Part 16
_milites sacramento rogare, adigere_—to make soldiers take the military oath.
_evocare undique copias_—to call up troops from all sides.
_evocati, voluntarii_ (B. G. 5. 56)—the volunteers.
_omnes ad arma convocare_—to issue a general call to arms.
_efficere duas legiones_—to form two legions.
_complere legiones_ (B. C. 1. 25)—to fill up the numbers of the legions.
_supplementum cogere, scribere, legere_—to levy recruits to fill up the strength.
_auxilia_[1] _arcessere_—to summon auxiliary troops.
_copias (arma) cum aliquo iungere_ or _se cum aliquo iungere_—to join forces with some one.
_conducere, contrahere copias_—to concentrate troops.
_cogere omnes copias in unum locum_—to concentrate all the troops at one point.
_parare exercitum, copias_—to equip an army, troops.
_alere exercitum_ (Off. 1. 8. 25)—to support an army.
_recensere, lustrare, recognoscere exercitum_ (Liv. 42. 31)—to review an army.
_dimittere exercitum_—to disband an army.
_commeatum militibus dare_ (opp. _petere_)—to give furlough, leave of absence to soldiers.
_magnae copiae_ (not _multae_)—a large force, many troops.
_exiguae copiae_ (Fam. 3. 3. 2)—a small force.
_ingens, maximus exercitus_ (not _numerosus_)—a numerous army.
_robora peditum_—the flower of the infantry.
_milites levis armaturae_—light infantry.
_vetus miles, veteranus miles_—veterans; experienced troops.
_qui magnum in castris usum habent_—veterans; experienced troops.
_expeditus_ (opp. _impeditus_) _miles_—a soldier lightly armed, ready for battle.
_exercitatus in armis_—practised in arms.
_milites tumultuarii_[2] (opp. _exercitus iustus_) (Liv. 35. 2)—soldiers collected in haste; irregulars.
_tirones_—recruits.
[1] _auxilia_ = auxiliary troops raised in the provinces, usually light cavalry. In Caesar's army the cavalry consisted of Gaulish, Spanish, and German auxiliaries. A thousand of these were attached to each legion and were usually commanded by a Roman officer.
[2] _tumultus_ is used of a sudden rising, rebellion, to repress which all able-bodied men were called to arms. Such risings were particularly common in Gaul, but cf. _tumultus servilis_ (B. G. 1. 10)—; _tumultus Istricus_ (Liv. 41. 6. 1).
2. Pay—Service—Commissariat
_stipendium_[1] _dare, numerare, persolvere militibus_—to pay the troops.
_stipendia facere, merere_—to serve.
_emeritis stipendiis_ (Sall. Iug. 84. 2)—after having completed one's service.
_militia functum, perfunctum esse_—to retire from service.
_rude donatum esse_[2] (Phil. 2. 29)—to retire from service.
_milites mercennarii_ or _exercitus conducticius_—mercenary troops.
_rem frumentariam comparare, providere_—to look after the commissariat.
_rei frumentariae prospicere_ (B. G. 1. 23)—to look after the commissariat.
_frumentum providere exercitui_—to provide corn-supplies for the troops.
_frumenti vim maximam comparare_—to procure a very large supply of corn.
_intercludere commeatum_—to cut off the supplies, intercept them.
_intercludere, prohibere hostes commeatu_—to cut off all supplies of the enemy.
[1] _stipendium_ first established in 406 B.C.; it was paid at the end of the campaign, hence _stipendia_ often = campaigns, years of service.
[2] Used originally of gladiators, who on their retirement received a staff or wooden sword (_rudis_), hence they were called _rudiarii_. Cf. Ov. Tr. 4. 8. 24 _me quoque donari iam rude tempus erat_.
3. Command—Discipline
_praeficere aliquem exercitui_—to place some one at the head of an army, give him the command.
_praeficere aliquem bello gerendo_—to charge some one with the conduct of a war.
_praeesse exercitui_—to be at the head of an army.
_magnum usum in re militari habere_ (Sest. 5. 12)—to possess great experience in military matters.
_rei militaris rudem esse_—to have had no experience in war.
_vir fortissimus_—a hero.
_magnas res gerere_—to perform heroic exploits.
_res fortiter feliciterque gesta_—a success; a glorious feat of arms.
_res bene gesta_—a success; a glorious feat of arms.
_res gestae_[1]—exploits in war; brilliant actions.
_summa belli, imperii_ (B. G. 2. 4. 7)—the command-in-chief.
_cum imperio esse_—to hold a high command.
_imperii summam tenere_ (Rep. 2. 28)—to be commander-in-chief.
_imperii summae praeesse_—to be commander-in-chief.
_imperii summam deferre alicui_ or _ad aliquem, tradere alicui_—to appoint some one commander-in-chief.
_imperium transfertur ad aliquem_ (not _transit_)—the command is transferred, passes to some one.
_imperium alicui abrogare_ (Off.3. 10)—to depose a person from his command.
_modestia_[2] (opp. _immodestia_)—discipline (insubordination).
_dicto audientem esse alicui_—to obey a person's orders.
_milites disciplina coercere_—to keep good discipline amongst one's men.
_milites coercere et in officio continere_ (B. C. 1. 67. 4)—to keep good discipline amongst one's men.
[1] Thus _magnae, memorabiles, praestantissimae res gestae_, and also _meae, tuae, suae_, etc. The phrase _rem gerere_ can be used either of the combat (_proelium_) or the whole war (_bellum_), cf. B. G. 5. 44. 11; Off. 3. 108.
[2] _modestia_, the character of the man who observes a mean (_qui servat modum_), is used morally of self-restraint, moderation (σωφροσύνη). In politics it means loyalty; in the army, discipline.
4. Weapons
_arma capere, sumere_—to take up one's arms.
_arma expedire_ (Tusc. 2. 16. 37)—to make ready for battle.
_galeam induere_—to put on one's helmet.
_armis (castris) exuere aliquem_—to disarm a person.
_arma ponere_ (not _deponere_)—to pile arms (cf. sect. XII. 3, note _vestem deponere..._).
_ab armis discedere_ (Phil. 11. 33)—to lay down arms.
_in armis esse_—to be under arms.
_cum telo esse_—to be armed.
_extorquere arma e manibus_—to wrest weapons from some one's hands.
_res ad arma venit_—matters have reached the fighting-stage.
_tela iacere, conicere, mittere_—to discharge missiles.
_extra teli iactum, coniectum esse_—to be out of range.
_ad teli coniectum venire_ (Liv. 2. 31)—to come within javelin-range.
_se obicere telis_—to expose oneself to missiles.
_eminus hastis, comminus gladiis uti_—to use javelins at a distance, swords at close quarters.
_gladium educere (e vagīna)_—to draw one's sword (from the scabbard).
_gladium in vaginam recondere_—to sheath one's sword.
_gladium stringere, destringere_—to draw one's sword.
_gladium alicui in pectus infigere_—to plunge one's sword in some one's breast.
_gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere_ (Liv. 2. 46)—to transfix, pierce a man's breast with one's sword.
_sicam, cultrum in corde alicuius defigere_[1] (Liv. 1. 58)—to plunge a dagger, knife in some one's heart.
_decurrere (in armis)_—to manœuvre.
_vi et armis_—by force of arms.
[1] _defigere_ is also used metaphorically, e.g. _defigere omnes curas, cogitationes in rei publicae salute_ (Phil. 14. 5. 13).
5. War
_bellum parare_—to make preparations for war.
_apparatus_ (rare in plur.) _belli_—preparations for war; war-material.
_bellum indīcere, denuntiare_—to make formal declaration of war.
_res repetere (ab aliquo)_ (Off. 1. 11. 36)—to demand satisfaction, restitution.
_res reddere (alicui)_ (cf. sect. V. 11)—to make restitution.
_bellum iustum (pium)_—a regular, formal war.
_bellum intestinum, domesticum_ (opp. _bellum externum_)—a civil war.
_bellum facere, movere, excitare_—to cause a war.
_bellum conflare_ (Fam. 5. 2. 8)—to kindle a war.
_bellum moliri_—to meditate war.
_bellum incipere, belli initium facere_ (B. G. 7. 1. 5)—to commence hostilities.
_bello se interponere_ (Liv. 35. 48)—to interfere in a war.
_bello implicari_—to be involved in a war.
_bellum cum aliquo inire_—to begin a war with some one.
_bellum impendet, imminet, instat_—a war is imminent.
_bellum oritur, exardescit_—war breaks out.
_omnia bello flagrant_ or _ardent_ (Fam. 4. 1. 2)—everywhere the torch of war is flaming.
_bellum gerere cum aliquo_—to make war on a person.
_bellum coniungere_ (Imp. Pomp. 9. 26)—to wage war in conjunction with some one.
_bellum ducere, trahere, extrahere_—to protract, prolong a war.
_omni studio in (ad) bellum incumbere_—to carry on a war energetically.
_bellum inferre alicui_ (Att. 9. 1. 3)—to invade.
_bellum_ or _arma ultro inferre_—to be the aggressor in a war; to act on the offensive.
_bellum (inlatum) defendere_—to act on the defensive.
_proficisci ad bellum, in expeditionem_ (Sall. Iug. 103)—to go to war, commence a campaign.
_mittere ad bellum_—to send to the war.
_bellum administrare_—to have the control of the war.
_bello persequi aliquem, lacessere_—to harass with war.
_belli finem facere, bellum finire_—to put an end to war.
_bellum conficere, perficere_—to terminate a war (by force of arms and defeat of one's opponents).
_bellum componere_ (Fam. 10. 33)—to terminate a war (by a treaty, etc.)
_bellum transferre alio, in..._—to transfer the seat of war elsewhere.
_belli sedes_ (Liv. 4. 31)—the seat of war, theatre of operations.
_rationem belli gerendi mutare_ (Liv. 32. 31)—to change one's tactics.
6. The Army on the March
_agmen medium_ (Liv. 10. 41)—the centre of the marching column.
_agmen primum_—the vanguard.
_agmen novissimum (extremum)_—the rearguard.
_agmen claudere, cogere_—to bring up the rear.
_signa_[1] _ferre, tollere_—to begin the march, break up the camp.
_castra movere_—to begin the march, break up the camp.
_agmen agere_—to set the army in motion.
_procedere cum exercitu_—to advance with the army.
_magnis itineribus_ (Sall. Iug. 37)—by forced marches.
_quam maximis itineribus (potest)_—by the longest possible forced marches.
_citatum agmen rapere_—to lead the army with forced marches.
_raptim agmen ducere_—to lead the army with forced marches.
_citato gradu incedere_ (cf. sect. II. 5)—to advance rapidly.
_loca, regiones, loci naturam explorare_—to reconnoitre the ground.
_iter facere_—to march.
_iter conficere_ (B. C. 1. 70)—to traverse a route.
_iter maturare, accelerare_—to quicken the pace of marching.
_iter continuare_ (B. C. 3. 11)—to march without interruption.
_iter non intermittere_—not to interrupt the march.
_iter flectere, convertere, avertere_—to deviate, change the direction.
_signa convertere_ (B. G. 1. 25)—to deviate, change the direction.
_averso itinere contendere in..._—to change one's route and march towards...
_iter tentare per vim_ (cf. sect. II. 3)—to force a way, a passage.
_agmen, exercitum demittere in..._—to march down on to...
_exercitum admovere, adducere ad..._—to advance on...
_signa sequi_ (opp. _a signis discedere, signa relinquere_)—to follow the standards.
_ordines servare_ (B. G. 4. 26)—to keep the ranks.
_confertis, solutis ordinibus_—with close ranks; with ranks in disorder.
_raris ordinibus_—in open order.
_ordines turbare, perrumpere_—to break the ranks.
_agmine quadrato incedere, ire_—to march with closed ranks, in order of battle.
_agmine duplici, triplici_—in two, three columns.
_novissimos premere_—to press the rearguard.
_novissimos turbare_—to throw the rearguard into confusion.
_novissimos carpere_—to harass the rear.
_novissimis praesidio esse_—to protect the troops in the rear.
_opprimere hostes (imprudentes, incautos, inopinantes)_—to surprise and defeat the enemy.
_subsistere, consistere_—to halt.
_gradum sistere_—to halt.
_capere, occupare locum_—to occupy a position (with troops).
_occupare loca superiora_—to occupy the high ground.
_praeoccupare locum_ (Liv. 35. 27)—to occupy a place beforehand.
_tenere montem_ (B. G. 1. 22)—to hold a mountain.
_consistere in monte_—to take up one's position on a mountain.
_considere sub monte (sub montis radicibus)_—to occupy the foot of a hill.
_praesidiis firmare urbem_—to garrison a town.
_praesidium collocare in urbe_—to garrison a town.
_praesidia, custodias disponere_—to station posts, pickets, at intervals.
_vigilias crebras ponere_ (Sall. Iug. 45. 2)—to place a close line of sentry-posts.
[1] _signa_ = standards of a maniple, cohort, or legion. Since Marius' time the _signum_ of a legion was an eagle, those of the maniples different animals, wolf, horse, etc. In the camp the standards were fixed in the ground, in action they were carried in the front rank, hence several phrases—_signa convellere, tollere, efferre_, to break up camp; _signa proferre, promovere_, to advance in battle-order; _signa inferre_, to attack; _signa conferre_, to come to close quarters; _signa statuere_, to halt; _signa convertere_, to change one's route; _signa referre_, to retire; _signa relinquere_, to desert, etc.
7. The Camp
_castra stativa_ (Sall. Iug. 44)—a permanent camp.
_castra hiberna, aestiva_—winter-quarters, summer-quarters.
_castra ponere, locare_—to encamp.
_idoneo, aequo, suo_ (opp. _iniquo_) _loco_—in a favourable position.
_castra metari_ (B. C. 3. 13)—to mark out a camp.
_milites in hibernis collocare, in hiberna deducere_—to take the troops to their winter-quarters.
_castra munire_—to make a fortified, entrenched camp.
_castra munire vallo (aggere)_—to fortify the camp with a rampart.
_fossam ducere_—to make a ditch, a fosse.
_vallum iacere, exstruere, facere_—to raise a rampart, earthwork.
_castra praesidiis firmare_—to strengthen the camp by outposts.
_praesidio castris milites relinquere_—to leave troops to guard the camp.
_castra coniungere, iungere_ (B. C. 1. 63)—to make a camp in common.
_castra nudare_ (B. G. 7. 70)—to leave the camp undefended.
_cohors, quae in statione est_—the cohort on guard-duty.
_vigilias agere in castris_ (Verr. 4. 43)—to mount guard in the camp.
_custodias agere in vallo_—to keep watch on the rampart.
_stationes agere pro portis_—to be on duty before the gates.
_circumvenire vigilias_ (Sall. Iug. 45. 2)—to make the round of the sentries.
_tesseram dare_ (Liv. 28. 14)—to give the watchword, countersign.
_copias castris continere_—to keep the troops in camp.
_se (quietum) tenere castris_—to remain inactive in camp.
_excursionem in hostium agros facere_—to make an inroad into hostile territory.
_praedatum ire_—to go in search of plunder, booty.
_ferre atque agere_[1] _praedam_—to carry off booty.
_capere equos_—to capture horses.
_lignatum, aquatum ire_—to go to fetch wood, water.
_pabulatum, frumentatum ire_—to forage.
_pabulatione premi_ (B. C. 1. 78)—to suffer from want of forage.
_omnia ferro ignique, ferro atque igni_ or _ferro flammaque vastare_—to ravage with fire and sword.
_classicum_ or _tuba canit ad praetorium_—the bugle, trumpet sounds before the general's tent.
_vasa conclamare_ (B. C. 3. 37)—to give the signal for breaking up the camp, collecting baggage.
_vasa colligere_ (Liv. 21. 47)—to pack the baggage (for marching).
_signa convellere_ (_vid._ sect. XVI. 6, note _signa..._)—to pluck up the standards out of the ground (to begin the march).
_consilium habere, convocare_—to hold a council of war.
_rem ad consilium deferre_—to refer a matter to a council of war.
[1] _ferre_ of things inanimate, _agere_ of cattle. Cf. φέρειν καὶ ἄγειν.
8. A Siege
_oppidum natura loci munitum_ (B. G. 1. 38)—a town with a strong natural position.
_oppidum manu (opere) munitum_—a town artificially fortified.
_oppidum obsidere_—to besiege a city.
_oppidum obsidione claudere_—to besiege a city.
_oppidum in obsidione tenere_—to keep a town in a state of siege.
_oppidum fame domare_—to starve a town into surrender.
_oppidum oppugnare_—to storm a town.
_oppidum cingere vallo et fossa_—to surround a town with a rampart and fosse.
_opera facere_—to raise siege-works.
_vineas agere_ (B. G. 3. 21)—to advance pent-houses, mantlets.
_turres instituere, exstruere_—to raise towers.
_testudine facta moenia subire_ (B. G. 2. 6)—to advance to the walls protected by a covering of shields.
_scalas admovere_ (B. C. 3. 63)—to apply scaling-ladders.
_positis scalis muros ascendere_—to scale the walls by means of ladders.
_aries murum attingit, percutit_—the battering-ram strikes the wall.
_iter ruina patefactum_—a breach.
_patentia ruinis_ (_vid._ XII. 1, note _ruina..._)—a breach.
_cuniculos agere_ (B. G. 3. 21)—to make mines, subterraneous passages.
_oppidum tormentis verberare_—to rain missiles on a town, bombard it.
_tela ingerere, conicere_—to discharge showers of missiles.
_murum nudare defensoribus_—to drive the defenders from the walls.
_eruptionem facere ex oppido_—to make a sally, sortie from the town.
_crebras ex oppido excursiones facere_ (B. G. 2. 30)—to make a sally, sortie from the town.
_ignem inferre operibus_ (B. C. 2. 14)—to set fire to the siege-works.
_subsidium alicui summittere_—to send relief to some one.
_munitiones perrumpere_—to break through the lines (and relieve a town).
_urbis obsidionem liberare_—to raise a siege (used of the army of relief).
_oppidum obsidione liberare_—to raise a siege (used of the army of relief).
_obsidionem quattuor menses sustinere_—to hold out for four months.
_oppugnationem, obsidionem relinquere_—to give up an assault, a siege.
_portas obstruere_ (B. G. 5. 50)—to barricade the gates.
_portas refringere_—to break down the gates.
_claustra portarum revellere_—to break down the gates.
_in oppidum irrumpere_—to break into the town.
_in oppidum irruptionem facere_—to break into the town.
_oppidum capere, expugnare_—to take, storm a town.
_oppidum recipere_—to retake a town.
_oppidum incendere_—to fire a town.
_oppidum diripere_—to plunder a town.
_oppidum evertere, excīdere_—to completely destroy a town.
_oppidum solo aequare_—to raze a town to the ground.
_deditione facta_ (Sall. Iug. 26)—after capitulation.
_arma tradere_—to surrender weapons.
_salutem petere a victore_—to beg for mercy from the conqueror.
_se suaque omnia dedere victori_—to give up one's person and all one's possessions to the conqueror.
_se suaque omnia permittere victoris potestati_—to give up one's person and all one's possessions to the conqueror.
_se permittere in fidem atque in potestatem alicuius_ (B. G. 2. 3)—to surrender oneself to the discretion of some one.
_in fidem recipere aliquem_ (Fam. 13. 16)—to deal mercifully with some one.
_libera corpora sub corona (hasta) veneunt_ (B. G. 3. 16. 4)—the free men are sold as slaves.
_cum uxoribus et liberis_—with wife and child.
_aliquem (incolumem) conservare_—to grant a man his life.
9. Before the Fight
_potestatem, copiam pugnandi hostibus facere_—to offer battle to the enemy.
_potestatem sui facere (alicui)_ (cf. sect. XII. 9, note _audientia..._)—to accept battle.
_proelio (ad pugnam) hostes lacessere, provocare_—to provoke the enemy to battle.
_pugnam detrectare_ (Liv. 3. 60)—to decline battle.
_supersedere proelio_—to refrain from fighting.
_hostem e manibus non dimittere_—to not let the enemy escape.
_locum ad pugnam idoneum deligere_—to choose suitable ground for an engagement.
_diem pugnae constituere_ (B. G. 3. 24)—to fix a day for the engagement.
_signum proelii (committendi) exposcere_ (B. G. 7. 19)—to demand loudly the signal to engage.
_signum proelii dare_—to give the signal to engage.
_vexillum proponere_ (Liv. 22. 3)—to fix the ensign on the general's tent (as a signal to commence the engagement).
_ad arma concurrere_—to rush to arms.
_exercitum educere_ or _producere in aciem_—to lead the army to the fight.
_ad vim et arma descendere_ (_vid._ sect. V. 9, note _Similarly..._)—to have recourse to force of arms.
_in certamen descendere_—to engage in the fight.
_in aciem descendere_ (Liv. 8. 8)—to enter the field of battle.
_aciem (copias, exercitum) instruere_ or _in acie constituere_—to draw up forces in battle-order.
_aciem triplicem instruere_ (B. G. 1. 24)—to draw up the army in three lines.
_aciem explicare_ or _dilatare_—to extend the line of battle, deploy the battalions.
_media acies_—the centre.
_subsidia collocare_—to station reserve troops.
_equites ad latera disponere_ (B. G. 6. 8)—to place the cavalry on the wings.
_contionari apud milites_ (B. C. 1. 7)—to harangue the soldiers.
_contionem habere apud milites_—to harangue the soldiers.
_ad virtutem excitare, cohortari_ (or simply _adhortari, cohortari_)—to incite to valour.
_animos militum confirmare_ (B. G. 5. 49)—to encourage, embolden the soldiery.
10. The Fight
(a) The Fight in General
_proelium committere_—(1) to begin the battle, (2) to give battle.
_proelium inire_ (Liv. 2. 14)—to engage.
_proelium facere_—to give battle.
_proelio equestri contendere_—to give battle with a cavalry-division.
_proelium equestre facere_—to give battle with a cavalry-division.
_proelium facere secundum_—to fight successfully.
_proeliis secundis uti_—to fight successfully.
_rem (bene, male) gerere_ (_vid._ sect. XII. 2, note _rem gerere..._)—to win, lose a fight (of the commander).
_proelium intermittere_—to interrupt the battle.
_proelium dirimere_ (B. C. 1. 40)—to break off the fight.
_proelium restituere_—to renew the battle with success.
_proelium renovare, redintegrare_—to begin the fight again.
_proelium deserere_—to give up the fight.
_proelio, armis decertare_ (B. G. 1. 50)—to fight a decisive battle.
_acie (armis, ferro) decernere_—to fight a pitched battle.
_in acie dimicare_—to fight a pitched battle.
_proelio interesse_—to take part in the engagement.
_ex equo pugnare_—to fight on horseback.
_certamen singulare_—single combat.
_povocare aliquem ad certamen singulare_—to challenge some one to single combat.
_proelium cruentum, atrox_—a bloody battle.
_proelium iustum_ (opp. _tumultuarium_)—a pitched battle.
(b) The Attack
_classicum canit_ (B. C. 3. 82)—the trumpet sounds for the attack.
_gradum inferre in hostem_—to march on the enemy.
_aggredi hostem_—to attack the enemy.
_invadere, impetum_[1] _facere in hostem_—to attack the enemy.
_signa inferre in hostem_—to attack the enemy.
_impetum sustinere_ (B. G. 1. 26)—to resist the attack, onset.
_impetum excipere_[2] (Liv. 6. 12)—to parry the attack.
_in medios hostes se inicere_—to rush into the midst of the foe.
_per medios hostes (mediam hostium aciem) perrumpere_—to break through the enemy's centre.
_manum (us) conserere cum hoste_—to come to close quarters.
_signa conferre cum hoste_[3]—to come to close quarters.
_proelio concurritur_ (Sall. Iug. 59)—the lines charge in battle one on another.
_adversis hostibus occurrere_—to attack the enemy in the front.
_aversos hostes aggredi_—to attack the enemy in the rear.
_hostes a tergo adoriri_—to attack the enemy in the rear.
_iusto_ (opp. _tumultuario_) _proelio confligere cum hoste_ (Liv. 35. 4)—to fight a pitched, orderly battle with an enemy.
_acies inclīnat_ or _inclīnatur_ (Liv. 7. 33)—the line of battle gives way.
_proelium anceps est_—the issue of the battle is undecided.
_ancipiti Marte pugnatur_—the issue of the battle is undecided.
_diu anceps stetit pugna_—the issue of the day was for a long time uncertain.
_res est in periculo, in summo discrimine_—the position is critical.
_res ad triarios_[4] _redit_ (Liv. 8. 8)—the triarii must now fight (proverbially = we are reduced to extremities).
[1] _impetus_ is not used in the dative sing. or in the plur.; these cases are supplied by _incursio_.
[2] Caesar's method of attack was usually this: the troops drawn up on rising ground charged at the double (_concursus_); when within range came _emissio telorum_ or _pilorum_. This was followed up by a hand-to-hand _mêlée (impetus gladiorum)_.
[3] _signa conferre cum aliquo_ also sometimes means to join forces.
[4] The _triarii_ were the veterans who made up the third line behind the _principes_ and _hastati_. If these first two lines were beaten or in difficulties (_laborare_), the _triarii_, who were in a kneeling posture (_dextro genu innixi_, Liv. 8. 9), stood up (_consurgebant_, Liv. 8. 10) and continued the fight. Hence this proverb (_inde rem ad triarios redisse cum laboratur proverbio increbuit_). For the organisation of the legion in general _vid._ Liv. book 8.