Part 15

[2] _provincia_ originally means a sphere of activity, an employ, especially of magistrates; it then means the administration of a country outside Italy conquered in war, and lastly the country itself, a province. The senate each year determined on the countries to which magistrates were to be sent (_provincias nominare, decernere_).

13. Magistracies

(a) Candidature—Election

_petere magistratum, honores_—to seek office.

_ambire_[1] _aliquem_ (always with Acc. of person)—to solicit the vote or favour of some one.

_nomen profiteri_ or simply _profiteri_—to become a candidate.

_manus prensare_[2] (De Or. 1. 24. 112)—to shake hands with voters in canvassing.

_nomina appellat (nomenclator)_—the agent (_nomenclator_) mentions the names of constituents to the canvasser.

_competītor_ (Brut. 30. 113)—a rival candidate.

_multa (pauca) puncta in centuria (tribu) aliqua ferre_[3]—to obtain many (few) votes in a century or tribe.

_centuriam, tribum ferre_ (Planc. 49)—to gain the vote of a century or tribe.

_omnes centurias ferre_ or _omnium suffragiis, cunctis centuriis creari_—to be elected unanimously

_repulsam ferre consulatus (a populo)_ (Tusc. 5. 19. 54)—to fail in one's candidature for the consulship.

_magistratus vitio creati_—magistrates elected irregularly (_i.e._ either when the auspices have been unfavourable or when some formality has been neglected).

_sufficere aliquem in alicuius locum_ or _alicui_—to elect a man to fill the place of another who has died whilst in office.

_alicui_ or _in alicuius locum succedere_—to succeed a person in an office.

_alicui imperatori succedere_—to succeed some one as general.

_suo (legitimo) anno creari_ (opp. _ante annum_)—to be elected at the age required by law (_lex Villia annalis_).

_continuare magistratum_ (Sall. Iug. 37. 2)—to continue one's office for another year.

_continuare alicui magistratum_—to prolong some one's office for another year.

_prorogare alicui imperium (in annum)_—to prolong a person's command.

_magistratus et imperia_ (Sall. Iug. 3. 1)—civil and military offices.

_inire magistratum_—to enter into office.

_munus administrare, gerere_—to perform official duties.

_munere fungi, muneri praeesse_—to perform official duties.

_honores alicui mandare, deferre_—to invest a person with a position of dignity.

_muneri aliquem praeficere, praeponere_—to appoint some one to an office.

_munus explere, sustinere_—to fulfil the duties of one's position.

_abdicare se magistratu_ (Div. 2. 35)—to resign one's post (before the expiry of the term of office).

_deponere_[4] _magistratum_—to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of one's term of office).

_abire magistratu_—to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of one's term of office).

_de potestate decedere_—to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of one's term of office).

_res ad interregnum venit_ or _adducitur_—an interregnum ensues.

_abrogare alicui munus_ (Verr. 2. 57)—to remove a person from his office.

_abrogare alicui imperium_—to deprive a person of his position as commandant.

_viri clari et honorati_ (De Sen. 7. 22)—men of rank and dignity.

_honoribus ac reipublicae muneribus perfunctus_ (De Or. 1. 45)—a man who has held many offices.

_amplis honoribus usus_ (Sall. Iug. 25. 4)—a man who has held many offices.

[1] Hence _ambitio_, legitimate canvassing; _ambitus_, illegal canvassing.

[2] Under the head _ambitionis occupatio_ (De Or. 1. 1. 1) are enumerated _salutare, rogare, supplicare, manus prensare, invitare ad prandium_, and sometimes _convivia tributim data_. For the whole subject _vid._ Q. Cicero's book _de petitione consulatus ad M. fratrem_.

[3] In counting the votes polled, a dot or mark was put opposite a candidate's name as often as a tablet (_tabella_) with his name on it came up. Hence _punctum ferre_, to be successful, e.g. Hor. A. P. 343 _omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci_.

[4] But _deponere_ is also found in the sense of _abdicare_, e.g. B. G. 7. 33. 4; N. D. 2. 11; Liv. 2. 28. 9.

(b) Particular Magistracies

_consulem creare_[1]—to elect a consul.

_aliquem consulem declarare_ (Leg. Agr. 2. 2. 4)—to declare a person consul-elect.

_aliquem consulem renuntiare_ (De Or. 2. 64. 260)—to offically proclaim (by the _praeco_, herald) a man elected consul; to return a man consul.

_bis consul_—twice consul.

_iterum, tertium consul_—consul for the second, third time.

_sextum_ (Pis. 9. 20), _septimum consul_—consul for the sixth, seventh time.

_videant_ or _dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat_[2] (Catil. 1. 2. 4)—let the consuls take measures for the protection of the state.

_in hoc praeclaro consulatu_—during this brilliant consulship.

_aetas consularis_—the consular age (43 years).

_pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci_—to go to Cilicia as pro-consul.

_superiore consulatu_—in his former consulship.

_dictatorem dicere (creare)_—to name a person dictator.

_dictaturam gerere_—to be dictator.

_dictator dicit (legit) magistrum equitum_—a dictator appoints a _magister equitum_.

_potestatem habet in aliquem vitae necisque_ (B. G. 1. 16. 5)—he has power over life and death.

_lictores summovent turbam_ (Liv. 4. 50)—the lictors clear the way.

_fasces praeferre, summittere_—to walk before with the fasces; to lower the fasces.

_censores censent populum_—the censors hold a census of the people.

_censum habere, agere_ (Liv. 3. 22)—to hold the census.

_censuram agere, gerere_—to perform the censors' duties.

_locare aedes, vias faciendas_ (Phil. 9. 7. 16)—to receive tenders for the construction of temples, highroads.

_locare opera publica_—to let out public works to contract.

_redimere, conducere porticum aedificandam_ (Div. 2. 21. 47)—to undertake a contract for building a portico.

_nota, animadversio censoria_—the reprimand of a censor.

_notare aliquem ignominia_ (Cluent. 43. 119)—to brand a person with infamy.

_censu prohibere, excludere_—to strike off the burgess-roll.

_tribu movere aliquem_—to expel some one from his tribe.

_e senatu eicere_—to expel from the senate.

_senatu movere_—to expel from the senate.

_lustrum condere_ (Liv. 1. 44. 2)—to complete the censorship (by certain formal purificatory ceremonies = _lustro faciendo_).

_tribuni plebis sacrosancti_ (Liv. 3. 19. 10)—the plebeian tribunes, whose persons are inviolable.

_appellare_[3] _tribunos plebis (in aliqua re a praetore)_ (Liv. 2. 55)—to appeal to the plebeian tribunes against a praetor's decision.

_provocare_[4] _ad populum_ (Liv. 2. 55)—to appeal to the people.

_intercessio tribunicia_ (cf. sect. XIV. 5)—the tribunicial veto.

[1] _creare_ is used of any magistrate regularly elected. The _locus classicus_ on this subject is Cic. De Leg. 3. 3. 6-12.

[2] This formula conferred absolute power on the consuls. This was done only in cases of great emergency, and was somewhat similar to our "declaration of martial law."

[3] _appellare_ as a legal technical term only occurs in classical Latin in the formula _te, vos appello_.

[4] _provocare_ only with proper names, e.g. _ad Catonem provocare_. To appeal to some one's pity, etc. = _implorare alicuius misericordiam, fidem_, etc.

14. The Senate

_publicum consilium_ (Phil. 7.7. 19)—the council of the nation; the senate.

_in senatum legere,_[1] _eligere_—to elect to the senate.

_senatum vocare, convocare_—to call a meeting of the senate.

_senatum cogere_ (Liv. 3. 39)—to assemble the senate.

_edicere,_[2] _ut senatus frequens adsit_ (Fam. 11. 6. 2)—to issue a proclamation calling on the senators to assemble in full force.

_senatum habere_—to hold a sitting of the senate.

_ad senatum referre_[4] (Cic. Dom. 53. 136)—to bring a question before the senate (of the presiding magistrate).

_patres (senatum) consulere de aliqua re_ (Sall. Iug. 28)—to consult the senators on a matter.

_sententiam rogare, interrogare_—to ask the opinion of...

_sententiam dicere_—to give an opinion (also used of a judge, cf. sect. VI. 4).

_senatus sententia inclīnat ad..._ (De Sen. 6. 16)—the senate inclines to the opinion, decides for...

_sententia vincit_ (Liv. 2. 4. 3)—the majority were of the opinion...

_maior pars_—the majority.

_quid censes? quid tibi videtur?_—what is your opinion?

_quid de ea re fieri placet?_—what is your opinion?

_discessionem facere_ (Sest. 34. 74)—to take the vote (by division).

_discedere (pedibus), ire in alicuius sententiam_[5] (Liv. 23. 10)—to vote for some one's motion.

_senatus decrevit (populusque iussit) ut_—the senate decreed (and the people ratified the decree) that...

_senatus consultum fit_ (Att. 2. 24. 3)—a resolution of the senate (not opposed by a tribunicial veto) was made.

_senatus auctoritas_—the opinion of the senate in general.

_senatum alicui dare_ (Q. Fr. 2. 11. 2)—to give a man audience before the senate.

_a senatu res ad populum reicitur_—a matter is referred (for decision) from the senate to the people.

_dicendi mora diem extrahere, eximere, tollere_—to pass the whole day in discussion.

_dimittere senatum_[5]—to dismiss the senate.

_nox senatum dirimit_—night breaks up the sitting.

[1] Distinct from _senatum legere_ = to read over and revise the list of senators (used of the censors). The head of the list was called _princeps senatus_.

[2] _edicere, edictum_, technical terms; _edicere_ is used of the praetor deciding how a case is to be tried, cf. Verr. 2. 1. 41; Flacc. 28. 67. Then more generally of an order, declaration, proclamation. The senate was convened by the _praeco_ or by means of a notice posted in some public place (_edictum_).

[3] A meeting of the senate opened by a declaration of the agenda by the presiding magistrate, a consul, praetor, or tribune. This was called _referre ad senatum_.

[4] After the _rogatio sententiarum_ came the voting, usually by division (_per discessionem, pedibus ire in sententiam_), but in cases of doubt each member was asked his opinion (_per singulorum sententias exquisitas_). The presiding officer then dismissed the meeting with the words _nihil vos moramur, patres conscripti_, "I need not detain you any longer." From this formula probably came the colloquial uses—(1) "I do not care for...," "I have no interest in..." (with the Acc.); (2) "I have nothing against...," "you have my consent to..." (with the Acc. and Inf. or _quominus_).

[5] id.

XV. Law and Justice

1. Law in General

_ius dicere_—to administer justice (said of the praetor).

_ius reddere_ (Liv. 3. 33)—to administer justice (said of the praetor).

_ius suum persequi_—to assert one's right.

_ius suum adipisci_ (Liv. 1. 32. 10)—to obtain justice.

_ius suum tenere, obtinere_—to maintain one's right.

_de iure suo decedere_ or _cedere_—to waive one's right.

_(ex) iure, lege agere cum aliquo_—to go to law with a person.

_summo iure agere cum aliquo_ (cf. _summum ius, summa iniuria_)—to proceed against some one with the utmost rigour of the law; to strain the law in one's favour.

_in ius, in iudicium vocare aliquem_—to summon some one before the court.

_diem dicere alicui_—to summon some one to appear on a given day; to accuse a person.

_in iudicium venire, in iudicio adesse_—to appear in court.

_iudicia administrare_—to have charge of the administration of justice.

_iudicium exercere_ (_vid._ sect. V. 7, note _The first..._)—to administer justice; to judge (used of criminal cases before the praetor).

_iudicio praeesse_—to be president of a court.

_conventus agere_ (B. G. 1. 54)—to convene the assizes (used of a provincial governor).

_quaestiones perpetuae_ (Brut. 27. 106)—the standing commissions of inquiry.

_aliquem in integrum_ (_vid._ sect. V. 4, note _The proper..._) _restituere_—to reinstate a person in his right.

(1) _respondere_[1] (_de iure_ or _ius_)—to give a legal opinion, decision on points of law.

(2) _cavere (in iure)_ (Off. 2. 65)—to point out what precautions, what formal steps must be taken to insure immunity.

(3) _agere_—to be energetic in the conduct of the case; to plead before the judge.

_aequum iudicem se alicui praebere_—to judge some one equitably.

_ex aequo et bono_ (Caecin. 23. 65)—justly and equitably.

_iudex incorruptus_—an impartial judge.

_ratio iudiciorum_—judicial organisation.

_aequa iuris descriptio_ (Off. 2. 4. 15)—a sound judicial system.

_aequo iure vivere cum aliquo_—to live with some one on an equal footing.

_iustitium indicere, edicere_ (Phil. 5. 12)—to proclaim that the courts are closed, a cessation of legal business.

_iustitium remittere_—to re-open the courts.

_ius ad artem redigere_—to reduce law to a system.

_ius nullum_—absence of justice.

_ius ac fas omne delere_—to trample all law under foot.

_omnia iura pervertere_—to trample all law under foot.

_contra ius fasque_—against all law, human and divine.

_optimo iure_—with full right.

_ius praecipuum, beneficium, donum_, also _immunitas_[2] c. Gen.—prerogative, privilege.

[1] In full _consulenti respondere_. From this consultation lawyers got the title _iuris_ or _iure consulti_. In these three points, _respondere, cavere, agere_, consisted the practical duty of a jurist. Cicero, however (De Or. 1. 48), adds _scribere_ = to draw up legal instruments such as wills, contracts, etc.

[2] _privilegium_ in this sense is post-classical. In classical prose it denotes a law passed for or against an individual (_privus_), e.g. _privilegium ferre, irrogare de aliquo_ (Cic.)

2. Inquiry—Testimony—Torture

_aliquid, causam cognoscere_—to hold an inquiry into a matter.

_quaerere aliquid_ or _de aliqua re_—to hold an inquiry into a matter.

_quaestionem habere de aliquo, de aliqua re_ or _in aliquem_—to examine a person, a matter.

_quaestioni praeesse_—to preside over an inquiry.

_quaesītor_—the examining judge.

_incognita causa_ (cf. sect. XV. 3, _indicta causa_)—without any examination.

_in tabulas publicas referre aliquid_—to enter a thing in the public records.

_deprehendere aliquem (in aliqua re)_—to catch a person, find him out.

_deprehendere aliquem in manifesto scelere_—to take a person in the act.

_testis gravis_—an important witness.

_testis locuples_—a witness worthy of all credit.

_testis incorruptus atque integer_—an impartial witness.

_aliquem testem alicuius rei (in aliquid) citare_—to cite a person to give evidence on a matter.

_aliquem testem adhibere_—to use some one's evidence.

_aliquo teste uti_—to use some one's evidence.

_aliquem testem dare, edere, proferre_—to produce as a witness.

_aliquem testem producere_—to produce as a witness.

_testem prodire (in aliquem)_—to appear as witness against a person.

_testimonium dicere pro aliquo_—to give evidence on some one's behalf.

_pro testimonio dicere_—to state as evidence.

_testibus teneri, convictum esse_—to be convicted by some one's evidence.

_alicui admovere tormenta_—to have a person tortured.

_quaerere tormentis de aliquo_—to have a person tortured.

_de servis quaerere (in dominum)_—to examine slaves by torture.

_cruciatūs tormentorum_—the pains of torture.

_aliquem a ceteris separare et in arcam conicere ne quis cum eo colloqui possit_ (Mil. 22. 60)—to isolate a witness.

3. Process—Defence

_causa privata_—a civil case.

_causa publica_ (Brut. 48. 178)—a criminal case.

_causam alicuius agere (apud iudicem)_—to conduct a person's case (said of an agent, solicitor).

_causam dicere, orare_ (Brut. 12. 47)—to address the court (of the advocate).

_causam dicere_—to defend oneself before the judge (of the accused).

_causam dicere pro aliquo_—to defend a person.

_causam alicuius defendere_—to conduct some one's defence in a case.

_causam optimam habere_ (Lig. 4. 10)—to have a good case.

_causam inferiorem dicendo reddere superiorem_ (λόγον κρείττω ποιειν) (Brut. 8. 30)—to gain a weak case by clever pleading.

_patronus_[1] _(causae)_ (De Or. 2. 69)—counsel; advocate.

_causam suscipere_—to undertake a case.

_ad causam aggredi_ or _accedere_—to undertake a case.

_indicta causa_ (opp. _cognita causa_)—without going to law.

_litem alicui intendere_—to go to law with, sue a person.

_adhuc sub iudice lis est_ (Hor. A. P. 77)—the case is still undecided.

_lites componere_ (Verg. Ecl. 3. 108)—to arrange a dispute (by arbitration).

_causam_ or _litem obtinere_—to win a case.

_causā_ or _iudicio vincere_—to win a case.

_causam_ or _litem amittere, perdere_—to lose one's case.

_causā_ or _lite cadere_ (owing to some informality)—to lose one's case.

_calumniae litium_ (Mil. 27. 74)—chicanery (specially of wrongfully accusing an innocent man).

[1] They were not called _advocati_ till under the Empire. In Augustan Latin _advocatus_ = _amicus qui adest alicui (in iudicio)_, i.e. a man who supported his friend by his presence and influence.

4. Accusation—Verdict—Decision

_accusatio_ (Cael. 3. 6)—a criminal accusation.

_actio, petitio_—a private, civil prosecution.

_nomen alicuius deferre (apud praetorem)_ (Verr. 2. 38. 94)—to accuse, denounce a person.

_referre in reos aliquem_—to put some one on the list of the accused.

_eximere de reis aliquem_—to strike a person's name off the list of the accused.

_aliquis reus fit_ (Fam. 13. 54)—some one is accused.

_iudices reicere_ (Verr. 3. 11. 28)—to challenge, reject jurymen.

_crimina diluere, dissolvere_—to refute charges.

_accusare aliquem rei capitalis (rerum capitalium)_—to charge some one with a capital offence.

_caput alicuius agitur_ (_vid._ sect. V. 8)—a person's life is in jeopardy.

_accusare aliquem peculatus, pecuniae publicae_—to accuse some one of malversation, embezzlement of public money.

_accusare aliquem falsarum tabularum_[1]—to accuse a person of forging the archives.

_postulare aliquem repetundarum_[2] or _de repetundis_—to accuse a person of extortion (to recover the sums extorted).

_accusare aliquem perduellionis_—to charge a person with treason (hostile conduct against the state generally).

_accusare aliquem maiestatis_—to accuse a person of high treason (more specific than the preceding).

_accusare aliquem ambitus, de ambitu_—to accuse some one of illegal canvassing.

_accusare aliquem de vi, de veneficiis_—to accuse a person of violence, poisoning.

_accusare aliquem inter sicarios_ (Rosc. Am. 32. 90)—to accuse a person of assassination.

_sententiae iudicum_—the finding of the jury.

_sententiam ferre, dicere_ (Off. 3. 16. 66)—to give sentence (of the judge, cf. sect. VI. 4, note _Not..._).

_iudicare causam (de aliqua re)_—to decide on the conduct of the case.

_iudicium rescindere_—to rescind a decision.

_res iudicatas rescindere_ (Cic. Sull. 22. 63)—to rescind a decision.

_lege Plautia damnari_ (Sall. Cat. 31. 4)—to be condemned under the Lex Plautia.

[1] Cf. _tabulas publicas corrumpere_ (Rosc. Am. 128); _commutare_, to falsify public records.

[2] Extortion generally can be rendered by _violenta exactio pecuniarum_, or some verbal periphrasis (e.g. _per vim capere pecunias_, etc.)

5. Guilt

_in culpa esse_—to be at fault; to blame; culpable.

_culpa alicuius rei est in aliquo_—some one is to blame in a matter; it is some one's fault.

_mea culpa est_—it is my fault.

_culpa carere, vacare_—to be free from blame.

_extra culpam esse_—to be free from blame.

_abesse a culpa_—to be free from blame.

_prope abesse a culpa_—to be almost culpable.

_affinem esse culpae_—to be almost culpable.

_culpam in aliquem conferre, transferre, conicere_—to put the blame on another.

_culpam alicui attribuere, assignare_—to attribute the fault to some one.

_aliquid alicui crimini dare, vitio vertere_ (Verr. 5. 50)—to reproach, blame a person for...

_culpam committere, contrahere_—to commit some blameworthy action.

_facinus, culpam in se admittere_—to commit some blameworthy action.

_non committere, ut..._—to take care not to...

_culpam alicuius rei sustinere_—to bear the blame of a thing.

_culpam a se amovere_[1]—to exonerate oneself from blame.

_veniam dare alicui_—to pardon a person.

[1] Note _purgare aliquid_, to justify oneself in a matter; _se alicui purgare de aliqua re_ (Fam. 12. 25); _alicui purgatum esse_ (B. G. 1. 28).

6. Punishment—Acquittal

_poena afficere aliquem_ (Off. 2. 5. 18)—to punish some one.

_animadvertere in aliquem_—to punish some one.

_punire aliquem_—to punish some one.

_ulcisci aliquem (pro aliqua re)_—to punish some one.

_poenas alicuius persequi_—to exact a penalty from some one.

_poenam petere, repetere ab aliquo_—to exact a penalty from some one.

_poenas expetere ab aliquo_—to exact a penalty from some one.

_supplicium sumere de aliquo_—to exact a penalty from some one.

_hanc poenam constituere in aliquem, ut..._—to ordain as punishment that...

_graviter consulere in aliquem_ (Liv. 8. 13)—to deal severely with a person.

_poenas (graves) dare alicui_—to be (heavily) punished by some one.

_poenas alicui pendere (alicuius rei)_—to be punished by some one (on account of a thing).

_poenas dependere, expendere, solvere, persolvere_—to suffer punishment.

_poenam (alicuius rei) ferre, perferre_—to suffer punishment.

_poenam luere (alicuius rei)_ (Sull. 27. 76)—to be punished for a thing, expiate it.

_luere_[1] _aliquid aliqua re_ (De Sen. 20)—to atone for something by...

_poenam subire_—to submit to a punishment.

_pecunia multare aliquem_—to condemn some one to a fine.

_multam irrogare alicui_ (Cic. Dom. 17. 45)—to impose a fine (used of the prosecutor or the _tribunus plebis_ proposing a fine to be ratified by the people).

_decem milibus aeris damnari_—to be fined 10,000 asses.

_in vincula (custodiam) dare aliquem_—to put some one in irons, chains.

_in vincula, in catenas conicere aliquem_—to put some one in irons, chains.

_in carcerem conicere aliquem_—to throw some one into prison.

_capitis_ or _capite damnare aliquem_—to condemn some one to death.

_capitis absolvere aliquem_—to repeal a death-sentence passed on a person.

_supplicium alicui decernere, in aliquem constituere_—to decree the penalty of death.

_Solo capite sanxit, si quis..._ (Att. 10. 1)—Solon made it a capital offence to...

_morte multare aliquem_ (Catil. 1. 11. 28)—to punish any one with death.

_supplicium sumere de aliquo_—to execute the death-sentence on a person.

_supplicio (capitis) affici_—to suffer capital punishment.

_ad palum deligare_ (Liv. 2. 5)—to bind to the stake.

_virgis caedere_—to beat with rods.

_securi percutere, ferire aliquem_—to execute a person, cut off his head.

_in crucem agere, tollere aliquem_—to crucify.

_cruci suffigere aliquem_—to crucify.

_impune fecisse, tulisse aliquid_—to go unpunished.

_impunitum aliquem dimittere_—to let a person go scot-free.

_mortem_[2] _deprecari_ (B. G. 7. 40. 6)—to beg for life.

[1] To express the passive use _expiari_, e.g. _scelus supplicio expiatum_.

[2] One can also say _vitam, salutem deprecari_, as _deprecari_ means (1) to obtain by supplication, (2) to avert by supplication.

XVI. War

1. Levies—Military Oath—Armies in General

_aetas militaris_—military age.

_qui arma ferre possunt_ or _iuventus_—men of military age.

_qui per aetatem arma ferre non possunt_ or _aetate ad bellum inutiles_—men exempt from service owing to age.

_exercitum conficere_ (Imp. Pomp. 21. 61)—to raise an army.

_milites (exercitum) scribere, conscribere_—to levy troops.

_dilectum habere_—to hold a levy.

_imperare milites civitatibus_—to compel communities to provide troops.

_nomen (nomina) dare, profiteri_—to enlist oneself.

_ad nomen non respondere_ (Liv. 7. 4)—to fail to answer one's name.

_militiam_ (only in the sing.) _capessere_—to take service in the army.

_militiam detrectare, subterfugere_—to try to avoid military service.

_excusare morbum, valetudinem_—to plead ill-health as an excuse for absence.

_militiae vacationem habere_—to be excused military duty.

_equo, pedibus merere_ (Liv. 27. 11)—to serve in the cavalry, infantry.

_sacramentum (o) dicere_ (_vid._ sect. XI. 2, note _sacramentum..._)—to take the military oath.