinis+. Little is known about the famous Sibylline books. They were probably derived from Cumae in Campania, the seat of a celebrated oracle. At Rome they were kept in a stone chest (_sacrarium_) beneath the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, under the charge of certain officers (_quindecimviri_), and consulted only by the special command of the Senate. In 82 B.C. this temple was burnt and the books destroyed. A fresh collection of oracles was made by ambassadors sent to the chief cities of Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor. When the temple was rebuilt these were deposited in the same place, but many spurious prophetic books, purporting to be Sibylline oracles, seem to have got into circulation at Rome, and several revisions of the books were ordered from time to time. Christian writers frequently appeal to the Sibylline oracles as containing prophecies of the Messiah.

2. +hospita+, feminine form of _hospes_. Cf. _antistes_ and _sacerdos_, priest, _antistita_ and _sacerdota_ (in inscriptions), priestess, _sospes_ and _sospita_, saviour, etc.

4. +eos velle vendere+, ‘(she said) that she wished to sell them.’

6. +nimium atque inmensum+, 300 pieces of gold, according to one form of the legend.

+quasi ... desiperet+. _Quasi_, ‘as if,’ introducing a statement which is not a fact, naturally governs the subj., ‘as if she were mad’ (but she was not). In sentences of comparison introduced by such conjunctions as _tanquam_, _ceu_, _quasi_, _velut_, etc., the subj. is usually found, because the statement is usually not true; but when the statement is a fact the indic. is employed, e.g. _Fuit olim, quasi nunc ego sum, senex_ (Plautus). Frequently _quasi_, etc., are used, not as conjunctions introducing the sentence, but adverbially with a single word; in such cases they do not affect the mood, e.g. _servis respublica et quasi civitas domus est_ (_Pl. Ep._ viii. 16), ‘to slaves their home is a state, and, as it were, a city.’ Cf. xviii. 5, _quasi consultans cum Jove_.

7. +foculum+. _Fŏcŭlus_, deminutiveof _fŏcus_ (a hearth). Cf. _rĭvŭlus_, a rivulet, and _rivus_, a river.

9. +vellet+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _ecquid_. Cf. x. 6. note.

10. +sed enim+, ‘but indeed.’ Cf. the use of ἀλλὰ γὰρ in Greek.

14. +ore ... fit+, ‘now becomes serious and more attentive’ (lit. ‘of a serious countenance and more attentive mind’). _Ore_ and _animo_ are ablatives of quality.

19. +nusquam loci+, ‘nowhere in the world.’ The genitives _loci_, _locorum_, _gentium_ and _terrarum_ are frequently used with adverbs of place--_ubi_, _quo_, _unde_, _usquam_, _nusquam_, etc., e.g. _ubi terrarum sumus_ (Cic.), ‘where on earth are we?’

XVI.

1. +Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior+ was born in 234 B.C. He is first mentioned in 218 B.C. at the battle of the Ticinus (cf. ix. 1. note), in which he is said to have saved the life of his father P. Scipio. He fought at Cannae, 216, and was chosen with App. Claudius to command the remains of the Roman army after that great disaster. In 212 he was unanimously elected aedile. When the tribunes objected to the election, because he was under the legal age, he replied, ‘If all the Quirites wish to make me aedile, I am old enough.’ In 210, at the age of twenty-four, he was appointed to command the army in Spain, having come forward as a candidate for the post which all the old generals feared to accept. By 207 he had conquered almost the whole of that country from the Carthaginians. In 205 he was elected consul. He was anxious to cross over to Africa and end the war by a blow at Carthage itself, but the Senate, partly from jealousy, partly from timidity, opposed his plans and would only grant him the province of Sicily, with power to cross over to Africa if he thought it in the interests of the State; but this permission they endeavoured to render useless by refusing him an army. Volunteers however flocked from every part of Italy to his standard, and in 204 he was able to land in Africa with a large force. In 203 he defeated Hasdrubal and his ally Syphax, and in 202 brought the second Punic war to an end by a great victory at Zama over Hannibal, who had been recalled from Italy. In 201 peace was made, and Scipio, returning to Rome, received the agnomen Africanus, and was overwhelmed with every mark of honour. In 190 he served as legate under his brother, +Lucius Scipio Asiaticus+, in the war against Antiochus (cf. ix. and xvii.) On their return the accusations mentioned in xvi. and xvii. were made against the brothers. In 185 Scipio retired into private life, and died soon afterwards, probably in 183.

1. +tribunus plebis+. The tribuni plebis were appointed in 494, after the secession to Mons Sacer, to protect the plebeians against the patrician magistrates. At first they were two in number, afterwards they were increased to ten.

3. +ut condicionibus+, etc., ‘that peace might be made with him (_i.e._ Antiochus) on favourable conditions in the name of the Roman people.’

7. +diem esse hodiernum+, ‘that this is the day on which ...’ (lit. ‘that it is to-day on which ...’).

9. +proelio+. The battle of Zama, Oct. 19th, 202 B.C.

11. +simus+, ‘let us not be ungrateful therefore to the gods....’

12. +censeo+, used parenthetically, ‘I propose.’ Cf. _quaeso_, ii. 4.

13. +gratulatum+, the supine in _-um_, used to express purpose after the verb of motion, _eamus_.

17. +aedes+, in sing., a ‘temple’ (a single room), in the plur., a ‘house’ (a collection of rooms). As distinguished from _templum_, _aedes_ is a simple building without division into rooms; _templum_ is a large edifice consisting of many rooms, consecrated by the augurs, and belonging often to several deities.

18. +sollemni+. _Sollemnis_, from _sollus_ (cf. ὅλος, _salvus_), whole; prop. taking place every year, ‘established,’ especially of festivals; then, with the religious force predominating, ‘religious,’ ‘festive,’ ‘solemn.’

XVII.

2. +M. Porcius Cato+, known as the Censor (234-149), first distinguished himself in the second Punic war; in 204-3 he served as Quaestor to Scipio Africanus in Sicily and Africa. From this time forward he became the declared enemy of the Scipios and their friends, who were introducing, he said, into Rome the luxury and refinement of degenerate Greece and ruining the simple and honest Roman character. He served with distinction in Spain, 195-4, and against Antiochus, 191. In 184 he was censor, and applied himself strenuously, but in vain, to stem the tide of Greek luxury. He was one of the ambassadors sent to Africa to arbitrate between Masinissa and the Carthaginians, and was so struck by the flourishing condition of Carthage, that on his return he insisted that, whilst that city existed, Rome would never be safe. Whenever he was called upon for his vote in the Senate, whatever the subject before the house was, he always concluded his remarks by ‘And I further am of opinion that Carthage must be destroyed (_delendam esse Carthaginem_).’ The third Punic war, which broke out soon after his death, was largely due to his influence.

5. +L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus+ served under his brother Africanus in Spain, and in 190 defeated Antiochus at Mount Sipylus. Cf. xvi. 1.

3. +comparati in eum+. _Comparare hominem in aliquem_ is the regular phrase for procuring a man to attack another. ‘Having been set upon him....’

4. +pecuniae ... rationem redderet+, ‘to give an account of the money paid by Antiochus, and the spoil....’

9. +allatum+, i.e. _dixit librum allatum esse_, ‘he said that it had been brought.’

10. +aerarium+, the public treasury at Rome, in which, besides the State treasure, the standards of the legions and copies of all decrees of the Senate were kept. After the expulsion of the kings the Temple of Saturn, at the head of the Forum, was used for this purpose.

10. +sed enim+, ‘but indeed.’ Cf. xv. 10.

11. +nec me ipse afficiam contumeliâ+, ‘nor will I insult myself with my own lips (_ipse_).’

12. +coram+, ‘before their eyes.’

13. +quod cui+. The order is _quod ab eo ratio praedae posceretur, cui salus ... deberet_, ‘indignant that an account of the booty was demanded from a man, to whom the safety of the State and constitution ought to be ascribed.’

_Acceptum aliquid referre alicui_, lit. ‘to put down a thing as received to a man’s account,’ ‘to credit him with it’; a metaphor from banking.

XVIII.

2. +Scipio Africanus+ “was unquestionably one of the greatest men of Rome, and he acquired at an early age the confidence and admiration of his countrymen. His enthusiastic mind led him to believe that he was a special favourite of the gods; and he never engaged in any public or private business without first going to the Capitol, where he sat some time alone, enjoying communication from the gods. For all he proposed or executed he alleged the divine approval; and the Roman people gave credit to his assertions, and regarded him as a being almost superior to the common race of men. There can be no doubt that Scipio believed himself in the divine revelations, which he asserted to have been vouchsafed to him, and the extraordinary success which attended all his enterprises must have deepened this belief.”--Smith’s _Classical Dictionary_.

3. +noctis extremo+, ‘at the end of night.’ The neuter _extremum_ is used as a substantive, meaning ‘the end.’ Cf. _extremo anni_, Livy, xxxv. 11. 1; _sub extremum noctis_, Sil. 4. 88.

4. +ventitare+. _Ventito_ is the frequentative form of _venio_. Frequentative or iterative verbs denote repeated action: they are of the first conjugation, and formed by adding _-to_, _-so_, _-ito_, or _-itor_ to the supine stem, or, more rarely, to the clipt stem, as _can-to_, ‘I sing often’; _cur-so_, ‘I run often’; _rog-ito_, ‘I ask often’; _min-itor_, ‘I threaten often’; _haes-ito_, ‘I stick fast.’ Sometimes one frequentative verb is formed from another, as _cant-ito_ from _canto_.

+ac iubere ... Iovis+, ‘and to order the temple of Jupiter to be opened.’

5. +quasi consultans+. Cf. xv. 6. note.

7. +id temporis+. For this ‘genitive of the thing measured,’ depending on a neuter pronoun, expressing quantity, hence often called the ‘partitive genitive,’ cf. _aliquid veri, falsi_; _id aetatis_; _nihil reliqui facere_, ‘to leave nothing undone’ (Caes.); _quantum mercedis_ (xxxii. 17.); _si quid remedii_ (xxxiv. 8.), and such phrases as _navium quod ubique fuerat in unum locum coegerant_ (Caes.). _Id_ in this phrase is in the accusative. Similar adverbial accusatives are--_hoc noctis_, _magnam partem_, _suam vicem_, _multum_, etc. The use of the acc. has arisen from an extended use of the cognate acc. after intransitive verbs (e.g. _servire servitatem_, _dormire noctem_, _dolere aliquid_, etc.).

+quod in eum solum ... incurrerent+, the order is _aeditumi ... admirati, quod canes, semper in alios saevientes, neque latrarent neque incurrerent in eum solum id temporis in Capitolium ingredientem_, ‘because he was the only man who entered the temple at that time, at whom the dogs, that always attacked others, did not bark and fly.’

14. +re cibaria copiosum+, ‘well supplied with provisions.’

15. +eius potiundi+. Gerundival attraction, cf. xiii. 1. note.

16. +ius dicebat+, ‘he was administering justice,’ the technical term.

18. +in iure stare+, or _esse_, ‘to stand,’ ‘present oneself before a magistrate’; _in ius ire_, ‘to go before a magistrate.’

19. +vadimonium promittere+, to promise or give security (bail) for a man’s appearance, ‘for what day and what place’ (_i.e._ for his appearance on what day and place) ‘he would order security to be given.’

+iuberet+, subj. after the dependent interrog. _quem_. Cf. x. 6. note.

21. +sese+, object. of _sistere_, ‘ordered him to present himself on the third day in yonder place.’

22. +atque ita factum+, ‘and so it happened.’

+vadari+. _Vador aliquem_ = ‘I bind a man over by bail’: the object. of _vadari_ here is _militem_; “on the third day, on which he had ordered (them) to bind (the man) over to appear.”

XIX.

1. +capite+. _Caput_ denotes the legal status of a citizen: he lost it “as much if he were struck off the roll of citizens as if his head were struck off his shoulders” (Wilkins, _R. Lit. Primer_). “I and two others were trying a friend on a capital charge.”

4. +ad casum ... medendum+, ‘to remedy so perilous a mischance.’

6. +ad condemnandum+, sc. _hominem_, ‘I gave my vote in silence for condemning the man.’

XX.

1. +Favorinus+ was a native of Arles, in Gaul; he was a famous philosopher, and resided at different periods of his life in Rome, Greece, and Asia Minor (about 110-130 A.D.).

3. +Curius+. M’ Curius Dentatus, consul in 290, 275, and 274 B.C., distinguished himself in the Samnite wars. He was a favourite hero of the Romans, and celebrated as a type of the old-fashioned virtue and frugality. The Samnites, it is said, once sent an embassy to him with costly gifts. The messengers found the great general sitting by his hearth, and roasting turnips. They proffered their gifts, but he rejected them, saying that he would rather rule over those who possessed gold than possess it himself.

4. +Fabricius+. Cf. viii. 1. note.

+Coruncanius+, consul 260 B.C., fought with success against the Etruscans and against Pyrrus (cf. xxvii. 1. note); he was also a distinguished lawyer, and the first plebeian who became Pontifex Maximus.

5. +his+, abl. after the comparative _antiquiores_.

+antiquus+, ‘former,’ ‘ancient,’ is used of what has existed in past time as opposed to _novus_, what has not previously existed, new. _Vetus_ denotes what has existed for a long time, old, aged, opposed to _rĕcens_, what has not existed for long, recent.

+Horatii+. The three brothers of the Horatian gens, who, according to the legend, in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, fought against the Curiatii, three brothers from Alba, to determine whether Rome or Alba was to exercise the supremacy.

6. +Auruncorum+, etc., genitives depending of _verbis_, ‘used the language of the Aurunci,’ etc. The Aurunci, Sicani, and Pelasgi were old Italian races.

9. +quasi loquare+. Cf. xv. 6. note, ‘_quasi desiperet_.’

+Euandri+. The legend says that Euander, son of Hermes and an Arcadian nymph, about 60 years before the Trojan war, led a Pelasgian colony from Arcadia in Greece to Italy, and built the town of Pallantium at the foot of the Palatine hill. Vergil represents Euander as still alive when Aeneas came to Italy. (_Aeneid_, viii. 51.)

10. +abhinc multis annis+, ‘many years ago.’ To express ‘how long ago,’ _abhinc_ and _ante_ are used with either abl. or acc. case. Cf. _abhinc triennium huc commigravit_, ‘she came hither three years ago’ (Ter. _An._ i. 70).

11. +quae dicas+, ‘anything that you say.’ The subj. (a consecutive subjunctive) after the relative marks the statement as indefinite; _quae dicis_ would mean the particular words which you are actually using.

14. +sit+, subjunctive, because a dependent sentence in the _oratio obliqua_ after _ais_.

16. +C. Julius Caesar+, the Dictator, 100-44 B.C. This quotation is from his lost work _De Analogia_, written, it is said, when he was crossing the Alps.

18. +ut tamquam+, ‘that you should avoid a rare word, as (you would avoid) a rock.’

XXI.

1. +T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus+ was another of the favourite heroes of Roman history. His exploit here mentioned happened in 361. In 353 and again in 349 he was Dictator; in 347, 344, and 340, Consul. In this last year Torquatus and P. Decius Mus gained a great victory over the Latins near Mt. Vesuvius, and established the Roman supremacy in Latium. It was shortly before this battle that the disobedient act of his son occurred, mentioned at the end of xxii.

3. +torquis+, a ‘twisted neck chain,’ as opposed to _monile_ (cf. ix. 6), which was made of beads, stones, etc., strung together.

+ex hoste detractam induit+, ‘he had taken from an enemy, and put on himself.’ A participle and verb are frequently used in Latin where in English two verbs are employed, e.g. _scripsit se profectum celeriter adfore_, ‘he wrote (to say) that he had set out and would soon arrive.’

4. +fuerit+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _quis_. Cf. x. 6. note.

6. +cum ... processit+, etc. The indicative is used in past time after _cum_, when the conjunction is purely temporal, and equivalent to _et tum_. Cf. vi. 8 note.

7. +nudus+, ‘unarmed.’ _Nudus_ is used in many senses besides its usual one of ‘unclothed,’ ‘naked’: _e.g._ ‘without a _toga_,’ _i.e._ ‘in a tunic only,’ _nudus ara, sere nudus_ (Verg. _G._ i. 299); ‘uncovered by turf,’ _silex nuda_ (Verg. _E._ i. 15); ‘leafless,’ _nudum nemus_; ‘without a garrison,’ _urbs nuda praesidio_ (Cic. _Att._ vii. 13-1); ‘destitute,’ _nuda senectus_ (Juv.); ‘unadorned,’ _nuda oratio_ (Cic.), etc.

12. +si quis ... vellet, uti prodiret+, ‘that if any one was willing to fight him, he should step forward.’ The tenses are historic, because _conclamant_ is the historical present, and therefore equivalent to a past tense. Primary tenses are sometimes used after a historic present, but historic tenses are more common.

17. +scuto pedestri+. The _scutum_ was an oblong or oval shield (4 ft. by 2½ ft., Polybius), made of wood or wickerwork. It was borrowed from the Sabines and made the shield of the whole Roman army, superseding the large circular _clipeus_, when the Roman soldiers first began to receive pay, and to form a permanent army instead of an irregular militia (Livy, viii. 8. etc.).

+cinctus+ in this connection is properly ‘surrounded’ with a girdle to support a shield or sword, hence ‘armed with.’

XXII.

1. +metu magno+, ‘amid great anxiety.’ An ablative of manner, closely akin to the “ablative absolute.”

2. +sua disciplina+, ‘according to his custom,’ _i.e._ way of fighting. Cf. _eadem nos disciplina utimur_, ‘our habits are the same’ (Plaut. _As._ i. 3. 49), and _disciplina militiae, bellica militaris_, etc., ‘the art of war.’

3. +cunctabundus+. Cf. _moribundus_, vi. 11. note. The Gaul stood on the alert ready to parry a blow, and waiting his opportunity. Manlius disconcerted him by suddenly dashing him backwards.

7. +eo pacto ei ... +, etc., ‘in that way he got to close quarters with him (_ei successit_) under his Gallic sword, and wounded his chest with his Spanish sword (sc. _gladio_).’ The “Spanish sword” was a short weapon, fitted for thrusting and stabbing at close quarters; the “Gallic sword” a much longer and heavier weapon.

9. +pectus hausit+. _Haurire_ of a weapon in the sense of ‘wounding,’ ‘tearing open,’ is found in Lucretius, Vergil, and often in Ovid: probably the sword, etc., is regarded as devouring the flesh or drinking the blood (Conington). Cf. Verg. _Aen._ x. 313--

_Huic gladio perque aerea suta, Per tunicam squalentem auro, latus haurit apertum._

‘With his sword, through brazen coat of mail and tunic stiff with gold, he wounded his unguarded side.’

17. +speculatum+. The supine is _-um_, expressing purpose after a verb of motion.

+pugna interdicta+, ‘though he had been forbidden to fight.’ Abl. absolute.

XXIII.

1. +Agrum Pomptinum+. The Ager Pomptinus was a low plain on the coast of Latium, between Circeii and Terracina; it was originally a fertile cornland, but after the third century B.C., it became more and more marshy, till at last the Pomptine marshes were the most malarious district in Italy. They were partially drained from time to time, but no permanent relief was afforded till the time of Pius VI. (1778). The district is still the most unhealthy in Italy.

3. +vasta proceritate+, abl. of description.

+armis auro fulgentibus+, abl. abs., ‘a man of enormous stature, with armour gleaming with gold.’

5. +per contemptum et superbiam+, ‘scornfully and haughtily.’ Cf. _per vim_, ‘forcibly,’ etc.

6. +venire iubet+, etc., ‘bids anyone out of the whole Roman army who dares to fight, to come forward and meet him,’ lit. ‘bids (him) come, if anyone dares.’ _Auderet_ is in historical time, because _iubet_ is the historic present, standing for a past tense. Cf. xxi. 12. note.

8. +tribunus militaris+. The _tribuni militum_, or _militares_, were the chief officers of the legion; there were originally three, afterwards six, to each legion.

+ceteris ... ambiguis+. Abl. absol., ‘since the rest hesitated.’

11. +progreditur ... obviam+, ‘advances to meet him.’

13. +vis quaedam divina fit+, ‘a miracle happens’: lit., a divine power is manifested.

16. +laniabat ... revolabat+, the imperfects denote repeated action.

21. +statuam statuendam curavit+, ‘had a statue set up’: for this use of _curo_ cf. xiii. 1. 4. note.

+Augustus+. Cf. xxix. 2. note.

+in foro suo+, the ‘Forum Augusti.’ There were three great _fora_ at Rome, the F. Augusti, the F. Magnum, Vetus, or Romanum, and the F. Julii.

23. +monimentum+, in apposition to _simulacrum_.

XXIV.

1. +Aesopus+ lived about 570 B.C. Little is known about his life. He was a slave, but was freed by one of his masters, Iadmon of Samos. He is said to have visited Croesus, king of Lydia, and Pisistratus of Athens, and to have been sent by the former to Delphi to distribute a gift of money among the citizens. A dispute however arose, and he refused to give any of the money, so the angry men of Delphi threw him over a precipice. Later stories, without good authority, represent him as deformed.

+e Phrygia+. Cotioeum in Phrygia, Mesembria in Thrace, Samos, and Sardis each claimed to be the birthplace of Aesop.

2. +utilia monitu suasuque+. The abl. of the supine in _-u_ is regularly used as an abl. of respect. Cf. _nefas visu_, _turpe dictu_, _facile factu_ (xxvii. 7.), etc.

5. +cum audiendi quadam inlecebra+, lit. ‘with some charm of hearing.’

7. +spem+, etc., ‘that in matters (_rerum_) which a man can manage himself, hope and trust ought never to be placed in another, but in himself,’ _i.e._ that a man ought not to rely upon another for what he can do himself.

10. +Q. Ennius+. Cf. xxxviii. 9.

+satiris+. _Satira_ or _satura_ (_satur_ = full), properly a mixture of all sorts of things, originally denoted a work which dealt with many subjects; then the title was applied to poems which treated ‘didactically’ the follies and vices of mankind.

+versibus quadratis+, _versus quadrati_ (square) are those containing eight or seven feet. These lines of Ennius are called _Septenarii_ or _Tetrameter Catalectic_ verses. The principal feet in them are the _trochee_ ¯ ¯ ˘, and _spondee_ ¯ ¯.

Hōc ĕr|īt tĭb(i) | ārgŭ|mēntūm | sēmpĕr | īn prōmp|tū sĭ|tum, Nē quĭd | ēxpēc|tēs ă|mīcōs, | quod tŭt(e) | ăgĕrĕ | possĭ|es.

12. +semper in promptu situm+, ‘ever ready at hand.’

13. +ne quid+, etc., ‘not to wait for your friends at all (_quid_) in a matter which (_quod_) you yourself can do.’

+possies+, old form of _possis_, pres. subj. of _possum_.

XXV.

2. +id temporis+. Cf. xviii. 7. note, ‘at such a time, as a rule, that the harvest is at hand when its young ones are just becoming fledged.’

3. +ea cassita+, that particular lark about which the story is told.

+congesserat+, used absolutely (_i.e._ without an object) in the sense of making a nest, as we used the word ‘to build.’ Cf. Verg._ Ecl._ iii. 69, _locum aeriae quo congessere columbae_.

5. +dum iret+. _Dum_, like other temporal conjunctions, takes the indic. (in Oratio R.) when _strictly_ temporal, but the subj. is required when the notion of time is complicated with that of purpose, consequence, etc. In other words, _dum_, ‘whilst,’ always takes the indic., _dum_, ‘until,’ the indic. usually, the subj. sometimes, viz., when the idea of expecting or waiting for something comes in. Here purpose is expressed: ‘to enable her to meanwhile go ...,’ ‘till she should go.’ Cf. _priusquam emeret_, xxxiii. 4. note.

6. +quaesitum+, ‘to seek for food ...’; the supine in _-um_ expressing purpose after a verb of motion. Cf. xvi. 13, xxii. 17.

7. +si quid+, etc., ‘if anything unusual happened.’ For the genitive _quid rei_, cf. _id temporis_, xviii. 7. note.

11. +fac eas et roges+, a less peremptory way of expressing a command than the simple imperative. Cf. _scribas velim_, _cura ut scribas_, _scribe sis_ (for _si vis_), instead of _scribe_.

12. +veniant+, etc., subj. after _roges_, ‘ask them to come ...’

15. +orare+, the historical infinite, used instead of a finite verb. In this construction, which is frequent in an animated description of a scene, the pres. inf. only is used (besides the two perfects _odisse_ and _meminisse_, which have a present meaning). Dr. Kennedy (Pub. Sch. Lat. Gr., 332) treats it as analogous to the omission of parts of the verb _sum_ (e.g. _occisus_ for _occisus est_), as it leaves out the expression of time, number, and person. ‘It is used to express the occurrence of actions without marking the order of time.’ (Roby.)

17. +misit qui amicos roget+. _Roget_ is in subj., because the relative expresses purpose: ‘has sent me to ask ....’ _Misit_ is the perfect proper, ‘has sent,’ a primary tense, hence _roget_ is in the pres. subj.

18. +otioso animo esse+, abl. of quality, lit. ‘bids them be of an easy mind,’ _i.e._ ‘bids them be easy in mind.’

XXVI.

4. +isti+, ironical, ‘those friends of yours are laggards.’

+quin ... imus+, ‘why do we not rather go ...?’ The conjunction _quin_ (= _quî_, an old ablative, and _-ne_) is thus used in exhortations and remonstrances (_a_) usually with the pres. indic., e.g. _quin conscendimus equos?_ (Livy), ‘why do we not mount?’ _i.e._ ‘nay, mount at once’: (_b_) sometimes with the imperative, _quin aspice me_, ‘nay, look at me’; _quin dic uno verbo_, ‘just answer in a single word.’

5. +cognatos+. _Cognatus_ is a kinsman by blood, either on the father’s or the mother’s side; _agnatus_, a blood relation on the father’s side; _gentilis_, a member of the same _gens_, and bearing the same gentile name, _e.g._ Cornelii, Fabii; all these three classes were _consanguinei_, related by blood; _adfinis_, a relation by marriage, or sometimes merely a neighbour.

8. +cognatos adfinesque nullos ferme ...+, lit. ‘as a rule no kinsmen and neighbours were so good-natured,’ she said, ‘as to make no delay in undertaking work, and to obey orders at once.’

14. +valeant+, ‘good-bye to ...,’ _i.e._ let us have no more to do with....

18. +id ubi ...+, the order is, _ubi mater audivit ex pullis dominum dixisse id...._

19. +tempus cedendi et abeundi+, ‘it is time to go and be off.’

20. +in ipso enim+. The order is, _vertitur enim iam in ipso, cuia res est, non in alio, unde petitur_, lit. ‘for (the work) now depends upon the man himself, whose the property is, not upon another, from whom (the work) is asked,’ _i.e._ who is asked to do the work.

XXVII.

1. +Pyrrus+ (318-272 B.C.), king of Epirus, was one of the most famous generals of his age. In 280 he was invited to Italy by the Tarentines to aid them in their struggle with Rome. He defeated the Romans in two great battles, near Heraclea on the Siris in 280, and near Asculum in 279, but his own troops suffered so severely that he concluded an armistice, and in 278 crossed to Sicily to help the Greek colonies in that island against the Carthaginians. The incident mentioned in this selection afforded the pretext for the truce. In 276 Pyrrus returned to Italy, but he was decisively defeated by Curius Dentatus near Beneventum and compelled to leave Italy. He went back to Epirus, and engaged in many new warlike enterprises. In 272, when retreating from Argos, he was stunned by a tile thrown by a woman, and slain by the pursuing soldiers. Hannibal is reported to have said, that of all the great generals the world had seen, Alexander was the greatest, Pyrrus the second, himself the third; or, according to another version, Pyrrus the first, Scipio the second, and himself the third.

+in terra Italia+, ‘in the land of Italy’; cf. xxxi. 7, _in terra Graecia_, so _urbs Roma_, etc., the two substantives being in apposition.

4. +Fabricius+. Cf. viii. 1. note.

7. +facile factu+, ‘easy to do.’ Cf. xxiv. 2., _utilia monitu et suasu_, note.

12. +salutem tutaretur+, ‘should protect himself from...,’ ‘be on his guard against;’ lit. ‘protect his safety.’

13. +laudes ... scripsisse+, ‘it is said that Pyrrus wrote to the Roman people, praising and thanking them ...,’ lit. ‘wrote praises and thanks.’

+populo Romano+. Cf. _ad senatum scripsit_, line 9. The rule is that, if the verb expresses or implies motion, _ad_ with the acc. is used to express the remoter object; if no motion is implied, the dative is used; so, _misit hoc ad me_, but _dedit hoc mihi_. Hence many verbs admit both constructions, as they fall on the line between expressing motion and not expressing it. _Scribo_ is one of these, for the letter has to be sent, so motion is implied, but the verb itself expresses no motion. This rule, however, is not always observed even in prose, and far less so in poetry.

XXVIII.

1. +In circo maximo+. The early Roman legends say that when Tarquinius Priscus had taken the town of Apiolae from the Latins, he commemorated his success by holding races and games in the Murcian Valley, between the Palatine and Aventine hills. Round the valley temporary platforms and stands were erected, and the course with its surroundings was called ‘_Circus_,’ either because the spectators stood in a circle or because the races went round in a circle. Soon a permanent building was erected in this valley. This was enlarged and beautified from time to time, and known as the Circus Maximus, to distinguish it from the many similar buildings which were erected in various parts of Rome. In the time of Julius Caesar the Circus Maximus was about 600 yards in length, and 200 in width, and held 150,000 people: a century later it could hold twice as many. The building was used chiefly for chariot-racing; but sometimes the area was flooded, and naval battles were represented, and often beasts were let loose in it to fight with one another, or with men, either condemned criminals and captives, or _bestiari_, specially trained for the purpose. This latter exhibition was called _venatio_, or _pugna venationis_. Animals were brought in almost incredible numbers from all parts of the Roman world to be thus slaughtered. Julius Caesar once turned 500 lions into the arena together, and Augustus, in the Monimentum Ancyranum, boasts that he had thus killed 3,500 elephants during his reign.

2. +multae ibi ferae+, sc. _erant_.

7. +quasi admirans+. Cf. _quasi desiperet_, xv. 6. note.

15. +videres+, ‘you might have seen.’ Cf. Livy, _maesti, crederes victos, redeunt in castra_, ‘you would have thought they had been defeated.’ This use is confined to the second person singular (‘you’ indefinite = one); the subjunctive is explained by treating the expression as part of a conditional sentence, the condition understood being the reality of the subject. ‘If you had been there, you might have seen....’

XXIX.

2. +Caesar+, probably Claudius, emperor 41-54 A.D.; he was the fourth emperor--Augustus being the first, Tiberius the second, and Caligula the third. Caesar was originally the name of a patrician family of the Julian _gens_. The name was taken by Augustus (Octavianus), as the adopted son of the Dictator, C. Julius Caesar: by Tiberius, as the adopted son of Augustus Caesar: and it continued to be used by Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, as members, by adoption, or female descent, of Caesar’s family. This family became extinct with Nero, but succeeding emperors employed the name as part of their official title.

3. +uni+ with +illi+, ‘had spared him alone.’

+pepercisset+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _cur_.

5. +proconsulari imperio+. The _Proconsulare Imperium_ is the power held by a man who acts _pro consule_, ‘in the place of a consul.’ As the number of Roman provinces increased, it became the custom under the Republic for men, who had held the office of consul, to accept the government of provinces for a year, and rule these with the “_Imperium Proconsulare_,” which was conferred by a special decree of the Senate and of the people. Under the Empire the provinces were divided into two groups: (1) the Senatorial Provinces (the more peaceful ones in which no large armies were maintained), which were governed with _Imperium Proconsulare_ by men who had been consuls or praetors: (2) the Imperial Provinces, which were governed with _Praetorian_ power by _Legati Caesaris_, who acted as the Emperor’s deputies.

+Africam+, the Roman name for the district round Carthage.

10. +consilium fuit+, ‘my plan was,’ ‘I purposed.’

14. +debili ... pede+. Abl. absol., ‘with one foot lame and bloodstained.’

22. +volnere intimo expressi+, ‘I pressed out from the bottom of the wound.’ Words compounded with _ab_, _cum_, _de_, and _ex_ usually govern an abl., either with or (less frequently in prose) without the preposition repeated.

23. +cruorem+: _cruor_ is ‘gore,’ _i.e._ blood which has flowed from a wound; _sanguis_, either ‘gore,’ or blood circulating in the body.

XXX.

1. +triennium totum+, acc. of duration of time; ‘for three whole years.’

2. +eodemque et victu+, abl. of matter; ‘on the same food also.’

+nam quas+, etc. The order is--‘_ferebat ad specum mihi_ (to the cave for me), _membra opimiora ferarum quas venabatur_,’ the antecedent _ferarum_ being attracted into the relative sentence, and so becoming _feras_.

7. +viam ... permensus+, ‘having travelled a journey of almost three days.’

9. +rei capitalis+, the genitive of the charge used after verbs of condemning and acquitting. _Res capitalis_ is a crime punishable by death or loss of civil rights, _caput_ denoting both life and civil status. Cf. xix. 1. note.

10. +damnandum curavit+. Cf. xiii. 1. 4. note.

11. +quoque+, the lion, as well as I, having been captured.

XXXI.

1. +in terra Graecia+. Cf. _in terra Italia_, xxvii. 1. note.

+fama celebri+, abl. of quality, ‘of great reputation.’

5. +Athenis+, ‘at Athens,’ the locative case. Cf. xi. 1. note.

+Electram+, etc. The order is--_acturus Electram Sophoclis, debebat gestare urnam quasi cum Oresti ossibus_, ‘being about to play the part of Sophocles’ Electra (_i.e._ the part of Electra in the play of Sophocles called ‘the Electra’) he had to carry an urn, supposed to contain (_quasi cum_) the bones of Orestes.’ Women’s characters were played by men both on the Greek and on the Roman stage.

When Agamemnon, king of Argos and Mycenae, returned from the Trojan war, he was murdered by his wife Clytaemnestra. Electra, their daughter, contrived to save her young brother Orestes, and send him to the court of Strophius, king of Phocis. After some years Orestes returned in company with Pylades, the son of Strophius. At first he pretended to be a messenger from Strophius, who had come to announce the death of Orestes in a chariot race, in token of which he brought an urn containing, he said, the ashes of the dead man. Finally, he made himself known to Electra, and then slew Clytaemnestra and her lover Aegisthus.

+Sophocles+, 495-406, the great Athenian tragic poet, was thirty years younger than Aeschylus and fifteen years older than Euripides. He is said to have written 130 plays, but of these seven only have reached us, of which the ‘Electra,’ here mentioned, is one.

6. +Oresti+. The gen. sing. of Greek proper names in _-es_ of the third declension usually ends in _-i_, sometimes in _-is_. Hence we have nom. and voc., Orestes; acc., Oresten and Orestem; gen., Oresti and Orestis; dat., Oresti; abl., Orestĕ, rarely Orestē. The plural, when used, follows the first declension.

11. +quasi Oresti amplexus+. _Oresti_ is the gen. depending on _ossa_ understood.

12. +itaque+, etc., lit. ‘and so when a play seemed to be represented, (true) grief was represented.’

When the great English actor Macready played the part of Virginius, soon after the death of his own daughter, he declared that his recent experience of real grief gave a new force to his acting. Diderot, on the other hand, in his famous _Paradoxe sur le Comédien_, maintains that the emotions of the actor must be artificial, not real, to produce an artistic effect.

XXXII.

2. +qui pro se ... advocaverunt+, ‘they engaged men to plead their case’; lit. ‘who should speak for them,’ _qui_ being used in a final sense, and hence the subj. For this sense of _advocaverunt_ cf. the English word ‘advocate.’

4. +Demosthenes+, the greatest of Athenian orators, was born in 385 and died in 322 B.C. As a statesman his whole policy was directed to resisting the aggressions of the Macedonian kings Philip and Alexander (cf. vi.). He made many bitter enemies, of whom +Demades+ (line 22) was one of the most important. Demades was a warm supporter of the Macedonian party, and, as he is known to have been an unprincipled man, this story probably applies to him, and not to Demosthenes.

11. +lana multa ... circumvolutus+, lit. ‘wrapped round as to his neck with much wool.’ _Collum_ is the acc. of respect.

12. +eo+, for that reason, therefore.

14. +non synanchen ... sed argyranchen+, ‘that his throat was inflamed not by cold, but by gold.’ _Argyranche_ (αργυραγχη) is a sarcastic word coined to imitate _synanche_ (συναγχη), ‘an inflamed throat.’

15. +quin ... quoque+, ‘nay he even prided himself upon it,’ lit. ascribed it as a glory (dat of purpose or complement, cf. viii. 4. note) to himself. _Quinetiam_ is more common than the simple _quin_ in this sense.

17. +quantum mercedis+. For this ‘genitive of the thing measured,’ usually called the ‘partitive genitive,’ depending of a neuter pronoun, cf. _id temporis_, xviii. 7. note, ‘how much pay he had received for acting.’ _Accepisset_ is subj. after the dependent interrogative _quantum_.

18. +uti ageret+, lit. in order to act, a final sentence. So ‘_ut tacerem_’.

19. +talentum+, the Attic talent, £243 15s.

XXXIII.

1. +Marcus Tullius Cicero+, the famous Roman orator, was born near Arpinum on Jan 3rd, 106 B.C. He was consul in 63 B.C., and was murdered Dec 7th, 43 B.C., by the emissaries of M. Antonius.

+in Palatio+, the Palatium or Mons Palatinus was the hill on the S.W. of the Roman Forum. On it the original city is said to have been built.

2. +in praesens+ sc. _tempus_, ‘for the present’. _Praesens_, the pres. participle of _praesum_, and _absens_, the pres. participle of _absum_, are the only forms in which the pres. participle of _sum_ is found.

+P. Sulla+, the nephew of the great Dictator, L. Sulla, was accused of complicity in the Catilinarian conspiracy. He was defended by Cicero and Hortensius--the famous rival of Cicero, and, though certainly guilty, was acquitted, 62 B.C.

+mutua ... tacita accepit+, ‘accepted as a secret loan....’

+sestertium viciens+, 2,000,000 _sestertii_, _i.e._ about £19,000. The unit for reckoning large sums was the _sestertius_ or _nummus_ (¼ of a _denarius_, the ordinary silver coin in use, or 2½ asses), in value about 2¼d. Up to 2,000 the cardinal numbers were prefixed, e.g. _centum sestertii_, _mille sestertii_, etc. The gen. plur. of _sestertius_ is _sestertium_, so 2,000 _sestertii_ is _duo millia sestertium_. This form _sestertium_ in time became treated as if it were a neuter singular. Hence for _duo millia sestertium_, _duo_ or _bina sestertia_ was written, as the ‘distributive’ form of the numeral was often used. Hence for sums from 2,000 up to 1,000,000 _sestertii_ we have _duo_ or _bina sestertia_, _sexaginta_ or _sexagena sestertia_, etc. For sums above 1,000,000 _sestertii_ the numeral adverb was generally employed: thus, 2,000,000 _sestertii_ was written _viciens centena_ (or _centum_) _millia sestertium_, which was generally contracted into _viciens sestertium_, or _viciens_ alone.

4. +priusquam emeret+. _Priusquam_ and _antequam_, like other temporal conjunctions, usually govern the indicative; but when they introduce an event which is expected, and its occurrence prevented, _i.e._ when they convey any idea of purpose, they usually require the subjunctive. Cf. note on _dum iret_, xxv. 5. Translate, “before he _could_ buy.”

+quod ... accepisset+, ‘that he had accepted.’ Fees to lawyers were illegal at Rome; but the law was evaded in many ways.

10. +inter ridendum+, ‘amidst his laughing.’ Cf. note on the gerund, xiii. 1.

+ἀκοινονοητοι+ (_akoinŏnŏētoi_), ἀ-κοινος-νοητος (νόησις), not having common sense. The word is not found in extant Greek works.

11. +cum ignoratis+, ‘because you do not know that.’ This use of _cum_ with the indic., giving a reason, is common in early writers (_e.g._ Plautus), but only used by Cicero after such words as _laudo_ and _gratulor_. Later writers do not employ it.

12. +patris familias+, ‘it is the custom of a prudent and careful master of the household to say that he is not going to buy what he wishes to purchase....’ For the genitive, cf. _cuiusvis hominis est errare_, ‘it is any man’s nature to err,’ etc. The genitive may be explained by saying that it depends upon some such word as _indoles_, ‘nature,’ _officium_, ‘duty,’ etc., understood.

XXXIV.

3. +Mons Cispius+ was one of the peaks of Mons Esquilinus, on the E. of the Forum.

+subeuntes montem+. Many intransitive verbs, especially verbs of motion, gain a semi-transitive or transitive force by being compounded with prepositions, chiefly prepositions which govern an acc., e.g. _adire_, _circumvenire_, _adstare_, _adloqui_, _oppugnare_, etc. But many of these compounds govern a dative, instead of, or as well as, an accusative, e.g. _adlabi_, _succedere_. Some verbs compounded with prepositions which govern an ablative take an accusative, e.g. _convenire_, _expugnare_, etc.

4. +insulam+. _Insula_ was a house for poor people, let out in rooms or flats to several families; as opposed to _domus_, the large mansion of a single wealthy family.

+multis ... editam+, built to a great height with many floors.

7. +magni+, nominative, ‘the profits of city property are great.’

8. +si quid remedii+. For the gen. cf. _id temporis_, xviii. 7. note, ‘if any remedy could have been found to prevent houses burning so constantly at Rome, I would have sold....’

10. +venum dedissem+. _Venum_ (neuter) is only found in the classical period in the acc. sing., but Tacitus uses _veno_, and still later writers _venui_. _Venum do_--often written as one word, _venumdo_, contracted into _vendo_--is ‘I give for sale’; _venum eo_--often written _veneo_--is ‘I am for sale.’ For the acc. cf. _pessum dare_, ‘I give to destruction,’ and _pessum ire_, ‘I go to destruction.’

12. +annalem undevicensimum+, ‘the nineteenth book of the history (annals) of Q. Claudius....’

13. +Mitridati+, genitive; cf. _Oresti_, xxxi. 6. note.

14. +defenderes+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _quo_.

15. +L. Cornelius Sulla+, surnamed Felix, was born in 138 and died 78 B.C. He first distinguished himself in Africa, when serving under Marius in the campaign against Jugurtha (107-106). In 88 he was appointed to the command of the war against Mitridates, but Marius, eager to obtain this for himself, got a new law passed transferring the command to himself. Sulla thereupon marched upon Rome with his troops, and Marius fled, only to return and deluge the streets of Rome with blood, when his rival had sailed for the East. The siege of Athens here referred to took place in 86: in 83 Sulla returned to Rome, and quickly overthrew the remains of the Marian party, Marius having died in 86. In 81 Sulla was appointed Dictator. He devoted two years to reforming the State, and restoring the power of the senate and aristocracy, and then retired into private life in 79. In the following year he died.

+Piraeum+. Piraeus, Munychia, and Phalerum were the three harbours of Athens.

XXXV.

1. +Arion+. This story about Arion comes from the Greek historian Herodotus. +Periander+ was “tyrant” of Corinth from 625 to 585 B.C. Like most of the Greek “tyrants” he was a patron of art and literature.

+nobilis+ is common in the sense of ‘famous,’ as well as in its technical use of one whose ancestors had held curule office.

+Methymnaeus+. Methymna was a town at the northern extremity of Lesbos.

5. +viseret+, the imperf. subj., because _proficiscitur_ is the ‘historical present’ standing for a past tense. Cf. xxi. 12. note.

8. +ut notiores+, ‘as better known....’

10. +in altum+, ‘the deep sea.’

11. +de necando Arione+, gerundial attraction. Cf. xiii. 7. note.

21. +carmen ... orthium+, Greek νόμος ὄρθιος, lit. the loud, high song, was the name for a shrill, stirring air.

XXXVI.

2. +cursum ... tenuerunt+, ‘held on their course.’

4. +fluitanti sese homini subdidit+, ‘placed itself under the floating man.’

5. +incolumique corpore et ornatu+, abl. absol., ‘carried him to land (_devexit_) at Taenarum, in the country of Laconia, with body and clothes unharmed.’ _Taenarum_ is the acc. of ‘place whither.’

+in terram Laconicam+, lit. ‘to Taenarum into the land of Laconia.’ So ‘he set out for Carthage in Africa’ is ‘_profectus est Carthaginem in Africam_.’

6. +Taenarum+ was a promontory and town in the S.W. of Laconia, now Cape Matapan.

7. +devexit+, ‘carried _down_,’ _i.e._ to land. The Greeks and Romans spoke of the coast line as lower than both the inland country and the ‘high’ sea. Cf. the uses of ἀναβαίνω and καταβαίνω.

8. +talemque+, etc., lit. ‘presented himself to King Periander, not expecting him, in the same guise (_talem_) as he had been in (_qualis_) (when) carried on the dolphin.’

+quasi falleret+. Cf. _quasi desiperet_, xv. 6. note.

12. +dissimulanter+, secretly, hiding the truth; _simulanter_, feignedly, pretending what does not exist (the form _simulanter_ is post-classical). This distinction between _simulo_ and _dissimulo_ is expressed in the pentameter--

“_Quod non es simulas, dissimulasque quod es_,”

‘you pretend what you are not, and hide what you are.’

13. +audissent+, subj. after the dept. interrogative ‘_ecquid_.’

+unde venissent+, subj. because a dept. sentence in the _interrogatio obliqua_, after _interrogavit_.

18. +ire infitias+, ‘to deny.’ For the phrase, cf. _ire exequias_, ‘to attend a funeral.’ The acc. in these phrases must be compared with the ‘acc. of place whither’ after a verb of motion, _e.g._ _Romam_, _domum_, _rus ire_; and the acc. of the supine used to express purpose after a verb of motion, e.g. _lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego_ (Horace), ‘Maecenas goes to play, I to sleep.’

20. +quod+, ‘the fact that...,’ introduces the substantival sentence ‘_simulacra ... visuntur_’ which is the subject of _est_.

21. +delphinus+ and +homo+ are in opposition with _simulacra_.

XXXVII.

1. +ruris colendi insolens+, ‘ignorant of agriculture.’ For the gerundial attraction, cf. xiii. 1. note.

3. +qui ... sciret+, ‘since he knew...,’ the relative when used in a causal sense governs the subjunctive.

10. +faceret+, subj. after the dept. interrogative _cur_; ‘he asked why he was making....’

13. +gratias agens+. The plural _gratias_ is always used with _agere_; but after _referre_, _debere_, _sentire_, etc., the singular, _gratiam_, is most commonly found.

15. +imperitus+ goes closely with _detruncat_. In English we should use the adverb, ‘ignorantly (or, in his ignorance) cuts the tops off....’

+vites suas sibi omnes et oleas+, ‘all the vines and olives that he possessed.’

18. +pomis gignendis felicia+, lit. all the twigs ‘productive for bearing fruit,’ _i.e._ ‘all the fruit-bearing twigs.’ _Pomis gignendis_ is the dative after _felicia_. For the gerundive attraction cf. xiii. 1. note.

+felicia+. The root of _felix_ is the same as the root of _fecundus_ (fruitful), _fetus_ (offspring), etc. Hence the earliest meaning of _felix_ is fruit-bearing: in this sense it is used in Lucretius, Ovid, Livy, etc., and the adverb _felicius_ in Verg. (_hic segetes, illic veniunt felicius uvae._--Georg. i. 54.)

XXXVIII.

1. +Mitridates VI+., king of Pontus, 120-63 B.C., was the most powerful foe whom the Romans encountered in the East. The first Mitridatic war was brought to a successful conclusion by Sulla in 84 B.C.; the second, 83-82 B.C., was uneventful; the third, 74-63 B.C., in which Pompeius distinguished himself, ended in the flight and suicide of the king, as described in line 8.

2. +quorum ... cavebat+, ‘by the continual use of which he protected himself from secret attempts at banquets’; _epularum_ is a descriptive genitive depending on _insidiis_.

3. +quin ... est+. Cf. _quin quoque_, xxxii. 15. note, ‘nay, he even....’

+ostentandi gratia+, ‘to show off.’

6. +in ultima regni+, ‘to the most distant parts of his kingdom.’

9. +Q. Ennius+ (239-169 B.C.), though a Greek by birth, spent his life at Rome, and was regarded by the Romans as the father of their poetry, _alter Homerus_ (Horace). His most important work was the _Annales_, an epic poem upon the history of Rome. Only a few fragments of his writings have reached us.

10. +Osce+. The Osci were a primitive people who lived in Campania.

14. +lingua locutus est+, ‘he spoke in the tongue and language of each as skilfully as if he had been of that nation.’

XXXIX.

1. +eloquentiae discendae causarumque orandi cupidus+, lit. ‘was anxious to learn eloquence and to plead causes.’

+causarum orandi+, the genitive _orandi_ depends upon _cupidus_, and _causarum_ is a genitive depending on the gerund _orandi_. This construction (instead of the gerundial attraction, or the ordinary acc. after the gerund) is very rare; but cf. _nobis fuit exemplorum eligendi potestas_ (Cic de Juv. ii. 2), ‘we had the power of choosing examples.’

+in disciplinam ... sese dedit+, ‘entered himself as a pupil of Protagoras,’ lit. gave himself to the teaching of Protagoras.

3. +Protagoras+, of Abdēra, in Thrace, was born about 480 B.C. and died 411 B.C. He came to Athens before the year 445, and there established a school. He was the first Greek philosopher who called himself a ‘Sophist,’ and taught for pay.

+daturumque+, etc. The order is--_promisit se daturum esse grandem pecuniam mercedem_, ‘promised to give a large sum as a remuneration....’ _Mercedem_ is in apposition with _pecuniam_.

6. +quo primo die+, ‘on the first day on which he pleaded and won a case’; the antecedent _primo die_ is attracted into the relative clauses, a common construction in Latin. Cf. xxx. 2.

8. +causas ... reciperet+, ‘did not undertake cases,’ _i.e._ take briefs.

12. +litem ... contestatur+ is the technical phrase for setting a suit on foot by calling witnesses; ‘he brings an action against Euathlus.’

17. +ex sententia+, in accordance with the votes of the judges. ‘_Sententia_’ is an expressed opinion, hence our ‘sentence.’

18. +secundum te+, ‘in your favour.’

24. +pro causa mea senserint+, ‘shall have pronounced in my favour.’

XL.

1. +proelium Cannense+, 216 B.C. Cf. ix. 1. Note the use of the adjective, where we use a subst. and prep., ‘the battle of Cannae.’

2. +electos ... misit+, ‘sent to Rome ten men chosen out of our captives,’ _i.e._ ‘selected ten of our captives and sent them to Rome.’ Cp. xxi. 3. note.

3. +videretur+, ‘if it seemed good to the Roman people.’

4. +quos alteri plures acciperent+, ‘whom the one side received more (than the other)’; _plures_ is acc. qualifying _quos_.

5. +argenti+, etc., ‘a pound and a half of silver by weight.’

6. +hoc iusiurandum eos adegit+, ‘bound them by this oath.’ _Adigere aliquem iusiurandum_, or _ad iusiurandum_, is literally to drive a man to an oath, _i.e._ to make him take it. After the time of Livy the construction _adigere aliquem iure iurando_, ‘to bind a man by an oath,’ was more common.

12. +postliminio+, ‘by the right of _postliminium_.’ _Postliminium_ is “the recovery of rights by a person returned from captivity, or the recovery of rights over a person or thing recovered from hostile possession” (Poste’s _Gaius_, § 129), since a man by hostile capture became the slave of the enemy, and so during the interval of captivity his rights as a free citizen were suspended. The usual derivation given is from _post_ and _limen_, ‘a returning behind the threshold’; others derive the _post_ from the same root as _potestas_ and _possessio_.

+liberatos religione+, ‘freed from their obligation.’

19. +quoniam+, etc., lit. ‘since, when they had left the enemy’s camp, they had returned to it (_eo lem._ lit. to the same place) on an imaginary pretext, as if for some accidental reason, and so had again left (the camp) not bound by an oath.’

24. +censores+. Two censors were elected every five years (_lustrum_); they held office for 18 months. Their duties were (1) to take the census, _i.e._ the register of the citizens and their property; (2) to exercise a supervision over the morals of the citizens, and punish defaulters by the _nota censoria_, and degrade them in various ways. The consequence of the _nota_ was _ignominia_.

EXERCISES

TO BE TRANSLATED INTO LATIN.

[_The words in brackets are not to be translated._]

I.

1. Vergil used to produce his verses like a bear.

2. The verses of Vergil were at first rough and unfinished.

3. He used to polish and correct his rough verses like a bear.

4. That animal by licking gives features to its shapeless offspring.

5. All the verses of Vergil were afterwards polished and corrected.

6. The offspring of that animal is at first rough and shapeless.

7. It produces a shapeless offspring, but afterwards licks and forms it.

8. The rough verses were polished and corrected by Vergil, as (its) offspring is licked and formed by that animal.

II.

1. Philemon was an author by no means equal to Menander.

2. Do you not blush, whenever you defeat me in such contests?

3. Philemon did not blush when he met Menander.

4. Philemon often defeated Menander in those contests.

5. Menander will meet Philemon by chance.

6. Menander, a writer of comedies, defeated Philemon by bribery.

7. Menander and Philemon were by no means equal.

8. How do you defeat me in these contests?

III.

1. A wonderful thing is told by Plutarch about the palm.

2. Great weights were placed by the philosophers on the stem of that palm tree.

3. The tree will not yield, but will rise against the great weight.

4. They have made the palm the emblem of victory.

5. Why is this tree an emblem of victory in battle?

6. The stem of the tree was not bent by the weights placed upon it.

7. Philosophers tell many wonderful tales about this tree.

8. This tree was made by the Greeks the emblem of victory.

IV.

1. It is said that Xanthippe was the wife of Socrates the philosopher.

2. Socrates had a very bad-tempered wife, Xanthippe by name.

3. He did not drive his quarrelsome wife from home.

4. I can bear the impertinence of the others more easily.

5. The wife of Socrates was very quarrelsome both day and night.

6. The friends of Socrates wondered at his bad-tempered wife.

7. Why has your quarrelsome and bad-tempered wife not been driven from home?

8. Alcibiades, the friend of Socrates, wondered at Xanthippe, the quarrelsome wife of that philosopher.

V.

1. Voluntary labours used to strengthen the body of Socrates.

2. He used to stand day and night motionless.

3. Socrates lived in perfect health for almost his whole life.

4. A plague ravaged the city of Athens in the Peloponnesian war.

5. Socrates kept his bodily vigour during the plague which ravaged Athens.

6. He used to stand with his eyes directed to the same place.

7. Socrates bore very many labours to strengthen his body.

8. He directed his eyes to the same place from one sunrise to the next sunrise.

VI.

1. King Alexander had a wonderful horse called Bucephalas.

2. No one, except King Alexander, could mount this horse.

3. The king, seated on this horse, performed many brave deeds in the Indian war.

4. Darts were thrown from all sides at King Alexander.

5. The king was carried back at full speed by the dying horse from the middle of the battle.

6. A town, called Bucephalon, was built by Alexander in that place.

7. The horse was pierced by many wounds and fell down almost lifeless.

8. Alexander built a town in India, which he called Bucephalon in honour of his wonderful horse Bucephalas.

VII.

1. Alcibiades was educated by his uncle Pericles.

2. A flute-player endeavoured to teach Alcibiades to play the flute.

3. The flute was handed to Alcibiades by his master.

4. The flute was thrown away and broken by the boy Alcibiades.

5. The Athenians unanimously ceased to play the flute.

6. The uncle caused the boy to be taught to play the flute.

7. The wise uncle caused many masters to be summoned.

8. Flute-playing was formerly considered by the Athenians a most honourable accomplishment.

VIII.

1. The Samnites sent ambassadors to C. Fabricius, the Roman general.

2. They offered the Roman general a large sum of money as a gift.

3. Many things were lacking to the magnificence of his home.

4. Fabricius could control his eyes, mouth and ears.

5. Fabricius was unwilling to receive the money from the Samnites.

6. The Samnites know (how) to use the money.

7. Fabricius did many things for the Samnites after peace had been made.

8. The Roman general was unwilling to use the Samnite money.

IX.

1. The king had collected his forces on the plain.

2. King Antiochus was about to make war on his enemies, the Roman people.

3. The army of the king was glittering with gold and silver trappings.

4. He manœuvred his chariots, cavalry and elephants.

5. These things will be enough for the greedy Romans.

6. Many elephants had been collected by Antiochus.

7. Hannibal jeered at the cowardice of Antiochus’ soldiers.

8. The king had collected chariots with sickles and elephants with turrets.

X.

1. The death of Milo was wonderful and pitiable.

2. Athletics were abandoned by Milo (when) advanced in age.

3. A large oak was standing near the road.

4. He thrust his fingers into the hollows of the tree.

5. Milo endeavoured with his fingers to tear open the oak.

6. The tree returned to its natural position and shut in his hands.

7. The man was torn to pieces by wild beasts.

8. The oak was torn open by the hands of Milo.

XI.

1. The Roman senators used to enter the senate house with their sons.

2. The senators were consulting about a very important matter.

3. No one spoke about the matter, (which had been) adjourned to the next day.

4. The mother of the boy Papirius was very anxious to hear the matter.

5. It is advantageous to the state for one man to have two wives.

6. The boy was unwilling to tell his mother those matters.

7. In that city one woman was not married to two men.

8. I must be silent, for I am not allowed to tell you this.

XII.

1. On hearing this she betook herself in alarm to the other women.

2. Next day a crowd of women came to the senate-house.

3. What is this crowd of women, and what do these demands mean?

4. The boy advances into the middle of the senate-house and says these things.

5. Afterwards no boy entered the senate-house except Papirius.

6. The name (of) “Praetextatus” was given to the boy.

7. The women were frightened and surrounded the senate-house weeping and praying.

8. The senators wondered, when they saw the crowd of matrons.

XIII.

1. Sertorius was an energetic general, skilled in commanding an army.

2. In times of difficulty he used to pretend dreams and tell lies to the soldiers.

3. A certain man gave Sertorius a white doe of remarkable beauty.

4. This doe has been presented to me by heaven.

5. The doe used to converse with Sertorius and advise him.

6. He announced that the doe had given him this advice.

7. The soldiers willingly obeyed Sertorius as if (he were) a god.

8. The doe, which had been given him as a gift, was of remarkable beauty and extraordinary speed.

XIV.

1. The doe, alarmed by an inroad of the enemy, took to flight.

2. The doe one day hid in a neighbouring marsh, and was searched for in vain.

3. It was believed that Sertorius’ doe had perished.

4. Sertorius ordered the man, who found the doe, to be silent.

5. The doe appeared to me in the middle of the night and foretold what must be done.

6. The doe was suddenly let loose into the room, in which Sertorius and his friends were sitting.

7. The credulity of these barbarians was very useful to the general.

8. No one deserted Sertorius, though he was often conquered.

XV.

1. An old woman brought nine books to King Tarquin.

2. She said that she wished to sell the books, which she had brought.

3. The woman demanded an immense (sum of) money, and therefore the king laughed.

4. Three out of the nine books were burnt before the king’s face.

5. The king said that the old woman was certainly mad.

6. She sold these books for the same price that she had demanded for all.

7. Tarquin at first despised the old woman, but afterwards bought the three remaining books.

8. The books, which this old woman sold to Tarquin, are called the Sibylline (books).

XVI.

1. Scipio Africanus did not receive money from King Antiochus.

2. Scipio made peace with Antiochus on favourable terms.

3. Many charges were made against Scipio by M. Naevius.

4. This is the day on which Scipio conquered Hannibal in a very great battle in Africa.

5. This victory of Scipio in the land of Africa was very famous.

6. They went to the Capitol, to give thanks to Jupiter.

7. The assembly did not pass sentence on Scipio.

8. They all followed Scipio to his house with rejoicings and congratulations.

XVII.

1. Cato, Scipio’s enemy, won over a certain tribune, named Petilius.

2. He was unwilling to give an account of the money and spoil to the senate.

3. Scipio produced a book, in which was written an account of the money and the spoil.

4. He tore the book to pieces with his own hands.

5. The safety of the state ought to be ascribed to Scipio.

6. He rose and produced a book, in which were the accounts.

7. I will not read the accounts to you, for I am unwilling to insult myself.

8. Scipio had taken much money and spoil in the war against Antiochus, and had written an account of it in a book.

XVIII.

1. Old writers have told many (tales) about the life and deeds of Africanus.

2. Before dawn Scipio used to go to the temple of Jupiter.

3. The dogs did not attack Scipio as he went to the Capitol.

4. The attendants of the temple wondered that the dogs did not bark at Scipio.

5. Scipio was attacking a very strong town, situated in Spain.

6. There was small hope of taking this strong town.

7. He ordered bail to be given by the soldier for (his appearance on) the third day.

8. Scipio stretched out his hand towards the town, which he was attacking.

XIX.

1. The man must be condemned by the law.

2. I consulted about the life of my friend with the judges.

3. I persuaded the other judges to acquit my friend.

4. He silently gave his vote for condemning the man.

5. The duty of a friend and of a judge was thus safe.

6. He consulted with himself about the life of his friend.

7. Two out of the three judges acquitted my friend.

8. It is the duty of a judge to condemn a man, who ought by the law to be condemned.

XX.

1. A certain young man was very fond of old words.

2. In his daily conversations he used old-fashioned expressions.

3. The Pelasgi were the first who inhabited Italy.

4. He used old-fashioned words, as though he were talking with the mother of Evander.

5. He did not wish any one to understand what he said.

6. You ought to be silent, and thus you would gain what you wish for.

7. You ought to use modern expressions, if you wish to be understood.

8. I love the old Aurunci, for they were honourable and good.

XXI.

1. Titus Manlius took a necklace from an enemy, whom he had killed.

2. He was named Torquatus in honour of a necklace, which he had taken from an enemy.

3. A certain Gaul advanced with a shield and two swords.

4. A Gaul advanced, who surpassed the other in height and strength.

5. He beckoned with his hand, and cried with a very loud voice.

6. The others dared not fight against this enemy, on account of his dreadful appearance.

7. The barbarian began to jeer at them, because no one dared to advance.

8. T. Manlius was grieved that the others dared not fight against the Gaul.

XXII.

1. The two soldiers, the Roman and the Gaul, fought on the bridge in the sight of both armies.

2. Manlius trusted in his courage, the Gaul in his skill.

3. The enemy’s shield was struck again by Manlius.

4. Manlius wounded the Gaul’s shoulder with his Spanish sword.

5. The Roman threw his enemy down and cut off his head.

6. The bloodstained necklace was taken from the neck of the Gaul by Manlius.

7. The son of Manlius killed an enemy, who had challenged him, although he had been forbidden to fight by his father.

8. Harsh commands are called “Manlian,” because this Manlius beheaded his own son.

XXIII.

1. The consul drew up the Roman lines facing the vast forces of the Gauls.

2. The arms of the Gallic leader shone with gold.

3. The Gaul, a man of enormous height, advanced shaking his spear.

4. He haughtily ordered any Roman to come, who dared to fight against him.

5. Whilst the others were wavering between shame and fear, Valerius advanced boldly against the enemy.

6. A raven suddenly attacked the eyes of the Gaul.

7. The raven, having torn the hands and face of the Gaul, perched on the head of Valerius.

8. Thus, helped by the bird, he killed his enemy, and in honour of the victory was named Corvinus.

XXIV.

1. Aesop, who lived in Phrygia, was a very wise writer of fables.

2. He invented amusing stories, and thus gave useful advice.

3. Philosophers give useful advice, but what they say is not amusing.

4. Aesop invented an amusing story about a lark.

5. This fable about the lark warned men that their hopes ought to be placed in themselves.

6. Q. Ennius composed many verses about this story of Aesop.

7. This is a proof that our confidence ought to be placed in ourselves.

8. It is the custom with philosophers to give useful advice, with writers of fables amusing advice.

XXV.

1. It is said that a lark built in the corn.

2. The corn was ripening when the young ones were unfledged.

3. The lark went to search for food, and left her young ones in the nest.

4. If anything unusual happens, said she, tell me when I return home.

5. The young ones saw the owner of the crops calling his son.

6. The owner’s friends were unwilling to assist him in the harvest.

7. Make haste, mother, and carry us to another nest.

8. The lark said that it was not necessary to take her young ones to another home.

XXVI.

1. When the mother had flown to seek food, the owner returned to the field with his son.

2. He told his son that the friends were loiterers, for they had not come.

3. Let us go, said he, and ask our relations to help us to-morrow.

4. The young ones told their mother that the master had sent for his relations.

5. The master said that he would himself reap the corn with his sickle.

6. The relations neglected to come, and so the master and his son themselves reaped the corn.

7. The mother said that it was time to go; for what he had ordered would now be done.

8. The matter now depends on the master himself, not on his friends.

XXVII.

1. Pyrrhus fought many battles with success in the land of Italy.

2. Timochares, a friend of Pyrrhus, wished to kill the king by poison.

3. If we agree about the reward, I promise to kill the king by poison.

4. My son is the king’s cup-bearer, and so he will easily be able to give poison to the king.

5. Fabricius wrote to the Roman Senate, that Timochares wished to kill King Pyrrhus by poison.

6. The Senate advised the king to act more cautiously.

7. Your friends wish to kill you by poison; therefore it is necessary to act very cautiously.

8. The king wrote to the Roman Senate, thanking and praising them, and restored all the prisoners whom he had taken.

XXVIII.

1. A lion of enormous size was brought into the circus.

2. Many slaves had been given by their masters to fight wild beasts.

3. An enormous and terrible lion attracted the attention of all by its roaring.

4. It is said that the lion, seeing Androclus, suddenly stood still.

5. It is said that the lion wagged its tail like a dog, and licked the man’s hands.

6. The slave recovered his lost courage and turned his eyes on the lion.

7. You might have seen the lion licking the legs and hands of the slave.

8. A mimic hunt was given in the circus, for which many wild-beasts had been sent from Africa.

XXIX.

1. Loud shouts were aroused by this wonderful sight.

2. Caesar asked why the lion spared Androclus alone.

3. A wonderful and marvellous story was told Caesar by the slave.

4. The slave, driven to flight by his master’s daily blows, took refuge in the desert.

5. At mid-day the slave hid in a cave, to which a lion came.

6. An enormous lion was coming to the cave, with one foot lame, groaning and sighing.

7. He was at first terrified by the sight of the lion, but soon recovered his courage.

8. The slave pulled a large thorn out of the lion’s foot; the lion then placed its foot in his hands and slept.

XXX.

1. He said that for three years he had lived in the same cave as the lion.

2. I used to cook my food by the mid-day sun, because I had no fire.

3. I am weary of this wild-beast’s life, and I will leave the cave.

4. His master arrested him and sent him from Africa to Rome.

5. My master had me condemned to death and given to the wild-beasts in the Circus.

6. The lion, after I was separated from it, was taken and sent to Rome.

7. Androclus, after telling this wonderful tale, was pardoned and presented with the lion.

8. They gave money to the slave and flowers to the lion, which had been the host of the man.

XXXI.

1. Polus, a famous actor in Greece, had a well-loved son.

2. Polus lost his son, and mourned for him many days.

3. Polus was about to act the “Electra” of Sophocles, and to carry the bones of Orestes in his hands.

4. Electra carried the remains of her brother in an urn, and wept for his death.

5. Electra, the sister of Orestes, was dressed in mourning and carried the remains of her brother.

6. She took the urn from the tomb and carried it in her hands.

7. The urn, which Electra was carrying, had been placed in a tomb.

8. Polus carried in his hands the remains of his own son, and wept for his, not Orestes’, death.

XXXII.

1. It is said that ambassadors came from Athens to Miletus to ask for help.

2. They pleaded for the Milesians, but Demades replied that help ought not to be given to them.

3. Demades maintained that the Milesians were not worthy of help.

4. He said that it would not be advantageous to the state to give help.

5. It is said that Demades received from the Milesian ambassadors as much money as he asked for.

6. I am suffering from an inflamed throat and therefore I cannot oppose the Milesian demands.

7. He did not conceal what he had done, but said he had received much money.

8. You received three talents for acting, I received more for being silent.

XXXIII.

1. Cicero wished to buy a house on the Palatine, but had no money at the time.

2. P. Sulla lent Cicero 5,000,000 sesterces secretly.

3. You have received, said they, money from Sulla for buying a house.

4. Cicero afterwards bought the house with the money which he had received from Sulla.

5. I said that I did not wish to buy that house, because I was a cautious father of a family.

6. Cicero’s friends reproached him with this lie.

7. Cicero told that lie, because he had received money from a defendant.

8. Cicero wished to buy that house, but he said that he did not wish to buy it.

XXXIV.

1. Many friends accompanied Julianus home.

2. A block, many stories high, was blazing.

3. He said that property in the city gave great returns.

4. There is no remedy to prevent houses at Rome burning.

5. He sold all his country property and bought city property.

6. The philosopher said that alum was the best remedy for fire.

7. A wooden tower, which had been built to defend the city, was smeared with alum by Archelaus.

8. Q. Claudius says that this tower, smeared with alum, could not burn.

XXXV.

1. Arion of Lesbos lived at Corinth, and was loved by Periander.

2. Arion went to Italy and charmed the ears of all in that land.

3. He gained much money by playing, and afterwards wished to return to King Periander at Corinth.

4. He chose a Corinthian ship, because he thought the sailors would be more friendly to him.

5. Arion gave all his money to the sailors, but prayed them to spare his life.

6. The sailors ordered Arion to spring down into the sea, in order that they might take possession of his money.

7. In a loud voice he sang this song, and then threw himself into the sea.

8. He took his lyre in his hand and, standing on the stern, began to sing a song.

XXXVI.

1. The sailors thought that Arion had perished in the sea, and held on their course to Corinth.

2. It is said that a dolphin carried the man safe to Taenarum.

3. Arion went from Taenarum to Corinth and related what had happened to himself.

4. The king believed that Arion was deceiving him, and ordered him to be guarded for two days.

5. The king ordered the sailors to be sent for, and asked them if they had heard anything about Arion.

6. The sailors told the king that Arion was living in Italy.

7. Arion stood forth before the astounded sailors, who thought that he had perished in the sea.

8. At Taenarum two bronze figures stand as a proof of this tale.

XXXVII.

1. A certain barbarian bought a large farm planted with olives and vines.

2. The Thracian saw his neighbour pruning his trees.

3. He asked his neighbour why he pulled up the vine suckers.

4. The trees of his neighbour were more fruitful than his own.

5. He thanked his neighbour and went home rejoicing.

6. The ignorant Thracian took a sickle, and began to cut off the most luxuriant foliage of the trees.

7. He cut off all the fruitful twigs of the apple-trees.

8. The ignorant man thought that he was pruning his trees, as his neighbour had done.

XXXVIII.

1. The King of Pontus was very skilled in medicine.

2. It is said that these medicines are good for dissipating poisons.

3. The King of Pontus for his whole life was on his guard against secret treachery.

4. Mitridates often drank poison to show that it was harmless to him.

5. He slew himself with his own sword, (after) having in vain tried the strongest poisons.

6. Ennius could speak Greek, Latin and Oscan, and so he used to say that he had three hearts.

7. The King of Pontus knew the languages of all the nations under his dominion, twenty-two in number.

8. Mitridates used to talk with the men of each nation, whom he had under his dominion, in the language of that nation, and not through an interpreter.

XXXIX.

1. He gave Protagoras half of the money which he asked for, and promised to give the remaining half afterwards.

2. I will give you, said he, the remaining half on the first day on which I win a case.

3. He was a pupil of Protagoras for a long while, but did not undertake any case.

4. He did not undertake any case, in order to avoid paying the rest of the money.

5. Protagoras thought that his plan for gaining the money was very clever.

6. If the verdict is given in your favour,[A] it will be necessary for you to pay me the money.

7. The judges left the matter unsettled, because they did not know what sentence they ought to give.

8. The wise judges adjourned the law-suit to a very distant day.

[Footnote A: The verdict is given in my favour: pronuntiatum est pro me.]

XL.

1. Hannibal chose ten prisoners and sent them to Rome.

2. He wished after the battle of Cannae to make an exchange of prisoners with his enemies.

3. The Roman prisoners promised with an oath to return to Hannibal.

4. They told the senators what Hannibal had said about an exchange of prisoners.

5. Their relations embraced them and prayed them with tears not to return to Hannibal.

6. Of the ten prisoners eight returned to Hannibal, and two only remained at Rome.

7. The two prisoners, who remained at Rome, were despised by all.

8. The censors branded with every mark of infamy the prisoners, who had refused to return to Hannibal.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

_The parts of regular verbs are not given._

_A dot occurring in a word separates the parts of a compound._

+A.+ for Aulus, -i.

+a, ab+, _prep. gov. abl._, from, by.

+ab·eo+, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, -īre, 4 _v. n._, I go away.

+ab·hinc+, _adv._, henceforward, since.

+ab·iĭcio+, -iēci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw away, throw from. (iăcio.)

+ab·lēgo+, _v. a._ 1, I send away.

+ab·solvo+, -solvi, -sŏlūtum, 3 _v. a._, I set loose, I acquit.

+ăbundē+, _adv._, abundantly, sufficiently. (ab·undo, I overflow; cf. unda, a wave.)

+ac+, _conj._, and.

+ac·cēdo+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I go to, I approach. (ad, cēdo.)

+ac·cĭdo+ (or adcĭdo), -cidi, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I fall to, fall out, happen. (ad, cădo.)

+ăcies, -ei+, _f._, line-of-battle (lit. sharp edge). (ācer, ăcus.)

+ac·cĭpio+, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I receive, learn, hear. (ad, căpio.)

+ac·cūso+, 1 _v. a._, I impeach, blame.

+ācer+, acris, acre, _adj._, sharp, eager, energetic.

+ăcerbus, -a, -um+, _adj._, bitter, bad-tempered. (ācer.)

+ācrĭter+, _adv._, sharply, keenly. (ācer.)

+actor+, -ōris, _m._, actor. (ăgo.)

+acturus+, _fut. part._, fr. ăgo.

+ăd+, _prep. gov. acc._, to, for.

+ad·cido+. Cf. accido.

+ad·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I bring to, add.

+ăd·eo+, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, 4 _v. n._, I go to, approach.

+ad·eō̆+, _adv._, thus far; usque adeo, to such an extent, (ad, is; cf. quoad.)

+ad·fĕro+ (or affĕro), -tŭli, -lātum, 3 _v. a._, I bring to.

+ad·ficio+. Cf. afficio.

+ad·fīnis+ (or affinis), -e, _adj._, neighbouring to, related to (by marriage); as a _subst._, neighbour, relation.

+ad·ĭgo+, -ēgi, -actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive to. adigo aliquem (ad) iusiurandum, I drive a man to an oath, make him swear. (ăgo.)

+ad·hĭbeo+, -hĭbui, -hĭbĭtum, 2 _v. a._, I bring to, employ. (hăbeo.)

+ad·ĭpiscor+, -eptus, 3 _v. dep._, I obtain. (ăpiscor.)

+ad·iŭvo+, -iūvi, -iūtum, 1 _v. a._, I assist.

+ad·mīrātio+, -ōnis, _f._, wonder.

+ad·mĭror+, 1 _v. dep._, I wonder at.

+ad·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I bring to, bring in, admit.

+ad·mŏdum+, _adv._, lit. to a measure, in a high degree, very. (mŏdus.)

+ad·no+, 1 _v. n._, I swim to.

+ad·prĕhendo+ (or apprehendo), -prĕhendi, -prĕhensum, 3 _v. a._, I seize.

+adsĭduus+, -a, -um, _adj._, constant, eager, diligent. (adsideo: cf. continuus, fr. contineo.)

+adsĭdue+, _adv._, constantly. (adsiduus.)

+ad·signo+, 1 _v. a._, I attribute to. (signum.)

+ad·sum+, -fui, -esse, _v. n._, I am present.

+adŭlescens+ (or adŏlescens), -entis, _c._, young man, young woman. (ad·ŏlesco.)

+adŭlescentia+, -ae, _f._, youth, manly strength, (ad·olesco.)

+adŭlor+, 1 _v. dep._, I fawn on, flatter.

+ad·vĕnio+, -vēni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._, I come to, approach.

+ad·versārius+, -a, -um, _adj._, turned towards, opposed to; _subst._, antagonist. (ad, versus.)

+ad·versum+, or +ad·versus+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, towards, against.

+ad·verto+, -verti, -versum, 3 _v. a._, I turn towards, observe (generally in phrase ‘animum adverto’).

+ad·vŏco+, 1 _v. a._, I call to my aid.

+ad·vŏlo+, 1 _v. n._, I fly towards.

+aedes+ (or aedis), -is, _f._, a building, temple; in _pl._, a house.

+aedĭtŭmus+, -i, _m._, keeper of temple, sacristan. (aedes.)

+aegrē+, _adv._, with difficulty, scarcely. aegre passus, displeased. (aeger.)

+ăēneus+, -a, -um, _adj._, brazen. (aes.)

+aerārium+, -ii, _n._, treasury. (aes.)

+aes+, aeris, _n._, copper, brass, money.

+Aesōpus+, -i, _m._, Aesop. (Αἴσωπος.)

+aetas+, -ātis, _f._, age (for aevĭtas, fr. aevum, αἰών.)

+affero+. Cf. adfero.

+af·fĭcio+, -fēci, -fectum, 3 _v. a._, I affect in some way: afficio contumeliâ, I affect, brand with disgrace, _i.e._ I disgrace, insult. (făcio.)

+Afrĭca+, -ae, _f._, Africa, _i.e._ the land round Carthage.

+Afrĭcānus+, -i, _m._, agnomen of Scipio.

+ăger+, agri, _m._, land, territory. (ἀγρός, cf. English acre, German Acker.)

+ăgo+, ēgi, actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive, do, act; of the Senate, I transact, I discuss: ago gratias, I give thanks; bene ago, I fare well, prosper.

+āio+, _v. n._, _defective_, I say.

+ἀκοινονόητοι+ (cf. xxxiii. 10, note), deficient in common sense.

+āla+, -ae, _f._, wing.

+albus+, -a, -um, _adj._, white.

+Alcĭbĭădes+, -is or -i, _m._, Alcibiades. (Ἀλκιβιάδης.)

+āles+, -ĭtis, _adj._, winged; as _subst._, c., a bird. (āla.)

+Alexander+, -dri, _m._, Alexander. (Ἀλέξανδρος.)

+ălĭquĭs+, aliquid, _subst. pron._, some one, any one. (ălius, quis.)

+ălĭter+, _adv._, otherwise. (ălius.)

+ălius+, -a, -um, _adj._, other, another. (Cf. ἄλλος.)

+altē+, _adv._, deeply. (altus.)

+alter+, -ĕra, -ĕrum, _adj._, the one (or other) of two. (Cf. ălius.)

+altus+, -a, -um, _adj._, deep; as _subst._, altum, i, _n._, the deep sea. (ălo, I nourish.)

+ălūmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, alum.

+ambĭguus+, -a, -um, _adj._, wavering, hesitating. (ambĭgo, fr. ambi, Gr. ἀμφί, ăgo.)

+ambĭtus+, -us, _m._, lit. a going round, bribery. (ambio. fr. ambi, Gr. ἀμφί, eo.)

+Ambrăciensis+, -e, _adj._, Ambracian, belonging to Ambrăcia, town in S. of Epīrus.

+ăm·ĭcio+, -ĭcui or -ixi, -ictum, 4 _v. a._, I wrap around, clothe. (am or amb, Gr. ἀμφί, and iăcio. Cf. ἀμφιβάλλω.)

+ămictus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. amĭcio. As _subst._, amictus, ūs _m._, clothing.

+ămīcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, friendly; _subst._, ămīcus, i, _m._, a friend. (ămo.)

+ā·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send away, let go, lose.

+ămo+, 1 _v. a._, I love.

+am·plector+, -exus, 3 _v. dep._, I embrace. (am cf. am·icio, plecto, I plait.)

+amplĭtūdo+, -ĭnis, _f._, dignity. (amplus.)

+amp·ŭto+, 1 _v. a._, I lop off.

+ăn+, _conj._, or, whether (in disjunctive interrogations).

+an·ceps+, -cĭpĭtis, _adj._, two-headed, doubtful, dangerous. (an, cf. am·ĭcio, caput.)

+Androclus+, -i, _m._, Androclus.

+ănĭma+, -ae, _f._, soul. (animous, ἄνεμος, that which breathes.)

+ănĭm·ad·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I direct my attention to, notice. (animus, ad, verto.)

+ănĭmus+, -i, _m._, mind. (Cf. anima.)

+annālis+, -e, _adj._, belonging to a year. As _subst._, annalis, -is, _m._ (sc. liber), chronicle, annal. (annus.)

+annus+, -i, _m._, year.

+antĕ+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, before.

+antĕā+, _adv._, before.

+antĕ·quam+, _conj._, before that.

+Antĭŏchīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, belonging to Antiochus.

+Antĭŏchus+, -i, _m._, Antiochus (Ἀντίοχος.)

+antīquĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, antiquity, old times. (antiquus.)

+antīquĭtus+, _adv._, from of old, in former times. (antiquus.)

+antīquus+ (or anticus), -a, -um, _adj._, ancient. (ante.)

+Antōnius+, -ii, _m._, Antonius.

+ănus+, -us, _f._, old woman.

+ăpĕrio+, -ĕrui, -ĕrtum, 4 _v. a._, I open.

+ăpŏlŏgus+, -i, _m._, fable. (ἀπόλογος.)

+ap·pello+ (or +ad·pello+), 1 _v. a._, I drive to, go to, I accost, appeal to.

+ap·pĕto+ (or +ad·peto+), -īvi and -ii, -ītum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I seek for, long for, approach.

+ap·pono+ (or +ad·pono+), -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I place near.

+ap·prŏbo+ (or +ad·prŏbo+), 1 _v. a._, I approve, I confirm.

+aptus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. ăpo, ăpere, I fit to; fit, suited. (Cf. apiscor, ἅπτω.)

+ăpŭd+, _prep. gov. acc._, near to, at the house of.

+arbor+, -ŏris, _f._, a tree.

+arcesso+, -īvi, -ītum, 3 _v. a._, I send for.

+Archĕlāus+, -i, _m._, Archelaus.

+ardeo+, arsi, arsum, 2 _v. n._, I am on fire, burn.

+arduus+, -a, -um, _adj._, steep, lofty.

+argentum+, -i, _n._, silver.

+argūmentum+, -i, _n._, proof, argument, plot. (arguo.)

+argy̆ranche+ (ἀργυράγχη). Cf. xxxii. 14, note.

+Ărīon+, ŏnis, _m._, Arion.

+Aristŏdēmus+, -i, _m._, Aristodemus.

+Ăristŏtĕles+, -is or -i, _m._, Aristotle.

+arma+, -orum, _n._, _plur. only_, arms.

+armilla+, -ae, _f._, bracelet. (arma.)

+armo+, 1 _v. a._, I arm, equip. (arma.)

+ars+, +artis+, _f._, art, skill. (Cf. arma.)

+arx+, +arcis+, _f._, citadel. (arceo.)

+a·scendo+, -ndi, -sum, 3 _v. n._, I mount up. (scando, I climb.)

+Ā̆sĭātĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, belonging to Asia.

+aspectus+, -us, _m._, look. (aspicio.)

+asper+, -ĕra, -ĕrum, _adj._, harsh, rough.

+a·spernor+, 1 _v. dep._, I despise. (ab, sperno.)

+a·spicio+, -exi, -ectum, 3 _v. a._, I behold, look at.

+as·porto+, 1 _v. a._, I carry away. (abs, porto.)

+as·sĭdeo+, -sēdi, -sessum, 2 _v. n._, I sit by; I besiege. (ad, sedeo.)

+assum+. Cf. adsum.

+astūtus+, -a, -um, _adj._, skilled, clever. (astus.)

+ăt+, _conj._, but.

+Ăthēnae+, -arum, _f. plur._ only, Athens.

+Ăthēniensis+, -e, _adj._, Athenian.

+āthlēta+, -ae, _m._, wrestler, athlete. (ἀθλητής.)

+āthlētĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, athletic. ars athletica, athletics.

+atquĕ+, _conj._, and.

+ā̆trox+, -ōcis, _adj._, frightful, fierce. (āter, black, gloomy.)

+Attĭca+, -ae, _f._, Attica.

+attentē+, _adv., comp._, attentius, attentively. (attendo.)

+at·tingo+, -tĭgi, -tactum, 3 _v. a._, I touch. (ad·tango.)

+auctor+, -ōris, _m._, author. (augeo.)

+audeo+, ausus, 2 _v. a._ and _n._, I dare.

+audio+, 4 _v. a._, I hear. (Cf. auris, ear.)

+audītor+, -ōris, _m._, hearer. (audio.)

+au·fĕro+, abs·tŭli, ab·lātum, au·ferre, 3 _v. a._, I carry away, take. (ab, fero.)

+aureus+, -a, -um, _adj._, golden. (aurum.)

+auris+, -is, _f._, ear.

+aurum+, -i, _n._, gold.

+Aurunci+, -orum, _m._, the Aurunci.

+aut+, _conj._, or. aut ... aut, either ... or.

+autem+, _conj._, but, however, moreover.

+auxĭlĭum+, -ii, _n._, help. (augeo.)

+ăvārus+, -a, -um, _adj._, covetous, greedy. (ăveo, I long for.)

+āversus+, -a, -um, _part._ from āverto, turned away.

+ā·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I turn away.

+ăvis+, -is, _f._, bird.

+ăvuncŭlus+, -i, _m._, maternal uncle. (Diminutive of ăvus, grandfather.)

+barbăria+, -ae, _f._, foreign country. (barbărus.)

+barbărus+, -a, -um, _adj._, foreign. (βάρβαρος: cf. balbus, stammering.)

+bellum+, -i, _n._, war.

+bellātor+, -ōris, _m._, warrior. (bellum.)

+bĕnĕ+, _adv._, well. bene facio, I benefit.

+bĕnĕfĭcium+, -ii, _n._, kindness. (bene, facio.)

+bestia+, -ae, _f._, wild beast.

+blandē+, _adv._, gently. (blandus).

+blandīmentum+, -i, _n._, blandishment. (blandior, I caress.)

+bŏnus+, -a -um, _adj._, good.

+Būcĕphălas+, -ae (Βουκεφάλας), _m._, Bucephalas. Cf. vi. 1. note.

+C.+ for Cāĭŭs or Gāĭŭs.

+caedes+, -is, _f._, lopping off, destruction. (caedo.)

+Caesar+, -ăris, _m._, Caesar.

+Cāĭŭs+, -i, _m._, Caius.

+callĭdĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, skill, cunning. (callidus.)

+campus+, -i, _m._, plain.

+cănis+, -is, _c._, dog. (κύων.)

+Cannensis+, -e, _adj._, of Cannae.

+căno+, cĕcĭni, cantum, 3 _v. a._, I sing, I play. cano tibiis = I play the flute.

+canto+, 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I sing, I play (frequentative form of cano.)

+cantor+, -ōris, _m._, singer, musician. (căno.)

+cantus+, -us, _m._, song, melody. (căno.)

+căpesso+, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 _v. a._, I strive for, undertake. (desiderative form fr. căpio.)

+căpio+, cēpi, captum, 3 _v. a._, I take. capio consilium, I form or adopt a plan.

+Căpĭtōlium+, -ii, _n._, the Capitol. (căput.)

+căpĭtālis+, -e, _adj._, relating to the caput, _i.e._ life or civil rights, capital. res capitalis, capital offence. (căput.)

+captīvus+, -i, _m._, captive, (căpio.)

+căput+, -ĭtis, _n._, head, life, civil rights. (Cf. κεφαλή.)

+carmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, song. (căno.)

+cassīta+, -ae, _f._, the crested lark, ălauda cristata, L. (cassis, a helmet.)

+castrum+, -i, _n._, fort; in _plur._, a camp. (Cf. căsa, hut.)

+cāsus+, -us, _m._, accident, case. (cădo, I fall, happen.)

+căterva+, -ae, _f._, troop, band, body of men.

+Căto+, -ōnis, _m._, Cato. (cătus, shrewd.)

+cauda+, -ae, _f._, tail.

+causa+, -ae, _f._, cause, reason, case.

+causā+, _abl._ of causa, for the sake of, with _genitive_.

+cautē+, _adv._, cautiously, (cautus.)

+cautus+, -a, -um, _part._ from căveo, careful.

+căveo+, cāvi, cautum, 2 _v. n._, I am on my guard, cautious.

+căverna+, -ae, _f._, cave, hollow. (căvus, hollow.)

+cēdo+, cessi, cessum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I yield, go away, depart.

+cĕlĕber+, -bris, -bre, _adj._, numerous, famous.

+cĕlĕrĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, speed. (cĕler.)

+cēlla+, -ae, _f._, shrine, part of temple in which the image of the god stood.

+cēlo+, 1 _v. a._, I conceal.

+censeo+, -ui, censum, 2 _v. a._, I assess, think, vote for, decree, resolve.

+censor+, -ōris, _m._, censor. (censeo.)

+centum+, _indecl. num. adj._, one hundred.

+certāmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, contest, competition. (certo, I strive.)

+cerva+, -ae, _f._, doe.

+cervix+, -īcis, _f._, neck.

+cessātor+, -ōris, _m._, loiterer. (cesso.)

+[cētĕrus]+, -a, -um, the other, the rest. The nom. sing. masc. is not in use.

+Chīlō+, -ōnis, _m._, Chilo. (Χείλων.)

+cĭbārius+, -a, -um, _adj._, belonging to food (cĭbus). res cibaria, provisions.

+cĭbus+, -i, _m._, food.

+cĭcātrix+, -īcis, _f._, scar.

+Cĭcĕro+, -ōnis, _m._, Cicero.

+cingo+, -nxi, -nctum, 3 _v. a._, I surround, gird on, clothe.

+circum+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, around.

+circum·fĕro+, -tŭli, -lātum, 3 _v. a._, I carry round, report.

+circum·fundo+, -fūdi, -fūsum, 3 _v. a._, I pour around, surround.

+circum·plector+, -plexus, 3 _v. dep. a._, I embrace, surround.

+circum·spĭcio+, -spexi, -spectum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I look around, survey.

+circum·volvo+, no perf., -vŏlūtum, 3 _v. a._, I roll round.

+circus+, -i, _m._ (κίρκος), circus.

+Cispius+ (mons), the Cispian hill.

+cĭtātus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. cĭto, urged on. citato cursu, at full speed.

+cĭto+, 1 _v. a._, I urge on. (frequentative form of cieo.)

+cīvis+, -is, _c._, citizen.

+cīvĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, state. (cīvis.)

+clāmor+, -ōris, _m._, shout, noise. (clāmo.)

+clandestīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, secret. (clam.)

+Claudius+, -ii, _m._, Claudius.

+claudo+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I shut. (Cf. clavis, key, κλείω.)

+coepi+, coepisse, 3 _v. a._, defective (the _pres._ coepio only in ante-classical writers.) _perf._ with _pres._ signific., I begin.

+cōgĭto+, 1 _v. a._, I meditate upon. (co, agito.)

+co·gnātus+, -a, -um, _adj._, related by blood; as _subst._, a kinsman. (co, gnatus for natus.)

+co·gnōmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, surname. (co, nōmen.)

+co·gnōmĭno+, 1 _v. a._, I surname.

+co·gnosco+, -gnōvi, -gnĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I become acquainted with, investigate a case. (nosco.)

+cōgo+, cŏēgi, cŏactum, 3 _v. a._, I drive together, compel, (co, ago.)

+col·lŏquor+, -lŏcūtus, 3 _v. dep._, I talk with.

+cŏlo+, cŏlui, cultum, 3 _v. a._, I cultivate. (Cf. ā̆grĭ-cŏla.)

+collum+, -i, _n._, neck.

+cŏma+, -ae, _f._, hair, foliage. (κόμη.)

+cŏmes+, -ĭtis, _c._, companion. (com, eo.)

+commentĭcius+, -a, -um, _adj._, pretended, false. (comminiscor.)

+cŏmĭtor+, 1 _v. dep._, I accompany. (cŏmes.)

+commentus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. commĭniscor.

+com·mĭniscor+, -mentus, 3 _v. dep._, I devise, invent. (Cf. re·miniscor.)

+cōmoedia+, -ae, _f._, comedy. (κωμῳδία.) certamina comoediarum, dramatic competitions.

+com·păro+, 1 _v. a._, prepare, procure.

+compĕtītor+, -ōris, _m._, rival, competitor. (com·peto.)

+com·plōro+, 1 _v. a._, I bewail violently.

+com·plūres+, -a, rarely -ia, _adj._, several.

+com·pōno+, -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I place together, arrange, compose. litterae compositae, forged letters.

+con·cēdo+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I yield, grant, retire.

+con·cĭdo+, ĭdi, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I fall down. (cădo.)

+con·cĭpio+, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I take to myself. concepta sanies, matter which has gathered in a wound. (căpio.)

+con·clāmo+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I cry out, shout together or loudly.

+con·demno+, 1 _v. a._, I sentence, condemn. (damno.)

+condĭcio+, -ōnis, _f._, agreement, conditions, terms, (con·dico.)

+con·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I bring together, build, lay up, hide.

+con·fĕro+, -tŭli, -lātum, or collātum, 3 _v. a._, I bring together, employ, attribute.

+con·fĭcio+, -fēci, -fectum, 3 _v. a._, I execute, finish. (făcio.)

+confīdentia+, -ae, _f._, boldness, confidence. (confīdo.)

+con·fīdo+, -fisus, 3 _v. n._, I trust in.

+con·firmo+, 1 _v. a._, I establish, confirm.

+confīsus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. confido, confident.

+con·formo+, 1 _v. a._, I shape.

+con·fūto+, 1 _v. a._, I restrain, silence. (futo, _intens._ form of fŏveo.)

+con·gĕro+, -gessi, -gestum, 3 _v. a._, I bring together. Absolutely (sc. nidum), I build a nest.

+con·grĕdior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I meet as friend, or foe, I attack. (gradior.)

+congressio+, -onis, _f._, meeting, attack. (congredior.)

+cōn·iĭcio+, -iēci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw together, hurl. (iăcio.)

+coniūrātio+, -ōnis, _f._, conspiracy. (con·iūro.)

+cōnor+, 1 _v. dep._, I attempt.

+con·scisco+, -scīvi, or -scii, -scītum, 3 _v. a._, I approve of. conscisco aliquid mihi, I adjudge something to myself; conscisco necem, mortem, mihi, I kill myself.

+consensus+, -us, _m._, consent, agreement. (consentio.)

+con·sĕquor+, -sĕcūtus, 3 _v. dep._, I follow after, attain, gain.

+con·sĕro+, -sēvi, -sĭtum, or -sătum, 3 _v. a._, I sow, plant.

+con·sīdo+, -sēdi, -sessum, 3 _v. n._, I sit down, encamp. (sĕdeo.)

+consĭlium+, -ii, _n._, plan, purpose. (con, root sul; cf. consul.)

+con·sisto+, -stĭti, stĭtum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I halt.

+consĭtus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. consĕro.

+conspectus+, -us, _m._, sight, view. (conspĭcio.)

+con·spĭcio+, -spexi, -spectum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I look at with attention, see.

+con·sterno+, 1 _v. a._, I stretch on ground, terrify.

+con·stĭtuo+, -ui, -ūtum, 3 _v. a._, I place (a thing) somewhere, station. (stătuo.)

+con·sŭesco+, -suēvi, -suētum, 3 _v. n._, I grow accustomed.

+consul+, -ŭlis, _m._, consul. (Cf. consĭlium.)

+consŭlāris+, -e, _adj._, consular.

+consŭlo+, -lui, -ltum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I reflect, I consult with. (Cf. consilium.)

+consulto+, 1 _v. a._, I deliberate upon, I debate. (frequentative form of consŭlo.)

+consultum+, -i, _n._, decision, decree. (consŭlo.)

+con·temno+, -mpsi, -mptum, 3 _v. a._, I despise.

+con·tendo+, -di, -tum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I strain after, strive for, assert.

+con·testor+, 1 _v. dep._, I call to witness. Contestor litem, I introduce a lawsuit by calling witnesses. (testis.)

+con·tingo+, -tĭgi, -tactum, 3 _v. n._, I touch, reach to, happen. (tango.)

+contĭnuo+, _adv._, immediately. (continuus, fr. con·tineo.)

+contio+, ōnis, _f._, meeting, assembly. (for con·ventio, a coming together.)

+contrā+, _adv., prep. gov. acc._, against. contra dīco, I object to. appeal against sentence.

+con·tueor+, -tuitus, 2 _v. dep._, I gaze upon.

+contŭmēlia+, -ae, _f._, disgrace, ignominy. (root tem: cf. con·temno.)

+con·turbo+, 1 _v. a._, I throw into disorder. (turba.)

+con·vello+, -velli (rarely -vulsi), -vulsum, 3 _v. a._, I tear away, up.

+con·vĕnio+, -vēni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._ and _a._, I come together, agree with, meet.

+con·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I turn round, manœuvre.

+con·vinco+, -vīci, -victum, 3 _v. a._, I completely conquer. I convict of (a crime).

+convīvium+, -ii, _n._, banquet. (vīvo.)

+cōpia+, -ae, _f._, plenty, supply; in _plur._, forces. (co, ops.)

+cōpiōsus+, -a, -um, _adj._ with _abl._, well supplied with.

+cor, cordis+, _n._, heart. (Cf. καρδία.)

+cōram+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. abl._, in the presence of.

+Cŏrinthius+, -a, -um, _adj._, Corinthian.

+Cŏrinthus+, -i, _f._, Corinth.

+cŏrōna+, -ae, _f._, wreath, garland. (κορώνη.)

+cŏrōno+, 1 _v. a._, I crown. (cŏrōna.)

+corpus+, -ŏris, _n._, body.

+cor·rĭgo+, -rexi, -rectum, 3 _v. a._, I make straight, correct. (con, rego.)

+Cŏruncānius+, -ii, Coruncanius.

+Corvīnus+, -i, _m._, Corvinus. (corvus.)

+corvus+, -i, _m._, raven. (κόραξ.)

+cŏtīdĭānus+ (or +quŏtīdĭānus+), -a, -um, _adj._, daily. (cŏtīdĭē.)

+cras+, _adv._, to-morrow.

+Crassus+, -i, _m._, Crassus.

+crēdo+, -dĭdi, -ditum, 3 _v. a._, I entrust, I trust in, I believe. Used absolutely, I suppose.

+crēdŭlĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, easiness of belief, credulity, (crēdŭlus, crēdo.)

+crīmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, charge, accusation.

+Crŏtōniensis+, -e, _adj._, of Crotona.

+crŭcĭātus+, -us, _m._, torture, (crŭcio, crux.)

+cruentus+, -a, -um, _adj._, stained with blood. (cruor.)

+cruor+, -ōris, _m._, gore, blood which has flowed from wounds.

+crūs, crūrĭs+, _n._, leg.

+cŭbĭcŭlum+, -i, _m._, a resting or sleeping room, (cŭbo.)

+cūius+, -a, -um, _interrog._ and _relat. adj. pron._, whose? or whose. (qui.)

+cultus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. colo, cultivated, civilized.

+cum+ (or +quum+), _conj._, when, since, if, although.

+cum+, _prep. gov. abl._, with.

+cunctābundus+, -a, -um, lingering, (cunctor.)

+cunctor+, 1 _v. dep._, I loiter, linger.

+cunctus+, -a, -um, _adj._, all in a body, all. (for con·iunctus.)

+cŭneus+, -i, _m._, wedge, wedge-shaped body of troops.

+cŭpĭdus+, -a, -um, _adj._, eager, desirous, proud of (with gen.) (cŭpio.)

+cūr+, _adv._ and _conj._, why, wherefore.

+cūra+, -ae, _f._, care, anxiety.

+cūria+, -ae, _f._, senate-house. (Quiris, Cures.)

+Cŭrius+, -ii, _m._, Curius.

+cūro+, 1 _v. a._, I take care of. With gerundive, cf. vii. 3. note. Curo puerum docendum, I get the boy taught. (cūra.)

+currus+, -us, _m._, chariot. (curro.)

+cursus+, -us, _m._, running, race, course. Cĭtato cursu, at full speed. (curro.)

+custōdio+, 4 _v. a._, I guard. (custos.)

+custos+, -ōdis, _c._, guard.

+damno+, 1 _v. a._, I condemn. (damnum, hurt, loss.)

+de+, _prep. gov. abl._, concerning, from.

+dēbeo+, 2 _v. a._, I owe. (de, hăbeo.)

+dēbĭlis+, -e, _adj._, lamed, feeble. (de, habilis.)

+dĕcem+, _numer._, ten.

+dē·cerno+, -crēvi, -crētum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I determine, decide; of the senate, I pass a decree.

+dē·cīdo+, -cīdi, -cīsum. 3 _v. a._, I cut off. (caedo.)

+de·clāmo+, 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I exercise myself in speaking, declaim.

+de·clāro+, 1 _v. a._, I show, proclaim.

+dĕcŏro+, 1 _v. a._, I adorn. (dĕcus, ornament, glory.)

+dēdĭtio+, -ōnis, _f._, surrender. (dēdo.)

+dē·dūco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I lead away, withdraw, bring down.

+dē·fendo+, -di, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I ward off, keep off.

+dēfensor+, -ōris, _m._, defender. (dēfendo.)

+dē·fĕro+, -tŭli, -lātum, 3 _v. a._, I bring down, hand over.

+dē·fīo+, -fectus, -fĭĕri, _v. n._ (used as _passive_ of dēfĭcio), I am wanting, I fail.

+dēformĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, ugliness, deformity. (dē·formis, ugly. Cf. forma.)

+dē·iĭcio+, -iēci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw down. (iăcio.)

+deīnceps+ (dissyl.), or +dĕïnceps+, _adv._, next, following. (deinde.)

+deīndĕ+ (dissyl.), or +dĕīndĕ+, _adv._, then, thereupon.

+dēlecto+, 1 _v. a._, I delight. (intens. of delĭcio.)

+dē·lĭgo+, -lēgi, -lectum, 3 _v. a._, I choose out, select. (lĕgo.)

+dē·līro+, 1 _v. n._, I rave. (de, lira, out of the furrow.)

+dē·lĭtesco+, -tui, 3 _v. n._, I lie hid, conceal myself. (lătesco, inceptive of lăteo.)

+delphīnus+, -i, _m._, dolphin. (δελφίς.)

+Dēmādēs+, -is, _m._, Demades. (Δημάδης.)

+de·mĕto+, -messui, -messum, 3 _v. a._, I reap, mow.

+dē·mīror+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I wonder at.

+dē·mŏror+, 1 _v. dep._, I linger.

+Dēmosthĕnes+, -is and -i, _m._, Demosthenes. (Δημοσθένης.)

+dē·mulceo+, -mulsi, -mulctum, 2 _v. a._, I stroke down, caress.

+dēmum+, _adv._, at last. (de.)

+dēnĭquĕ+, _adv._, and then, finally. (de.)

+Dentātus+, -i, _m._, Dentatus.

+dēnuo+, _adv._, again. (For de novo.)

+dē·pŏpŭlor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I ravage.

+dē·pŭto+, 1 _v. a._ I cut off, prune.

+de·rīdeo+, -si, -sum, 2 _v. a._, I laugh at.

+de·scisco+, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 _v. n._, I withdraw, revolt from, abandon; with _prep._ ab and _abl._

+dē·sĕro+, -rui, -rtum, 3 _v. a._, I desert, abandon. (Lit., I undo, sever; sero, I join.)

+dēsertus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. dēsĕro, lonely, desert.

+dē·sīdĕro+, 1 _v. a._, I long for.

+dē·sĭlio+, -ĭlui, -ultum, 4 _v. n._, I leap down, (sălio.)

+dē·sĭno+, -sii, rarely -sīvi, -sĭtum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I give up, cease.

+dē·sĭpio+, no perf. or sup., -ere, _v. n._, I act foolishly, I am foolish, (săpio.)

+dēsĭtus+, -a, -um, _part._ of desĭno, obsolete, disused.

+dē·spĭcio+, -exi, -ectum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I look down upon, despise.

+dē·sum+, -fui, -esse, _v. n._, I am wanting.

+dē·tĕgo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I uncover, discover.

+dē·tergeo+, -si, -sum, 2 _v. a._, I wipe off.

+dē·trăho+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I take away.

+dē·trunco+, 1 _v. a._, I lop, cut off.

+dĕ·ūro+, -ussi, -ustum, 3 _v. a._, I burn up.

+deus+, -i, _m._, god.

+dē·vĕho+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I carry away, carry down.

+dē·vĕnio+, -vēni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._, I come from, I go to, arrive at.

+dexter+, -tĕra, -tĕrum, and tra, trum, _adj._, on the right side, right. (δεξιός.)

+Diāna+, -ae, _f._, Diana.

+dĭcio+, -ōnis, _f._, rule, jurisdiction. (Cf. dico, condicio.)

+dīco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I say, tell, call.

+dictum+, -i, _n._, saying, command, (dīco.)

+dī·dūco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I draw apart, separate.

+dies+, -ei, _m._ (in _sing. com._), day.

+dif·fero+, distŭli, dīlātum, 3 _v. a._, I carry away, put off.

+dif·fīcĭlis+, -e, _adj._, difficult, hard. (făcĭlis.)

+dī·gĕro+, -gessi, -gestum, 3 _v. a._, I separate, disperse, dissipate.

+dĭgĭtus+, -i, _m._, finger.

+dignĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, rank, dignity. (dignus.)

+dignus+, -a, -um, _adj._, worthy.

+dī·grĕdior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I go away. (grădior.)

+dī·lăcĕro+, 1 _v. a._, I tear to pieces.

+dīlūcesco+, luxi, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I begin to grow light. (Inceptive form of dilūceo.)

+dīlūcĭdē+, _adv._, clearly. (dilūceo, lux.)

+dīmĭdium+, -ii, _n._, half, (di, medius.)

+dī·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send away, dismiss.

+dī·rĭgo+, -rexi, -rectum, 3 _v. a._, I arrange in a straight line, I direct to.

+dis·cēdo+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I depart, go away.

+di·scindo+, -scĭdi, -scissum, 3 _v. a._, I tear asunder, cut open.

+discī̆plīna+, -ae, _f._, teaching, knowledge, tactics, custom. (discĭpŭlus, disco.)

+discĭpŭlus+, -i, _m._, disciple, follower. (disco.)

+disco+, dĭdĭci, no sup., 3 _v. a._, I learn. (Root da: cf. διδάσκω, doceo.)

+dissĭmŭlanter+, _adv._, secretly. (dissĭmŭlo.)

+dĭū+, _adv._, for a long time. (dies.)

+dī·vello+, -velli, rarely -vulsi, -vulsum, 3 _v. a._, I tear asunder.

+dīves+, -ĭtis, _adj._, rich.

+dīvīnĭtus+, _adv._, from heaven, by divine providence or influence. (dīvus, deus.)

+dīvīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, divine. (dīvus, deus.)

+do+, dĕdi, dătum, dăre, _v. a._, I give. (Cf. δίδωμι dōnum.)

+dŏceo+, -cui, -ctum, 2 _v. a._, I teach. (Cf. disco.)

+dŏleo+, -ui, -ĭtum, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I grieve, I grieve for.

+dŏlor+, -ōris, _m._, pain, grief. (dŏleo.)

+dŏmi+, _adv._, at home. Locative case of dŏmus.

+dŏmus+, -us, _f._, home, house. (δόμος, root dem, to build.)

+dōnĕc+, _conj._, until.

+dōno+, 1 _v. a._, I give, I present. (do.)

+dōnum+, -i, _n._, gift, (do.)

+dorsum+, -i, _n._, back.

+dŭbĭto+, 1 _v. a._, I hesitate.

+dŭbius+, -a, -um, _adj._, doubtful. Dŭbio prŏcul, without doubt.

+dum+, _conj._, whilst, until.

+dŭŏ+, -ae, -ŏ, _numer._, two. (δύο.)

+dŭŏ·dē·vīginti+, _numer._, eighteen.

+dūrus+, -a, -um, _adj._, hard, harsh.

+dux, dŭcis+, _m._, leader. (dūco.)

+e, ex+, _prep. gov. abl._, out of, from. Ex republica, to the advantage of the state.

+ĕdo+, ēdi, ēsum, 3 _v. a._, I eat. (Cf. ĕdax, ἔδω, ἐσθίω.)

+ecquĭs+, ecquĭd, _interrog. subst. pron._, whether any?

+ē·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I give forth, bring forth, produce, utter, form, raise.

+ē·dūco+, 1 _v. a._, I rear, educate.

+ef·fĕro+, ex·tŭli, ē·lātum, 3 _v. a._, I bring out.

+ef·fĭcio+, -fēci, -fectum, 3 _v. a._, I bring to pass, accomplish. (ex, făcio.)

+ĕgŏ+, _pers. pron._, I.

+ĕgŏ·mĕt+, I myself.

+ē·grĕdior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I go out, I leave. (grădior.)

+ēgrĕgĭus+, -a, -um, _adj._, distinguished, eminent. (e, grex, chosen from the herd.)

+Ēlectra+, -ae, _f._, Electra. (Ἠλέκτρα.)

+ĕlĕphantus+, -i, _m._, elephant. (ἐλέφας.)

+ēlŏquentia+, -ae, _f._, eloquence. (ēlŏquor.)

+ē·lūdo+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I mock, jeer at.

+ē·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send out.

+ĕmo+, ēmi, emptum, 3 _v. a._, I buy.

+emptio+, -ōnis, _f._, purchase, buying. (ĕmo.)

+ĕnim+, _conj._, for. sed enim, but indeed.

+Ennius+, -ii, _m._, Ennius.

+ē·nuntio+, 1 _v. a._, I declare, mention.

+eo+, īvi or ii, ĭtum, īre, 4 _v. n._, I go. (Root i; cf. εῖμι.)

+eo+, _adv._, thither, for that reason, therefore. (is.)

+ĕphippium+, -ii, _n._, saddle, horse caparison. (ἐφίππιον, from ἐπὶ, ἵππος.)

+ĕpŭlae+, -arum, _f._, feast, banquet. (In _sing._ ĕpŭlum, -i, _n._)

+ĕquĭtātus, -us+, _m._, cavalry. (ĕquus.)

+ĕquŭs+, -i, _m._, horse. (ἵππος.)

+ergo+, _adv._, therefore.

+ē·rŭbesco+, -bui, no sup., 3 _v. n. incep._, I grow red, blush.

+ĕt+, _conj._, and.

+ĕtĭam+, _conj._, also, even.

+ĕtĭam·si+, _conj._, even if.

+Euander+, -dri, _m._, Evander.

+Euathlus+, -i, _m._, Euathlus.

+ēverto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I overthrow.

+exanguĭs+, or +exsanguis+, -e, _adj._, bloodless, lifeless. (ex, sanguis.)

+ex·ănĭmātus+, _part._, from ex-ănĭmo, lifeless.

+ex·ănĭmo+, 1 _v. a._, I deprive of life. (anima.)

+ex·cīdo+, -cīdi, -cīsum, 3 _v. a._, I cut out, off. (caedo.)

+excĭto+, 1 _v. a._, I arouse. (Freq. form of excio.)

+ex·clāmo+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I cry out, exclaim.

+ex·eo, -ivi or ii, -ĭtum, -ire+, 4 _v. n._, I go out.

+ex·erceo, -ui, -ĭtum+, 2 _v. a._, I drive on, I practise. (arceo.)

+exercĭtus+, -us, _m._, army. (exerceo.)

+exerto+, or +exserto+, no perf. and sup., 1 _v. a._, I thrust out. (ex, serto, freq. of sĕro.)

+ex·ĭgo+, -ēgi, -actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive out. (ăgo.)

+exĭlium+, or +exsilium+, -ii, _n._, exile. (exul.)

+exĭmius+, -a, -um, _adj._, extraordinary, uncommon. (eximo, I take out of the mass.)

+ex·istĭmo+, 1 _v. a._, I judge, consider. (aestimo.)

+exĭtus+, -us, _m._, going out, departure. (exeo.)

+ex·ordior+, -orsus, 4 _v. dep. a._, I begin.

+ex·pecto+, or +ex·specto+, 1 _v. a._, I look for. (ex, specto.)

+ex·pĕrior, -pertus+, 4 _v. dep._, I try.

+ex·pīro+, or +ex·spīro+, 1 _v. a._, I breathe out. (ex, spiro.)

+ex·pōno+, -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I set forth, explain.

+ex·prĭmo+, -pressi, -pressum, 3 _v. a._, I press out. (prĕmo.)

+ex·prōmo+, -mpsi, -mptum, 3 _v. a._, I bring forth, utter.

+extemplo+, _adv._, immediately.

+ex·to+, or +ex·sto+, no perf. and sup., -are, _v. n._, I stand forth, appear. (ex, sto.)

+extrā+, _prep. gov. acc._, outside. Extra tela, out of range.

+extrēmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, outermost, furthest. Extremâ nocte, at the very end of night. Superl. degree from [exter and extĕrus, post-classical], extĕrior, extrēmus, and extĭmus. (ex.)

+ex·urgo+, or +ex·surgo+, exurrexi, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I rise up. (ex, surgo.)

+exūro+, -ussi, -ustum, 3 _v. a._, I burn up.

+Făbius+, -ii, _m._, Fabius.

+Fābrĭcius+, -ii, _m._, Fabricius.

+fābŭla+, -ae, _f._, fable, story. (fāri, to say.)

+făcĭlis+, -e, _adj._, easy, good-natured. (făcio.)

+făcĭnus+, -ŏris, _n._, deed, crime. (făcio.)

+făcio+, fēci, factum, făcĕre, 3 _v. a._, I make, do. Facio cum aliquo, I take part with anyone.

+factum+, -i, _n._, deed. (făcio.)

+fācundia+, -ae, _f._, eloquence. (fāri, to say.)

+fallo+, fĕfelli, falsum, 3 _v. a._, I deceive. (σφάλλω, ἀ·σφαλής.)

+falsus+, -a, -um, _adj._, false. (fallo.)

+falx+, falcis, _f._, sickle.

+fāma+, -ae, _f._, renown. (fāri, to say.)

+fămĭlia+, -ae (old gen. -as), _f._, the slaves in a household, a household.

+fămĭliāris+, -e, _adj._, belonging to a household (fămĭlia), intimate; as _subst._, friend.

+Făvōrīnus+, -i, _m._, Favorinus.

+fēcundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, fruitful.

+fēlīcĭter+, happily: fēlīcius, fēlīcissime. (fēlix.)

+fēlix+, fēlīcis, _adj._, happy, rich.

+fĕra+, -ae, _f._, wild beast. (ferus.)

+fĕrē+, _adv._, almost.

+fĕrīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of wild beasts. (fĕrus.)

+fermē+, _adv._, nearly, about, usually. (Cf. fere.)

+fĕro+, tŭli, lātum, ferre, 3 _v. a._, I bear; I tell, say. (φέρω, tollo.)

+fĕrox+, +fĕrōcis+, _adj._, fierce. (Cf. ferus.)

+fĕrus+, -a, -um, _adj._, wild. (Cf. ferox.)

+fervo+, -vi, no sup., 3, _v. n._, I grow hot; commoner form, ferveo, -bui, no sup., 2.

+festīno+, 1, _v. n._ and _a._, I hasten.

+fētus+, -us, _m._, brood, offspring.

+fĭdes+, -ei, _f._, faith, trustworthiness. (fīdo.)

+fĭdes+, -is, _f._, string, stringed instrument, lyre; usually in plural only.

+fīdūcia+, -ae, _f._, trust, courage. (fido.)

+fīlius+, -ii, _m._, son.

+fingo+, -nxi, -nctum, 3 _v. a._, I form, fashion.

+fīo+, factus, fiĕri, _v. n._, (used as pass. of facio), I am made, become.

+firmo+, 1 _v. a._, I strengthen. (firmus.)

+flāgĭtium+, -ii, _n._, shameful act, disgrace. (flāgĭto.)

+flăgro+, 1 _v. n._, I burn, blaze.

+flāvesco+, no perf. and sup., 3 _v. n._, I become yellow. (Inceptive form of flāveo.)

+flecto+, -xi, -xum, 3 _v. a._, I bend.

+flōs+, -ōris, _m._, flower.

+fluctus+, -us, _m._, wave. (fluo.)

+fluito+, 1 _v. n._, I float. (Intensitive form of fluo.)

+fŏcŭlus+, -i, _m._, little hearth, brazier. (diminutive of focus.)

+fŏris+, _adv._, out of doors, (fŏris, a door.)

+formīdo+, -ĭnis, _f._, fear.

+fors+, +fortis+, _f._, chance.

+fortĕ+, _adv._, by chance. (abl. of fors.)

+fortis+, -e, _adj._, brave.

+fortĭter+, _adv._, bravely. (fortis.)

+fortĭtūdo+, -ĭnis, _f._, bravery. (fortis.)

+fortuī̆tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, accidental. (fors.)

+frāter+, -tris, _m._, brother. (φράτηρ, clansman.)

+fraudŭlentus+, -a, -um, _adj._, deceitful. (fraus.)

+fraus+, fraudis, _f._, deceit.

+fraxĭnus+, -i, _f._, ash tree.

+frĕmĭtus+, -us, _m._, roaring (frĕmo.)

+frēnum+, -i, _n._, bridle, bit.

+frons+, frondis, _f._, leafy branch, foliage.

+frūges+, -um. Cf. frux.

+frūmentum+, -i, _n._, corn. (For frugĭmentum, cf. frux, fruor.)

+frustrā+, _adv._, in vain. (Cf. fraus.)

+frux+, frūgis, _f._, fruit. Nom. sing. rare; more common in plural. (Cf. fruor.)

+fŭga+, -ae, _f._, flight, (fŭgio, φεύγω.)

+fŭgĭtīvus+, -a, -um, _adj._, fugitive. (fŭgio.)

+fulgeo+, fulsi, no sup., 2 _v. n._, I glitter. (Cf. fulgur, lightning.)

+fundo+, fūdi, fūsum, 3 _v. a._, I pour out, scatter.

+fundus+, -i, _m._, farm.

+furtim+, _adv._, secretly. (fur, thief.)

+fūsus+. Cf. fundo.

+gălea+, -ae, _f._, helmet.

+Gallĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, belonging to Gaul, Gallic.

+Gallus+, -i, _m._, a Gaul.

+Gellius+, -ii, _m._, Gellius.

+gĕmĭtus+, -us, _m._, groan. (gĕmo.)

+gens+, gentis, _f._, clan, race, nation. (Cf. gigno, genus.)

+gĕnus+, -ĕris, _n._, race, kind. (γένος, gens, gigno.)

+gĕro+, gessi, gestum, 3 _v. a._, I bear, I carry on.

+gesto+, 1 _v. a._, I carry. (Intens. of gĕro.)

+gigno+, gĕnui, gĕnĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I produce. (Cf. gens, genus.)

+glădius+, -ii, _m._, sword.

+glōria+, -ae, _f._, renown, glory.

+Graecē+, _adv._, in Greek.

+Graecia+, -ae, _f._, Greece.

+grāmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, grass.

+grāmĭneus+, -a, -um, _adj._, made of grass. (grāmen.)

+grandis+, -e, _adj._, great, large, abundant. Grandis natu, advanced in age.

+grātia+, -ae, _f._, favour, influence, gratitude, thanks: with agere in plural only. In abl. gratiâ, for the sake of, with gen. (gratus.)

+grātŭlātio+, -onis, _f._, rejoicing, congratulation. (grātŭlor.)

+grātŭlor+, 1 _v. dep._, I congratulate, give thanks. (grātus.)

+gŭla+, -ae, _f._, throat.

+hăbeo+, 2 _v. a._, I have.

+hăbĭto+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I inhabit, dwell in. (Intensitive of hăbeo.)

+haereo+, haesi, haesum, 2 _v. n._, I stick to.

+Hannĭbal+, -ălis, _m._, Hannibal.

+haud+, _adv._, not.

+haurio+, hausi, haustum, 4 _v. a._, I draw up, drink, tear open, wound.

+haut+ (or +haud+), _adv._, not.

+haut·quā·quam+, or +haud·qua·quam+, _adv._, by no means.

+Hercles+ (or Hercŭles), -is and -i. _m._, Hercules. For form Hercle, cf. iii. 1. note.

+hīc, haec, hōc+, _demonstr. pron._, this.

+hīc+, _adv._, here.

+hĭlăris+, -e, _adj._, merry, amusing.

+hinc+, _adv._, hence. (hic.)

+hio+, 1 _v. n._, I open my mouth, gape. Rimis hiantem, with wide open clefts, lit., gaping open with clefts.

+Hispānia+, -ae, _f._, Spain.

+Hispānĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Spanish.

+histrio+, -ōnis, _m._, actor. (Etruscan word hister, an actor.)

+hŏdiē+, _adv._, to-day. (hoc die.)

+hŏdiernus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of this day. (hŏdie.)

+hŏmo+, -ĭnis, _m._, man. (Cf. hūmānus.)

+hŏnestus+, -a, -um, _adj._, honourable, proper, respectable. (hŏnor.)

+hŏnor+, or +hŏnos+, -ōris, _m._, honour.

+Hŏrātius+, -ii, _m._, Horatius.

+hortor+, 1 _v. dep._, I encourage, urge. (Cf. ὄρνυμι, ὁρμή.)

+hospes+, -ĭtis, _m._, host, guest, stranger. (Cf. hostis, stranger, enemy.)

+hospĭta+, -ae, _f._ (feminine form of hospes,) female host, guest, stranger.

+hostis+, -is, _c._, enemy.

+hūius·cĕ·mŏdi+, and +hūius·mŏdi+, of this kind. (Cf. mŏdus.)

+hŭmĕrus+, -i, _m._, shoulder.

+hŭmĭlis+, -e, _adj._, low, humble, insignificant. (hŭmus, ground.)

+iăcio, iĕci, iactum+, 3 _v. a._, I throw.

+iam+, _adv._, already, now.

+ĭbī̆+, _adv._, there, thereupon. (is.)

+ĭbī̆dem+, _adv._, in the same place, immediately. (ibi, dem. cf. idem.)

+ictus+, -us, _m._, blow, stroke. (Obsolete _present_, ico and icio, I strike.)

+idcirco+, _adv._, therefore. (id-circo.)

+īdem+, +ĕădem+, +ĭdem+, _pron._, same. (is, and suffix dem.)

+ĭdōneus+, -a, -um, _adj._, fit.

+ĭgĭtur+, _conj._, then, therefore. (is, and suffix tur.)

+ignāvia+, -ae, _f._, cowardice. (in-gnāvus, lazy, cowardly; from navus, or gnavus, busy.)

+ignis+, -is, _m._, fire.

+ignōmĭnia+, -ae, _f._, disgrace. (in-nōmen, or gnōmen, loss of good name.)

+ignōro+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I am ignorant of. (ignārus, for in-gnarus or -narus.)

+i·gnosco+, -nōvi, nōtum, 3 _v. a._, I pardon, overlook. (in-gnosco or -nosco.)

+i·gnōtus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unknown. (in·gnotus or notus.)

+īlex+, -ĭcis, _f._, holm-oak, or great scarlet oak. Quercus ilex L.

+īlĭco+ (or illico), _adv._, on the spot, immediately. (in, loco.)

+illĕ+, illă, illŭd, _demonstr. pron._, that, he.

+illīc+, _adv._, in that place, there. (ille, ce.)

+im·mōbĭlis+, -e, _adj._, motionless. (in, mŏveo.)

+impĕdio+, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 4 _v. a._, I hinder. (in, pes.)

+impĕrātor+, -ōris, _m._, general. (impĕro.)

+impĕrium+, -ii, _n._, command, empire. (impĕro.)

+impĕro+, 1 _v. a._, I command, I rule over (dat.).

+impetro+, 1 _v. a._, I accomplish, obtain.

+impĕtus+, -us, _m._, attack, force. (in·peto, I rush upon.)

+im·mītis+, -e, _adj._, stern.

+in+, _prep. gov. acc._ and _abl._, in, into, on, against.

+in·cēdo+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I approach.

+incendium+, -ii, _n._, fire. (in-cendo, fr. in, candeo.)

+in·cīdo+, -cīdi, -cīsum, 3 _v. a._, I cut into, cut through, open. (in, caedo.)

+in·cĭpio+, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I begin. (in, căpio, I seize upon.)

+in·clūdo+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I shut in. (claudo.)

+in·cognĭtus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unknown. (in·cognosco.)

+in·cŏlŭmis+, -e, _adj._, uninjured, safe.

+in·cruentus+, -a, -um, _adj._, bloodless. (cruor.)

+in·curro+, -curri or -cŭcurri, cursum, 3 _v. n._, I rush into, rush against, attack.

+incursio+, -ōnis, _f._, inroad, attack. (in·curro.)

+indĕ+, _adv._, thence, thenceforward. (is.)

+in·dīco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I proclaim.

+Indĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Indian.

+in·dignus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unworthy.

+in·dūco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I bring in, exhibit.

+induo+, -ui, -ūtum, 3 _v. a._, I put on. (ἐνδύω.)

+ineptus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unsuitable, foolish. (in, aptus.)

+ĭn·explĭcābĭlis+, -e, _adj._, hard to unfold, understand, intricate. (in, ex, plico, I fold.)

+infĭtiae+, -arum, _f._, denial. Only used in _acc. plur._ in phrase infitias ire, to deny. (infateor.)

+in·flo+, 1 _v. a._, I blow into or upon.

+informis+, -e, _adj._, shapeless. (forma.)

+infrā+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, below. (For inferă, _sc._ parte.)

+in·fringo+, -frēgi, -fractum, 3 _v. a._, I break in upon, break. (frango.)

+ingĕnium+, -ii, _n._, nature, talent, genius. (in, gigno.)

+ingens+, -entis, _adj._, immense.

+in·grātus+, -a, -um, _adj._, ungrateful.

+in·grĕdior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I step into, advance. (grădior.)

+ĭn·ĭmīcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, hostile; as _subst._, an enemy. (in, ămīcus.)

+in·īquus+, -a, -um, unequal, unfair, dangerous. (in, aequus.)

+in·iūrātus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unsworn, relieved from oath. (in, iūro.)

+iniūria+, -ae, _f._, wrong, insult. (in, ius.)

+inlĕcĕbra+, or +illĕcĕbra+, -ae, _f._, attraction, allurement. (illicio.)

+inlustris+, or +illustris+, -e, _adj._, famous. (inlustro, I make light.)

+inmānis+, or +immanis+, -e, _adj._, fierce. (in, mānus, old Latin word = bonus: cf. manes, good spirits.)

+inmensus+, -a, -um, _adj._, immeasurable. (metior.)

+inmĕrĭto+, _adv._, undeservedly. (in, mereo.)

+in·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send in, thrust in, carry in, incite or suborn against. Used absolutely, sc. equum, urge horse forward, vi. 9.

+in·mortālis+, or +im·mortālis+, -e, _adj._, immortal.

+in·ŏpīnātus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unexpected. (in, ŏpīnor.)

+in·pĕrītus+, -a, -um, unskilled.

+in·perfectus+, -a, -um, _adj._, not thoroughly finished, unfinished. (făcio.)

+in·plūmis+, -e, _adj._, unfeathered, unfledged. (plūma.)

+in·pōno+, -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I place on.

+inquam+, _v. n._, defective, I say.

+in·quīro+, -sīvi, -sītum, 3 _v. a._, I search into, examine, (in, quaero.)

+in·rīdeo+, -rīsi, -rīsum, 2 _v. a._ and _n._, I laugh at.

+insānia+, -ae, _f._, madness. (sānus.)

+in·scendo+, -endi, -ensum, 3 _v. a._, I climb up, mount. (scando.)

+in·sĭdeo+, -sēdi, -sessum, 2 _v. n._, I sit on, occupy, (sĕdeo.)

+in·sĭdiae+, -arum, _f._, _plur. only_, ambush, treachery. (insĭdeo.)

+insigne+, -is, _n._, badge, ornament. (in·signis, distinguished by a mark, signum.)

+in·sisto+, -stiti, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I stand on, rest on, persist.

+in·sŏlens+, -entis, _adj._, unaccustomed to, with gen. (in, sŏleo.)

+insŏlenter+, _adv._, haughtily. (in·solens.)

+in·specto+, 1 _v. a._, I look upon. (Frequentative of in·spicio, from specio.)

+instinctus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. instinguo.

+instinguo+, -nxi, -nctum, 3 _v. a._, I incite. (Only in perf. part. pass. in classical writers.)

+instĭtuo+, -ui, -ūtum, 3 _v. a._, I determine. (stătuo.)

+in·sto+, -stĭti, no sup., 1 _v. n._, I stand upon, press upon, insist.

+in·struo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I build upon, I draw up, arrange.

+in·suesco+, -ēvi, -ētum, 3 _v. n._, I am accustomed.

+insŭla+, -ae, _f._, island, lodging-house.

+intĕger+, -gra, -gram, _adj._, untouched, sound. (tango.)

+intellĕgo+, -exi, -ectum, 3 _v. a._, I perceive, understand. (inter, lĕgo.)

+inter+, _prep. gov. acc._, between, among.

+intĕr·ĕā+, _adv._, meanwhile. (inter·ea, from is.)

+inter·dīco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I forbid.

+intĕr·eo+, -ii, -ĭtum, 4 _v. n._, I die. (Lit., I go among several things, and so, disappear.)

+inter·fĭcio+, -fēci, -fectum, 3 _v. a._, I kill. (făcio, lit., I put between.)

+intĕrim+, _adv._, meanwhile. (inter, im old acc. of is.)

+interĭtus+, -us, _m._, ruin, death. (intereo.)

+interpres+, -ĕtis, _com._, interpreter.

+inter·rŏgo+, 1 _v. a._, I question, ask.

+intĭmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, inmost, superlative from [intĕrus, not found; cf. inter and intra], intĕrior.

+intrā+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, within.

+in·trĕpĭdus+, -a, -um, _adj._, fearless.

+intrō·dūco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I bring in, introduce.

+intrŏ·eo+, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, 4 _v. n._, I go in, enter.

+intrō·grĕdior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I step in, enter. (grădior.)

+intrō·rumpo+, -rūpi, -ruptum, 3 _v. n._, I burst into.

+in·vĕnio+, -vēni, -ventum, 4 _v. a._, I come upon, find.

+in·vīsus+, -a, -um, _adj._, hated. (in·vĭdeo, I look at with evil eye, hate.)

+ipse+, -a, -um, _demonstr. pron._, himself, herself, itself.

+īra+, -ae, _f._, anger.

+is, ea, id+, _demonstr. pron._, that, he, she, it.

+istĕ+, -a, -ŭd, _demonstr. pron._, that of yours, that near you.

+istic+, -aec, -oc or -uc, _demonstr. pron._, that of yours, that near you. (For iste·ce.)

+ĭta+, _adv._, thus, so.

+Ītălia+, -ae, _f._, Italy.

+ĭtem+, _adv._, likewise, also. (is.)

+ĭter+, itĭnĕris, _n._, journey. (eo.)

+ĭtĕrum+, _adv._, a second time, again. (Acc. sing. of comparative form from is.)

+ĭtĭdem+, _adv._, in like manner. (ita, dem.)

+iŭbeo+, iussi, iussum, 2 _v. a._, I order.

+iūcunde+, _adv._, pleasantly. (iūcundus.)

+iūcundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, pleasant, delightful. (iŏcus.)

+iūdex+, -ĭcis, _m._, judge. (ius, dīco.)

+iūdĭco+, 1 _v. a._, I judge, decide. (ius, dīco.)

+Iūliānus+, -i, _m._, Julian.

+Iūpĭter+ (or Iuppĭter), Iŏvis, _m._, Jupiter, Jove. (Iovis pater: cf. Ζεύς πατήρ. Iovis from root div, bright.)

+iūro+ and iūror (_dep_.), 1 _v. a._, I swear. (ius.)

+iūs+, iūris, _n._, right, law, justice. (Root iu, join: cf. ζεύγνυμι.)

+ius·iurandum+, iuris·iurandi, _n._, oath. (ius, iūro.)

+iustus+, -a, -um, _adj._, right, fair. (ius.)

+L.+, for Lucius.

+lăbor+, -ōris, _m._, toil, labour.

+Lăcĕdaemŏnius+, -a, -um, _adj._, Lacedaemonian, Spartan.

+Lăcōnĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Laconian, Lacedaemonian.

+lā̆crĭmo+, 1 _v. n._, I weep. (lā̆crĭma: cf. δάκρυ, tear.)

+laetĭtia+, -ae, _f._, joy. (laetus.)

+laetus+, -a, -um, _adj._, glad, rich.

+lambo+, -bi, -bĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I lick.

+lāmenta+, orum, _n._, _plur._ only, wailing, lamentation.

+lāna+, -ae, _f._, wool.

+lănio+, 1 _v. a._, I tear, mangle. (Cf. lăcer, torn to pieces.)

+latē+, _adv._, widely. (lātus.)

+lătēbra+, -ae, _f._, hiding place. (lăteo, I lie hid.)

+lătē̆brōsus+, -a, -um, _adj._, full of hiding places; hidden, retired. (lătē̆bra.)

+Lătīnē+, _adv._, in Latin.

+Lătīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Latin.

+lātro+, 1 _v. n._, I bark, bark at.

+lātus+, -a, -um, _adj._, broad.

+lātus+, -a, -um, _part._ of fĕro.

+lătus+, -ĕris, _n._, side.

+laudo+, 1 _v. a._, I praise. (laus.)

+laurus+, -us, _f._, bay tree, laurel tree.

+laus+, laudis, _f._, praise.

+laxo+, 1 _v. a._, I loosen, relax. (laxus; cf. languidus.)

+lēgātus+, -i, _m._, ambassador, lieutenant. (lēgo, -are, I send with a charge, depute.)

+lĕgo+, -lexi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I collect, choose out, read. (λέγω, λόγος, dilegens.)

+lēnĭter+, _adv._, gently. (lēnis: cf. lentus.)

+leo+, -ōnis, _m._, lion. λέων

+lĕpĭdē+, _adv._, charmingly, humorously. (lĕpĭdus.)

+lĕpĭdus+, -a, -um, _adj._, charming, humorous. (lĕpos, charm.)

+Lesbius+, -a, -um, _adj._, Lesbian, of Lesbos.

+lĕvo+, 1 _v. a._, I raise up, relieve. (Cf. +lĕvis+, light.)

+lex, lēgis+, _f._, law.

+lĭbenter+, _adv._, gladly, willingly. (lĭbet.)

+lĭber+, -bri, _m._, book. (Lit., inner bark of tree.)

+lībĕrālis+, -e, _adj._, befitting a freeman, decorous, noble. (līber.)

+lībĕro+, 1 _v. a._, I set free. (līber.)

+lībra+, -ae, _f._, pound. (Cf. λίτρα)

+lĭcet+, lĭcuit and lĭcĭtum est, 2 _v. n._, defective, it is allowable.

+ligneus+, -a, -um, _adj._., wooden. (lignum.)

+lignum+, -i, _n._, what is gathered (lĕgo) as firewood, wood.

+līneāmentum+, -i, _n._, feature. (līnea, a line.)

+lingua+, -ae, _f._, tongue.

+līs+, lītis, _f._, lawsuit.

+lītigiōsus+, -a, -um, quarrelsome. (lis.)

+littera+ (or +lītera+), -ae, _f._, letter. (lĭno.)

+lŏcus+, -i, nom. plur. -i and -a, _m._, place, position, rank.

+longē+, _adv._, far off, by far.

+longus+, -a, -um, _adj._, long, far off.

+lŏquor+, -cūtus, 3 _v. dep._, I speak, say.

+lōrum+, -i, _n._, thong, leash.

+Lūcius+, -ii, _m._, Lucius.

+luctus+, -us, _m._, mourning. (lūgeo.)

+lūgeo+, -xi, [-ctum], 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I mourn, mourn for.

+lūgū̆bris+, -e, _adj._, mournful. (lūgeo.)

+Lūsĭtānus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of Lusitania.

+lux+, lūcis, _f._, light, day. Lucis ortu, at sunrise; primâ luce, at dawn. (lūceo.)

+M.+, for Marcus.

+măgis+, _adv._, more: comparative degree from magnŏpĕre, magis, maxime. (Root magh: cf. μέγας.)

+măgister+, -tri, _m._, master. (măgis and comparative suffix ter.)

+magnĭtūdo+, -ĭnis, _f._, size. (magnus.)

+magnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, great. (Root magh: cf. μέγας.)

+māior, maius+, _adj._, comparative degree of magnus, maior, maxĭmus.

+mandātum+, -i, _n._, command. (mando.)

+mando+, 1 _v. a._, I entrust, command, enjoin upon. Mando litteris, I commit to writing. (manus, do.)

+măneo+, -nsi, -nsum, 2 _v. n._, I remain.

+Manlius+, -ii, _m._, Manlius.

+mansŭētus+, -a, -um, _part._ from mansuesco, tamed, gentle.

+mansŭēsco+, -sŭēvi, sŭētum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I tame, grow tame. (Manus, suesco, I accustom to the hand.)

+mănus+, -us, _f._, hand, band.

+Marcus+, -i, _m._, Marcus.

+mărĕ+, -is, _n._, sea. (Root mar, to shine: cf. marmor.)

+mărĭtĭmus+, -a, -um, belonging to the sea, maritime. (mare.)

+mărītus+, -i, _m._, husband. (mas.)

+māter+, -tris, _f._, mother. (μήτηρ.)

+māter·fămĭliās+, mātris·fămĭliās, _f._, mother of a family, matron.

+mātrĭmōnium+, -ii, _n._, marriage. (māter.)

+mātrōna+, -ae, _f._, matron. (māter.)

+mātūresco+, -rui, no sup., 3 _v. n. inceptive_, I become ripe.

+maxĭmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, greatest; superlative degree, from magnus, maior.

+mĕdeor+, no perf., 2 _v. dep._, I cure.

+mĕdĭcīna+, -ae, _f._, medicine, remedy. (From adj. mĕdĭcīnus, _sc._ ars.)

+mĕdĭcīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, medical. (Cf. mĕdeor.)

+mĕdĭcus+, -i, _m._, doctor. (Cf. mĕdeor.)

+mĕdius+, -a, -um, _adj._, middle. (μέσος.)

+membrum+, -i, _n._, limb.

+mĕmŏria+, -ae, _f._, memory, recollection, story. (mĕmor.)

+mĕmŏro+, 1 _v. a._, I call to remembrance, I relate. (Cf. memoria.)

+Mĕnander+, -dri, _m._, Menander. (Μένανδρος.)

+mendācium+, -ii, _n._, lie. (mendax, mentior.)

+mens+, mentis, _f._, mind. (Root mem; cf. memini.)

+mentior+, 4 _v. dep._, I tell lies. (Lit., I invent, root men: cf. mens.)

+merces+, -ēdis, _f._, price. (mĕreor, I earn.)

+mercor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I buy. (merx, merchandise, mĕreor.)

+mĕreor+, 2 _v. dep._, I deserve, earn, (μέρος, share.)

+mĕrīdiānus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of mid-day. (merīdies for medi- dies, from mĕdius, dies.)

+messis+, -is, acc. -em and -im, _f._ harvest. (mĕto.)

+Mēthymnaeus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of Methymna. (Μήθυμνα.)

+mĕto+, messui, messum, 3 _v. a._, I reap. (Cf. messis.)

+mĕtus+, -us, _m._, fear.

+meus+, -a, -um, _adj._, my.

+mĭco+, -ui, no sup., 1 _v. n._, I glitter.

+mī̆gro+, 1 _v. n._, I depart from, quit. (Cf. meo, I go.)

+mīles+, -ĭtis, _c._, soldier.

+Mīlēsius+, -a, -um, _adj._, of Miletus.

+Mīlētus+, -i, _f._, Miletus, a town in Asia Minor. (Μίλητος.)

+mīlĭtāris+, -e, _adj._, military. (mīles.)

+Mĭlo+, -ōnis, _m._, Milo.

+mĭnistro+, 1 _v. a._, I wait upon, serve up, hand. (mĭnister, servant.)

+mĭnor+, -us, _adj._, less. comparative of parvus. (Root min: cf. minuo, I lessen.)

+mĭnor+, 1 _v. dep._, I threaten. (minae, threats.)

+mīrandus+, -a, -um, wonderful: _ger._ of mīror.

+mīrĭfĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, causing wonder, marvellous. (mīrus, făcio.)

+mīror+, 1 _v. dep._, I wonder at. (Cf. mīrus.)

+mīrus+, -a, -um, _adj._, wonderful.

+mĭser+, -era, -erum, _adj._ wretched. (Root mi: cf. mĭnuo.)

+mĭserandus+, -a, -um, pitiable: _gerundive_ of mĭseror.

+mĭseror+, 1 _v. dep._, I pity. (mĭser.)

+mītis+, -e, _adj._, gentle.

+Mĭtrĭdātes+, -is and -i, _m._, Mitridates or Mithridates.

+mitto+, mīsi, missum, 3 _v. a._, I send.

+mōbĭlis+, -e, _adj._, movable, fickle. (For movibilis, from mŏveo.)

+mŏdestus+, -a, -um, _adj._, moderate, virtuous, discreet. (mŏdus.)

+mŏdŏ+, _adv._, only. (Lit., by measure, mŏdus.)

+mŏdus+, -i, _m._, measure, manner. huiusmodi, of this sort.

+moenia+, -ium, _n._, plur. only, defensive walls, ramparts. (Cf. mūnio.)

+mollis+, -e, _adj._, easy, soft, (moveo.)

+mŏneo+, 2 _v. a._, I warn, advise, remind.

+mŏnīle+, -is, _n._, collar, necklace.

+mŏnĭmentum+, -i, _n._, monument. (mŏneo, I remind.)

+mons+, montis, _m._, mountain.

+mŏrĭbundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, dying. (mŏrior.)

+mŏrior+, mortuus, 3 _v. n._, I die.

+mōrōsus+, -a, -um, _adj._, bad-tempered.

+mors+, mortis, _f._, death. (Cf. mŏrior.)

+mos+, mōris, _m._, manner, custom. More ursino, like a bear. De more, according to custom, as usual.

+mox+, _adv._, soon.

+mŭliēbris+, -e, _adj._, womanly, (mŭlier.)

+mŭlier+, -ĕris, _f._, woman.

+multo+ (or +mulcto+), 1 _v. a._, I punish, fine.

+multus+, -a, -um, _adj._, many, much. Comp., plūs; sup., plūrĭmus.

+mundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, clean, tidy.

+mūnīmentum+, -i, _n._, fortification. (mūnio.)

+mūnio+, 4 _v. a._, I fortify. (Cf. moenia, mūrus.)

+murmur+, -ŭris, _n._, complaint.

+mūrus+, -i, _m._, wall. (Root mu: cf. mūnio, moenia.)

+mūtuus+, -a, -um, _adj._, borrowed, lent. (mūto, I change.)

+nam+, _conj._, for.

+nanciscor+, nactus, and nanctus, 3 _v. dep._, I obtain, reach.

+nāris+, -is, _f._, nostril, nose; usually in plural.

+narro+, 1 _v. a._, I tell, relate. (Cf. i·gnarus, nosco; root gna, know.)

+nascor+, nātus, 3 _v. dep._, I am born, spring up.

+nātio+, -ōnis, _f._, race, nation. (nascor.)

+nātūra+, -ae, _f._, nature. Rediit in naturam, it returned to its natural position. (nascor.)

+nātus+, -us, _m._, birth, age. Natu grandis, advanced in age. (nascor.)

+nauta+. Cf. navita.

+nāvālis+, -e, _adj._, naval. (nāvis.)

+nāvis+, -is, _f._, ship. (ναῦς.)

+nāvĭta+ (or +nauta+), -ae, _m._, sailor. (nāvis.)

+nē+, _adv._ and _conj._, not, in order that not, lest.

+-nĕ+, _enclitic interrog. particle._

+nĕbŭlo+, -ōnis, _m._, worthless fellow. (nĕbŭla, mist: cf. nūbes, cloud.)

+nĕc+, neither, nor, and not.

+nĕcessĕ+, _adj._, _nom._ and _acc. neuter_ only, necessary.

+nĕco+, 1 _v. a._, I kill. (Cf. νέκυς, corpse.)

+neglĭgo+, and neglĕgo, -exi, -ectum, 3 _v. a._, I neglect. (nec, lĕgo, I do not pick up.)

+nĕego+, 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I deny, refuse.

+nēmo+, -ĭnis, _pron._, no one. (ne, hŏmo.)

+nē·quā·quam+, _adv._, by no means.

+nĕquĕ+, neither, nor, and not.

+nex+, nĕcis, _f._, violent death. (nĕco.)

+nīdŭlus+, -i, _m._, a little nest. (demin. of nīdus.)

+nĭhĭl+, nīl, _n._, _indecl._, nothing.

+nĭhĭlo+, by nothing; cf. nĭhĭlum. Used with comparatives, nihilo minus, none the less.

+nĭhĭlum+, -i, _n._, nothing.

+nĭmis+, _adv._, too much.

+nĭmĭum+, _adv._ and _subst._, too much.

+nĭ·sĭ+, _conj._, unless.

+nītor+, nīsus and nixus, 3 _v. dep._, I strive.

+nōbĭlis+, -e, _adj._, celebrated, noble. (For gnobilis, from nosco or gnosco.)

+nōmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, name. (Cf. nosco.)

+non+, _adv._, not.

+non·nĕ+, _interrog. adv._, is not?

+non·nullus+, -a, -um, _adj._, some, several.

+nos+, _plur._ of ego, we. (Cf. νώ.)

+nos met·ipsi+, we ourselves.

+nosco+, nōvi, nōtum, 3 _v. a._, I know. (Or gnosco, root gno: cf. nōmen, nōbilis.)

+noster+, -tra, -trum, _adj._, our. (nōs.)

+nōta+, -ae, _f._, mark, brand. (nosco.)

+nōtus+, -a, -um, known, _part._ from nosco.

+nŏvem+, _numer._, nine.

+nŏvus+, -a, -um, _adj._, new.

+nox+, noctis, _f._, night. (νύξ.)

+noxa+, -ae, _f._, injury, harm. (nŏcco.)

+nūbo+, -psi, -ptum, 3 _v. n._, I am married (of the woman), with _dative_. (Lit., I veil myself: cf. nūbes.)

+nūdus+, -a, -um, _adj._, bare, unarmed.

+nullus+, -a, -um, _adj._, none. (ne·ullus.)

+nūmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, nod, will, divinity. (nuo.)

+nŭmĕrus+, -i, _m._, number. (Cf. νέμω, I distribute, nummus.)

+nunc+, _adv._, now. (num·ce: cf. νῦν.)

+nunquam+, _adv._, never. (ne-unquam.)

+nuntio+, 1 _v. a._, I announce, report. (Cf. nŏvus.)

+nusquam+, _adv._, nowhere. (ne-usquam.)

+ŏb+, _prep. gov. acc._, on account of.

+ob·iĭcio+, and +ōbĭcio+, obiēci, obiectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw before, I reproach with. (jăcio.)

+ob·lĭno+, -lēvi, -lĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I smear over.

+ŏb·oedio+, 4 _v. n._, I obey, with dative. (ob, audio.)

+ŏb·ŏrior+, -ortus, 4 _v. dep._, I grow, spring up.

+ob·pĕto+ (or +op·peto+), -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 _v. a._, I encounter.

+ob·pugno+ (or +op·pugno+), 1 _v. a._, I fight against, attack.

+ob·sĕcro+, 1 _v. a._, I beseech, entreat. (sacro, lit., I ask on religious grounds, ob sacrum.)

+ob·sĭdeo+, -sēdi, -sessum, 2 _v. n._, I besiege. (sĕdeo.)

+obsĭdio+, -ōnis, _f._, siege. (obsĭdeo.)

+ob·servo+, 1 _v. a._, I notice, attend to.

+ob·tĭneo+, -ui, -tentum, 2 _v. a._, I hold. (tĕneo.)

+ob·vĕnio+, -vēni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._, I come in way of, fall to lot of.

+ob·viam+, _adv._, with dative, in the way. Obviam ire, progredi, etc., alicui, to meet anyone. (via.)

+ob·vius+, -a, -um, _adj._, in the way. (via.)

+oc·cīdo+, -cīdi, cīsum, 3 _v. a._, I kill. (caedo.)

+occŭpo+, 1 _v. a._, I seize, take hold of. (ob, căpio.)

+octo+, _num._, eight. (ὀκτώ.)

+octōginta+, _num._, eighty.

+ŏcŭlus+, -i, _m._, eye. (Cf. ὄσσε, the two eyes; ὄσσομαι, I see.)

+of·fĕro+, obtŭli, oblātum, 3 _v. a._, I offer, present.

+offĭcium+, -ii, _n._, service, work, duty. (For opificium, opus, făcio.)

+ŏlea+, -ae, _f._, olive tree. (ἐλαία.)

+ŏleāgĭneus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the olive. (ŏlea.)

+ŏleum+, -i, _n._, olive oil. (ἔλαιον.)

+ŏ·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I neglect. (ob, mitto, I let go.)

+omnis+, -e, _adj._, all.

+ŏpĕra+, -ae, _f._, work. (Cf. ŏpus.)

+ŏpīmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, rich, fat, choice.

+ŏpīnio+, -ōnis, _f._, opinion, supposition. (opīnor.)

+oppĕrior+, -perītus and -pertus, 4 _v. dep._, I wait for. (Cf. experior and peritus, from obsolete perior.)

+oppĭdum+, -i, _n._, town.

+op·pleo+, -ēvi, -ētum, 2 _v. a._, I fill up.

+op·prĭmo+, -essi, -essum, 3 _v. a._, I press against, oppress, crush. (prĕmo.)

+[ops]+, ŏpis, _f._, nom. sing. not used, power, wealth, help. (Cf. ŏpulentus.)

+optĭmus+, -a, -um, superlative of bŏnus. (Cf. ops.)

+opto+, 1 _v. a._, I wish for. (Root op, pick out: cf. ὄψομαι.)

+optŭlit+ (or obtŭlit), fr. offĕro.

+ōrācŭlum+, -i, _n._, oracle, (ōro.)

+ŏrātio+, -onis, _f._, speech, (ōro.)

+Ŏrestes+, -is or -i, Orestes. (Ὀρέστης.)

+ŏrior+, ortus, 4 _v. dep._, I arise. Sol oriens, sunrise. (Cf. ὄρνυμι.)

+ornātus+, -us, _m._, attire. (orno.)

+orno+, 1 _v. a._, I adorn.

+ōro+, 1 _v. a._, I pray for, beg. (ōs.)

+orthius+, -a, -um, _adj._, high. Carmen orthium, νόμος ὄρθιος: cf. note xxxv. 21.

+ortus+, -us, _m._, rising. (ŏrior.) solis ortu, at sunrise.

+ōs+, ōris, _n._, mouth, face.

+ŏs+, ossis, _n._, bone. (ὀστέον.)

+Oscē+, _adv._, in Oscan.

+ostendo+, -di, -sum and -tum, 3 _v. a._, I show. (obs·tendo.)

+ostento+, 1 _v. a._, I show; freq. form fr. ostendo.

+ōtiōsus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unoccupied, free, quiet. (ōtium.)

+P.+ for Publius, -ii, _m._, Publius.

+pābŭlum+, -i, _n._, food. (pasco.)

+păciscor+, -i, pactus, 3 _v. dep._, _a._ and _n._, I agree, bargain. (Cf. pax, pactum.)

+pactum+, -i, _n._, agreement, manner. (păciscor.)

+pălam+, _adv._, openly.

+Pălātium+, -ii, _n._, the Palatine hill.

+palma+, -ae, _f._, palm.

+palmes+, -ĭtis, _m._, vine-shoot. (palma.)

+pălūs+, -ūdis, _f._, marsh. (πηλός, mud.)

+pango+, pĕpĭgi, pactum (also panxi and pēgi, panctum), 3 _v. a._, I settle. (Cf. pax.)

+Păpīrius+, -ii, _m._, Papirius.

+pār+, păris, _adj._, equal.

+parco+, pĕperci, rarely parsi, parcĭtum and parsum, 3 _v. n._, with dat., I spare.

+părens+, -entis, _c._, parent. (părio.)

+pāreo+, 2 _v. n._, with dative, I obey.

+părio+, pĕpĕri, părĭtum and partum, 3 _v. a._, I beget, produce.

+pars+, partis, _f._, part, side.

+partus+, -us, _m._, birth, offspring. (părio.)

+părum+, _adv._, too little. (Cf. parvus.)

+parvus+, -a, -um, _adj._, small. (Cf. paucus.)

+pastus+, -us, _m._, food, pasture. (pasco.)

+păter+, pātris, _m._, father. (πατήρ, root pa: cf. pasco.)

+pătior+, passus, 3 _v. dep._, I suffer, allow. Aegre passus, displeased.

+paucus+, -a, -um, _adj._, few. (Root pau: cf. παῦρος, paulus.)

+paulātim+, _adv._, by degrees, gradually. (paulus, little.)

+păvĕ·făcio+, -fēci, -factum, 3 _v. a._, I terrify. (păveo.)

+pax+, pācis, _f._, peace. (Root pac, make firm: cf. paciscor, pango, πήγνυμι.)

+pectus+, -ŏris, _n._, breast: mind.

+pĕcūnia+, -ae, _f._, money. (pĕcus, cattle being the original standard of value.)

+pĕdester+, -tris, -tre, _adj._, on foot; in plur. as subst., foot-soldiers. (pes.)

+Pĕlasgus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Pelasgian.

+Pĕlŏponnensiăcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Peloponnesian.

+pĕnĭtus+, _adv._, deeply, thoroughly.

+per+, _prep. gov. acc._, through.

+per·callesco+, -lui, no sup., 3 _v. a._, I am well versed in, know well. (Inceptive form from per·calleo: cf. callĭdus.)

+per·contor+, 1 _v. dep._, I enquire.

+per·crēbesco+ (or +per·crebresco+), bui (or brui), no sup., 3 _v. n._, I spread abroad. (creber.)

+per·cŭtio+, cussi, cussum, 3 _v. a._, I strike. securi percutio, I behead. (quătio.)

+per·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I lose.

+pĕren·die+, _adv._, on the day after to-morrow. (πέραν, dies.)

+pĕr·eo+, -ii or -īvi, -ĭtum, 4 _v. n._, I pass away, die.

+per·fŏdio+, -fōdi, -fossum, 3 _v. a._, I dig through, pierce through.

+Pĕriander+, -dri, _m._, Periander.

+Pĕrĭcles+, -is or -i, _m._, Pericles.

+pĕrīcŭlum+, -i, _n._, danger.

+pĕrītus+, -a, -um, _adj._, skilled. (_Part._ fr. obsolete perior: cf. op·perior.)

+per·mētior+, -ensus, 4 _v. dep. a._, I measure through, travel over.

+per·mitto+, mīsi, missum, 3 _v. a._, I suffer, allow.

+per·mŏveo+, -mōvi, -mōtum, 2 _v. a._, I move thoroughly, rouse, disturb.

+per·mūtātio+, -ōnis, _f._, exchange. (per·mūto.)

+per·mūto+, 1 _v. a._, I exchange.

+per·pĕtior+, pessus, 3 _v. dep. n._, and _a._, I suffer, endure. (pătior.)

+per·suādeo+, -suāsi, suāsum, 2 _v. a._, I convince, persuade.

+per·taedet+, -taesum est, 2 _v. n._, impersonal; it thoroughly wearies. (Acc. of person affected, and gen. of thing or person causing the weariness.)

+per·vĕnio+, -vēni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._, I arrive at.

+pēs+, +pĕdis+, _m._, foot. (Cf. ποῦς, ποδός.)

+pestĭlentia+, -ae, _f._, plague. (pestis.)

+Pĕtīlius+, -ii, _m._, Petilius.

+pĕto+, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 _v. a._, I seek, ask for. (Lit., to fall upon: cf. πίπτω.)

+pĕtŭlantia+, -ae, _f._, impudence. (Obsolete pĕtŭlo: cf. pĕto.)

+phălĕrae+, -arum, _f._, _plur._ only, ornaments for chests and foreheads of horses. (φάλαρα.)

+Phĭlēmon+ (or +Phĭlēmo+), -ōnis, _m._, Philemon. (Φιλήμων.)

+phĭlŏsŏphus+, -i, _m._, philosopher. (φιλόσοφος.)

+Phrygia+, -ae, _f._, Phrygia.

+pĭget+, pĭguit and pĭgĭtum est, 2 _v. n._ (rarely used personally), it troubles, displeases.

+pinna+, or +penna+, -ae, _f._, feather. (Root pet: cf. πέτομαι, I fly.)

+Pīraeus+, -i, the Piraeus, port of Athens.

+pius+, -a, -um, _adj._, dutiful, kind.

+plăceo+, 2 _v. n._, I am pleasing; often used impersonally, placet mihi, it pleases me, seems good to me, is my opinion; of the senate, it is resolved, determined.

+plăcĭdē+, _adv._, gently, quietly. (plăcĭdus, plăceo.)

+plānē+, _adv._, clearly, plainly. (plānus, level.)

+plebs+, plebis (or +plēbes+, -ei and -is), _f._, the common people.

+plērus·que+, -aque, -umque, _adj._, very many, most. (plerus: cf. plēnus, root ple, fill.)

+plūmo+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I cover, or am covered with, feathers, am fledged. (plūma.)

+plūs+, plūris, _adj._, more: comparative of multus.

+Plūtarchus+, -i, _m._, Plutarch.

+pōcŭlum+, -i, _n._, cup, goblet. (Cf. pōtus, a draught.)

+Poenĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._ Cf. Poenus.

+Poenus+, -a, -um, Punic, Carthaginian. Cf. ix. 8 note.

+poena+, -ae, _f._, punishment, penalty. (ποινή, punio, poeniteo.)

+Pŏlus+, -i, _m._, Polus.

+Pomptīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Pomptine, _i.e._ near Pometia, in Latium.

+pōmum+, -i, _n._, fruit or apple.

+pondo+, _adv._, in or by weight. (pondus.)

+pondus+, -ĕris, _n._, weight. (pendo, I hang up.)

+pōno+, pŏsui, pŏsĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I place.

+pons+, pontis, _m._, bridge. (prop, a path, πάτος, German Pfad, esp. across a river: cf. Pontifex.)

+Pontus+, -i, _m._, district in Asia Minor.

+pŏpŭlus+, -i, _m._, people.

+porgere+. Cf. porrigo.

+porrĭgo+, -rexi, -rectum, 3 _v. a._, I stretch out. (Several contracted forms, porgere, porge, porgite, etc.) (pro, rego.)

+posco+, pŏposci, no sup., 3 _v. a._, I demand.

+possies+, _old pres. subj._ of possum, for possis.

+possum+, pŏtui, posse, _v. n._, I am able. (pŏtis, sum.)

+post+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, afterwards, after.

+posteā+, _adv._, afterwards. (post, ea, from is.)

+postĕrior+, -us, comparative fr. posterus.

+postĕrus+, -a, -um, _adj._, coming after; as _subst._, descendant. (post, _comp._ postĕrior, _sup._ postrēmus.)

+post·hac+, _adv._, after this, henceforth.

+postlīmĭnium+, -ii, _n._, return to rank and privileges. Cf. note xl. 13. (post, limen, usual derivation.)

+post·quam+, _conj._, after that.

+postrēmus+, -a, -um, last; superlative from postĕrus. ad postremum, at last.

+postrīdiē+, _adv._, on the next day. (postĕrus, dies.)

+postŭlātio+, -ōnis, _f._, demand. (postŭlo.)

+postŭlātum+, -i, _n._, demand. (postŭlo.)

+postŭlo+, 1 _v. a._, I demand. (posco.)

+pŏtior+, 4 _v. dep._, I obtain possession of; with gen. and abl. (pŏtis, able.)

+pŏtius+, _adv._, rather; only used in comparative pŏtius, and superl. pŏtissime. (fr. pŏtis, -e, _adj._, pŏtior, pŏtissimus.)

+praebeo+, 2 _v. a._, I offer, give.

+praeceps+, -ĭpĭtis, _adj._, head-first, headlong, (prae, căput.)

+prae·cīdo+, -cīdi, -cīsum, 3 _v. a._, I cut off. (caedo.)

+prae·cĭpio+, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I take beforehand, I instruct. (căpio.)

+prae·clārus+, -a, -um, _adj._, famous.

+praeda+, -ae, _f._, booty, spoil.

+prae·dĭco+, 1 _v. a._, I proclaim, declare publicly.

+praedium+, -ii, _n._, farm, estate.

+praefectus+, -i, _m._, a man placed over, overseer, prefect. (prae, făcio.)

+prae·for+, 1 _v. dep._, I say beforehand.

+prae·fulgeo+, -si, no sup., 2 _v. n._, I glitter.

+praemium+, -ii, _n._, reward.

+prae·mŏneo+, 2 _v. a._, I forewarn, admonish beforehand.

+praesens+, -entis, _adj._, present. (praesum.)

+prae·ses+, -ĭdis, _adj._, protecting; as _subst._, ruler. (prae, sĕdeo.)

+prae·sto+, -ĭti, -ĭtum (rarely -āvi, -ātum), 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I am superior, I surpass.

+praeter+, _prep. gov. acc._, besides, except. (prae, and suffix ter.)

+praeterĭtus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. praetereo, past.

+praetĕr·eo+, -ii or -īvi, ĭtum, 4 _v. n._ and _a._, I pass by.

+praetextātus+, -a, -um, _adj._, wearing the toga praetexta.

+prĕtiōsē+, _adv._, expensively, splendidly. (prĕtiōsus: cf. prĕtium.)

+prĕtium+, -ii, _n._, price.

+prīmum+, _adv._, at first. Ubi, or cum, primum, as soon as.

+prīmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, first, _superl._; no positive; _comp._ prior. (Cp. priscus.)

+princĭpium+, -ii, _n._, beginning. (princeps.)

+prior+, -us, _adj._, former, _comp._; (Cf. prīmus.)

+prius+, _adv._, before. (prior.)

+prius·quam+, _conj._, before that.

+pro+, _prep. gov. abl._, before, for, in proportion to.

+prō·cēdo+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I advance.

+prōcērĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, height. (prōcērus.)

+prōcērus+, -a, -um, _adj._, tall. (procello.)

+prō·consŭlāris+, -e, _adj._, proconsular, acting instead of a consul.

+prŏcŭl+, _adv._, absolutely, or with _abl._, with or without ‘ab’; at a distance, far from. Dubio procul, without doubt.

+prŏ·cūro+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I take care of.

+prōd·eo+, -ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 _v. n._, I come forward, (pro, eo.)

+prō·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I give forth, report, relate; I betray.

+proelium+, -ii, _n._, battle.

+prō·fĕro+, -tŭli, -lātum, 3 _v. a._, I bring forth, I prolong.

+prŏ·fĭciscor+, -fectus, 3 _v. dep. n._, I set out. (pro, făcio.)

+prŏ·fundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, deep; as _subst._ profundum, -i (_sc._ mare), deep sea.

+prō·grĕdior+, -essus, 3 _v. dep. n._, I advance. (grădior.)

+prŏ·indē+, _adv._, just so, just as.

+prō·iĭcio+, or +prō·ĭcio+, -iēci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw forward, thrust forward. (iăcio.)

+prō·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send forth; I say beforehand, promise.

+prō·mŏveo+, -mōvi, -mōtum, 2 _v. a._, I move forward, cause to advance.

+promptus+, -us, _m._, readiness. in promptu esse, to be at hand, ready. (prōmo, I take forth.)

+prō·nuntio+, 1 _v. a._, I proclaim, announce.

+prŏpe+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, near, almost: prŏpe, prŏpius, proxĭmē.

+prŏpĕro+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I hasten. (prŏpĕrus, quick.)

+prŏpinquus+, -a, -um, near, neighbouring; as _subst._, a neighbour. (prŏpe.)

+propter+, _prep. gov. acc._, on account of. (for propiter, fr. prŏpe.)

+proptĕr·eā+, _adv._, on account of those things, therefore.

+prō·pugno+, 1 _v. n._, I fight in front of, fight for, defend.

+prō·rĭpio+, -rĭpui, -reptum, 3 _v. a._, I drag forth; se proripere, to rush forth, take refuge in. (răpio.)

+prorsus+, _adv._, forward, directly. (pro, versus.)

+prō·sĕquor+, -cūtus, 3 _v. dep. a._, I follow.

+prospectus+, -us, _m._, view. (prospĭcio.)

+prospĕrē+, _adv._, successfully. (prospĕrus, from prospe, answering to hope.)

+prō·sum+, -fui, prōdesse, _v. n._, I am of use to.

+Prōtăgŏras+, -ae, _m._, Protagoras.

+prō-tendo+, -di, -sum and -tum, 3 _v. a._, I stretch forth.

+prō·tĭnus+, _adv._, forthwith. (tĕnus, _prep._, as far as.)

+prō·vĕho+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I carry forward; in _pass._, I go forward, I sail, etc.

+prō·vĭdens+, -entis, _part._ of provĭdeo, careful.

+prō·vĭdeo+, -vīdi, -vīsum, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I foresee, I am careful.

+prōvincia+, -ae, _f._, sphere of duty, province.

+prō·vŏco+, 1 _v. a._, I call forth, challenge.

+proxĭmē+, _adv._, and _prep._ with _acc._, very near: super. fr. prŏpe.

+proxĭmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, very near: [prŏpis obsolete], prŏpior, proxĭmus. (Cf. prŏpe.)

+prūdens+, -entis, _adj._, foreseeing, discreet. (For pro·vĭdens.)

+publĭcē+, _adv._, in behalf of the state.

+pŭdor+, -ōris, _m._, shame, modesty. (pŭdeo.)

+puer+, -ĕri, _m._, boy.

+pugna+, -ae, _f._, battle, contest. (Root pug, strike: cf. pugil, pugno.)

+pugno+, 1 _v. a._, I fight. (pugna.)

+pulchrĭtūdo+, -ĭnis, _f._, beauty. (pulcher.)

+pullus+, -i, _m._, young animal or bird.

+pūnio+, -īvi or ii, ītum, 4 _v. a._, I punish. (poena.)

+puppis+, -is, _f._, stern, poop of ship.

+purgo+, 1 _v. a._, I make clean, clear. (pūrus, ăgo.)

+pŭto+, 1 _v. a._, I think. (Lit., I trim, arrange, and so reckon, think; root, pu, cleanse: cf. purus.)

+Pyrrhus+, -i, _m._, Pyrrhus.

+quādrāgintā+, _num._, forty.

+quaero+, -sīvi or -sii, sītum, 3 _v. a._, I seek, inquire for, ask.

+quaeso+, -īvi or -ii, no sup., 3 _v. a._, I seek, beg. Used parenthetically, ‘pray.’

+quaestus+, -us, _m._, gain, business. (quaero.)

+quālis+, -e, _adj. pron._, of what kind; talis ... qualis, such ... as. (quis.)

+quam+, _conj._ and _adv._, than, as. (qui.)

+quam·ob·rem+, _adv._, _relative_ and _interrog._, wherefore.

+quam·quam+, _conj._, although.

+quantus+, -a, -um, _adj._, how great, as great. (quam.)

+quăsĭ+, _adv._, as if, just as. (quamsi.)

+quattuordĕcim+ (or quatuordĕcim), _numer._, fourteen.

+-quĕ+, _enclitic conj._, and.

+quĕo+, -īvi and -ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 _v. n._, I am able.

+quercus+, -us, _f._, oak.

+qui+, quae, quod, _rel. pron., indef. adj. pron._ and _inter. adj. pron._, who, what.

+quĭă+, _conj._, because. (For qui-am, quî-iam, whereby now.)

+quīdam+, quaedam, quoddam (and quiddam, _subst._), _indef. pron._, a certain one.

+quĭdem+, _adv._, indeed.

+quĭes+, -ētis, _f._, rest.

+quĭesco+, -ēvi, -ētum, 3 _v. n._, I rest, (quies.)

+quīn+, _conj._, that not, but that, but indeed, rather; _interrog._, why not? (qui, ne.)

+quin·dĕcim·vĭr+, -i, a quindecimvir, one of the college of 15 men who had charge of the Sibylline books.

+quinquĕ+, _numer._, five.

+quinquĭes+, _adv._, five times.

+quis+, quid, _inter. pron._, who? which?

+quis+, qua, quid, _indef. pron._, any.

+quis·nam+, quidnam, _inter. pron._, who, which, what pray? whoever?

+quis·piam+, quaepiam, quodpiam (and _subst._, quidpiam or quippiam), _indef. pron._, any, some.

+quis·quĕ+, quaeque, quodque (and _subst._, quidque or quicque), _indef. pron._, each, every.

+quis·quam+, quaequam, quicquam or quidquam, _indef. pron._, anyone.

+quo+, _adv._ and _conj._, for which reason, in order that, so that. (qui.)

+quod+, _conj._, because, that. (qui.)

+quŏnĭam+, _adv._, since, because. (quom for cum, iam.)

+quŏquĕ+, _conj._, also.

+rādix+, -īcis, _f._, root. (Cf. ramus, branch; ῥίξα, root.)

+răpĭdus+, -a, -um, _adj._, swift. (răpio.)

+rătio+, -ōnis, _f._, reason, account. (reor.)

+rĕ·cēdo+, -cessi- -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I fall back, withdraw.

+rĕ·cĭpio+, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I take back, receive. (căpio.)

+rĕ·cĭto+, 1 _v. a._, I read out, repeat.

+rĕ·condo+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I put back, hide.

+rĕcordātio+, -onis, _f._, recollection. (re·cordor: cf. cor.)

+rĕ·cumbo+, -cŭbui, 3 _v. n._, I lie down again.

+rĕ·cŭpĕro+, 1 _v. a._, I recover. (căpio.)

+rĕ·curvo+, no perf., -ātum, 1 _v. a._, I bend back.

+red·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I give back, render, impart, restore. (re, do.)

+rĕd·eo+, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 _v. n._, I go back.

+rĕdĭtus+, -us, _m._, return. (rĕdeo.)

+rĕ·fĕro+, rētŭli (and rettŭli), rĕlātum, 3 _v. a._, I bring back, return, turn back, attribute.

+rĕ·fŭgio+, -fūgi, no sup., 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I flee back, flee away, escape.

+regnum+, -i, _n._, kingdom. (rex.)

+rĕgo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I rule, direct. (rex.)

+rĕ·grĕdior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep. n._, I return. (grădior.)

+reicit+, for reiicit.

+rē·iĭcio+, or +rē·ĭcio+, -iēci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw back, postpone. (iăcio.)

+rĕlĭcus+. Cf. reliquus.

+rē̆lĭgio+, -ōnis, _f._, religious scruple, obligation.

+rĕ·linquo+, -līqui, -lictum, 3 _v. a._, I leave behind.

+rē̆lĭquĭae+, -arum, _pl._ only, remains. (rĕlĭquus.)

+rĕlĭquus+ (or relicus), -a, -um, _adj._, remaining. (rĕlinquo.)

+rĕmĕdium+, -ii, _n._, remedy, cure. (re, mĕdeor.)

+rĕ·mōtus+, -a, -um, _part._ from remŏveo, retired, distant.

+rĕ·mŏveo+, -mōvi, mōtum, 2 _v. a._, I move back, withdraw.

+reor+, rătus, 2 _v. dep. a._, I believe, think.

+rĕpentē+, _adv._, suddenly. (rĕpens, sudden.)

+rĕ·pĕto+, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 _v. a._, I seek again. Memoriâ repeto, I call to mind.

+rĕ·quīro+, -sīvi or -sii, -sītum, 3 _v. a._, I seek again, seek for. (quaero.)

+rēs+, rei, _f._, thing, deed.

+re·scindo+, -scĭdi, -scissum, 3 _v. a._, I tear open.

+re·scrībo+, -psi, -ptum, 3 _v. a._, I write back.

+re·spondeo+, -di, -sum, 2 _v. n._, I reply. (Lit., I promise in return.)

+res·publĭca+, reipublicae, _f._, state.

+rĕ·surgo+, -surrexi, -surrectum, 3 _v. n._, I rise again.

+rĕ·tĭneo+, -ui, -tentum, 2 _v. a._, I hold back, keep. (tĕneo.)

+rĕŭs+, -i, _m._, defendant in an action, culprit. (res.)

+rĕ·vello+, -velli, -vulsum and -volsum, 3 _v. a._, I pull away, pull out.

+rĕ·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. n._, I turn back, return.

+rĕvertor+, -versus, 3 _v. dep. n._, I turn back, return.

+rĕ·vincio+, -nxi, -nctum, 4 _v. a._, I bind back, fasten.

+rĕ·vŏlo+, no perf. or sup., are, 1 _v. n._, I fly back.

+rex+, rēgis, _m._, king. (rĕgo.)

+rhētor+, -ŏris, _m._, teacher of oratory, rhetorician. (ῥήτωρ.)

+rīdeo+, -si, -sum, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I laugh, laugh at, mock.

+rīma+, -ae, _f._, crack, cleft.

+rītĕ+, _adv._, duly, fitly. (ritus, religious observance.)

+rŏgo+, 1 _v. a._, I ask for, ask.

+Rōma+, -ae, _f._, Rome.

+Rōmānus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Roman.

+rostrum+, -i, _n._, beak, prow. (rōdo, I gnaw.)

+rŭbus+, -i, _m._, bramble. (rŭber, red.)

+rŭdis+, -e, _adj._, rough.

+rursum+ and rursus, _adv._, again. (For revorsum, from re·verto.)

+rustĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the country, rural, rustic. (rus.)

+sā̆crārium+, -ii, _n._, shrine, sacristy. (săcer, sacred.)

+saepĕ+, _adv._, often. (Obsolete adj. saepis, frequent.)

+saepĕ·nŭmĕrō+, _adv._, often.

+saevio+, -ii, -ītum, 4 _v. n._, I rage, am fierce. (saevus.)

+sălum+, -i, _n._, the open sea. (σάλος.)

+sălūs+, -ūtis, _f._, safety. (Cf. salvus.)

+salvus+, -a, -um, _adj._, safe.

+Samnis+, -ītis, _adj._, Samnite.

+sanguĭnŏlentus+, -a, -um, blood-stained. (sanguis.)

+sănĭes+ (-em, -e, no genitive nor plural), _f._, corrupted blood, matter. (sanguis.)

+săpiens+, -entis, _adj._, wise. (săpio.)

+sătĭra+, or sătŭra, -ae, _f._, a satire.

+sătis+, _adv._, sufficiently.

+scăteo+, no perf. or sup., -ēre, 2 _v. n._, I bubble, flow forth; bubble over with: with _abl._

+scio+, -īvi, -ītum, 4 _v. a._, I know.

+Scīpio+, -ōnis, _m._, Scipio.

+scītē+, _adv._, cleverly, skilfully. (scio.)

+scŏpŭlus+, -i, _m._, rock. (σκόπελος.)

+scrībo+, -psi, -ptum, 3 _v. a._, I write. (γράφω, schreiben.)

+scriptor+, -ōris, _m._, writer, author. (scrībo.)

+scūtum+, -i, _n._, shield. (σκῦτος.)

+sē+, and sēsē, _gen._ sui, _reflex. pron._, himself, herself, itself.

+sēcessus+, -us, _m._, withdrawal. (sē·cēdo.)

+sē·cum+, for cum se, with himself, etc.

+sĕcundum+, _prep. gov. acc._, following after, according to. (sĕquor.)

+sĕcundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, following, second, favourable, (sĕquor.)

+sĕcūris+, -is, _f._, axe. securi percutio, I behead. (sĕco.)

+sēcūrus+, -a, -um, _adj._, free from care. (se, = sine, cura.)

+sed+, _conj._, but. sed enim, but indeed.

+sĕdeo+, sēdi, sessum, 2 _v. n._, I sit. (sēdes, insĭdiae.)

+sĕges+, -ĕtis, _f._, cornfield.

+sē·lībra+, -ae, _f._, half pound. (semi, libra.)

+sēmentis+, -is, _f._, seed, crop. (sēmen.)

+sē·mĕt+, strengthened form of se.

+semper+, _adv._, always. (Cf. sĕmel.)

+sĕnātor+, -ōris, _m._, Senator. (sĕnex.)

+sĕnātus+, -us, _m._, Senate.

+sĕnātus consultum+, -i, _n._, decree of Senate.

+sensim+, _adv._, slowly. (sentio, lit., perceptibly.)

+sententia+, -ae, _f._, way of thinking, opinion, decision. (sentio.)

+sentio+, -si- -sum, 4 _v. a._, I perceive, judge, decide.

+sentis+, -is, _m._, rarely _f._, thorn.

+se·orsum+, _adv._, separately, (se, verto.)

+sē·păro+, 1 _v. a._, I separate. (păro.)

+septem+, _numer._, seven. (Cf. ἑπτά.)

+sĕpulcrum+, -i, _n._, tomb. (sĕpĕlio.)

+sermo+, -ōnis, _m._, speech. (sĕro.)

+Sertōrius+, -ii, _m._, Sertorius.

+servo+, 1 _v. a._, I preserve.

+servus+, -i, _m._, slave.

+sestertium+, -ii, _n._, a thousand sestertii. Cf. note vi. 4.

+sĕvērē+, _adv._, austerely, severely.

+sex+, _numer._, six.

+sexāginta+, _numer._, sixty.

+si+, _conj._, if.

+Sĭbyllīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the Sibyl, Sibylline. (Sĭbylla.)

+sīc+, _adv._ so, thus. ut ... sic, _correlatives_, as ... so.

+Sĭcāni+, -orum, _m._, the Sicani.

+sicco+, 1 _v. a._, I dry. (siccus, dry.)

+Sĭcĭlia+, -ae, _f._, Sicily.

+sīc·ŭt+, _adv._, just as, so as.

+signĭfĭco+, 1 _v. a._, I show, make known, signify, beckon. (signum, făcio.)

+signum+, -i, _n._, sign, emblem.

+sĭlentium+, -ii, _n._, silence, (sĭleo.)

+silvestris+, -e, _adj._, woody. (silva.)

+sĭmŭl+, _adv._, at once, at same time.

+sĭmŭlācrum+, -i, _n._, image, representation, appearance. (sĭmĭlis, sĭmŭlo.)

+sĭmŭlo+, 1 _v. a._, I pretend. (similis.)

+sīn+, _conj._, but if. (si, ne.)

+sĭnĕ+, _prep. gov. abl._, without.

+sĭno+, sīvi, sĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I set down; I allow.

+sĭnus+, -us, _m._, folds of garment, bosom.

+sisto+, stiti, statum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I cause to stand, I stand. Se sistere, to present oneself, appear, (sto, ἵστημι.)

+sĭtus+, -a, -um, _part._ from sĭno, situated.

+sīvĕ+ (or seu), _conj._, or if. Sive ... sive, whether ... or.

+sōbrius+, -a, -um, _adj._, not drunk, sober, moderate.

+Sōcrătes+, -is or -i, _m._, Socrates. (Σωκράτης.)

+sōl+, sōlis, _m._, sun.

+sōlemnis+ (or +solennis+ or +sollennis+), -e, _adj._, annual, stated, customary, solemn. (sollus, whole, cf. ὅλος.)

+sŏleo+, -itus, 2 _v. n._, I am accustomed.

+sollers+, -ertis, _adj._, skilled: with gen. (sollus, whole.)

+sōlus+, -a, -um, _adj._, alone. (Cf. sollus, whole.)

+solvo+, -lvi, -lūtum, 3 _v. a._, I release, set loose. (se·luo.)

+somnium+, -ii, _n._, dream. (somnus, ὕπνος.)

+sŏnōrus+, -a, -um, _adj._, loud. (sŏnus.)

+Sŏphocles+, -is and -i, _m._, Sophocles. (Σοφοκλῆς.)

+Sp.+ for +Spurius+, -i, _m._, Spurius.

+spargo+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I sprinkle, strew.

+spĕcŭlor+, -atus, 1 _v. dep. a._, I spy out, reconnoitre. (spĕcio, spĕcŭla, watch tower.)

+specto+, 1 _v. a._, I gaze at. (Intens. form of spĕcio.)

+spĕcus+, -us, _m._, cave.

+spēs+, -ei, _f._, hope. (Cf. spēro.)

+splendor+, -ōris, _m._, magnificence. (splendeo, I shine.)

+spŏlium+, -ii, _n._, spoil, booty.

+stătim+, _adv._, immediately. (sto.)

+stătus+, -us, _m._, position. (sto.)

+stirps+, stirpis, _f._, rarely _m._, stem, root.

+sto+, stĕti, stătum, stāre, 1 _v. n._, I stand. (ἵστημι.)

+stŏlo+, -ōnis, _m._, sucker of tree.

+strēnuus+, -a, -um, _adj._, active, energetic. (Cf. στερεός, hard.)

+struo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I build up.

+stŭdeo+, -ui, no sup., 2 _v. a._, I am eager, I strive.

+stŭdium+, -ii, _n._, zeal, study. (stŭdeo.)

+stultus+, -a, -um, _adj._, foolish.

+stŭpĕ·făcio+, -fēci, -factum, 3 _v. a._, I make stupid or senseless; I amaze. (stŭpeo.)

+suādeo+, -si, -sum, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I persuade. (Cf. suāvis.)

+sŭb+, _prep. gov. acc._ and _abl._, under.

+sub·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I place under.

+sublātissĭmus+, _superl._ of sublātus, from tollo, very high.

+sŭbŏles+, -is, _f._, shoot. (sub, ŏlesco, grow.)

+sub·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I overthrow.

+suc·cēdo+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I go under, go from under, ascend, advance. (sub, cēdo.)

+suffrāgium+, -ii, _n._, vote.

+Sulla+, -ae, _m._, Sulla.

+sum+, fui, esse, _v. n._, I am.

+summus+, -a, -um, _adj._, highest; _superl._ fr. sŭpĕrus, sŭpĕrior, sūprēmus or summus.

+sŭpĕr+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._ and _abl._, above, over, on, about.

+sŭperbia+, -ae, _f._, pride. (sŭperbus.)

+sŭperbus+, -a, -um, _adj._, proud, haughty. (sŭper.)

+sŭpĕrior+, -us, _adj._, higher, former; comp. fr. sŭpĕrus, supĕrior, sū̆prēmus or summus.

+sŭpĕro, 1+ _v. a._, I overcome. (sŭper.)

+sŭperstes+, -ĭtis, _adj._, surviving.

+supplĭcium+, -ii, _n._, punishment. (supplex.)

+sursum+, _adv._, from below. (sub-versum.)

+suus+, -a, -um, _reflex. adj. pron._, his own, her own, its own.

+synanchē+, -es, _f._, (συνάγχη), a sore throat.

+T.+, for Titus, -i, _m._, Titus.

+tăberna+, -ae, _f._, shop. (Cf. tăbŭla, plank.)

+tăbŭlātūm+, -i, _n._, floor. (tăbŭla, plank.)

+tăceo+, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I am silent, pass over in silence.

+tăcĭtus+, -a, -um, _part._ from taceo, not spoken of, silent.

+taedium+, -ii, _n._, weariness. (taedet.)

+Taenărum+, -i, _n._, and Taenărus, -i, _m._ and _f._, Taenarum and Taenarus.

+tălentum+, -i, _n._, talent (sum of money, £243 15s.). (τάλαντον.)

+tālis+, -e, _adj._, of such a kind, such.

+tam+, _adv._, so.

+tămen+, _adv._, however.

+tam·quam+, _adv._, just as, as if, as it were.

+tandem+, _adv._, at last.

+tantus+, -a, -um, _adj._, so great.

+Tarquĭnius+, -ii, _m._, Tarquin.

+tēlum+, i., _n._, dart.

+tempĕrantia+, -ae, _f._, moderation, temperance. (tempĕro, tempus.)

+tempestīvus+, -a, -um, _adj._, seasonable, ripe. (tempus.)

+templum+, -i, _n._, temple.

+tempus+, -ŏris, _n._, time.

+tĕneo+, tĕnui, tentum, 2 _v. a._, I hold, keep. Cursum teneo, I hold on a course.

+tĕnŭis+, -e, _adj._, drawn out, thin, slender. (tĕneo.)

+terra+, -ae, land, country.

+terreo+, 2 _v. a._, I alarm. (τρέω.)

+terrĭfĭcus+, -a, -um, alarming, terrible. (terreo, făcio.)

+tertius+, -a, -um, _adj._, third. (ter.)

+testis+, -is, _c._, witness. (testor.)

+Thrācus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Thracian.

+Tib.+, for Tĭbĕrius, -ii, _m._, Tiberius.

+tībia+, -ae, _f._, pipe, flute.

+tībīcēn+, -ĭnis, _m._, flute-player. (For tibĭĭcen, fr. tībĭă, căno.)

+Tīmŏchăres+, -is and -i, _m._, Timochares.

+tŏga+, -ae, _f._, a garment, a toga. (tĕgo.)

+tollo+, sustŭli, sublātum, 3 _v. a._, I raise. (Cf. tŭli, tŏlĕro.)

+Torquātus+, -i, _m._, Torquatus.

+torques+ (and +torquis+), -is, _m._ and _f._, twisted necklace or collar. (torqueo.)

+torreo+, torrui, tostum, 2 _v. a._, I roast.

+tōtus+, -a, -um, _adj._, all, whole.

+tracto+, 1 _v. a._, I handle, treat, polish. (Intens. of trăho.)

+trādo+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I hand over, give up, hand down, relate. (trans, do.)

+trans·curro+, -curri and -cŭcurri, -cursum, 3 _v. n._, I run past, I pass.

+trans·ĭgo+, -ēgi, -actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive through, I pierce. (ăgo.)

+transĭlio+, -īvi or -ui, no sup., 4 _v. a._ and _n._, I leap across, leap over. (trans, sălio.)

+trĕmĭbundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, full of trembling. (trĕmo.)

+trĕpĭdans+, -antis, _part._ fr. trepido, trembling.

+trĕpĭdo+, 1 _v. n._, I am in a state of confusion or alarm. (Cf. τρέπω.)

+trēs+, tria, _numer._, three. (τρεῖς, τρία.)

+trĭbūnus+, -i, _m._, tribune. (Lit., the chief of a tribe, trĭbus.)

+trīduum+, -i, _n._, space of three days. (tres, dies, _sc._ spătium.)

+triennium+, -ii, _n._, space of three years. (tres, annus, _sc._ spătium.)

+trĭgĕmĭnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, three born at a birth. (tres, geminus.)

+triumpho+, 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I triumph. (triumphus.)

+triumphus+, -i, _m._, a triumph. (θρίαμβος, procession in honour of Bacchus.)

+tu+, _pers. pron._, thou. (σύ.)

+tum+, _adv._, then.

+tŭmultus+, -us, _m._, disturbance. (tŭmeo.)

+tunc+, _adv._, then. (tum-ce.)

+turba+, -ae, _f._, uproar, crowd.

+turpis+, -e, _adj._, base.

+turris+, -is, _f._, turret, tower.

+tūtē+, _adv._, safely. (tutus.)

+tūtor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I watch, defend. (tueor.)

+tūtus+, -a, -um, _adj._, safe. (tueor.)

+tuus+, -a, -um, _adj._, thy. (tu.)

+ūber+, -ĕris, _adj._, rich, fertile.

+ŭbī̆+, _adv._, _relat._ and _interrog._, where, when. Ubi primum, as soon as.

+ŭbī·quĕ+, _adv._, wherever, everywhere, anywhere.

+ullus+, -a, -um, _adj._, any. (For ūnŭlus, demin. of ūnus.)

+ultĭmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, farthest, super. fr. [ulter, obsolete; cf. ultra] ultĕrior, ultimus.

+ultrā+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, beyond. (Cf. ultĭmus.)

+ultro+, _adv._, beyond, besides, of one’s own accord. (Cf. ultimus.)

+unda+, -ae, _f._, wave.

+un·dē·vīcēsĭmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, nineteenth.

+undĭquĕ+, _adv._, from or on all sides. (unde-que.)

+unguis+, -is, _m._, nail or talon. (ὄνυξ.)

+ūnĭcē+, _adv._, solely, especially. (unĭcus, unus.)

+ūnĭversus+, -a, -um, _adj._, all together. (unus, verto, turned into one.)

+unquam+, or +umquam+, _adv._, at any time, ever.

+ūnus+, -a, -um, _numer._, one.

+urbānus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the city. (urbs.)

+urbĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the city. (urbs.)

+urbs+, -is, _f._, city.

+urgeo+, ursi, no sup., 2 _v. a._, I press on, press hard upon, urge.

+urna+, -ae, _f._, urn. (Properly a vessel of burnt clay; ūro, I burn.)

+ursīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, like a bear. (ursus.)

+usquam+, _adv._, anywhere, in anything. (For ubs·quam, from ŭbi.)

+usquĕ+, _adv._, all the way, always. Usque adeo, to such an extent. (For ubs·que, from ŭbi.)

+ūsus+, -us, _m._, use, advantage. (ūtor.)

+ŭt+, ŭtī, with _indic._, as, when; ut ... sic, _correlatives_, as ... so; with _subj._, in order that, so that.

+ŭter·quĕ+, ū̆trăque, ū̆trumque, _adj. pron._, both, each.

+ūtĭlis+, -e, _adj._, useful. (ūtor.)

+ūtor+, ūsus, 3 _v. dep._, I use; with _abl._

+ū̆trum+, _interrog. adv._, whether. (ŭter.)

+uxor+, -ōris, _f._, wife.

+vădĭmōnium+, -ii, _n._, bail. (văs, a surety.)

+vădor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I bind over by bail. (văs.)

+văleo+, 2 _v. n._, I am strong, I am of value. In leave-taking, vălē, etc., farewell.

+Vălĕrius+, -ii, _m._, Valerius.

+vălĭdus+, -a, -um, _adj._, strong. (văleo.)

+vălītūdo (or vălētūdo)+, -ĭnis, _f._, health. (văleo.)

+vallum+, -i, _n._, a rampart with palisades. (vallus, a stake.)

+vărius+, -a, -um, _adj._, diverse, different.

+vastūs+, -a, -um, _adj._, empty, immense.

+-vĕ+, _enclitic_, or.

+vecto+, 1 _v. a._, I carry. (_intens._ of vĕho.)

+vĕho+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I carry.

+vēlox+, -ōcis, _adj._, swift. (Cf. vŏlo, -āre, I fly.)

+vĕl·ŭt+, +vĕl·ŭti+, _adv._, just as, as if.

+vēnātio+, -ōnis, _f._, hunting. (vēnor.)

+vendo+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I sell. (vēnum, do.)

+vĕnēnum+, -i, _n._, poison.

+vĕnia+, -ae, _f._, pardon. Bonâ veniâ, by your kind leave.

+vĕnio+, vēni, ventum, 4 _v. n._, I come.

+vēnor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I hunt.

+vēnum+, -i, _n._, sale. In classical writers only in acc. sing.

+ventĭto+, 1 _v. n._, I come frequently. (Intens. of vĕnio.)

+verber+, -ĕris, _n._, scourge, blow.

+verbum+, -i, _n._, word.

+Vergilius+, -ii, _m._, Vergil.

+vērō+, _adv._, in truth, but indeed. (vērus.)

+versus+, -us, _m._, a line, verse. (verto.)

+vertex+, -ĭcis, _m._, whirlpool, top, head. (verto.)

+verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I turn; in _pass._ also with abl., I turn upon, depend upon.

+vērus+, -a, -um, _adj._, true.

+vester+, -tra, -trum, _poss. pron._, your. (vos.)

+vestīgium+, -ii, _n._, footprint, sole of foot. (vestīgo, I track.)

+vestio+, 4 _v. a._, I clothe. (vestis, garment.)

+vĕtus+, -ĕris, _adj._, old.

+via+, -ae, _f._, road, way.

+vī̆bro+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I brandish, I shake.

+vīcĭes+, _adv._, twenty times.

+vīcīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, neighbouring; as _subst._, a neighbour. (vīcus, hamlet.)

+victōria+, -ae, _f._, victory. (victor, vinco.)

+victus+, -us, _m._, food, way of life. (vīvo.)

+vĭdeo+, vīdi, vīsum, 2 _v. a._, I see; in _pass._, I seem. Impersonally, videtur mihi, it seems good to me.

+vīginti+, _numer._, twenty.

+vĭgor+, ōris, _m._, force, strength. (vĭgeo, I flourish.)

+vincio+, -nxi, -nctum, 4 _v. a._, I bind.

+vinco+, vīci, victum, 3 _v. a._, I conquer.

+vindĭco+, 1 _v. a._, I avenge. (vim-dico, I assert authority.)

+vīnum+, -i, _n._, vine, wine. (οἶνος.)

+viŏlens+, -entis, _adj._, impetuous. (vis.)

+vir+, vĭri, _m._, man, husband.

+virgultum+, -i, _n._, twig. (For virgŭlētum, fr. virgŭla, demin. of virga, branch, twig.)

+virtūs+, -ūtis, _f._, valour. (vir.)

+vis+ (vim, vi, no _gen. sing._, _plur._ vīres, etc.), _f._, strength, force. (ἴς.)

+vīso+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I behold. (Intens. of vĭdeo.)

+vīta+, -ae, _f._, life. (vivo.)

+vītis+, -is, _f._, vine.

+vīvo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. n._, I live.

+vŏco+, 1 _v. a._, I call. (vox.)

+volgus+ (or +vulgus+), -i, _n._, rarely _m._, common people; in _abl._, volgo, as _adv._, commonly.

+vŏlo+, -ui, no sup., velle, 3 _v. a._, I wish for. Quid hoc sibi vult, what does this mean.

+vŏlo+, 1 _v. n._, I fly.

+vŏluntārius+, -a, -um, _adj._, voluntary. (vŏlo, I wish.)

+vos+, _plur._ of tu, you.

+vox+, vōcis, _f._, voice, expression. (vŏco.)

+vulgus+ and +vulgo+. Cf. volgus.

+vulnus+, or +volnus+, -ēris, _n._, wound. (Cf. vello, I tear.)

+vultus+, -us, _m._, countenance.

+Xanthippe+, -es, _f._, Xanthippe. (Ξανθίππη.)

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.

_For details about Latin words turn to the Latin-English Vocabulary._

+abandon+, desino.

+able, I am+, possum.

+about+, de.

+accompany+ (home), prosequor.

+accomplishment+, disciplina.

+account+, ratio.

+account, on account of+, propter.

+acquit+, absolvo.

+act+, ago.

+actor+, histrio, actor.

+adjourn+, profero, differo.

+administer+ (justice), dico (jus).

+advance+, incedo, procedo, prodeo, progredior.

+advanced+ (in age), grandis (natu).

+advantageous to+, e, ex.

+advise+, moneo.

+after+, post.

+afterwards+, postea, posthac.

+again+, denuo, iterum.

+against+, adversus, adversum, in.

+age+, natus.

+agree+, convenio.

+alarm, in+, trepidans.

+all+, omnis.

+allowed, it is+, licet.

+almost+, fere, prope.

+alone+, solus.

+alum+, alumen.

+ambassador+, legatus.

+amusing+, hilaris, iucundus.

+and+, et, atque, -que.

+animal+, bestia, fera.

+announce+, praedico.

+another+, alius.

+anxious+, cupidus.

+appear+, videor.

+appearance+, aspectus.

+apple-tree+, pomum.

+approve+, probo.

+arms+, arma.

+army+, exercitus.

+arouse+, excito.

+arrest+, adprehendo.

+as+, ut, velut.

+as if, as though+, quasi.

+ask+, interrogo, rogo; peto, oro.

+ask for+, peto, oro.

+ascribe+, acceptum refero.

+assembly+, contio.

+assist+, adiuvo.

+astound+, stupefacio.

+at+, in.

+athletics+, ars athletica.

+attack+, oppugno, pugno in, incurro.

+attendant+, aeditumus.

+attract attention+, converto oculos, animum.

+author+, scriptor.

+back, in the+, aversus.

+bad-tempered+, morosus.

+bail+, vadimonium.

+barbarian+, barbarus.

+bark+, latro.

+battle+, pugna, proelium.

+bear+ (_v._), fero.

+bear-like+, ursinus.

+beauty+, pulchritudo.

+because+, quod.

+beckon+, significo.

+before+, ante, coram.

+begin+, coepi.

+behead+, securi percutio.

+believe+, credo.

+bend+, flecto.

+besiege+, obsideo.

+betake+, adfero.

+bird+, avis.

+blaze+, flagro.

+block+, insula.

+blood-stained+, cruentus.

+blow+, verber.

+blush+, erubesco.

+bodily+, _genitive of_ corpus.

+body+, corpus.

+boldly+, intrepidus.

+bone+, os.

+book+, liber.

+both+, uterque,

+both ... and+, et ... et.

+boy+, puer.

+brand+ (with mark of infamy), adficio.

+brave+, fortis, strenuus.

+brazen+, aeneus.

+break+, infringo.

+bribery+, ambitus.

+bridge+, pons.

+bring+, fero.

+bring in+, introduco.

+brother+, frater.

+build+, struo, condo, congero.

+burn+, ardeo, deuro.

+but+, sed, at.

+buy+, emo, mercor.

+by no means+, nequaquam, haudquaquam.

+call+, appello, voco.

+called+, nomine.

+camp+, castra.

+can+, possum.

+carry+, fero, vecto.

+carry back+, refero.

+carry to+, asporto.

+case+, causa, res.

+cause+, (_v._), curo _with gerundive_.

+cautious+, cautus.

+cavalry+, equitatus.

+cave+, specus.

+cease+, omitto.

+censor+, censor.

+centre+, media pars.

+certain, a+ (_indef._), quidam.

+certainly+, procul dubio.

+challenge+, provoco.

+chance, by+, forte.

+chariot+, currus.

+charm+, demulceo.

+choose+, deligo, eligo.

+citizen+, civis.

+city+, urbs.

+city, in the+ (_adj._), urbanus, urbicus.

+clever+, astutus.

+collect+, comparo.

+come+, venio.

+come to+, pervenio.

+comedy+, comoedia.

+command+, imperium.

+command+ (army), rego.

+conceal+, celo.

+condemn+, condemno, damno.

+confidence+, confidentia.

+congratulation+, gratulatio.

+conquer+, vinco, supero.

+consider+, habeo; +I am considered+, videor, habeor.

+conspiracy+, coniuratio.

+consult+, consulo, consulto.

+contest+, certamen.

+control+, impero.

+conversation+, sermo.

+converse with+, colloquor.

+cook+, torreo.

+corn+, sementes.

+correct+, corrigo.

+country+ (_adj._), rusticus.

+courage+, animus.

+course+, cursus.

+cowardice+, ignavia.

+credulity+, credulitas.

+crop+, seges.

+crowd+, turba, caterva.

+crown+ (_s._), corona.

+crown+ (_v._), corono.

+cry+, conclamo.

+custom+, mos.

+cut off+, decido, praecido.

+daily+, quotidianus.

+dare+, audeo.

+dart+, telum.

+daughter+, filia.

+dawn+, prima lux.

+day+, dies.

+death+, mors, exitus e vita; (condemn to) +death+, capitis (damno.)

+deceive+, fallo.

+deed+, facinus, factum.

+defeat+, vinco, supero.

+defend+, defendo.

+defendant+, reus.

+demand+ (_s._), postulatum, postulatio.

+demand+ (_v._), posco.

+depart+, digredior.

+depend on+, vertor in.

+desert+ (_s._), locus desertus.

+desert+ (_v._), descisco ab.

+desire+, opto.

+despise+, contemno.

+difficulty, of+ (_adj._), difficilis.

+direct+, dirigo.

+discover+, detego.

+dissipate+, digero.

+distance, at a+, procul.

+distant+, longus.

+divine+, divinus.

+do+, facio.

+doe+, cerva.

+dog+, canis.

+dolphin+, delphin.

+dominion+, dicio.

+draw up+, instruo.

+dreadful+, inmanis.

+dream+, somnium.

+dress+, induo.

+drink+, haurio.

+drive+, cogo; (from home), exigo.

+duty+, officium.

+dying+, moribundus.

+each+, quisque.

+ear+, auris.

+easily+, faciliter.

+educate+, educo.

+eight+, octo.

+eighty+, octoginta.

+elephant+, elephantus.

+emblem+, signum.

+embrace+, amplector.

+endeavour+, conor.

+enemy+, hostis, inimicus.

+energetic+, acer.

+enormous+, ingens, vastus.

+enough+, satis.

+enter+, introeo, ascendo in.

+equal+, par.

+except+, nisi, praeter.

+exchange+, permutatio.

+exile+, exilium.

+expression+, vox.

+extraordinary+, egregius.

+eye+, oculus.

+fable+, fabula.

+face+, os.

+facing+, adversum, adversus.

+fall down+, concido.

+famous+, praeclarus, famâ celebri.

+farm+, fundus.

+father+, pater, paterfamilias.

+favourable+, mollis.

+fear+, metus.

+feature+, lineamentum.

+field+, ager.

+fight+, pugno.

+figure+, simulacrum.

+find+, invenio.

+fine+, pecunia.

+finger+, digitus.

+fire+, ignis, incendium.

+first+, primus.

+first at+, primum.

+fit+, aptus.

+five+, quinque.

+five times+, quinquies.

+flight+, fuga.

+flower+, flos.

+flute+, tibiae.

+flute-player+, tibicen.

+fly+, volo.

+foliage+, comae.

+follow+, prosequor.

+fond+, cupidus.

+food+, cibus, victus, pabulum.

+foot+, pes.

+for+, enim, nam.

+forbid+, interdico.

+forces+, copiae.

+foretell+, praedico.

+form+, conformo, fingo.

+formerly+, antea.

+fortify+, munio.

+free+, libero.

+friend+, amicus, familiaris.

+frighten+, consterno.

+from+, e, ex; a, ab.

+from all sides+, undique.

+front, in+, adversus.

+fruitful+, felix, fecundus, uber.

+full speed, at+, citato cursu.

+gain+, adipiscor, mihi obvenit.

+gain possession of+, potior.

+general+, imperator.

+gift+, praemium, donum.

+give+, do, reddo.

+give account of+, rationem reddo.

+give advice+, praecipio, moneo.

+give bail+, vadimonium dare, promittere.

+give thanks+, gratias ago.

+give vote+, sententiam fero.

+glitter+, mico.

+go+, eo, cedo.

+god+, deus.

+gold+ (_adj._), aureus.

+good+, bonus.

+good for, I am+, valeo.

+grass+, gramen.

+great+, magnus.

+greedy+, avarus.

+grieve+, doleo.

+groan+, gemitus edo.

+ground+, locus.

+grow+, nascor.

+guard+, custodio.

+guard, I am on my+, caveo.

+half+, dimidium.

+hand+, manus.

+hand to+, trado.

+happen+, fio, accido.

+harmless+, sine noxâ.

+harsh+, asper.

+harvest+, messis.

+haste, make+, propero.

+haughtily+, per superbiam.

+have+, habeo.

+head+, caput.

+hear+, audio.

+health+, valetudo.

+heart+, cor.

+heaven, by+, divinitus.

+height+, proceries, magnitudo.

+help+ (_s._), auxilium.

+help+ (_v._), adjuvo.

+herself+, ipsa, se.

+hide+, recondo, delitesco.

+high, many stories+, multis tabulatis editus.

+his+, suus, ejus.

+hold on+, teneo.

+hollow+, caverna.

+home+, domus.

+honour+, honor; +in honour of+, ob honorem.

+honourable+, honestus.

+hope+, spes.

+horse+, equus.

+host+, hospes.

+house+, aedes.

+how+, quomodo.

+hundred+, centum.

+hunt+, venatio.

+ignorant+, imperitus.

+immediately+, statim.

+immense+, inmensus.

+impertinence+, petulantia.

+important+, magnus.

+in+, in.

+in honour of+, ob honorem.

+infamy+, ignominia.

+inflamed-throat+, synanche.

+inhabit+, incolo, colo.

+inroad+, incursio.

+insult+, contumeliâ afficio.

+interpreter+, interpres.

+invent+, comminiscor.

+jeer at+, eludo, inrideo.

+judge+, iudex.

+justice+, ius.

+keep+, retineo.

+kill+, occido, interficio.

+king+, rex.

+know+, scio, percallesco.

+labour+, labor.

+lack+, desum.

+lame+, debilis.

+land+, terra.

+language+, lingua.

+large+, magnus, ingens.

+large sum of+, grandis.

+lark+, cassita.

+laugh at+, derideo.

+laurel+ (_s._), laurus.

+laurel+ (_adj._), laureus.

+law+, lex.

+law-suit+, lis.

+leader+, dux.

+leaf+, frons.

+leave+, relinquo.

+leg+, crus.

+lend+, dare ... mutuum.

+lick+, lambo, demulceo.

+lie+, mendacium.

+lies, tell+, mentior.

+life+, vita, caput.

+lifeless+, exanguis.

+like+, more (_with adj. or gen._).

+line+ (+of battle+), acies.

+linger+, demoror.

+lion+, leo.

+live+, vivo.

+loiterer+, cessator.

+long while, for a+, diu.

+loose, let+, emitto.

+lose+, amitto.

+loud+, sublatus, magnus.

+love+, amo.

+luxuriant+, laetus.

+lyre+, fides.

+mad, I am+, deliro.

+magnificence+, splendor.

+maintain+, retineo, contendo.

+make+, facio, reddo.

+make haste+, propero.

+man+, homo.

+manœuvre+, converto.

+many+, multus.

+many sorts of+, varius.

+mark+, nota.

+marriage+, matrimonium.

+married to, I am+, nubo.

+marsh+, palus.

+marvellous+, mirandus.

+master+, dommus, magister.

+matron+, materfamilias.

+matter+, res.

+mean, what does this+, quid hoc sibi vult.

+medicine+, medicina, res medicina.

+meet+, obviam fio.

+mid-day+, (_s._), dies medius.

+mid-day+, (_adj._), meridianus.

+middle+, medius.

+military+, militaris.

+mimic hunt+, pugna venationis.

+modern+, praesens.

+money+, pecunia.

+mother+, mater.

+motionless+, immobilis.

+mount+, inscendo.

+mourn for+, lugeo.

+mourning+, habitus lugubris.

+mouth+, os.

+much+, multus, grandis.

+much+, as much as, tantus ... quantus.

+must+, necesse est.

+my+, meus.

+myself+, ego ipse.

+name+, nomen, cognomen.

+nation+, gens.

+natural position+, natura.

+near+, prope.

+necessary+, necesse.

+neck+, collum.

+neck-lace+, torquis.

+neglect+, negligo.

+neighbour+, vicinus.

+neighbouring+, proximus.

+nest+, nidus.

+never+, nunquam, nusquam.

+next+, posterus.

+next day+, postridie.

+night+, nox.

+nine+, novem.

+no one+, nemo, nullus.

+not+, non, haud.

+number+, numerus.

+oak+, quercus.

+oath+, iusiurandum.

+obey+, pareo.

+offer+, offero.

+offspring+, fetus.

+often+, saepe.

+old+, antiquus, vetus.

+old days, in+, antiquitus.

+old-fashioned+, priscus.

+old woman+, anus.

+olive+, oleum.

+on, in+, super.

+one+, unus.

+one day+, quodam die.

+only+, modo.

+opinion, I am of+, censeo.

+oppose+, loquor contra.

+oracle+, oraculum.

+order+, jubeo, impero.

+order that, in+, ut, quo.

+other+, alius.

+others, the+, ceteri.

+ought+, debeo, _or gerundive_.

+out of+, e, ex.

+own, his+, suus.

+owner+, dominus.

+palm+, palma.

+pardon+, poenâ solvo.

+pass+ (sentence), fero (sententiam).

+pay+, do, solvo.

+peace+, pax.

+people+, populus, vulgus.

+perch on+, insisto.

+perfect+, integer.

+perform+, facio.

+perish+, pereo.

+persuade+, persuadeo.

+philosopher+, philosophus.

+pierce+, perfodio.

+pitiable+, miserandus.

+place+, (_s._), locus.

+place+ (hope), habeo (spem).

+place in+, condo.

+place on+, impono, pono.

+plague+, pestilentia.

+plain+, campus.

+plan+, consilium.

+plant+, consero.

+play+, cano.

+plead+, verba facere.

+poison+, venenum.

+polish+, tracto.

+position, natural+, natura.

+possession, take+, potior.

+praise+, laus.

+pray+, obsecro, oro.

+present+, dono, offero.

+pretend+, simulo.

+prevent, to+, ut ne, ne.

+price+, pretium.

+prisoner+, captivus.

+produce+, pario, edo, profero.

+promise+, promitto.

+proof+, argumentum.

+property+, praedium.

+propose+, censeo.

+provided with+, copiosus.

+prune+, amputo.

+publicly+, publice.

+pull out+, revello.

+pull up+, revello.

+punish+, vindico, punio, multo.

+pupil+, auditor.

+quarrelsome+, litigiosus.

+ravage+, depopulor.

+raven+, corvus.

+read+, recito.

+reap+, meto.

+receive+, accipio, fero.

+recover+, recupero.

+refuse+, nolo.

+rejoicing+ (_s._), laetitia.

+rejoicing+ (_adj._), laetus.

+relate+, narro, trado.

+relation+, cognatus.

+remain+, maneo.

+remaining+, reliquus.

+remains+, reliquiae.

+remarkable+, eximius.

+remedy+, remedium.

+reply+, respondeo.

+reproach+, obiicio.

+restore+, reddo.

+return+, redeo.

+returns+ (_s._), reditus.

+reward+, praemium.

+rise+, exurgo, resurgo.

+road+, via.

+roaring+, fremitus.

+room+, cubiculum.

+rough+, rudis.

+safe+, salvus, incolumis.

+safety+, salus.

+sailor+, nauta.

+same+, idem.

+save+, servo.

+say+, dico, narro.

+scorn+, aspernor.

+sea+, mare.

+search for+, quaero, requiro.

+seated on+, insidens.

+secret+, clandestinus, tacitus.

+secretly+, tacite.

+see+, video.

+sell+, vendo.

+senate+, senatus.

+senate-house+, curia.

+senator+, senator.

+send+, mitto.

+send for+, arcesso.

+sentence+, sententia.

+separate+, separo.

+shake+, vibro.

+shame+, pudor.

+shapeless+, informis.

+shield+, scutum.

+shine+, praefulgeo.

+ship+, navis.

+shoulder+, humerus.

+shout+, clamor.

+show+, ostendo.

+shut in+, includo.

+shut up+, claudo.

+sickle+, falx.

+siege+, obsideo.

+sigh+, murmura edo.

+sight+, aspectus.

+sight, in my+, me inspectante.

+silent, I am+, taceo.

+silently+, tacite.

+silver+ (_adj._), argenteus.

+sing+, cano.

+sister+, soror.

+sit+, sedeo.

+situated+, situs.

+six+, sex.

+size+, corpus.

+skill+, ars, disciplina.

+skilled+, peritus, sollers.

+slave+, servus.

+slay+, transigo.

+sleep+, quiesco.

+small+, parvus.

+smear+, lino.

+so+, ita, itaque.

+soldier+, miles.

+son+, filius.

+song+, carmen.

+soon+, mox.

+spare+, parco.

+speak+, loquor, dico, enuntio.

+spear+, telum.

+speed, at full+, citato cursu.

+speed+, celeritas.

+spoil+, praeda.

+spring into+, transilio.

+spring down+, desilio.

+stand+, sto.

+stand forth+, exto.

+stand still+, consisto.

+state+, respublica.

+stem+, lignum.

+stern+, puppis.

+story+, tabulatum (of house); apologus (tale).

+strength+, vis.

+strengthen+, firmo.

+stretch out+, protendo.

+strike+, percutio.

+strong+, validus, violentas.

+success, with+, prospere.

+such+, talis, ejusmodi.

+sucker+, suboles.

+suddenly+, repente.

+suffer from+, patior.

+summon+, arcesso.

+sunrise+, lucis ortus, sol oriens.

+supply+, copia.

+surpass+, praesto.

+surround+, cingo.

+sword+, gladius.

+tail+, cauda.

+take+, capio, fero.

+take from+, detraho.

+take to flight+, in fugam me proripio.

+take possession of+, potior.

+take refuge in+, concedo in.

+tale+, fabula.

+talent+, talentum.

+talk with+, colloquor.

+teach+, doceo.

+tear+, lanio.

+tear in pieces+, dilacero, discindo.

+tear open+, rescindo, divello.

+tell+, dico, narro, enuntio.

+tell lies+, mentior.

+temple+, templum.

+ten+, decem.

+term+, condicio.

+terrible+, terrificus.

+terrified+, territus.

+thank+, grates ago, gratias ago.

+thanks+, grates, gratiae.

+that+, ille, is.

+their+, suus, eorum, illorum.

+therefore+, itaque.

+thing+, res.

+think+, puto.

+third+, tertius.

+this+, hic.

+thorn+, stirps.

+though+, cum.

+three+, tres.

+three years+, triennium.

+through+, per.

+throw+, iacio, coniicio.

+throw away+, abiicio.

+throw down+, everto.

+thus+, ita, sic.

+time+, tempus.

+time, at the+, in praesens.

+tomb+, sepulcrum.

+to-morrow+, cras.

+towards+, ad.

+tower+, turris.

+town+, oppidum.

+trappings+, insignia.

+treachery+, insidiae.

+tree+, arbor.

+tribune+, tribunus.

+triumph+ (_s._), triumphus.

+triumph+ (_v._), triumpho.

+trust in+, confido.

+try+, experior, cognosco.

+turn to+ or +on+, refero.

+turret+, turris.

+twenty+, viginti.

+twenty-times+, vicies.

+twig+, virgultum.

+two+, duo.

+uncle+, patruus.

+understand+, intellego.

+undertake+, recipio.

+unfinished+, inperfectus.

+unfledged+, involucris.

+unsettled+, iniudicatus.

+unusual+, novus.

+unwilling, I am+, nolo.

+urn+, urna.

+use+, utor, expromo.

+useful+, utilis, magno usu _and_ magno usui.

+vain, in+, frustra.

+vast+, ingens.

+verdict, I give a+, pronuntio.

+verse+, versus.

+very+, admodum.

+victory+, victoria.

+vigour+, vigor.

+vine+, vinum.

+voice+, vox.

+voluntary+, voluntarius.

+vote+, sententia.

+wag+, moveo.

+war+, bellum.

+warn+, moneo, praemoneo.

+warrior+, bellator.

+wavering+, ambiguus.

+weary, I am, of this+, pertaedet me huius.

+weep+, lacrimo.

+weep for+, comploro.

+weight+, pondus.

+well-loved+, amatus.

+what+, quis.

+whatever+, quicumque.

+when+, ubi, cum.

+whenever+, ubicumque, cum.

+which+, qui.

+white+, albus.

+who+, quis, qui.

+whoever+, quicumque.

+whole+, totus.

+why+, cur.

+wife+, uxor.

+wild-beast+, fera, bestia.

+wild-beast, of a+, (_adj._), ferinus.

+willingly+, libenter.

+win+, vinco.

+win over+, comparo.

+with+, cum.

+wise+, sapiens.

+wish+, volo.

+woman+, mulier.

+woman, old+, anus.

+wonder at+, miror, admiror, demiror.

+wonderful+, minis, mirandus, mirificus.

+wooden+, ligneus.

+word+, verbum.

+worthy+, dignus.

+wound+ (_s._), vulnus.

+wound+ (_v._), haurio.

+write+, scribo.

+writer+, scriptor.

+you+, tu, vos.

+young man+, adulescens.

+young ones+, pulli.

ORDER OF THE “STORIES” COMPARED WITH THE BOOKS OF THE “NOCTES ATTICAE.”

SELECTION. NOCTES ATTICAE.

1. xvii. 10 2. xvii. 4 3. xiii. 6 4. i. 17 5. ii. 1 6. v. 2 7. xv. 17 8. i. 14 9. v. 5 10. xv. 16 11. i. 23 12. i. 23 13. xv. 22 14. xv. 22 15. i. 19 16. iv. 18 17. iv. 18 18. vi. (vii.) 1 19. i. 3 20. i. 10 21. ix. 13 22. ix. 13 23. ix. 11 24. ii. 29 25. ii. 29 26. ii. 29 27. iii. 8 28. v. 14 29. v. 14 30. v. 14 31. vi. (vii.) 5 32. xi. 9 33. xii. 12 34. xv. 1 35. xvi. 19 36. xvi. 19 37. xix. 12 38. xvii. 16 39. v. 10 40. vi. (vii.) 18

INDEX TO THE MOST IMPORTANT NOTES.

_The Roman figures give the number of the selection, the Arabic figures the number of the line in the selection._

[Transcriber’s Note: The Notes and the Proper Names were printed as shown here, in a single merged Index.]

_abhinc multis annis_, xx. 10. _ablative absolute_, v. 9. _acceptum referre_, xvii. 13. _accusative plural_ of 3rd declension in -is, ix. 2. _acerbus_, v. 5. _adfines_, xxvi. 5. _adigere_ aliquem iusiurandum, xl. 6. _adjective_ for English substantive and preposition, x. 1 (Milo Crotoniensis); xl. 1 (proelium Cannense). _advocare_, xxxii. 2. _aedes_, xvi. 17. _aerarium_, xvii. 10. _Aesopus_, xxiv. 1. _ager Pomptinus_, xxiii. 1. +ἀκοινονόητοι+, xxxiii. 10. _albus_, xiv. 1. _Alcibiades_, iv. 4. _Alexander_, vi. 1. _ambitus_, ii. 2. _animus_ and _mens_, v. 5. _Antiochus_, ix. 1. _antiquus_, xx. 4. _argyranche_, xxxii. 14. _Arion_, xxxv. 1. _Aristoteles_, iii. 1. _attraction of antecedent_ into relative clause, xxx. 2; xxxix. 6. _Aurunci_, xx. 6. _avunculus_, vii. 1.

_Bucephalas_, vi. 1. _-bundus_ and _-cundus_, vi. 11.

_Caesar_, C. Iulius, xx. 16. _Caesar_, Claudius, xxix. 2. _canere tibiis_, vii. 4. _Cannae_, ix. 1. _capitalis res_, xxx. 9. _caput_, xix. 1. _Cato_, xvii. 1. _censeo_ (parenthetically), xvi. 12. _censores_, xl. 24. _Chares_, vi. 2. _Cicero_, xxxiii. 1. _cinctus_, xxi. 17. _Circus_ Maximus, xxviii. 1. _Cispius_ Mons, xxxiv. 3. _cognati_, xxvi. 5. _comoediarum certamina_, ii. 2. _comparare_ hominem in aliquem, xvii. 3. _congerere_ (absolutely), xxv. 3. _consecution_ of tenses after historic present, xxi. 12; xxiii. 6; xxxv. 5. _contestari_ litem, xxxix. 12. _Coruncanius_, xx. 4. _Crotoniensis_, x. 1. _Crotona_, x. 1. _cruor_, xxix. 23. _cum_ (conj.), vi. 8; with indic. (1) frequentative, xiv. 7; (2) = et tum, xxi. 6; (3) = because, xxxiii. 11. _curia_, xi. 1. _Curius Dentatus_, xx. 3. _curo_ with gerundive, vii. 3; xiii. 1.

_dative_ of purpose (predicative dat.), viii. 4. _Demades_, xxxii. 4. _Demosthenes_, xxxii. 4. _dependent_ interrogatives, x. 6. _desinere_ artem, x. 3. _deveho_ (de = to land), xxxvi. 7. _disciplina_, xxii. 2. _dissimulanter_, xxxvi. 12. _dum_ with subj., xxv. 5.

_Electra_, xxxi. 5. _Ennius_, xxxviii. 9. _ephippium_, ix. 6. _Euander_, xx. 9. _exerceor_, in middle sense, iv. 7.

_Fabricius_, viii. 1. _fac eas_, xxv. 11. _facto_ ... opus est, xiv. 18. _falcibus_ (currus cum), ix. 4. _familias_, xii. 3. _Favorinus_, xx. 1. _felix_ (fruitful), xxxvii. 18. _foculus_, xv. 7. _forum_, xxiii. 21. _frequentative_ verbs, xviii. 4. _frenis_ ... fulgentem, ix. 6.

_genitive_ denoting “nature,” “duty” of, xxxiii. 12. _genitive_ after gerund (causarum orandi cupidus), xxxix. 1. _gerunds_ and _gerundives_, xiii. 1. _gratiae_, xxxvii. 13.

_Hannibal_, ix. 1. _haurire_ pectus, xxii. 9. _hercle_, iii. 1. _Hispanicus_ gladius, xxii. 7. _historic_ infinitive, xxv. 15. _Horatii_, xx. 5. _hospita_, xv. 2.

_id temporis_, xviii. 7. _imperium_ proconsulare, xxix. 5. _inceptive_ or inchoative verbs, ii. 5. _ingentis_, (acc. plur.), ix. 2. _in iure_ stare, xviii. 18. _inmittere_ (absolutely), vi. 9. _insula_ (lodging-house), xxxiv. 4. _interrogatives_, dependent, x. 6. _ire infitias_, xxxvi. 18. _ius_ dicere, xviii. 16. _iusiurandum_ aliquem adigere, xl. 6.

_locative_ case, xi. 1. _loci_ (nusquam), xv. 19.

(e) _mediis_ hostibus, vi. 12. _Menander_, ii. 1. _mens_ and _animus_, v. 5. _Methymna_, xxxv. 1. _middle_ signification of passive voice, iv. 7. _mihi_ and _ad me_ after verbs, xxvii. 13. _Milo_, x. 1. _Mitridates_, xxxviii. 1. _monilia_, ix. 6.

_-ne_ pleonastic, xi. 10. _ne_ ... quis, xi. 4. _nemo_, xiv. 9. _nobilis_, xxxv. 1. _noctis_ extremo, xviii. 3. _nonne_, _num_, _-ne_, ii. 5. _nudus_, xxi. 7. _nusquam_ loci, xv. 16.

_Orestes_, xxxi. 5. _Oresti_ (genitive), xxxi. 6. _orthium_ carmen, xxxv. 21. _Osce_, xxxviii. 10.

_Palatium_, xxxiii. 1. _pareo_, _pario_, _paro_, i. 2. _participle_ and verb in Latin = two verbs in English, xxi. 3; xl. 2. _partitive_ genitive, id temporis, xviii. 7; quantum mercedis, xxxii. 17. _passives_ with middle signification, iv. 7. _Pelasgi_, xx. 6. _per_ contemptum, xxiii. 5. _Periander_, xxxv. 1. _Pericles_, vii. 1. _phalerae_, ix. 6. _Philemon_, ii. 1. _Piraeus_, xxxiv. 15. _plague_ of Athens, v. 10. _Plutarchus_, iii. 1. _Poenus_, ix. 8. _Pomptinus_ ager, xxiii. 1. _possies_, xxiv. 13. _postliminium_, xl. 12. (in) _praesens_, xxxiii. 2. _praetextatus_, xi. 2. _predicative_ dative, viii. 4. _prepositions_, verbs compounded with, xxix. 22; xxxiv. 3. _priusquam_ with subjunctive, xxxiii. 4. _proconsulare_ imperium, xxix. 5. _Protagoras_, xxxix. 3. _purpose_, dative of, viii. 4. _Pyrrus_, xxvii. 1. _Pythagoras_, x. 1.

_quadrati_ versus, xxiv. 10. _quae_ dicas (indefinite), xx. 11. _quaeso_ (parenthetically), ii. 4. _quasi_, xv. 6. _qui_ with subjunctive (final), xxv. 17; (causal) xxxvii. 3. _quid_ ... sibi vult, xii. 6. (si) _quid_ rei, xxv. 7. _quin_ with indicative, xxvi. 4. _quis_ (indefinite), xi. 4. _quisquam_ and _ullus_, x. 6.

_re_ in composition, i. 6.

_Samnites_, viii. 1. _satira_, xxiv. 10. _scatebat_ iris, iv. 3. _Scipio_ Africanus, xvi. 1; xviii. 2. _Scipio_ Asiaticus, xvii. 5. _scutum_, xxi. 17. _securus_ with genitive, vi. 14. _sed_ enim, xv. 10. _sequence_ of tenses after historic present, xxi. 12; xxiii. 6; xxxv. 5. _sestertii_ and _sestertium_, vi. 3; xxxiii. 2. _Sertorius_, xiii. 1. _Sibyllini_ libri, xv. 1. _Sicani_, xx. 6. _Socrates_, iv. 1, 4. _sol_ oriens, v. 3. _sollemnis_, xvi. 18. _Sophocles_, xxx. 5. _Sulla_, L., xxxiv. 15. _Sulla_, P., xxxiii. 2. _supine_ in -um, xvi. 13; xxii. 17; xxv. 6. _supine_ in -u, xiv. 5; xxiv. 2; xxvii. 12.

_Taenarum_, xxxvi. 6. _talentum_, xxxii. 19. _Tarquinius_ Superbus, xv. 1. _temporal_ conjunctions with subjunctive, cum, vi. 8; dum, xxv. 5; priusquam, xxxiii. 4. _tibiae_, vii. 4. _Torquatus_, xxi. 1. _torquis_, xxi. 3. _tribunus_ militaris, xxiii. 8. _tribunus_ plebis, xvi. 1. _turribus_ (elephanti cum), ix. 5.

_ullus_, x. 6.

_vadari_, xviii. 22. _vadimonium_, xviii. 19. _venum_ dare, xxxiv. 10. _Vergilius_, i. 1. _vertitur_ in, xxvi. 20. _videres_, xxviii. 15. _vult_, quid sibi, xii. 6.

_Zama_, ix. 1.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ERRATA (noted by transcriber)

The spelling “deminutive” (demin.) is used consistently.

A few terms were inconsistently italicized, including “e.g.”, “i.e.” and “only” (in vocabulary notes such as “sing. only”). Rather than try to second-guess the author, they have been left as printed.

_Errors and Irregularities:_

XV: Tarquinius ore iam serio atque attentiore animo fit [Tarquinus]

VI Note: entered the Punjaub [_spelling unchanged_] XVI Note: +gratulatum+ ... the verb of motion [notion]

Latin-to-English Vocabulary: +dōnĕc+, _conj._, until. [_Text has Greek ε for ĕ in “dōnĕc”_] +lībĕro+ ... (līber.) [_Macron in “līber” conjectural: printed text has “lıber” without visible macron or dot_]

_Missing or invisible punctuation:_

“Invisible” means that there is a suitably sized gap, but no printing is visible.

STORIES

XIV. ... in eum locum, in quo ipse cum amicis esset, [. for second ,] XVIII. atque ibi solus diu demorari, [. for ,] XXIX. recubuit et quievit.” [” missing]

NOTES

I. +P. Vergilius Maro+ ... after the fall of Troy [. missing] +părĕre+ ..._parĭtum, -ĕre_ [- missing] III. +hercle+ ... ‘_me deus Fidius juvet_’ [’ missing] XIII. +The uses of the gerund and gerundive+ ... e.g. _haec ad iudicandum sunt facillima_ ... _sum_ (_est_, _erat_, _fuit_, _esse_, etc.) ... e.g. _nunc est bibendum_ [_all periods in “e.g.” and “etc.” invisible_] ‘he gave them the lands to dwell in.’ Cf. vii. 3. note. [. missing after “dwell in” _and_ after “vii.”] XVI. +Publius Cornelius+ ... his father P. Scipio [. missing] I am old enough.’ [” for ’] XVIII. +ventitare+ ... ‘I stick fast.’ [” for ’] XX. +11.+ +quae dicas+ [. invisible] XXVI. +quin ... imus+ ... ‘nay, look at me’ [” for ’] XXIX. +proconsulari imperio+ ... praetors: (2) the Imperial Provinces [_shown as printed, but : may be error for ;_] XXXI. +Electram+ ... the bones of Orestes.’ [” for ’] XXXII. +quin ... quoque+, [_ellipsis in printed phrase invisible_] XXXIII. +sestertium viciens+ ... or 2½ asses [denominator invisible]

LATIN VOCABULARY

+ad·ficio+. Cf. afficio. [· invisible] +cŏrōna+, -ae [- missing] +deus+, -i, _m._, god. [. missing] +fācundia+, -ae, _f._, eloquence [. invisible] +fēcundus+, -a, -um [- missing] +gĕmĭtus+, -us [- missing] +ignōro+ ... (ignārus, for in-gnarus or -narus.) [) missing] +im·mītis+ [· invisible] +mīrĭfĭcus+, -a, -um [first - missing] +ob·vĕnio+ [· invisible] +păvĕ·făcio+ ... (păveo.) [. missing] +pax+, pācis ... (πήγνυμι.) [. invisible] +Pĕriander+, -dri, _m._ [. for second ,] +quaero+, -sīvi or -sii, sītum [second - missing] +quālis+, -e ... talis ... qualis [_ellipsis in “talis ... qualis” invisible_] +quam·ob·rem+, _adv._ [. invisible] +sŭpĕrior+, -us ... sū̆prēmus or summus. [. invisible] +vastūs+, -a, -um [second - missing] +vērus+, -a, -um, [. after -um.,] +victōria+, -ae, _f._, victory. (victor, vinco.) [. invisible] +vis+ (vim, vi, no _gen. sing._, _plur._ vīres, etc.) [. invisible]

ENGLISH VOCABULARY

+bail+, vadimonium [. missing] +sight, in my+, me inspectante [. missing]

INDEX TO NOTES

_Osce_, xxxviii. 10. [. after “xxxviii” missing]

End of Project Gutenberg's Stories from Aulus Gellius, by Aulus Gellius