CHAPTER VII.

Of Extempore Speech.

Quem ad modum extemporalis facilitas paretur et contineatur.

VII:1 VII. Maximus vero studiorum fructus est et velut praemium quoddam amplissimum longi laboris ex tempore dicendi facultas; quam qui non erit consecutus mea quidem sententia civilibus officiis renuntiabit et solam scribendi facultatem potius ad alia opera convertet. Vix enim bonae fidei viro convenit auxilium in publicum polliceri quod praesentissimis quibusque periculis desit, intrare portum ad quem navis accedere nisi lenibus ventis vecta non possit,—

§ 1. civilibus officiis: see note on 3 §11.

renuntiabit ... convertet: the future as a mild imperative. Cp. 1 §§41, 58: 3 §18. For this use of _renuntiare_ cp. Plin. Ep. ii. 1, 8.

in publicum, ‘for general use,’ ‘for the common good,’ ‘for the benefit of all and sundry.’ The phrase is formed on the analogy of such expressions as ‘in publicum,’ ‘in commune consulere,’—for the benefit of the state and the citizen. Cp. vi. 1, 7 in commune profutura. Introd. p. xlvii.

intrare portum. The infin. depends on _convenit_. For a similarly abrupt introduction of a figure in connection with, or to illustrate, the preceding thought cp. 1 §4: 3 §10 (omitting Burmann’s _et_ before _efferentes_). The meaning is generally understood to be that the advocate who undertakes legal business, though he has no power of extempore speaking, is as unconscionable as the pilot (cp. the simile in §3) who engages to steer a ship into a harbour that can only be approached in mild weather. The one forgets that sudden emergencies may arise, calling for a power which he does not possess; the other does not take into consideration the sudden storms which may render his poor skill of no avail.—Hirt however (Jahr. des philol. Vereins zu Berlin 1888, p. 54) points out that this is to strain _intrare_: Quintilian cannot have meant to say that it ‘shows bad faith _to enter_ a harbour which can only be approached in good weather,’—for once you are in the harbour all is well. _Intrare_ may be corrupt: see Crit. Notes.

VII:2 siquidem innumerabiles accidunt subitae necessitates vel apud magistratus vel repraesentatis iudiciis continuo agendi. Quarum si qua, non dico cuicumque innocentium civium, sed amicorum ac propinquorum alicui evenerit, stabitne mutus et salutarem petentibus vocem, statimque si non succurratur perituris, 171 moras et secessum et silentium quaeret, dum illa verba fabricentur et memoriae insidant et vox ac latus praeparetur?

§ 2. siquidem, εἴγε, εἴπερ, §27 below, and often in Quintilian: ‘iam apud Cicero nem perinde atque _quoniam_ invenitur causam omnibus notam significans’ (Günther).

apud magistratus: ‘in virtue of some extraordinary procedure, and without the day having been appointed for the parties to the suit,’ Hild.

repraesentatis: ‘when a trial is suddenly brought on.’ Cp. pecuniam repraesentare = ante diem solvere. Caes. B. G. i. 40, 14 se, quod in longiorem diem collaturus esset, repraesentaturum: Sen. Ep. 95 petis a me ut id quod in diem suam dixeram debere differri repraesentem.

cuicumque. See on 1 §12 quocunque.

petentibus ... perituris: dat. of interest, after _quaeret_. For the sense cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §251 Hoc nos si facere velimus ante condemnentur ei quorum causas receperimus quam totiens quotiens praescribitur Paeanem aut hymnum recitarimus.

171 statimque. _Statim_ goes with _succurratur_, rather than with _perituris_: its position gives it emphasis. Cp. _continuo_ agendi.

secessum et silentium: 3 §28.

illa verba, ironical: illa tam egregia verba.

vox ac latus (‘lungs’): often conjoined. Cp. Cic. Verr. iv. 30, 67 quae vox, quae latera: Brut. §316. So xii. 11, 2 neque enim scientia modo constat orator, ... sed voce, latere, firmitate. For _latus_ cp. Hor. Ep. i. 7, 26: xii. 5: Sat. i. 9, 32.

VII:3 Quae vero patitur hoc ratio, ut quisquam possit orator aliquando omittere casus? Quid, cum adversario respondendum erit, fiet? Nam saepe ea quae opinati sumus et contra quae scripsimus fallunt, ac tota subito causa mutatur; atque ut gubernatori ad incursus tempestatium, sic agenti ad varietatem causarum ratio mutanda est.

§ 3. ratio: ‘theory’ of eloquence. Cp. 3 §15, where it is opposed to _exercitatio_.—Others explain as = _ratio non patitur_, like _ratio non est_, _nulla ratio est_, there is no reason or sense in doing, &c.: Cic. Acad. ii. §74 ironiam enim alterius perpetuam praesertim, nulla fuit ratio persequi: ib. §17: in Verr. Act. i. 24: Caec. §15: Tac. Hist. i. 32: iii. 22: and ad Herenn. iv. 18 ei rationi ratio non est fidem habere.

quisquam ... orator: see on 2 §6.

omittere casus: ‘to leave sudden issues out of consideration,’ i.e. to conduct his case strictly according to the lines of a written or premeditated speech, without allowing for the emergence of some unexpected fact in the evidence, or some difficulty suddenly raised by the other side. For _casus_ cp. 1 §2 paratam ad omnes casus eloquentiam: 3 §3 unde ad subitos quoque casus ... proferantur (opes), and below §30: vi. 1, 42 at qui a stilo non recedunt aut conticescunt ad hos casus aut frequentissime falsa dicunt: xii. 9, 20 licet tamen praecogitare plura et animum ad omnes casus componere.

fallunt: when the opposing counsel does not pursue the line of argument we had anticipated, and against which we had prepared a written speech.

ad incursus: see on 2 §1 ad exemplum.

VII:4 Quid porro multus stilus et adsidua lectio et longa studiorum aetas facit, si manet eadem quae fuit incipientibus difficultas? Perisse profecto confitendum est praeteritum laborem, cui semper idem laborandum est. Neque ego hoc ago ut ex tempore dicere malit, sed ut possit. Id autem maxime hoc modo consequemur.

§ 4. longa studiorum aetas: i.e. longum tempus in studiis consumptum. Cp. i. 8, 8: Hor. Sat. i. 4, 132.

malit ... possit: sc. orator. For such omissions see note on congregat 1 §7: and cp. quaerant §6 and dicat §25 below.

VII:5 Nota sit primum dicendi via; neque enim prius contingere cursus potest quam scierimus quo sit et qua perveniendum. Nec satis est non ignorare quae sint causarum iudicialium partes, aut quaestionum ordinem recte disponere, quamquam ista sunt praecipua, sed quid quoque loco primum sit, quid secundum ac 172 deinceps: quae ita sunt natura copulata ut mutari aut intervelli sine confusione non possint.

§ 5. dicendi via: the method, pathway, or track of the argument.

neque enim &c. The reason is given in the form of a simile: we cannot run a race without knowing the goal and the track, and it is the same with eloquence. For a similar figure cp. 3 §10.

partes: i.e. prooemium, narratio, probatio, refutatio, epilogus. Cp. iii. 9, 1.

disponere: vii. 10, 5 quaestio omnis ac locus habet suam dispositionem.

primum ... secundum: vii. 10, 5 Non enim causa tantum universa in quaestiones ac locos diducenda est, sed hae 172 ipsae partes habent rursus ordinem suum. Nam et in prooemio primum est aliquid et secundum ac deinceps, &c.

intervelli: cp. xii. 9, 17.

VII:6 Quisquis autem via dicet, ducetur ante omnia rerum ipsa serie velut duce, propter quod homines etiam modice exercitati facillime tenorem in narrationibus servant. Deinde quid quoque loco quaerant scient, nec circumspectabunt nec offerentibus se aliunde sensibus turbabuntur nec confundent ex diversis orationem velut salientes huc illuc nec usquam insistentes.

§ 6. via dicet: ‘methodically’, ‘systematically,’ cp. dicendi via §5. So ii. 17, 41 via id est ordine. Cic. Brut. §46 (ait Aristoteles) antea nominem solitum via nec arte, sed adcurate tamen et de scripto plerosque dicere: Orat. §§10, 116 ratione et via disputare, docere: de Fin. ii. §3 (oratio) quae via quadam et ratione habetur. Roby 1236. See Crit. Notes.

velut: see on 1 §5. It softens the expression _serie ... duce_, being equivalent to ‘ut ita dicam.’ The collocation _ducetur ... duce_ is to be classed among the rather negligent repetitions of which a list is given on 2 §23. Becher compares Cic. de Nat. Deor. ii. §135 depulsum et quasi detrusum cibum accepit depellit (where J. B. Mayor however reads delapsum): cp. ib. §145. For ‘serie ducere’ cp. xi. 2, 39 etiam quae bene composita erunt memoriam serie sua ducent.

propter quod: see on 1 §66: 5 §23.

quaerant, ‘look for as matter of discourse,’ as 6 §7. The occurrence of _homines_ in the interval leads up from the singular _quisquis_ to the plural.

sensibus: see on 3 §33.

confundent ex diversis: ‘make it a jumble of incongruities.’

huc illuc: Cic. ad Att. ix. 9, 2 ne ... cursem huc illuc via deterrima.

VII:7 Postremo habebunt modum et finem, qui esse citra divisionem nullus potest. Expletis pro facultate omnibus quae proposuerint, pervenisse se ad ultimum sentient.

Et haec quidem ex arte, illa vero ex studio: ut copiam sermonis optimi, quem ad modum praeceptum est, comparemus, multo ac fideli stilo sic formetur oratio ut scriptorum colorem etiam quae subito effusa sint reddant, ut cum multa scripserimus 173 etiam multa dicamus.

§ 7. citra: see on 1 §2.

divisionem: ‘here the distribution of the matter of the speech both into the general divisions and subordinate heads, and also into the minuter passages and sentences; their order constituting the _via dicendi_.’ Frieze.

Expletis ... quae proposuerint: ‘when they have overtaken all the points advanced,’ exhausted the various heads of their discourse, v. 10, 109 nec minus in hoc curae debet adhiberi quid proponendum quam quomodo sit quod proposueris probandum.

haec quidem &c. The meaning is that while the observance of the foregoing precepts (haec) depends on knowledge of theory (ars), as embodied in specific rules and directions, what is now to come (illa) demands _studium_, i.e. scientific exercise, applied to reading, imitation, writing, and the practice of speaking (cp. 1 §1). The sentence is an awkward one: it is best explained by making the _ut_ before _copiam_ co-ordinate with the _ut_ before _cum multa scripserimus_, and supplying a corresponding _ut_ with _formetur_. _Illa_ then introduces all three clauses, the first referring mainly to _legere_, the second to _scribere_, and the third to _dicere_. The precepts in regard to reading and imitation (quemadmodum praeceptum est) are found in chs. i and ii: writing is covered by chs. iii, iv and v: while speech is dealt with in the present chapter.

fideli stilo, the ‘conscientious practice of composition.’

scriptorum colorem: see 6 §5.

effusa sint: cp. 3 §17 componunt quae effuderant.

cum multa scripserimus. The practice 173 of speaking (including extempore utterance) is to come _after_ writing: cp. 1 §3 sq.

VII:8 Nam consuetudo et exercitatio facilitatem maxime parit: quae si paulum intermissa fuerit, non velocitas illa modo tardatur, sed ipsum _os_ coit atque concurrit. Quamquam enim opus est naturali quadam mobilitate animi, ut, dum proxima dicimus, struere ulteriora possimus semperque nostram vocem provisa et formata cogitatio excipiat;

§ 8. consuetudo et exercitatio, referring only to the last-mentioned precept, _ut multa dicamus_.

velocitas illa. The demonstr. is vivid,—‘the requisite rapidity,’ that which we either have acquired or hope to acquire.

os coit atque concurrit. Cp. xi. 3, 56 est aliis concursus oris et cum verbis suis colluctatio: viii. 3, 45 littera quae exprimi nisi labris coeuntibus non potest: xi. 3, 121 his accedunt vitia non naturae, sed trepidationis, cum ore concurrente rixari. “Os concurrit cum prae anxietate dicentis musculi oris invitis etiam trahuntur et convelluntur ut labia et lingua quasi trepident.” Wolff.

mobilitate animi: cp. §22. His mind must be quick of movement in order to express properly what is to be said on the instant (_proxima_ corresponding to _nostram vocem_), and at the same time be shaping (_struere_) what is further on (_ulteriora_ corresponding to _provisa et formata cogitatio_). Tr. proxima, ‘what we are about to say’: nostram vocem, ‘what has just been said.’ For provisa cp. on 3 §10.

VII:9 vix tamen aut natura aut ratio in tam multiplex officium diducere animum queat ut inventioni, dispositioni, elocutioni, ordini rerum verborumque, tum iis quae dicit, quae subiuncturus est, quae ultra spectanda sunt, adhibita vocis, pronuntiationis, gestus observatione, una sufficiat.

§ 9. ratio, cp. note on §3.

quae dicit, sc. ‘orator,’ as with _sufficiat_ ‘animus’ must be supplied. Cp. on §4.

vocis ... gestus. See 1 §17 for a similar enumeration, and cp. the note.

una = simul, which indeed Halm substitutes for it in his text.

VII:10 Longe enim praecedat oportet intentio ac prae se res agat, quantumque dicendo consumitur, tantum ex ultimo prorogetur, ut, donec perveniamus ad finem, non minus prospectu procedamus quam gradu, si non intersistentes offensantesque brevia illa atque concisa singultantium modo eiecturi sumus. 174 § 10. intentio: cp. intendunt animum 1 §24.

prae se res agat. The mind must pursue or chase, as it were, the ideas that are still in front of it, and have them available in advance.

consumitur ... prorogetur: expressions derived from banking transactions. ‘In proportion as the speaker pays out, must he make advances to himself out of what is to come later.’ For this use of _prorogare_ see the Lexx. Ex ultimo was understood by Wolff to mean _ex eo quod modo dictum est_: but Becher (Quaest. Quint. p. 9) pointed out that it = ‘vom Ende aus,’ and correctly rendered the whole sentence ‘so viel im Reden drauf geht, so viel muss er sich im Voraus vom Ende aus flüssig machen und so gewissermassen seine Zahlungsfähigkeit länger hinausschieben,’—ut ne in inopiam redactus bonam copiam eiuret. The speaker is to be continually drawing from his reserve funds (_ex ultimo_, i.e. from the part of his subject-matter that remains) just so much as he is expending in delivery.

prospectu procedamus: cp. xi. 2, 3 nam dum alia dicimus, quae dicturi sumus intuenda sunt: ita cum semper cogitatio ultra eat, id quod est longius quaerit, quidquid autem repperit quodam modo apud memoriam deponit, quod illa quas media quaedam manus acceptum ab inventione tradit elocutioni.

si non ... eiecturi sumus: ‘if we 174 want to avoid coming to a standstill, stuttering, and giving forth our short, broken phrases, like persons gasping out what they have to say.’—For offensantes cp. _offensator_ 3 §10: and for brevia illa 2 §17 illud frigidum et inane.

VII:11 Est igitur usus quidam inrationalis, quam Graeci ἄλογον τριβήν vocant, qua manus in scribendo decurrit, qua oculi totos simul in lectione versus flexusque eorum et transitus intuentur et ante sequentia vident quam priora dixerunt. Quo constant miracula illa in scaenis pilariorum ac ventilatorum, ut ea quae emiserint ultro venire in manus credas et qua iubentur decurrere.

§ 11. inrationalis: ‘mechanical,’ ‘unscientific.’ Cp. ii. 15, 23 quidam eam neque vim neque scientiam neque artem putaverunt, sed Critolaus usum dicendi (nam hoc τριβή significat).... For the opposition between τέχνη and τριβή (‘knack’) see Plato, Phaedrus 260 E οὐκ ἔστι τέχνη ἄλλ᾽ ἄτεχνος τριβή: Gorgias 501 A κομιδῇ ἀτέχνως ... ἔρχεται ... ἀλόγως τε παντάπασιν, ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ... τριβὴ καὶ ἐμπειρία: ib. 463 B.

manus ... decurrit. Cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. §130 neque enim quotiens verbum aliquod est scribendum nobis, totiens eius verbi litterae sunt cogitatione conquirendae; nec quotiens causa dicenda est, totiens ad eius causae seposita argumenta revolvi nos oportet, sed habere certos locos, qui ut litterae ad verbum scribendum, sic illi ad causam explicandam statim occurrant.

versus: see on 1 §38.

flexus ... et transitus. These words are generally taken in their literal sense; but the rendering ‘turns and transitions’ (‘Wendungen and Uebergänge’) seems not sufficiently to explain the passage. May _flexus_ not refer here to the modulation of the voice, as frequently in Quintilian (v. Bonn. Lex.), and _transitus_ to the punctuation which marks the passage from one clause to another? In reading the eye takes in all this in advance. Tr. ‘observe the intonations and the stops.’ On the other hand Frieze (who alone of the commentators seems to have felt any difficulty): ‘the action of the eye itself in reading is ascribed to the lines of the manuscript. _Flexus_ seems to refer to the turning of the eye from the end of a line to the beginning of the next, and _transitus_ the passing from one column of the manuscript to the next.’ But this explanation of _transitus_ can hardly be right.

dixerunt, sc. lectores,—before the reader has articulated (to himself) what comes first, the eye runs on to what follows. For the change of subject cp. §9.

miracula = θαύματα, ‘conjuring-tricks.’

pilariorum ac ventilatorum: ‘jugglers and professors of legerdemain.’ For the former (who resembled the Indian juggler) see Rich’s Dict. Ant. s.v., where a figure is shown from a Diptych in the Museum at Verona exhibiting dexterous feats with a number of balls, ‘throwing them up with both hands, catching them on, and making them rebound from, the inner joint of the elbow, leg, forehead, and instep, so that they kept playing in a continuous circle round his person without falling to the ground, as minutely described by Manilius (_Astron._ 169-171).’ The ventilator was one who winnowed grain with the _ventilabrum_ (see Rich. s.v.), and so is generally taken here of a juggler ‘tossing his balls into the air as the winnower does his corn’; but looking to the use of _ventilare_ for to ‘conjure away’ (magicis artibus vitas insontium et manibus accitis ventilare, Imp. Constant. cod. 9, 18, 6 and cod. Th. 9, 16, 5), I prefer Professor Key’s explanation of the word, ‘a juggler, as affecting to toss things away with an οἴχεται, or with a puff of breath’: cp. Prudent. Peristeph. x. 78 tu ventilator urbis et vulgi levis procella.—The genitives are to be referred to _scaenis_, not _miracula_.

ut ea: for this constr. see on 1 §58.

in manus: Krüger and Dosson are wrong in taking this of the hands of the spectators. The balls return to the hands of the performers themselves. For _qua_ (sc. via) cp. ii. 20, 2 multos video qua vel impudentia vel fames duxit ruentes: ix. 1, 19: xii. 10, 61.

VII:12 Sed hic usus ita proderit, si ea de qua locuti sumus ars antecesserit, ut 175 ipsum illud quod in se rationem non habet in ratione versetur. Nam mihi ne dicere quidem videtur nisi qui disposite, ornate, copiose dicit, sed tumultuari.

§ 12. ita ... si, in a limiting sense (= ita demum si), ‘only so far as.’ Cp. xi. 3, 130 ambulantem loqui ita demum oportet si in causis publicis, &c. In Brut. 175 §195 Cicero has cum _ita_ heres institutus esset _si_ pupillus ante mortuus esset. In this restrictive sense ita is more commonly followed by ut (Verr. iv. §150): sometimes by _cum_ (Brut. §222). In Top. §44 we have agens de eo qui testamento _sic_ heredem instituisset ut si filius natus esset, &c.

locuti sumus, i.e. in §§5-7.

quod ... non habet: cp. §11 usus inrationalis, where there is no consciousness of method.

in ratione versetur = arte, artis et rationis praeceptis contineatur. Though mechanical, through habit it should be based on method and rational principle.

nisi qui &c. Cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §48 Sin oratoris nihil vis esse nisi _composite_ _ornate_ _copiose_ loqui, &c. The first refers to _collocatio_, the second to _elocutio_, and the third to _inventio_.

tumultuari, to ‘rant.’ Cp. vii. pr. §3 oratio carens hac virtute (sc. ordine) tumultuetur necesse est: ii. 12, 11 cum interim non actores modo aliquos invenias, sed, quod est turpius, praeceptores etiam qui brevem dicendi exercitationem consecuti omissa ratione, ut tulit impetus, passim tumultuentur, eosque qui plus honoris litteris tribuerunt ineptos et ieiunos et tepidos et infirmos, ut quodque verbum contumeliosissimum occurrit, appellent.

VII:13 Nec fortuiti sermonis contextum mirabor umquam, quem iurgantibus etiam mulierculis superfluere video, cum eo quod, si calor ac spiritus tulit, frequenter accidit ut successum extemporalem consequi cura non possit.

§ 13. fortuiti sermonis, ‘random talk.’

contextum = continuam orationem, cp. §26. The word denotes mere continuity of speech, a mere train of words.

superfluere video: see Crit. Notes.

cum eo quod, ‘with this consideration that,’ connects in a loose manner with what goes before: ‘and this I say with the addition that,’ &c. The usual explanation is ‘with the exception or limitation that,’ &c.: so Günther ‘postquam sese mirari nunquam fortuiti sermonis contextum dixit, hoc enuntiato a “cum eo quod” pendente orationi moderatur et concedit frequenter, si calor ac spiritus tulerit, curam consequi non posse successum extemporalem’: cp. Cic. ad Att. vi. 1, §4 sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis, sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat. But Quintilian is not ‘taking back’ what he has said in ‘nec mirabor’: he is going on to add what is really an independent statement. Other uses of _cum eo quod_ occur ii. 4, 30 cum eo quidem, quod vix ullus est tam communis locus, qui possit cohaerere cum causa nisi aliquo propriae quaestionis circulo copulatus: xii. 10, 47 cum eo quod, si non ad luxuriam ac libidinem referas, eadem speciosiora quoque sint quae honestiora. See Introd. p. liii.

spiritus: see on 1 §27.

tulit. For _ferre_ used absolutely: cp. 3 §7 si feret flatus, and such phrases as ‘si occasio tulerit.’ Krüger supplies _aliquem_, comparing 1 §110.—For the perfect, used like the Greek aorist to denote repeated occurrence, cp. refrixit 3 §6, and accessit ... restitit §14 below.

ut ... possit—that the success of such impromptu speaking is not attained by study and premeditation (cura).

VII:14 Deum tunc adfuisse, cum id evenisset, veteres oratores, ut Cicero, dictitabant. Sed ratio manifesta est. Nam bene concepti adfectus et recentes rerum imagines continuo impetu feruntur, quae nonnumquam mora stili refrigescunt et dilatae non revertuntur. Utique vero, 176 cum infelix illa verborum cavillatio accessit et cursus ad singula vestigia restitit, non potest ferri contorta vis; sed, ut optime vocum singularum cedat electio, non continua sed composita est.

§ 14. ut Cicero. No such saying can be found in Cicero’s extant works: cp. however de Orat. i. §202. For the reading see Crit. Notes.

ratio manifesta est: cp. 5 §3.

bene concepti adfectus, ‘emotion profoundly felt’: v. on §15 and cp. vi. 2, 30 has (imagines rerum) quisquis bene conceperit is erit in adfectibus potentissimus.

recentes rerum imagines: ‘fresh,’ ‘vivid’ conceptions, or ideas: a lively imagination.

continuo impetu feruntur: ‘sweep along in uninterrupted course.’

refrigescunt, cp. 3 §6, and §33.

utique: see on 1 §20.

176 infelix ... verborum cavillatio: of the morbid carping self-criticism spoken of in 3 §10: 1 §115. For _infelix_ see on 1 §7.

non potest ferri contorta vis: ‘there can be no energy in the swing,’ a figure taken from the discharge of missile weapons, such as the sling and the javelin. _Vis contorta fertur_ = the _vis_ (of the speech) is ‘whirled and sped onward’: for _ferri_ cp. ix. 4, 112 oratio quae ferri debet et fluere. For the whole expression cp. Cic. Orator §234 Demosthenes! cuius non tam vibrarent fulmina illa, nisi numeris contorta ferrentur, (Quint. ix. 4, 55,) where _contorquere_ describes the whirling action which imparts to the missile that rotating movement by which (as with our rifled guns) it is made more certain to hit the mark: see Sandys ad loc. Quintilian has a similar figure in ix. 4, 9 mihi compositione velut amentis quibusdam nervisve intendi et concitari sententiae videntur.

ut = though.

continua ... composita, ‘the style is not all of one pattern, but rather a patchwork,’—it does not flow on spontaneously, but is elaborately put together. The subject _oratio_ must be supplied out of the context: cp. §26, and 1 §§7 and 29. Becher renders ‘nicht aus ganzem Holze (geschnitten) sondern geleimt,’—not all of one piece but glued together: and compares ‘corpora continua’ and ‘composita’ in Sen. Epist. xvii. 2, 6 (102),—‘organisms’ and mechanical fabrics.

VII:15 Quare capiendae sunt illae, de quibus dixi, rerum imagines, quas vocari φαντασίας indicavimus, omniaque, de quibus dicturi erimus, personae, quaestiones, spes, metus, habenda in oculis, in adfectus recipienda; pectus est enim, quod disertos facit, et vis mentis. Ideoque imperitis quoque, si modo sunt aliquo adfectu concitati, verba non desunt.

§ 15. de quibus dixi. Cp. vi. 2, 29 Quas φαντασίας Graeci vocant (nos sane visiones appellemus) per quas imagines rerum absentium ita repraesentantur animo ut eas cernere oculis ac praesentes habere videamur, has quisquis bene conceperit is erit in adfectibus potentissimus. So of the creations of the painter’s fancy, xii. 10, 6 concipiendis visionibus, quas φαντασίας vocant, praestantissimus Theon Samius.

dicturi erimus. The careful selection of the tense is to be noted: cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §223 eorum apud quos aliquid aget aut erit acturus mentes sensusque degustet, where _agit_ is contemporaneous with _degustet_, while _erit acturus_ is regarded as still future.—There is negligence in the juxtaposition of _dixi_ and _dicturi erimus_.

in adfectus recipienda, sc. that emotions may thereby be excited which shall find expression in what we say. The intensity of these emotions will depend on the vividness of the images in the mind.

pectus: ‘feeling.’ The sentence is carefully arranged: besides the chiasmus above (_habenda in oculis_, _in adfectus recipienda_) _pectus_ now takes up _in adfectus recipienda_, while vis mentis refers to _habenda in oculis_, and denotes accordingly force or clearness of conception.

VII:16 Tum intendendus animus, non in aliquam rem unam, sed in plures simul continuas, ut si per aliquam rectam viam mittamus oculos simul omnia quae sunt in ea circaque intuemur, non ultimum tantum videmus, sed usque 177 ad ultimum. Addit ad dicendum etiam pudor stimulos, mirumque videri potest quod, cum stilus secreto gaudeat atque omnes arbitros reformidet, extemporalis actio auditorum frequentia, ut miles congestu signorum, excitatur.

§ 16. Tum, if allowed to stand (see Crit. Notes), does not introduce a help to oratory, like _pectus_ above (cp. si modo sunt aliquo adfectu concitati), and addit ad dicendum etiam _pudor_ stimulos in the following sentence. The words from _pectus est enim_ to _verba non desunt_ form a parenthesis, and _tum intendendus_ resumes the previous recommendation, _omniaque de quibus dicturi erimus ... recipienda_. This is clear from the correspondence of participles, _capiendae_ ... _habenda_ ... _recipienda_ ... _intendendus_.

continuas, here of things that ‘hang together’: tr. ‘in an orderly sequence.’

circa, ‘on either side.’

177 pudor = ‘amour-propre,’ sense of honour as (possibly) to be compromised by failure.

stilus secreto: 3 §23 sq.

congestu signorum: the ‘crowded standards,’—of the moment when the legion is about to advance, and the standard of every company is set in motion at the same time. This is better than to take it of the assembling of the standard-bearers with their ensigns round the general’s tribunal, while he addresses the army on the eve of battle.

VII:17 Namque et difficiliorem cogitationem exprimit et expellit dicendi necessitas, et secundos impetus auget placendi cupido. Adeo pretium omnia spectant ut eloquentia quoque, quamquam plurimum habeat in se voluptatis, maxime tamen praesenti fructu laudis opinionisque ducatur.

§ 17. difficiliorem: thought that labours, is slow to find utterance.

expellit, stronger than _exprimit_: cp. 3 §6.

secundos impetus, ‘the favourable glow,’—the ‘élan’ so helpful for the expression of thought.

pretium, like _praemium_ in a parallel passage, Tac. Dial. 36: ita ad summa eloquentiae praemia magna etiam necessitas accedebat, et quo modo disertum haberi pulchrum et gloriosum sic contra mutum et elinguem videri deforme habebatur.

quamquam, with subj. 1 §33.

opinionis, ‘reputation,’ the favourable estimate which others form of us: see on 5 §18 and cp. §24 below: Cic. pro Arch. §26. Introd. p. xliv.

VII:18 Nec quisquam tantum fidat ingenio ut id sibi speret incipienti statim posse contingere, sed, sicut in cogitatione praecepimus, ita facilitatem quoque extemporalem a parvis initiis paulatim perducemus ad summam, quae neque perfici neque contineri nisi usu potest.

§ 18. id, i.e. ut ex tempore dicere possit: the faculty of improvisation.

praecepimus: 6 §3.

contineri, 6 §3 augenda vis et exercitatione multa continenda est.

VII:19 Ceterum pervenire eo debet ut cogitatio non utique melior sit ea, sed tutior, cum hanc facilitatem non in prosa modo multi sint consecuti, sed etiam in carmine, ut Antipater Sidonius et Licinius Archias (credendum enim Ciceroni est)— non quia 178 nostris quoque temporibus non et fecerint quidam hoc et faciant. Quod tamen non ipsum tam probabile puto (neque enim habet aut usum res aut necessitatem) quam exhortandis in hanc spem, qui foro praeparantur, utile exemplum.

§ 19. debet. The subject which the editors generally say is to be supplied is ‘facilitas extemporalis’: cp. 6 §4. But Becher is probably right in supplying a personal subject (as 1 §7: 2 §24: 7 §§4, 25),—‘the orator,’ ‘the budding rhetorician,’ or even τις: cp. nec quisquam.* If _extemporalis facilitas_ were the subject of the sentence, _ipsa_ would have been expected instead of _ea_. See Critical Notes.* recte: _nec quisquam fidat_, _above_.

non utique: ‘not of course,’ ‘not necessarily.’ See on 1 §20: cp. xii. 2, 18.

in prosa: see on 1 §81.

Antipater of Sidon, an Alexandrine poet, cir. B.C. 135. Cic. de Orat. iii. §194 quod si Antipater ille Sidonius ... solitus est versus hexametros aliosque variis modis atque numeris fundere ex tempore, tantumque hominis ingeniosi ac memoris valuit exercitatio ut, cum se mente ac voluntate coniecisset in versum, verba sequerentur, quanto id facilius in oratione, exercitatione et consuetudine adhibita, consequemur!

Archias. Cic. pro Arch. 8 §18 quotiens ego hunc vidi, cum litteram scripsisset nullam, magnum numerum optimorum versuum de iis ipsis rebus quae tum agerentur dicere ex tempore.

non quia ... non. For the subjunctive, see Introd. p. liv: cp. §31, below. 178 Becher rightly explains (Bursian’s Jahresb.) that _credendum enim Ciceroni est_ is to be bracketed as a parenthesis of the writer’s to Antipater Sidonius and Licinias Archias,—examples which give the motive for the half apology _non quia_, &c. Tr. ‘though I do not wish to be understood to mean that,’ &c. Others explain the sentence as elliptical: ‘I do not quote Cicero’s authority because we have not abundant examples in our own times, but because his authority, at any rate, will be unquestioned,’ Frieze.

quidam. Hild thinks the reference must be particularly to Statius: Silv. 1 pr. hos libellos qui mihi subito calore et quadam festinandi voluptate fluxerunt: and iii. pr. libellos ... subito natos. Possibly also to Remmius Palaemon, the teacher of Quintilian: Suet. Gram. 23 poemata faciebat ex tempore.

quod ... ipsum. ‘This accomplishment in itself,’ viz. facilitas ex tempore carmina fingendi.

in hanc spem = huius in rei spem. Cp. 3 §2 sine hac conscientia.

VII:20 Neque vero tanta esse umquam _debet_ fiducia facilitatis ut non breve saltem tempus, quod nusquam fere deerit, ad ea quae dicturi sumus dispicienda sumamus, quod quidem in iudiciis ac foro datur semper; neque enim quisquam est qui causam quam non didicerit agat.

§ 20. non ... saltem: see on 2 §15.

didicerit. In acquainting himself with the facts of a case, and considering (however briefly) the principles applicable to it, the judicial pleader has always some little time to think over his speech.

VII:21 Declamatores quosdam perversa ducit ambitio ut exposita controversia protinus dicere velint, quin etiam, quod est in primis frivolum ac scaenicum, verbum petant quo incipiant. Sed tam contumeliosos in se ridet invicem eloquentia, et qui stultis videri eruditi volunt, stulti eruditis videntur.

§ 21. Declamatores: see on 1 §71.

ambitio: see Introd. p. xliv.

exposita controversia, ‘as soon as the question is stated.’

frivolum, ‘in bad taste,’ a word characteristic of the Silver Age.

scaenicum, ‘theatrical.’ On the stage, actors often start off with such a ‘cue.’ Cp. i. 11, 3 plurimum ... aberit a scaenico: xi. 3, 57 modulatio scaenica: ib. §123 nam et complodere manus scaenicum est et pectus caedere. We may also recall ‘nedum ille scaenicus (Nero)’: Tac. Ann. xv. 59.

VII:22 Si qua tamen fortuna tam subitam fecerit agendi necessitatem, mobiliore quodam opus erit ingenio, et vis omnis intendenda rebus et in praesentia remittendum aliquid ex cura verborum, si consequi utrumque non dabitur. Tum et tardior pronuntiatio moras habet et suspensa ac velut dubitans oratio, ut tamen deliberare, non 179 haesitare videamur.

§ 22. vis omnis intendenda rebus. Cp. Cato’s golden rule for the speaker, rem tene verba sequentur: Cic. de Orat. ii. §146: iii. §125: Hor. A. P. 311.

non dabitur, cp. §29: Verg. Aen. i. 408 cur dextrae iungere dextram non datur?

tardior pronuntiatio. The opposite is _citata_ xi. 3, 111 aliis locis citata aliis pressa conveniet pronuntiatio.

habet, ‘secures.’ Krüger (3rd ed.) would prefer to read _habebit_.

suspensa ... dubitans: a ‘slow and undecided style of speaking,’ in which one is, as it were, feeling one’s way. Tac. Ann. i. 11 of Tiberius, suspensa semper et obscura verba.

179

VII:23 Hoc, dum egredimur e portu, si nos nondum aptatis satis armamentis aget ventus; deinde paulatim simul euntes aptabimus vela et disponemus rudentes et impleri sinus optabimus. Id potius quam se inani verborum torrenti dare quasi tempestatibus quo volent auferendum.

§ 23. hoc, sc. fieri potest. For the ellipse cp. vi. 4, 10 hoc, dum ordo est et pudor: xi. 1, 76 hoc et apud eos.

dum egredimur, &c. As in §1 the simile takes the place of the main thought without any word of introduction: cp. athleta 1 §4.

simul. The juxtaposition of _simul_ and _euntes_ reminds us of the Greek constr. of ἅμα with a participle = ἅμα πορευόμενοι.

aptabimus ... optabimus. The assonance is surely an example of Quintilian’s negligent style, rather than (as Krüger thinks) an intentional pun. So _aptatis ... aptabimus_, in this passage.

VII:24 Sed non minore studio continetur haec facultas quam paratur. Ars enim semel percepta non labitur, stilus quoque intermissione paulum admodum de celeritate deperdit: promptum hoc et in expedito positum exercitatione sola continetur. Hac uti sic optimum est ut cotidie dicamus audientibus pluribus, maxime de quorum simus iudicio atque opinione solliciti; rarum est enim ut satis se quisque vereatur. Vel soli tamen dicamus potius quam non omnino dicamus.

§ 24. ars: cp. on §7.

non labitur. The sense is clear, though the reading is very uncertain: ‘la connaissance théorique une fois acquise ne se perd pas,’ Hild, who suspects that _animo_ or _mente_ has fallen out. Cp. de Orat. ii. §109 ante enim praeterlabitur (sc. definitio) quam percepta est. _Labi_ by itself well expresses the gradual ‘oozing away’ of anything from the mind. Verg. Ecl. i. 63 quam nostro illius labatur pectore vultus. It might however be preferable to read _nunquam_ instead of _non_. See Crit. Notes.

deperdit. Cic. Verr. ii. 2, 30 ut ne quid de libertate deperderit.

promptum hoc et in expedito positum: ‘this promptitude and readiness for action.’ The neuter of the adj. and the part. are used along with the demonstrative in place of abstract nouns, in which Latin is not strong. Cp. Livy vii. 8, 5 diu non perlitatum tenuerat dictatorem: Tac. Ann. iii. 80 Capito insignitior infamia fuit quod ... egregium publicum et bonas domi artes dehonestavisset; v. Nägelsbach, Lat. Stil. p. 98 sq. and 140 sq.: Introd. p. xlviii.

rarum est ut = raro fit ut. Cp. primum est ut 2 §18.

non omnino. The adverb strengthens the negative (cp. οὐ πάνυ), instead of the negative being employed for the negation of the adverb. So often _prorsus_ and _sane_.

VII:25 Est alia exercitatio cogitandi 180 totasque materias vel silentio (dum tamen quasi dicat intra se ipsum) persequendi, quae nullo non et tempore et loco, quando non aliud agimus, explicari potest, et est in parte utilior quam haec proxima;

§ 25. est alia exercitatio cogitandi ... persequendi. There is a similar transition at ix. 2, 57 est alia non quidem reticentia. The sequence of thought is as follows: the best method of acquiring and maintaining the _facultas ex tempore dicendi_ is to discourse daily before competent hearers: if that is not possible _soli tamen dicamus_; this is better than not speaking at all. There is another _exercitatio_ (i.e. as a help to keeping up the _facultas ex tempore dicendi_), viz. the going over our subject-matter in silent thought, as we can do always and everywhere. _Cogitandi_ and _persequendi_ are genitives of definition, or epexegetic genitives standing in the place of appositional infinitives): cp. exitus mortis, τέλος θανάτοιο, and (cited by Krüger) Cic. de Fin. iii. 14, 45 denique ipsum bonum quod in eo positum est ut naturae consentiat, crescendi accessionem ( = accessionem quae fit crescendo) nullam habet: de Orat. 1 §90 quod consuetudo exercitatioque et intellegendi prudentiam (= prudentiam quae cernitur in intellegendo, or prudentiam ad intellegendum) acueret et eloquendi celeritatem incitaret. With 180 exercitatio, supply ‘continendi facultatem ex tempore dicendi.’

totasque materias ... persequendi: cp. 5 §21 per totas ire materias.

tamen: i.e. even though it be _silentio_.

dicat. Again the subject (sc. orator) is to be supplied out of the context. Cp. 1 §7.

explicari potest: ‘can have full scope given to it,’ an exercise in which we can indulge freely.

in parte, often in Quintilian. See on 1 §88.

haec proxima: viz. that recommended in §24 ut cotidie dicamus audientibus pluribus: to which _illa_ and _prior_ in §26 refer.

VII:26 diligentius enim componitur quam illa, in qua contextum dicendi intermittere veremur. Rursus in alia plus prior confert, vocis firmitatem, oris facilitatem, motum corporis, qui et ipse, ut dixi, excitat oratorem et iactatione manus, pedis supplosione, sicut cauda leones facere dicuntur, hortatur.

§ 26. diligentius enim componitur quam illa: ‘it (i.e. discourse thus premeditated) is more accurately put together.’ The grammatical subject of _componitur_ is _exercitatio cogitandi_, &c., but the verb is chosen with reference to the train of thought which the mind is exercised in pursuing. The virtual subject is thus rather _oratio quam cogitando persequimur_, or _tacita oratio_ (as shown by _dum tamen quasi dicat intra se ipsum_). _Illa_ (like _proxima_) refers to the practice of extempore speaking, either alone or in the presence of others. Grammatically the _exercitatio_ of §24 must be understood along with it: logically the _oratio_ which is the result of that _exercitatio_.—Krüger (3rd ed.) takes _componitur_ as used impersonally, but that would seem to be impossible without some reference to _exercitatio cogitandi_. The sentence, though grammatically awkward, is quite consistent with Quintilian’s loose style of writing, so that there seems no necessity for such a device about _componitur_, or for Gertz’s conjecture _in illa_: see Crit. Notes.

contextum dicendi: cp. §13.

veremur, with infin. as 1 §101, and even in Cicero: cp. the striking instance de Fin. ii. §39 quos non est veritum in ... voluptate ... summum bonum ponere.

Rursus, ‘on the other hand.’

in alia ... confert. See on 1 §1 for the constr. of _conferre_ (συμφέρειν): cp. 5 §11 in hoc facient.

prior, viz. speaking.

firmitatem. In such enumerations Quintilian does not repeat the prep.: cp. 2 §16.

oris facilitatem = ‘ease of utterance.’

ut dixi, 3 §21.

pedis supplosione. Cp. xi. 3, 128 pedis supplosio ut loco est opportuna, ut ait Cicero, in contentionibus aut incipiendis aut finiendis, ita crebra et inepti est hominis et desinit iudicem in se convertere: Sen. Epist. 75 §2: Cic. Brut. §141.

sicut cauda leones. Hom. Il. xx. 170 οὐρῇ δὲ πλευράς τε καὶ ἰσχία ἀμφοτέρωθεν Μαστίεται, ἑὲ δ᾽ αὐτὸν ἐποτρύνει μαχέσασθαι: Hesiod, Shield of Herc. 430 γλαυκιόων δ᾽ ὄσσοις δεινὸν πλευράς τε καὶ ὤμους οὐρῇ μαστιόων ποσσὶ γλάφει. Plin. Nat. Hist. viii. 16, 19 leonum animi index cauda ... immota ergo placido, clemens blandienti, quod rarum est: crebrior enim iracundia, eius in principio terra verberatur, incremento terga ceu quodam incitamento flagellantur.

studendum, 3 §29. Cp. note on _studiosis_ 1 §45.

VII:27 Studendum vero semper et ubique. Neque enim fere tam est ullus dies occupatus, ut nihil lucrativae, ut Cicero Brutum facere tradit, 181 operae ad scribendum aut legendum aut dicendum rapi aliquo momento temporis possit: siquidem C. Carbo etiam in tabernaculo solebat hac uti exercitatione dicendi.

§ 27. tam est ... occupatus. The order supports the traditional reading at 1 §83, where see note.

lucrativae operae. Cic. ad Att. vii. 11, 1 unam mehercule tecum apricationem in illo lucrativo tuo sole malim quam omnia istius modi regna: Fronto, ad Anton. imp. 2, 2 lucrativa tua in tantis negotiis tempora. Tr. ‘a few precious moments’: 181 _lucrativa opera_ means an occupation which profitably occupies our spare time. The adjective is properly a legal term, applied to things acquired by gift or bequest: e.g. species possessionis Gai. 2, 56: usucapio 2, 60: adquisitio Ulp. Dig. xliv. 4, 4, 31. Krüger refers to the special meaning of _lucrum_, ‘an unexpected gain’: Hor. Car. i. 9, 14 quem fors dierum cumque dabit, lucro adpone. Spalding says: “_operam lucrativam_ a Qu. dici potuisse censeo quidquid operae iniunctis et necessariis laboribus negotiisque velut surriperetur et dilectis studiis accederet.” Cp. i. 12, 13 quibus potius studiis haec temporum velut subsiciva donabimus? Cic. de Orat. ii. 364 quae cursim adripui, quae subsicivis operis, ut aiunt.

Cicero. The reference seems to be to the remark addressed to Brutus in the Orator §34 iam quantum illud est quod in maximis occupationibus numquam intermittis studia doctrinae, semper aut ipse scribis aliquid aut me vocas ad scribendum. So in the Brutus §332 he praises his _perennia studia_, and §22 his _singularis industria_. Cp. Plutarch, Brutus, §4 and §36. See Crit. Notes.

siquidem, see on §2, above.

C. Carbo. In the Brutus §§103-105 Cicero eulogises his eloquence and industry: industrium etiam et diligentem et in exercitationibus commentationibusque multum operae solitum esse ponere: cp. de Orat. i. §154.—Carbo, who had originally been a supporter of Ti. Gracchus, but had afterwards gone over to the optimates, became consul in B.C. 120; and it was in connection with his prosecution in the year following, on some charge not distinctly specified, that Crassus made his first public appearance. Carbo was driven to commit suicide.

VII:28 Ne id quidem tacendum est, quod eidem Ciceroni placet, nullum nostrum usquam neglegentem esse sermonem: quidquid loquemur ubicumque, sit pro sua scilicet portione perfectum. Scribendum certe numquam est magis quam cum multa dicemus ex tempore. Ita enim servabitur pondus et innatans illa verborum facilitas in altum reducetur, sicut rustici proximas vitis radices amputant, quae illam in summum solum ducunt, ut inferiores penitus descendendo firmentur.

§ 28. Ciceroni. The reference cannot be traced.

ubicumque: see on 1 §5.

pondus, ‘solidity.’

innatans, sc. in superficie: ‘floating’ and so ‘superficial.’ Cp. vii. 1, 44 haec velut innatantia videbunt: Persius i. 104-5 summa delumbe saliva Hoc natat in labris, where Conington cites Gell. i. 15 qui nullo rerum pondere innixi verbis humidis et lapsantibus diffluunt, eorum orationem bene existimatum est _in ore nasci_ non in pectore: so 3 §2 verba in labris nascentia, where see note.

in altum reducetur = in profundum, giving the antithesis to the figure (‘the shallows’) involved in _innatans_. Tr. ‘will gain in depth.’ For such combinations of the prep. with the acc. or abl. neuter of adj. see Introd. p. xlvii.

proximas, the uppermost roots, which protrude from the surface of the ground. By paring these away, the taproots (inferiores) are forced to strike deeper.

VII:29 Ac nescio an si utrumque cum cura et studio fecerimus, invicem prosit, ut scribendo dicamus diligentius, dicendo scribamus facilius. Scribendum ergo quotiens licebit; 182 si id non dabitur, cogitandum; ab utroque exclusi debent tamen _sic d_icere ut neque deprehensus orator neque litigator destitutus esse videatur.

§ 29. nescio an = fortasse, as at 6 §1; see on 1 §65. Tr. ‘and I rather think that there is this reciprocal advantage, viz. that,’ &c.

utrumque, i.e. dicere and scribere, both in the way of _exercitatio_.

Scribendum ergo, &c. This is Quintilian’s summing up. If the advocate has time to elaborate his speech in writing, that is best (as a rule); if writing is impossible, he must have recourse to cogitatio (ch. vi). If there is time for neither the one nor the other, the discipline which 182 is being recommended ought nevertheless (_tamen_, i.e. in spite of the fact that there has been no opportunity for either writing or reflection) to enable him to “speak in such a way that no one will think either that the pleader has been taken aback or that the client has been left in the lurch.” The emendation _sic dicere_, which I venture to introduce in the text (see Crit. Notes), seems in harmony not only with the tradition of the MSS. but also with the whole context. There is the same sequence immediately below (§30) _scribant ... cogitatione complectantur ... subitis extempore occurrant_. The busy advocate will make use of all three methods: but in most cases writing, according to Quintilian, is to be recommended, and, failing it, meditation,—not that the latter is better than off-hand speech, but safer (tutior §19). Lastly, even such _subitae necessitates_ as are referred to in §2 ought to find the advocate prepared to make a creditable extempore appearance: cp. §4 neque ego hoc ago ut extempore dicere malit sed ut possit.

deprehensus: cp. xii. 9, 20: Seneca Ep. xi. 1 non enim ex praeparato locutus est, sed subito deprehensus.

VII:30 Plerumque autem multa agentibus accidit ut maxime necessaria et utique initia scribant, cetera, quae domo adferunt, cogitatione complectantur, subitis ex tempore occurrant; quod fecisse M. Tullium commentariis ipsius apparet. Sed feruntur aliorum quoque et inventi forte, ut eos dicturus quisque composuerat, et in libros digesti, ut causarum, quae sunt actae a Servio Sulpicio, cuius tres orationes extant; sed hi de quibus loquor commentarii ita sunt exacti ut ab ipso mihi in memoriam posteritatis videantur esse compositi.

§ 30. utique, ‘especially,’ or ‘at all events’: see on 1 §20.

domo adferunt: cp. 6 §6.

subitis: ‘emergencies,’ unforeseen developments, e.g. questions and objections by the other side. Cp. Plin. Ep. iii. 9, 16 vir exercitatus et quamlibet subitis paratus.

commentariis: ‘note-books,’ memoranda containing jottings, outlines, &c. Cp. iv. 1, 69.

feruntur: see note on ferebantur 1 §23.

et ... et = ‘some ... others.’ In the one case the actual jottings have been found, just as they were originally set down for the guidance of the speaker: in the other they have been put together in book form, for the benefit of later readers.

causarum: sc. commentarii: outlines of cases.

Servio Sulpicio: see on 1 §116. He left only three written speeches, but his friends had edited his notes of the numerous cases in which he had appeared.

hi. The memoranda, as opposed to the finished speeches (orationes).

exacti: see on 2 §14.

in memoriam posteritatis: see on 1 §31.

VII:31 Nam Ciceronis ad praesens modo tempus aptatos libertus Tiro contraxit: quos non ideo excuso quia non 183 probem, sed ut sint magis admirabiles. In hoc genere prorsus recipio hanc brevem adnotationem libellosque, qui vel manu teneantur et ad quos interim respicere fas sit.

§ 31. Nam: see on 1 §12. The meaning is as follows: I make special mention of the finished character of Sulpicius’s outline speeches, as written out by himself: for in Cicero’s case it is different: his commentarii ‘non sunt ab ipso compositi in memoriam posteritatis.’ Moreover they are not now in their original form: by Cicero they were prepared only for the occasion (ad praesens tempus aptati), and were afterwards abridged (contraxit) by Tiro. But even in this shorter form they are of great value.

contraxit, ‘abbreviated.’ The context shows, on the whole, that this is the proper sense to attach to this word. Sulpicius’s memoranda had been put together (in libros digesti) by his friends, but so finished are they that one might think he had intended them to survive. This gives 183 two points of contrast with Cicero. The first (cp. _exacti_ with _ad praesens modo tempus aptatos_) would hardly be enough by itself, as Quintilian rather insinuates than asserts that Sulpicius intended his jottings to go down to posterity: the second is that in Cicero’s case we have his sketches in a still briefer form than that in which they were originally composed. The contrast would not be so striking if _contraxit_ were practically synonymous with _in libros digesti_. Becher is strongly, however, in favour of _contraxit_ = collected: cp. Tac. Dial. 37.—For Tiro see esp. Teuffel’s Rom. Lit. §178.

quos ... probem. The meaning is this: I do not make this apology or explanation (excuso) as to the character of Tiro’s abridgment of Cicero’s memoranda, compared with the studied elaboration of Sulpicius, with any idea of implying inferiority, but in order that—even in their present form—they may excite even greater admiration of Cicero’s genius.—Quintilian is conscious that in giving prominence to the two points of contrast in regard to Cicero’s remains, as compared with those of Sulpicius, he may be in danger of being misunderstood.—For _non quia_ with subj. cp. §19 above: Introd. p. liv.

In hoc genere, i.e. in this _extemporalis actio_. The opposite is ‘in his quae scripserimus’ §32.

recipio: ‘I allow, admit,’ δέχομαι: cp. Cic. de Off. iii. §119 non recipit istam coniunctionem honestas, aspernatur repellit: Introd. p. xliii.

hanc seems to indicate what was a common practice in Quintilian’s time.

VII:32 Illud quod Laenas praecipit displicet mihi, _et_ in his quae scripserimus velut summas in commentarium et capita conferre. Facit enim ediscendi neglegentiam haec ipsa fiducia et lacerat ac deformat orationem. Ego autem ne scribendum quidem puto quod _non_ simus memoria persecuturi; nam hic quoque accidit ut revocet 184 nos cogitatio ad illa elaborata nec sinat praesentem fortunam experiri.

§ 32. Laenas, Popilius, a rhetorician who flourished under Tiberius. He is mentioned as a contemporary of Cornelius Celsus, iii. 1, 21 and xi. 3, 183.

et in his quae scripserimus. See Crit. Notes. The reference obviously is to speeches carefully written out before delivery, (contrast _in hoc genere_ above, of the extempore kind). Quintilian says that he cannot approve of Laenas’s recommendation that, after we have written out a speech in this way, we should proceed to prepare an abstract. Dependence on this abstract will make us careless about learning off what we have written, and this will check the flow of our eloquence, and mar and disfigure our discourse. Iwan Müller points out that in the sentence _in his quae scripserimus ... conferre_, Quintilian is probably quoting from some rhetorical treatise of Laenas.

velut summas in ... conferre. The reading is very uncertain: see Crit. Notes for Kiderlin’s proposed emendation. The text may be rendered ‘to enter in a notebook arranged according to heads the essence, as it were,’ of what we have written, the genitive required by _summas_ being supplied out of _in his quae scripserimus_. Cp. Cic. Brut. §164 non est oratio sed quasi capita rerum et orationis commentarium paulo plenius.

haec ... fiducia. See on 3 §2 hac conscientia.

ne ... quidem: ‘neither should we.’ There is no climax here: like οὐδέ the particles _ne ... quidem_ are often used, as Madvig pointed out, ‘ubi sine ullo orationis descensu aut gradatione negativi aliquid adiungitur superioribus simile’ (see 3rd excursus to de Fin. pp. 802-3 2nd ed.).

quod non simus. The context makes the reading certain, and also gives the key to the interpretation. We ought not to write out, says Quintilian, what we do not intend to commit perfectly to memory; it would be better to trust to ‘extemporalis facilitas.’ If we do so, he goes on to say, our imperfect recollection of what we have written (illa elaborata) will interfere with the free play of thought.—For _memoria persequi_ cp. Cic. pro Sulla §42.

hic quoque: cp. 6 §§5-7, where it is 184 said of imperfect _premeditation_ (cogitatio) that if it is to make the speaker hesitate between what he has written, but can hardly recall, and the new ideas which the subject might inspire, he would do better to trust wholly to improvisation.

praesentem fortunam: cp. 6 §1 extemporalem fortunam.

VII:33 Sic anceps inter utrumque animus aestuat, cum et scripta perdidit et non quaerit nova. Sed de memoria destinatus est libro proximo locus nec huic parti subiungendus, quia sunt alia prius nobis dicenda. 11 § 33. scripta perdidit, i.e. because he is suffering the consequences of _ediscendi neglegentia_.

non quaerit nova—being too much occupied with the attempt to remember what he had written.

de memoria = disputationi de memoria. See xi. 2.

185 CRITICAL NOTES.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

Bn = codex Bernensis s. x.

Bg = codex Bambergensis s. x.

B = conspirantes lectiones Bernensis et Bambergensis.

G = codicis Bambergensis eae partes quae alia manu suppletae sunt. Introd. p. lviii.

b = manus secunda codicis Bambergensis.

H = codex Harleianus (2664) s. x-xi. Introd. p. lxiv, sqq.

F = codex Florentinus.

T = codex Turicensis.

N = codex Parisinus Nostradamensis s. x-xi.

Ioan. = codex Ioannensis s. xiii.

For the above (with the exception of H and Ioan. and a fresh collation of Bg and G) I have depended on Spalding, Halm, and Meister. In the same way I quote references occasionally to M (codex Monacensis s. xv), S (codex Argentoratensis s. xv), and L (codex Lassbergensis s. xv), the Gothanus, Guelferbytanus, Vossiani, &c.

A collation of the following has kindly been put at my disposal by M. Ch. Fierville, Censeur des études au Lycée Charlemagne (Introd. p. lxi, sqq.):—

Codex Pratensis (Prat.) s. xii.

Codex Puteanus (Put.) s. xiii.

Codex Parisinus (7231) s. xii.

Codex Parisinus (7696) s. xii.

Codex Salmantinus (Sal.) s. xii-xiii.

The readings of the Codex Vallensis (Vall.) are given from Becher’s Programm des königlichen Gymnasiums zu Aurich, Ostern, 1891.

Other 15th cent. MSS., which I have specially collated for this edition, are the following (Introd. p. lxxiii, sqq.):—

Codex Harleianus 2662 (Harl. 2662). The inscription on this codex bears that it was finished 25th Jan., 1434.

Codex Harleianus 11671 (Harl. 11671), bearing date 1467.

Codex Harleianus 4995 (Harl. 4995), dated 5th July, 1470.

Codex Harleianus 4950 (Harl. 4950).

Codex Harleianus 4829 (Harl. 4829).

Codex Burneianus 243 (Burn. 243).

Codex Burneianus 244 (Burn. 244).

Codex Balliolensis (Ball.). This MS. is mutilated, and contains nothing after x. 6, 4: there is moreover a lacuna from ch. ii to iii §26.

Codex Dorvilianus (Dorv.), in the Bodleian at Oxford (codd. man. x. 1, 1, 13).

Codex Bodleianus (Bodl.).

The readings of the Codex Carcassonensis (C—15th cent.) are given from M. Fierville’s collation (De Quintilianeis Codicibus, Paris, 1874).

186