Part 6

_opinionis error_—erroneous opinion.

_opinio praeiudicata_, also simply _opinio_ (not _praeiudicium_ = a preliminary decision)—prejudice.

_opinio confirmata, inveterata_—a rooted opinion.

_opinionum pravitate infici_—to be filled with absurd prejudices.

_opinionum commenta_ (N. D. 2. 2. 5)—chimeras.

_monstra_ or _portenta_—marvellous ideas; prodigies.

_coniectura assequi, consequi, aliquid coniectura colligere_—to conjecture.

_quantum ego coniectura assequor, auguror_—as far as I can guess.

_coniecturam alicuius rei facere_ or _capere ex aliqua re_—to infer by comparison, judge one thing by another.

_de se (ex se de aliis) coniecturam facere_—to judge others by oneself.

_aliquid in coniectura positum est_—it is a matter of conjecture, supposition.

_aliquid coniectura nititur, continetur_ (Div. 1. 14. 24)—it is a matter of conjecture, supposition.

_probabilia coniectura sequi_—to try to conjecture probabilities.

_aliquid mihi nec opinanti, insperanti accidit_—a thing has happened contrary to my expectation.

[1] _se aperire_ = to betray oneself; cf. _se indicare_ (Liv. 2. 12).

[2] Not _sententiam dicere_, which is used of senators giving their vote; cf. _suffragium ferre_.

5. Truth—Error

_verum dicere, profiteri_—to speak the truth, admit the truth.

_omnia ad veritatem_[1] _dicere_—to be truthful in all one's statements.

_veritatis amans, diligens, studiosus_—truthful; veracious.

_a vero aversum esse_ (Catil. 3. 1. 29)—to be averse to truth.

_a veritate deflectere, desciscere_—to swerve from the truth.

_veri videndi, investigandi cupiditas_—love of truth.

_veri inquisitio atque investigatio_—zealous pursuit of truth.

_a vero abduci_—to be led away from the truth.

_proxime ad verum accedere_—to be very near the truth.

_a vero non abhorrere_—to be probable.

_veri simile esse_—to be probable.

_haec speciosiora quam veriora sunt_—this is more plausible than true.

_vera et falsa (a falsis) diiudicare_—to distinguish true and false.

_vera cum falsis confundere_—to confuse true with false.

_veritas_—veracity.

_re (vera), reapse_ (opp. _specie_)—in truth; really.

_in errore versari_—to be mistaken.

_magno errore teneri_—to be in gross error, seriously misled.

_in magno errore versari_—to be in gross error, seriously misled.

_vehementer errare_—to be in gross error, seriously misled.

_erroribus implicari_ (Tusc. 4. 27. 58)—to fall into error.

_per errorem labi_, or simply _labi_—to take a false step.

_aliquem in errorem inducere, rapere_—to lead a person into error.

_errorem animo imbibere_—to get a mistaken notion into the mind.

_errorem cum lacte nutricis sugere_ (Tusc. 3. 1. 2)—to imbibe error from one's mother's breasts.

_error longe lateque diffusus_—a wide-spread error.

_errorem tollere_—to banish an error, do away with a false impression.

_errorem amputare et circumcīdere_—to banish an error, do away with a false impression.

_errorem stirpitus extrahere_—to totally eradicate false principles.

_errorem deponere, corrigere_—to amend, correct one's mistake.

_alicui errorem demere, eripere, extorquere_—to undeceive a person.

_nisi fallor_—if I am not mistaken.

_nisi (animus) me fallit_—if I am not mistaken.

_nisi omnia me fallunt_—unless I'm greatly mistaken.

[1] _verum_ = the truth, concrete; _veritas_ = truth in the abstract.

6. Choice—Doubt—Scruple

_optionem alicui dare_ (Acad. 2. 7. 19)—to give a person his choice.

_optionem alicui dare, utrum...an_—to offer a person the alternative of... or...

_in dubium vocare_—to throw doubt upon a thing.

_in dubio ponere_—to throw doubt upon a thing.

_in dubium venire_—to become doubtful.

_quod aliquam (magnam) dubitationem habet_ (Leg. Agr. 1. 4. 11)—a thing which is rather (very) dubious.

_dubitatio mihi affertur, inicitur_—a doubt arises in my mind.

_dubitationem alicui tollere_—to relieve a person of his doubts.

_aliquid in medio, in dubio relinquere_ (Cael. 20. 48)—to leave a thing undecided.

_aliquid dubium, incertum relinquere_—to leave a thing undecided.

_sine dubio_ (not _sine ullo dubio_)—without doubt, beyond all doubt.

_sine ulla dubitatione_—without any hesitation; without the least scruple.

_scrupulum ex animo alicuius evellere_ (Rosc. Am. 2. 6)—to relieve a man of his scruple.

_unus mihi restat scrupulus_ (Ter. Andr. 5. 4. 37) (cf. too _religio_, sect. XI. 2)—one thing still makes me hesitate.

7. Knowledge—Certainty—Persuasion

_certo (certe) scio_[1] (Arch. 12. 32)—I know for a fact.

_probe scio, non ignoro_—I know very well.

_non sum ignarus, nescius_ (not _non sum inscius_)—I know very well.

_me non fugit, praeterit_—I am not unaware.

_quantum scio_—as far as I know.

_quod sciam_—as far as I know.

_hoc_ (not _tantum_) _certum est_—this much is certain.

_aliquid compertum habere_—to know a thing for certain.

_illud pro certo affirmare licet_—this much I can vouch for.

_mihi exploratum est, exploratum (certum) habeo_—I am quite certain on the point.

_inter omnes constat_—it is a recognised fact.

_mihi persuasum est_[2]—I am persuaded, convinced.

_mihi persuasi_—I am persuaded, convinced.

_sic habeto_—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point.

_persuade tibi_—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point.

_velim tibi ita persuadeas_—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point.

_sic volo te tibi persuadere_—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point.

_addūcor, ut credam_—I am gradually convinced that...

_non possum adduci, ut (credam)_—I cannot make myself believe that...

_ex animi mei sententia_ (_vid._ sect. XI. 2)—according to my strong conviction.

_suo iudicio uti_—to act in accordance with one's convictions.

[1] With _certe scio_, which is the form Cicero usually employs, the certitude lies in our knowledge, _certum est me scire_; with _certo scire_ the certitude lies in the object of our knowledge. _certo_ rarely occurs except with _scio_.

[2] Caesar occasionally uses _persuasum sibi habere_.

8. Plan—Advice—Deliberation

_consilium capere, inire_ (_de aliqua re_, with Gen. gerund., with Inf., more rarely _ut_)—to form a plan, make a resolution.

_consilio desistere_—to give up a project, an intention.

_consilium abicere_ or _deponere_—to let a plan fall through.

_a consilio deterreri aliqua re_—to be deterred from one's intention by something.

_mediocribus consiliis uti_—to adopt half-measures.

_consilium, sententiam mutare_—to alter one's views, intentions.

_suo consilio uti_[1]—to go one's own way, proceed independently.

_magna moliri_—to be busy with ambitious projects.

_consilia cum aliquo communicare_[2]—(1) to communicate one's plans to some one; (2) to make common cause with a person. Similarly _c. causam, rationem_.

_consilia inter se communicare_—to take common counsel.

_aliquem in_ or _ad consilium adhibere_—to consult a person, take his advice.

_consilium habere (de aliqua re)_—to deliberate together (of a number of people).

_consultare_ or _deliberare (de aliqua re)_—to deliberate, consider (of individuals).

_consiliis arcanis interesse_ (Liv. 35. 18)—to be present at secret consultations.

_consilium dare alicui_—to give a person advice.

_auctorem esse alicui, ut_—to give a person advice.

_aliquem consilio (et re) iuvare_—to give a person the advantage of one's advice (and actual support).

_consilii mei copiam facio tibi_—I put myself at your disposal as regards advice.

_consilium petere ab aliquo_—to apply to a person for advice.

_consilii inopem esse_—to be perplexed.

_omnia consilia frigent_ (Verr. 2. 25)—advice is useless in this case; the situation is very embarrassing.

_nullo consilio, nulla ratione, temere_—without reflection; inconsiderately; rashly.

_secum (cum animo) reputare aliquid_—to think over, consider a thing.

_considerare in, cum animo, secum aliquid_—to think over, consider a thing.

_agitare (in) mente_ or _(in) animo aliquid_—to think over, consider a thing.

_aliquid cadit in deliberationem_ (Off. 1. 3. 9)—a subject becomes matter for reflection.

_re diligenter considerata, perpensa_—after mature deliberation.

_omnibus rebus circumspectis_—after mature deliberation.

_inita subductaque ratione_—after mature deliberation.

[1] _uti_ is similarly used in several phrases, especially with the meaning of having, showing, enjoying, practising, proving, etc., e.g. _uti ventis secundis, adversis_; _praesenti animo uti_, to show presence of mind; _perpetua felicitate_, to enjoy...; _prudentia, severitate, crudelitate_, to show...; _bona valetudine, prospero fortunae flatu_, to enjoy...; cf. sect. V. 6.

[2] _communicare (aliquid cum aliquo)_ means properly to share a thing with some one. From this are developed the two senses—1. to give some one something, e.g. _consilia, laudem, gloriam alicuius rei_; 2. to receive a share of a thing, e.g. _pericula, paupertatem_. "To communicate," _i.e._ to announce, inform, is represented by _dicere, tradere, narrare, exponere, certiorem facere_, etc.

9. Resolve—Design—Intention

_in animo habeo_ or _mihi est in animo_ c. Inf.—I am resolved; it is my intention.

_certum (mihi) est_—I am determined.

_certum deliberatumque est_—I am firmly resolved.

_stat mihi sententia_ (Liv. 21. 30.)—I am firmly resolved.

_incertus sum, quid consilii capiam_—I am undecided...

_mihi non constat_ (with indirect question)—I have not made up my mind.

_propositum est mihi_ c. Inf.—I intend, propose to...

_propositum, consilium tenere_ (opp. _a proposito deterreri_)—to abide by one's resolution.

_propositum_[1] _assequi, peragere_—to carry out one's plan.

_magna sibi proponere_ or _magna spectare_—to have a high object in view; to be ambitious.

_in incepto_ or _conatu perstare_—to persevere in one's resolve.

_in proposito susceptoque consilio permanere_—to persevere in one's resolve.

_incepto_ or _conatu desistere_—to give up one's project.

_parare aliquid_—to take measures for...

_animum inducere_ c. Inf. (not _in animum inducere_)—to persuade oneself to...

_a me impetrare non possum, ut_—I cannot bring myself to...

_descendere ad aliquid, ad omnia_ (_vid._ sect. V. 9, note _Similarly descendere..._)—to consent to..., lend oneself to...

_descendere ad extrema consilia_ (Fam. 10. 33. 4)—to have recourse to extreme measures.

[1] In classical prose _propositum_ is still semi-adjectival and has not yet acquired all the functions of a substantive; consequently it cannot be joined to a genitive, an adjective, or a pronoun. Cf. the treatment of _factum, dictum_, etc., in Augustan Latin.

10. Object—Aim—Hesitation—Delay

_consilium est_ c. Inf. or _ut_—my intention is...

_id sequor, ut_—my intention is...

_spectare aliquid_ or _ad aliquid_—to have an object in view.

_res eo spectat, ut_—the matter tends towards..., has this object.[1]

_res spectat ad vim (arma)_—there seems a prospect of armed violence; things look like violence.

_id quod voluit consecutus est_—he attained his object.

_ad id quod voluit pervenit_—he attained his object.

_quid tibi vis?_—what do you mean to do?

_quid hoc sibi vult?_—what is the meaning of this?

_quid hoc rei est?_—what is the meaning of this?

_eo consilio, ea mente, ut_—with the intention of...

_de industria, dedita opera_ (opp. _imprudens_)—designedly; intentionally.

_ad id ipsum_[2]—with this very object.

_infecta re_ (Liv. 9. 32)—to no purpose; ineffectually.

_moram alicui rei afferre, inferre, facere_—to retard, delay a thing.

_in mora alicui esse_—to detain a person.

_nullam moram interponere, quin_ (Phil. 10. 1. 1)—to make all possible haste to...

_sine mora_ or _nulla mora interposita_—without delay.

_diem ex die ducere, differre_—to put off from one day to another.

[1] Note _Athenae a Persis petutuntur_, the object of the Persian invasion is Athens (Nep. Them. 2. 6).

[2] The aim, tendency of a writing or a poem is _consilium, quo liber scriptus est, quo carmen compositum est_, or _quod quis in libro scribendo secutus est_, not _consilium libri_.

11. Remembrance—Forgetfulness

_memoriā tenere aliquid_—to remember a thing perfectly.

_memoriam alicuius rei tenere_—to remember a thing perfectly.

_recenti memoria tenere aliquid_—to have a vivid recollection of a thing.

_memoriā (multum) valere_ (opp. _memoriā vacillare_)—to have a good memory.

_memorem esse_ (opp. _obliviosum esse_)—to have a good memory.

_memoria tanta fuit, ut_—he had such an extraordinary memory that...

_memoriā labi_—to make a slip of the memory.

_memoriae mandare aliquid_[1]—to impress on the memory.

_ex memoria_ (opp. _de scripto_)—from memory; by heart.

_memoriter_—(1) with good memory; (2) from personal recollection.

_memoria custodire_—to keep in mind.

_memoriam alicuius rei renovare, revocare (redintegrare)_—to recall a thing to one's recollection.

_memoriam alicuius rei repetere_—to recall to mind a thing or person.

_in memoriam alicuius redire_—to recall to mind a thing or person.

_in memoriam alicuius redigere, reducere aliquid_ (not _revocare_)—to recall a thing to a person's mind.

_memoria et recordatio_—vivid recollection.

_grata memoria aliquem prosequi_[2]—to show a thankful appreciation of a person's kindness.

_nomen alicuius grato animo prosequi_—to think of a person with a grateful sense of his goodness.

_memoriam alicuius rei repraesentare_ (opp. _memoriam alicuius rei deponere, abicere_)—to picture to oneself again.

_memoriam alicuius rei conservare, retinere_—to retain the recollection of a thing.

_memoriam alicuius pie inviolateque servare_—to show an affectionate regard for a person's memory.

_gratam (gratissimam) alicuius memoriam retinere_—to retain a (most) pleasant impression of a person.

_numquam ex animo meo memoria illius rei discedet_—the memory of this will never fade from my mind.

_aliquid in memoria nostra penitus insidet_—a thing has been vividly impressed on our[TR1] memory.

_memoriam eius nulla umquam delebit (obscurabit) oblivio_ (Fam. 2. 1)—nothing will ever make me forgetful of him.

_semper memoria eius in (omnium) mentibus haerebit_—nothing will ever make me forgetful of him.

_nomen suum posteritati aliqua re commendare, propagare, prodere_—to win renown amongst posterity by some act.

_memoriam nominis sui immortalitati tradere, mandare, commendare_—to immortalise one's name.

_post hominum memoriam_—within the memory of man.

_post homines natos_—within the memory of man.

_memoriae causa, ad_ (not _in_) _memoriam_[3] (Brut. 16. 62)—in memory of...

_oblivio alicuius rei me capit_—I forget something.

_aliquem in oblivionem alicuius rei adducere_ (pass. _in oblivionem venire_)—to make a person forget a thing.

_aliquid excidit e memoria, effluit, excidit ex animo_—a thing escapes, vanishes from the memory.

_memoria alicuius rei excidit, abiit, abolevit_—the recollection of a thing has been entirely lost.

_obliterari_[4] (Liv. 26. 41)—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.

_memoria alicuius rei obscuratur, obliteratur, evanescit_—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.

_oblivioni esse, dari_—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.

_in oblivionem adduci_—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.

_oblivione obrui, deleri, exstingui_—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.

_in oblivione iacēre_ (of persons)—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.

_aliquid ab oblivione vindicare_—to rescue from oblivion.

_mementote_ with Acc. c. Inf.—do not forget.

[1] Distinguish this expression from _ediscere_ which = to learn by heart; also from _memoriae prodere, tradere_ = to hand down as tradition (_vid._ sect. VII. 14).

[2] _Prosequi_ used figuratively, with an ablative, occurs in several phrases—e.g. _prosequi aliquem honore; verbis honorificis; beneficiis, officiis, studiis suis; ominibus, votis, lacrimis_.

[3] One can also say _monumenti causa_—e.g. _aliquid alicui momenti causa relinquere_. Cf. such turnings as _alicuius memoriam aliqua re prosequi, celebrare, renovare_.

[4] This and the following expressions are useful to express the passive of _oblivisci_.

[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text indeed has "my", which is wrong, however, because the Latin phrase uses _nostra_. The French edition uses "notre mémoire".

12. Theory—Practice—Experience

_ratione, doctrina_ (opp. _usu_) _aliquid cognitum habere_—to have a theoretical knowledge of a thing.

_ad artem, ad rationem revocare aliquid_ (De Or. 2. 11. 44)—to reduce a thing to its theoretical principles; to apply theory to a thing.

_doctrinam ad usum adiungere_—to combine theory with practice.

_in rebus atque in usu versatum esse_—to have had practical experience.

_usu_[1] _praeditum esse_—to possess experience.

_magnum usum in aliqua re habere_—to have had great experience in a thing.

_multarum rerum usus_—varied, manifold experience.

_usu rerum (vitae, vitae communis) edocti sumus_—we know from experience.

_experti scimus, didicimus_—we know from experience.

_usu cognitum habemus_—we know from experience.

_res ipsa, usus rerum (cotidie) docet_—everyday experience tells us this.

_(rerum) imperitum esse_—to have had no experience of the world.

_multa acerba expertus est_[2]—he has had many painful experiences.

_usus me docuit_—experience has taught me.

[1] Not _experientia_, which in classical prose means attempt, proof.

[2] _experiri_ is only used of personal experience.

VII. The Arts and Sciences

1. Scientific Knowledge in General—Literature

_optima studia, bonae, optimae, liberales, ingenuae artes, disciplinae_—the sciences; the fine arts.

_litterarum_[1] _studium_ or _tractatio_ (not _occupatio_)—the study of belles-lettres; literary pursuits.

_homines litterarum studiosi_—learned, scientific, literary men.

_homines docti_—learned, scientific, literary men.

_artium studia_ or _artes vigent_ (not _florent_)—learning, scientific knowledge is flourishing.

_litterae iacent, neglectae iacent_[2]—scholarship, culture, literature is at a low ebb.

_litteras colere_—to be engaged in the pursuit of letters.

_litteras amplecti_—to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters.

_litteras adamasse_ (only in perf. and plup.)—to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters.

_in studio litterarum versari_—to be engaged in literary pursuits.

_in aliquo litterarum genere versari_—to be engaged in any branch of study.

_summo studio in litteris versari_—to be an ardent student of...

_se totum litteris tradere, dedere_—to devote oneself entirely to literature.

_se totum in litteras_ or _se litteris abdere_—to be quite engrossed in literary studies.

_in litteris elaborare_ (De Sen. 8. 26)—to apply oneself very closely to literary, scientific work.

_in litteris acquiescere_ or _conquiescere_—to find recreation in study.

_aetatem in litteris ducere, agere_—to devote one's life to science, study.

_omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere_—to devote all one's leisure moments to study.

_omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras conferre_—to employ all one's energies on literary work.

_optimarum artium studio incensum esse_—to be interested in, have a taste for culture.

_litterarum studio trahi_—to feel an attraction for study.

_trahi, ferri ad litteras_—to feel an attraction for study.

_litterarum studia remittere_—to relax one's studies.

_intermissa studia revocare_—to resume one's studies.

_primis (ut dicitur)_[3] or _primoribus labris gustare_ or _attingere litteras_—to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature, of the sciences.

_litterae_—literature.

_litterae ac monumenta_ or simply _monumenta_—written records; documents.

_litterae latinae_[4]—Roman literature.

_clarissima litterarum lumina_—shining lights in the literary world.

_graecis litteris studere_—to study Greek literature.

_multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari_—to be well (slightly) acquainted with Greek literature.

[1] _littera_ in sing. = letter of the alphabet, e.g. _litteram nullam ad me misit_. In plur. = 1. letters of the alphabet, characters (cf. viii. 9); 2. a letter (_epistola_); 3. writings, books, e.g. _graecae de philosophia litterae_; 4. literature, _graecas litteras discere_; 5. literary pursuits; 6. science; 7. culture, erudition, learning, _erant in eo plurimae litterae, neque eae vulgares, sed interiores quaedam et reconditae_.

[2] _iacēre_ metaphorically is used not only of things neglected and abandoned, but of persons (cf. _frigere_) who have lost all their political influence.

[3] Cf. Pro Caelio 12, 28 _extremis ut dicitur digitis attingere_.

[4] _latinus_ is only used of language and literature, _Romanus_ of nationality.

2. Learning—Erudition

_vir_ or _homo doctus, litteratus_—a man of learning; a scholar; a savant.

_vir doctissimus_—a great scholar.

_vir perfecte planeque eruditus_—a man of profound erudition.

_vir omni doctrina eruditus_—a man perfect in all branches of learning.

_multi viri docti_, or _multi et ii docti_ (not _multi docti_)—many learned men; many scholars.

_omnes docti, quivis doctus, doctissimus quisque_—all learned men.

_nemo doctus_—no man of learning.

_nemo mediocriter doctus_—no one with any pretence to education.

_latinis litteris_ or _latine doctus_—acquainted with the Latin language.

_bene_[1] _latine doctus_ or _sciens_—a good Latin scholar.

_doctrina abundare_ (De Or. 3. 16. 59)—to be a man of great learning.

_a doctrina mediocriter instructum esse_—to have received only a moderate education.

_doctrina exquisita, subtilis, elegans_[2]—sound knowledge; scholarship.

_doctrina recondita_—profound erudition.

_studia, quae in reconditis artibus versantur_ (De Or. 1. 2. 8)—abstruse studies.

_magnam doctrinae speciem prae se ferre_—to pass as a man of great learning.

_vita umbratilis_ (_vid._ sect. VII. 4)—the contemplative life of a student.

_litterarum scientiam_ (only in sing.) _habere_—to possess literary knowledge.

_scientiam alicuius rei consequi_—to acquire knowledge of a subject.

_scientia comprehendere aliquid_—to acquire knowledge of a subject.

_penitus percipere et comprehendere aliquid_ (De Or. 1. 23. 108)—to have a thorough grasp of a subject.

_scientia augere aliquem_—to enrich a person's knowledge.

_multa cognita, percepta habere, multa didicisse_—to be well-informed, erudite.

_multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse_ (opp. _litterarum_ or _eruditionis expertem esse_ or _[rerum] rudem esse_)—to be well-informed, erudite.

[1] For the use of adverbs to modify adjectives and other adverbs _vid._ Nägelsbach Lat. Stil. p. 278; cf. _bene multi, bene mane, bene penitus_ (Verr. 2. 70. 169), _impie ingratus_ (Tusc. 5. 2. 6) etc. Such combinations are especially frequent in Tacitus, Velleius, Seneca, and Quintilian. For _latine_ by itself cf. Cic. Opt. Gen. 4 _latine, id est pure et emendate, loqui_. If the style is to be criticised, adverbs can be added—e.g. _bene, perbene, pessime, eleganter_, etc., cf. vii. 7.

[2] Not _solida_, which means properly entire, massive—e.g. _marmor solidum, crateres auro solidi_, then metaph. e.g.—_solida laus, utilitas_.

3. Culture—Civilisation

_animum, ingenium excolere_ (not _colere_)—to cultivate the mind.

_animi, ingenii cultus_ (not _cultura_)—mental culture.

_optimis studiis_ or _artibus, optimarum artium studiis eruditum esse_—to have received a liberal education.

_litteras scire_—to have received a liberal education.

_litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae_—profound scientific education.

_sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae_ (De Sen. 4. 12)—for a Roman he is decidedly well educated.

_litteris leviter imbutum_ or _tinctum esse_—to have received a superficial education.

_omni vita atque victu excultum atque expolitum esse_ (Brut. 25. 95)—to have attained to a high degree of culture.

_omnis cultus et humanitatis expertem esse_[1]—to be quite uncivilised.

_ab omni cultu et humanitate longe abesse_ (B. G. 1. 1. 3)—to be quite uncivilised.

_homines, gentem a fera agrestique vita ad humanum cultum civilemque deducere_ (De Or. 1. 8. 33)—to civilise men, a nation.