iii. 7 ἐὰν οὖν τὰ μαλακὰ σκληρῶς καὶ

τὰ σκληρὰ μαλακῶς λέγηται ἀπίθανον γίγνεται.

II:20 Atque ego illi praeceptori quem institueram in libro secundo credidi non ea sola docenda esse, ad quae quemque discipulorum natura compositum videret; nam is et adiuvare debet quae in quoque eorum invenit bona, et, quantum fieri potest, adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare; rector enim est alienorum ingeniorum atque formator. Difficilius est naturam suam fingere.

§ 20. atque has in transitions often the force of _atqui_. Tr. ‘To be sure ... I expressed the belief that’ (_credidi_.)

in libro secundo: ch. 8, where he discusses the question, An secundum sui quisque ingenii naturam docendus sit. The conclusion arrived at there might seem inconsistent with what he is now saying, so this paragraph is added to clear away the contradiction.—The sequence of thought is as follows: the teacher must not confine himself to what his pupils have a natural bent for. Besides developing latent talent, he must ‘adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare’: for his office is to mould the minds of others, and that is not so hard. It is more difficult to form one’s own character. But he ought not to waste his pains over what he finds repugnant to the mind of his pupils.

compositum: cp. ii. 8, 7.

naturam suam fingere: i.e. without the help and supervision of a _praeceptor_ to assist in applying such principles as are laid down in §19.

II:21 Sed ne ille quidem doctor, quamquam omnia quae recta sunt velit esse in suis auditoribus quam plenissima, in eo tamen cui naturam obstare viderit laborabit.

Id quoque vitandum, in quo magna pars errat, ne in oratione poetas nobis et historicos, in illis operibus oratores aut declamatores imitandos putemus.

§ 21. quamquam: v. 1 §33 and §96: 7 §17 below.

in illis operibus, sc. in poesi et historia: cp. 1 §31.

declamatores: 1 §71.

II:22 Sua cuique proposito lex, suus decor est: nec comoedia in cothurnos adsurgit, nec contra 133 tragoedia socco ingreditur. Habet tamen omnis eloquentia aliquid commune: id imitemur quod commune est.

§ 22. proposito, i.e. officio poetarum, historicorum, oratorum: cp. ix. 4, 19: xi. 1, 33. See Crit. Notes.

decor, ‘appropriate character’: v. on 1 §27. Quintilian seems to have in view here the passage in Ars Poetica (86-118) where Horace insists on the necessity for maintaining proper tone and style. Cp. esp. 86 Descriptas servare vices operumque colores, and 92 Singula quaeque 133 locum teneant sortita decentem. Cp. also Cicero, de Opt. Gen. Oratorum 1 §1 Itaque et in tragoedia comicum vitiosum est, et in comoedia turpe tragicum: et in ceteris suus est cuique sonus et quaedam intellegentibus vox.

cothurnos ... socco. Hor. A. P. 89-91 Versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult; Indignatur item privatis ac prope socco Dignis carminibus narrari cena Thyestae. In line 80 he contrasts the _soccus_ (κρηπίς) or ‘slipper’ of comedy with the _grandes cothurni_ (‘buskins’) of tragedy. Cp. Milton’s ‘the buskin’d stage,’ and ‘If Jonson’s learned sock be on.’ Bombast must be avoided in comedy, though Interdum tamen et vocem comoedia tollit, Iratusque Chremes tumido delitigat ore (A. P. 93): and tragedy on the other hand should soar above the tone suited to the affairs of daily life (cp. 95 sq.).—For adsurgit cp. 1 §52.

nec ... nec contra: iv. 1, 60 Nec argumentis autem nec locis nec narrationi similis esse in prooemio debet oratio, neque tamen deducta semper atque circumlita, &c.

habet tamen, i.e. notwithstanding the rules appropriate to each department (lex cuique proposita).

omnis eloquentia. For this wide use of the word cp. Tac. Dial. x. Ego vero omnem eloquentiam omnesque eius partes sacras et venerabiles puto: nec solum cothurnum vestrum aut heroici carminis sonum, sed lyricorum quoque iucunditatem et elegorum lascivias et iamborum amaritudinem et epigrammatum lusus et quamcumque aliam speciem eloquentia habeat, anteponendam ceteris aliarum artium studiis credo. For _oratoria eloquentia_ on the other hand see cap. vi. and _passim_.

II:23 Etiam hoc solet incommodi accidere iis qui se uni alicui generi dediderunt, ut, si asperitas iis placuit alicuius, hanc etiam in leni ac remisso causarum genere non exuant; si tenuitas aut iucunditas, in asperis gravibusque causis ponderi rerum parum respondeant: 134 cum sit diversa non causarum modo inter ipsas condicio, sed in singulis etiam causis partium, sintque alia leniter alia aspere, alia concitate alia remisse, alia docendi alia movendi gratia dicenda; quorum omnium dissimilis atque diversa inter se ratio est.

§ 23. uni alicui: cp. §24 below, also in reverse order 7 §16 aliquam rem unam. It is used as the singular of _singuli_.

asperitas, ‘passion,’ opp. to _lenitas_ and _aequabilitas_. Cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. 64 genus orationis fusum atque tractum (‘easy and flowing’) et cum lenitate quadam aequabili profluens sine hac iudiciali asperitate et sine sententiarum forensibus aculeis: Quint. i. 8, 11 forensi asperitate: cp. 5 §14 below. The same antithesis is given in other words Orat. §53 Elaborant alii in lenitate et aequabilitate et puro quasi quodam et candido genere dicendi; ecce aliqui duritatem et severitatem quandam in verbis et orationis quasi maestitiam sequuntur. Cp. de Orat. iii. 7, 28 Gravitatem Africanus, lenitatem Laelius, asperitatem Galba, profluens quiddam habuit Carbo et canorum.

alicuius, ‘some particular author’: for the use of the full form in a conditional clause, whereby the pronoun receives emphasis, cp. 1 §22, §130: 6 §5: 7 §2, §15, §16.

leni ac remisso, cp. on forte (sc. ingenium) §19, above. So Brutus §317 Cotta et Hortensius, quorum alter remissus et lenis et propriis verbis comprehendens solute et facile sententiam, alter ornatus, acer, ... verborum et actionis genere commotior: de Orat. ii. 95 dicendi molliora ac remissiora genera.

tenuitas: like subtilitas in §19 above, amore subtilitatis vim suam perdat: cp. 12, 2, 13 sectas ad tenuitatem suam vires ipsa subtilitate consumet. In conjunction with _iucunditas_ (cp. 1 §§46, 64, 82, 96, 101, 113) it is certainly not used in a depreciatory sense, though it always implies the absence of all attempt at embellishment. Ernesti (Clav. Cic.) says: corporis est _tenuitas_, cum sucus ei et carnis copia deest, cum sit sanum: unde ad dicendi genus subtile transfertur, quod sine vitiis est, _sed et sine ornamentis_. Tr. ‘simplicity,’ ‘naturalness’: cp. 1 §44. Perhaps _tenuitas_ and _iucunditas_ together might be rendered ‘artless grace,’ which does not suffice where _gravitas_ or even _asperitas_ orationis is called for. See Crit. Notes.

asperis: ‘exciting’ causes, i.e. such as arouse passion, so that the speaker cannot be _lenis ac remissus_, ‘smooth and unimpassioned.’

134 cum sit: cp. §13.

diversa ... diversa: an instance of negligent repetition, of which we have another in _uni alicui_ immediately following. Cp. 1 §§8, 9, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 42, 80, 94, 116, 126, 131: 2 §§11-13, 24: 3 §§7, 21: 5 §§6, 7: 6 §7: 7 §§7, 30.

inter ipsas, §15.

docendi ... movendi, cp. xii. 10, 58 quoted on 1 §44.

II:24 Itaque ne hoc quidem suaserim, uni se alicui proprie, quem per omnia sequatur, addicere. Longe perfectissimus Graecorum Demosthenes, aliquid tamen aliquo in loco melius alii, plurima ille. Sed non qui maxime imitandus, et solus imitandus est.

§ 24. suaserim ... se addicere: for the infinitive cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §251; Zumpt 616.

sequatur: the subj. is to be supplied from the indefinite pronoun (sc. aliquem) understood before _addicere_. Cp. 1 §7: ii. 15, 12 primum esse ... ducere in id quod velit: 16, 19 in quae velit ducere. For this use of _sequi_ cp. 1 §28: 2 §7.

longe perfectissimus: 1 §§39, 105.

melius. The same ellipse of the verb is repeated below 3 §25.

II:25 Quid ergo? non est satis omnia sic dicere quo modo M. Tullius dixit? Mihi quidem satis esset, si omnia consequi possem: quid tamen noceret vim Caesaris, asperitatem Caeli, diligentiam Pollionis, iudicium Calvi quibusdam in locis adsumere?

§ 25. non est: cp. 1 §56.

M. Tullius; for Quintilian’s reverence for Cicero see 1 §39 and §105 sq.

quid tamen noceret should be taken in connection with the foregoing. The meaning is, ‘yet even if I _could_ rival Cicero in every respect, what harm would it do?’ etc. The impf. is motived by the preceding _si possem_,—an unrealisable supposition.

vim Caesaris: 1 §114. Cp. i. 7, 34 vim Caesaris fregerunt editi de analogia libri?

asperitatem Caeli: 1 §115. For an example see iv. 2, 123. For ‘asperitatem’ Eussner proposes _acerbitatem_.

Pollionis: 1 §113.

Calvi: 1 §115. A similar enumeration is given, xii. 10, 11, vim Caesaris, indolem Caeli, subtilitatem Calidi, diligentiam Pollionis, dignitatem Messallae, sanctitatem Calvi, gravitatem Bruti, acumen Sulpici, acerbitatem Cassi.

adsumere: as §27 utilitatis gratia adsumpta; not as 1 §121.

II:26 Nam praeter id quod prudentis est quod in quoque optimum est, si possit, suum facere, tum in tanta rei difficultate unum intuentes vix aliqua pars sequitur. Ideoque cum totum exprimere quem elegeris paene sit homini inconcessum, plurium bona ponamus ante oculos, ut aliud ex alio haereat, et quo quidque loco conveniat aptemus. 135 § 26. praeter id quod: see on 1 §28: cp. 3 §6.

tum, as if the sentence had opened with _Nam primum_.

vix ... sequitur: ‘some element, or quality, is realised with difficulty, if we look only at one model.’ _Vix aliqui_ gives prominence to the affirmative, and so differs from _vix quisquam_: it is achieved but with difficulty. For aliqua cp. 7 §16. _Sequitur_ here = _contingit_. See on §27: and cp. xi. 2, 39, quod meae quoque memoriae infirmitatem sequebatur.

aliud ex alio: sc. scriptore.

haereat: sc. in animo legentis. Cp. Hor. A. P. 195 quod non proposito conducat et haereat apte.

135

II:27 Imitatio autem (nam saepius idem dicam) non sit tantum in verbis. Illuc intendenda mens, quantum fuerit illis viris decoris in rebus atque personis, quod consilium, quae dispositio, quam omnia, etiam quae delectationi videantur data, ad victoriam spectent; quid agatur prooemio, quae ratio et quam varia narrandi, quae vis probandi ac refellendi, quanta in adfectibus omnis generis movendis scientia, quamque laus ipsa popularis utilitatis gratia adsumpta, quae tum est pulcherrima, cum sequitur, non cum arcessitur. Haec si perviderimus, tum vere imitabimur.

§ 27. saepius: §§12-13: §16.

non sit: cp. non putemus 3 §16: ibid. §5. (Cp. also utinam non inquinasset 1 §100.) Cic. pro Cluent. §155 a legibus non recedamus: Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 91 non etiam sileas. Draeger, Hist. Synt. 1, 312 speaks of the usage as a stronger negation than _ne_. Nettleship on Aen. 12, 78 says that non is used ‘if a particular part of the sentence is to be emphasized.’ Kr.3 suggests that _non_ should be taken with _tantum_.—See Introd. p. lii.

delectationi ... data: xii. 10, 45 atque id fecisse M. Tullium video, ut cum plurimum utilitati, turn partem quandam delectationi daret.

ad victoriam: 1 §29 ad victoriam niti: ii. 4, 32: v. 12, 22: xii. 10, 48.

prooemio, narrandi, probandi, refellendi, adfectibus movendis give the five essential parts of a judicial speech (iii. 9, 1); the introduction, the narrative, the proof, the refutation, and the closing appeal (epilogus, peroratio).

laus popularis: cp. 1 §17 laudantium clamor: referring to the crowd surrounding the tribunal. Tac. Dial. vi. coire populum et circumfundi coronam et accipere adfectum quemcumque orator induerit. In viii. 3, 2 Quintilian opposes to _laus popularis_, _iudicium doctorum_.

adsumpta (sit): ‘how popular applause itself has been worked in,’ made useful for winning the case.

cum sequitur, ‘when it is given spontaneously, not courted.’ So viii. prooem. 18 decoris qui est in dicendo mea quidem sententia pulcherrimus, sed cum sequitur, non cum adfectatur. Cp. Sall. Cat. 54 ad fin.: quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis illum sequebatur: ibid. 3. Plin. Epist. i. 8, 14 sequi enim gloria non adpeti debet, nec si casu aliquo non sequatur, idcirco quod gloriam meruit minus pulchrum est.

II:28 Qui vero etiam propria his bona adiecerit, ut suppleat quae deerunt, circumcidat si quid redundabit, is erit, quem quaerimus, perfectus orator; quem nunc consummari potissimum oporteat, cum tanto plura exempla bene dicendi supersunt quam illis qui adhuc summi sunt contigerunt. Nam erit haec quoque laus eorum, ut priores superasse, posteros docuisse dicantur.

§ 28. perfectus orator: see on §9 quomodo sperare possumus illum oratorem perfectum?

quem ... consummari. If _quem_ can be referred only to _orator_ in what immediately precedes (and not to _perfectus orator_) the inf. need not mean anything more than ‘perfectum fieri.’ This is Becher’s view (Quaest. Quint. p. 19) adopted by Krüger (3rd ed.). But ‘_perfectus orator_’ forms so much a single idea here that it seems more probable that _quem_ covers both the noun and the adj. In so loose a writer as Quintilian no difficulty need be felt about _consummari_, though the editors think it necessary to assume that, with the infin., _perfectus_ is proleptic = oratorem consummari ita ut perfectus fiat, comparing (with Krüger, 2nd ed.) Demosth. μέγας ἐκ μικροῦ ὁ Φίλιππος ηὔξηται. See 1 §122 on _consummatus_.

oporteat: see Crit. Notes.

eorum: sc. qui adhuc summi sunt,—those who have hitherto been (and are) pre-eminent.