Part 13
_aditum conveniendi_ or _colloquium_[4] _petere_—to ask a hearing, audience, interview.
_(ad colloquium) admitti_ (B. C. 3. 57)—to obtain an audience of some one.
_in congressum alicuius venire_—to obtain an audience of some one.
_velle aliquem_ (Plaut. Capt. 5. 2. 24)—to wish to speak to some one.
_paucis te volo_—a word with you.
_tribus verbis te volo_—a word with you.
_sermo cotidianus_, or simply _sermo_—conversational language.
_coram loqui (cum aliquo)_—to speak personally to...
_commercium loquendi et audiendi_—interchange of ideas; conversation.
_capita conferre_ (Liv. 2. 45)—to put our heads together.
_remotis arbitris_ or _secreto_—in private; tête-à-tête.
_intra parietes_ (Brut. 8. 32)—within four walls.
[1] _sermonem conserere_ in late Latin.
[2] Distinguish from such phrases as _incidere in sermonem (hominum)_, to become common talk.
[3] _audientia_ is not used in this connection, but only in such phrases as _audientiam facere alicui_ or _orationi alicuius_, to listen to a person.[TR1]
[4] _colloquium_ as opposed to _sermo_ means an interview specially arranged, usually for transaction of some business.
[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text has indeed "to listen to a person". The French edition gives "prêter l'oreille, écouter quelqu'un". Both seem to be wrong because the original German footnote says: "Es ist nicht hierfür _audientia_ zu gebrauchen, welches Wort nur in der Redensart _audientiam facere alicui_ oder _orationi alicuius_ einem 'Gehör verschaffen', vorkommt." Compare also Lewis & Short, "A Latin Dictionary", entry "audientia".
10. Greeting—Farewell
_salutem alicui dicere, impertire, nuntiare_—to greet a person.
_aliquem salvere iubere_ (Att. 4. 14)—to greet a person.
_quid agis?_[1]—how are you?
_quid agitur? quid fit?_—what is going on? how are you getting on?
_Cicero Attico_[2] _S.D.P. (salutem dicit plurimam)_—Cicero sends cordial greetings to Atticus.
_tibi plurimam salutem_—my best wishes for your welfare.
_nuntia fratri tuo salutem verbis meis_ (Fam. 7. 14)—remember me to your brother.
_adscribere alicui salutem_ (Att. 5. 20. 9)—to add to one's letter good wishes to some one.
_salute data (accepta) redditaque_—after mutual greeting.
_inter se consalutare_ (De Or. 2. 3. 13)—to exchange greetings.
_dextram alicui porrigere, dare_—to give one's right hand to some one.
_dextram iungere cum aliquo, dextras inter se iungere_—to shake hands with a person.
_te valere_[3] _iubeo_—I bid you good-bye, take my leave.
_vale_ or _cura ut valeas_—good-bye; farewell.
_bene ambula et redambula_—a safe journey to you.
_gratulari alicui aliquid_ or _de aliqua re_—to congratulate a person on something.
[1] _quid agis?_ is also used as an expression of surprise, "what are you thinking of?"
[2] This and the following phrase only epistolary.
[3] _valedicere alicui_ is poetical.
11. Betrothal—Marriage—Divorce
_filiam alicui despondere_—to betroth one's daughter to some one.
_sibi (aliquam) despondere_ (of the man)—to betroth oneself, get engaged.
_nuptias conciliare_ (Nep. Att. 5. 3)—to arrange a marriage.
_nuptias parare_—to make preparations for a marriage.
_condicio (uxoria)_ (Phil. 2. 38. 99)—a match.
_ducere uxorem_—to marry (of the man).
_ducere aliquam in matrimonium_—to marry (of the man).
_nubere alicui_—to marry (of the woman).
_nuptam esse cum aliquo_ or _alicui_—to be married to some one.
_uxorem habere_ (Verr. 3. 33. 76)—to be a married man.
_dotem filiae dare_—to give a dowry to one's daughter.
_filiam alicui in matrimonio_ or _in matrimonium collocare_ or simply _filiam alicui collocare_—to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one.
_filiam alicui in matrimonium dare_—to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one.
_filiam alicui nuptum dare_—to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one.
_nuntium remittere alicui_ (De Or. 1. 40)—to separate, be divorced (used of man or woman).
_repudium dicere_ or _scribere alicui_—to separate, be divorced (used of man or woman).
_divortium facere cum uxore_—to separate from, divorce (of the man).
_aliquam suas res sibi habere_[1] _iubere_ (Phil. 2. 28. 69)—to separate from, divorce (of the man).
_repudium_[2] _remittere viro_ (Dig. 24. 3)—to separate (of the woman).
[1] The formula of divorce used by the man was _tuas res tibi habeto_, cf. Plaut. Trin. 266.
[2] Cicero uses _divortium_ not _repudium_. _divortium_ (_dis, vertere_) is a separation by mutual consent, _divortium est, quod in diversas partes eunt, qui discedunt_ (Paul. Dig. L. 16. 1. 161). In _repudium_ one party takes the initiative, usually the husband. The formula commonly used was _tua condicione non utar_.
12. Will—Inheritance
_testamentum facere, conscribere_—to make a will.
_testamentum obsignare_ (B. G. 1. 39)—to sign a will.
_testamentum resignare_—to open a will.
_testamentum rescindere_—to declare a will to be null and void.
_testamentum subicere, supponere_—to produce a false will.
_testamentum irritum facere, rumpere_—to annul, revoke a will.
_testamento aliquid cavere_ (Fin. 2. 31)—to prescribe in one's will.
_pecuniam alicui legare_—to leave money to a person in one's will.
_aliquem heredem testamento scribere, facere_—to appoint some one as heir in one's will.
_alicuius mortui voluntas (suprema)_—the last wishes of a deceased person.
_heredem esse alicui_—to be some one's heir.
_hereditate aliquid accipere_—to inherit something.
_exheres paternorum bonorum_ (De Or. 1. 38. 175)—disinherited.
_exheredari a patre_—to be disinherited.
_hereditate aliquid relictum est ab aliquo_—something has been left as a legacy by some one.
_hereditas ad me_ or _mihi venit ab aliquo_ (Verr. 2. 1. 10)—I have received a legacy from a person.
_hereditatem adire, cernere_—to take possession of an inheritance.
_heres ex asse, ex dodrante_—sole heir; heir to three-quarters of the estate.
_heres ex besse_—heir to two-thirds of the property.
13. Custom—Usage
_assuefactus_[1] or _assuetus aliqua re_—accustomed to a thing.
_in consuetudinem_ or _morem venire_—to become customary, the fashion.
_in nostros mores inducere aliquid_ (De Or. 2. 28)—to introduce a thing into our customs; to familiarise us with a thing.
_consuetudinem suam tenere, retinere,[TR1] servare_—to keep up a usage.
_consuetudo inveterascit_ (B. G. 5. 41. 5)—a custom is taking root, growing up.
_res obsolescit_—a thing is going out of use, becoming obsolete.
_a vetere consuetudine discedere_—to give up old customs.
_a pristina consuetudine deflectere_—to give up old customs.
_in pristinam consuetudinem revocare aliquid_—to return to ancient usage.
_aliquid est meae consuetudinis_—it is my custom.
_aliquid cadit in meam consuetudinem_—it is my custom.
_mos (moris) est, ut_ (Brut. 21. 84)—it is customary to...
_more, usu receptum est_—it is traditional usage.
_ut fit, ita ut fit, ut fere fit_—as usually happens.
_ut solet, ut fieri solet_—as usually happens.
_ita fert consuetudo_—so custom, fashion prescribes.
_ex consuetudine mea_ (opp. _praeter consuetudinem_)—according to my custom.
_more institutoque maiorum_ (Mur. 1. 1)—according to the custom and tradition of my fathers.
_ex instituto_ (Liv. 6. 10. 6)—according to traditional usage.
[1] Note _assuescere_, to accustom oneself to .... and _assuefacere aliquem_, to accustom some one else to...
[TR1] Transcriber's Note: The original text has _retineri_. But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition using _retinere_.
XIII. Commerce and Agriculture
1. Commerce in General—Purchase—Price
_negotiatores_[1] (Verr. 2. 69. 168)—business-men.
_homines negotii_ (always in sing.) _gerentes_—business-men.
_negotii bene gerentes_ (Quint. 19. 62)—good men of business.
_negotium obire_ or _exsequi_—to be engaged upon a transaction, carry it out.
_negotium (rem) conficere, absolvere_—to settle, finish a transaction.
_mercaturam facere_—to be engaged in commerce, wholesale business.
_negotia habere (in Sicilia)_—to have commercial interests in Sicily.
_contrahere rem_ or _negotium cum aliquo_ (Cluent. 14. 41)—to have business relations with some one.
_transigere aliquid (de aliqua re) cum aliquo_ or _inter se_—to transact, settle a matter with some one.
_nihil cum aliquo contrahere_—to do no business with a man.
_quaestum facere_ (Fam. 15. 14)—to make money.
_quaestui aliquid habere_ (Off. 2. 3. 13)—to make a profit out of something.
_res, quae importantur et exportantur_—imports and exports.
_exponere, proponere merces (venales)_—to set out goods for sale.
_parvo, vili pretio_ or _bene emere_—to buy cheaply.
_magno_ or _male emere_—to buy dearly.
_aliquid magno, parvo stat, constat_—a thing costs much, little.
_aliquid nihilo_ or _gratis constat_—a thing costs nothing.
_pretium alicui rei statuere, constituere_ (Att. 13. 22)—to fix a price for a thing.
[1] The usual term for men of business are _negotiator, mercator, caupo, institor_. The first two are used of merchants, wholesale dealers, _negotiator_ especially when talking of the transactions (_negotia_) of business, _mercator_ with reference to the profits (_merces_). _caupo_ is a retail dealer, tradesman, shopkeeper; _institor_, a pedlar, commercial traveller.
2. Money—Interest—Loans
_pecunia magna_,[1] _grandis (multum pecuniae)_—much money.
_pecunia exigua_ or _tenuis_—little money.
_pecunia praesens_ (_vid._ sect. V. 9, note _Notice too..._) or _numerata_—cash; ready money.
_aes (argentum) signatum_—coined money; bullion.
_argentum (factum)_ (Verr. 5. 25. 63)—silver plate.
_nummi adulterini_—bad money; base coin.
_pecuniam erogare (in classem)_—to spend money.
_pecuniam insumere in aliquid_ or _consumere in aliqua re_—to devote money to a purpose.
_pecuniam numerare alicui_ (Att. 16. 16)—to pay cash.
_pecuniam solvere_—to pay money.
_pecuniam alicui debere_—to owe some one money.
_pecuniam alicui credere (sine fenore, usuris)_—to lend some one money (without interest).
_pecuniam fenori (fenore) alicui dare, accipere ab aliquo_—to lend, borrow money at interest.
_pecuniam fenore occupare_ (Flacc. 21. 54)—to put out money at interest.
_pecuniam collocare_[2] _in aliqua re_—to put money in an undertaking.
_pecunia iacet otiosa_—the money is bringing in no interest, lies idle.
_pecuniam mutuari_ or _sumere mutuam ab aliquo_—to borrow money from some one.
_pecuniam alicui mutuam dare_—to lend money to some one.
_pecuniam creditam solvere_—to repay a loan.
_non solvendo_[3] _esse_ (Phil. 2. 2. 4)—to be bankrupt.
_pecuniam exigere (acerbe)_—to demand payment.
_magnas pecunias ex aliqua re_ (e.g. _ex metallis_) _facere_—to have a large income from a thing (e.g. from mines).
_nummus iactatur_ (Off. 3. 20. 80)—the bank-rate varies.
_versuram facere_ (Att. 5. 21. 12)—to transfer a debt.
_nummulis acceptis_ (Att. 1. 16. 6)—for a trifle, a beggarly pittance.
[1] In plur. _magnae, multae pecuniae_ = large sums of money.
[2] Sometimes absolutely, e.g. Cic. Off. 2. 25. 90 _pecuniam collocare_.
[3] _solvendo_ is a predicative dative. For the development of such uses cf. _nulli rei erimus postea_ (Plaut. Stich. 718); Ovid Met. 15. 403 _dedit huic aetas vires onerique ferendo est_; Liv. 4. 35 _experiunda res est sitne aliqui plebeius ferendo magno honori_.
3. Money-Matters—Accounts—Audit
_res nummaria_ or _pecuniaria_—finance; money-matters.
_ratio pecuniarum_—finance; money-matters.
_argentariam facere_ (Verr. 5. 59. 155)—to be a banker.
_argentariam dissolvere_ (Caecin. 4. 11)—to close one's bank, give up banking.
_codex_ or _tabulae ratio accepti et expensi_—account-book; ledger.
_nomina facere_ or _in tabulas referre_—to book a debt.
_pecunia in nominibus_[1] _est_—money is outstanding, unpaid.
_pecuniam in nominibus habeo_—I have money owing me.
_alicui expensum ferre aliquid_—to put a thing down to a man's account.
_alicui acceptum referre aliquid_[2] (Verr. 2. 70. 170)—to put down to a man's credit.
_rationem alicuius rei inire, subducere_—to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing.
_ad calculos vocare aliquid_ (Amic. 16. 58)—to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing.
_inita subductaque ratione aliquid facere_—to do something after careful calculation.
_rationes putare_[3] _cum aliquo_—to balance accounts with some one.
_ratio alicuius rei constat (convenit, par est)_—the accounts balance.
_ratio acceptorum et datorum (accepti et expensi)_ (Amic. 16. 58)—the account of receipts and expenditure.
_rationem diligenter conficere_—to keep the accounts (day-book) carefully.
_summam facere alicuius rei_—to compute the total of anything.
_de capite deducere_ (_vid._ sect. XII. 1, note _Notice too..._) _aliquid_—to subtract something from the capital.
_rationem alicuius rei reddere_—to render count of a matter; to pass it for audit.
_rationem alicuius rei reposcere aliquem_ or _ab aliquo_—to demand an account, an audit of a matter.
_rationem ab aliquo reptere de aliqua re_ (Cluent. 37. 104)—to demand an account, an audit of a matter.
[1] _nomina_ are properly the sums entered in the ledger as due from a person. Hence _nomen solvere, dissolvere_, to pay a debt.; _nomen expedire, exsolvere_, to get rid of a debt; _bonum nomen_, a safe investment (Cic. Fam. 5. 6. 2).
[2] Also used metaphorically to "owe a thing to another's instrumentality," e.g. _quod vivo tibi acceptum refero_.
[3] The original meaning of _putare_ is to prune (cf. _purus, amputare_), cleanse by cutting off, then make clear, calculate, reckon. By a transference it became used of calculation, i.e. thinking, believing. Compare the history of the French _raisonner_ and the Italian _ragioneria_.
4. Rate of Interest
_centesimae_ (sc. _usurae_) (Att. 5. 21. 11)—interest at 1 per cent per month, 12 per cent per annum.
_binis centesimis fenerari_—to lend at 24 per cent.[TR1]
_ternae centesimae_—36 per cent per annum.
_quaternas centesimas postulare_ (Att. 5. 21. 11)—to demand 48 per cent.
_semisses_—6 per cent (i.e. if for 100 denarii, asses, one pays half a denarius, half an as per month).
_semissibus magna copia est_—money is plentiful at 6 per cent.
_usurae semissium_ (Colum.)—6 per cent.
_usurae semisses_ (Jurists)—6 per cent.
_quadrantes usurae_—3 per cent (a quarter of centesima).
_trientes_ or _trientariae usurae_ (Att. 4. 15)—4 per cent.
_quincunx_ (Pers. 5. 149)—5 per cent.
_quincunces usurae_—5 per cent.
_fenus ex triente Id. Quint. factum erat bessibus_ (Att. 4. 15. 7)—the rate of interest has gone up from 4 per cent to 8 per cent.
_perpetuum fenus_ (Att. 5. 21. 13)—simple interests.
_fenus renovatum_—compound interest.
_anatocismus_ (ἀνατοκισμός) (Att. 5. 21. 11)—compound interest.
_fenus iniquissimum, grande, grave_—exorbitant rate of interest.
_usura menstrua_—monthly interest.
_centesimis cum anatocismo contentum esse_ (Att. 5. 21. 12)—to be content with 12 per cent at compound interest.
[TR1] Transcriber's Note: The Latin expression means _at 2 percent per month_ which amounts to 24 percent per year (Cp. French edition).
5. Profit—Credit—Debt
_lucrum facere_ (opp. _damnum facere_) _ex aliqua re_—to make profit out of a thing.
_in lucro ponere aliquid_ (Flacc. 17. 40)—to consider a thing as profit.
_debitor_, or _is qui debet_—the debtor.
_creditor_, or _is cui debeo_—the creditor.
_fides et ratio pecuniarum_—credit and financial position.
_fides_ (_vid._ sect. IX. 10, note _fides has six..._) _concidit_—credit is going down.
_fidem derogare alicui_—to rob a person of his credit.
_fides aliquem deficere coepit_—a man's credit begins to go down.
_fides (de foro) sublata est_ (Leg. Agr. 2. 3. 8)—credit has disappeared.
_fides tota Italia est angusta_—credit is low throughout Italy.
_fidem moliri_ (Liv. 6. 11. 8)—to shake credit.
_laborare de pecunia_—to have pecuniary difficulties.
_in summa difficultate nummaria versari_ (Verr. 2. 28. 69)—to be in severe pecuniary straits.
_in maximas angustias (pecuniae) adduci_—to be reduced to extreme financial embarrassment.
_aes alienum_ (always in sing.) _facere, contrahere_—to incur debts.
_grande, magnum_ (opp. _exiguum_) _aes alienum conflare_—to incur debts on a large scale.
_incidere in aes alienum_—to get into debt.
_aes alienum habere_—to be in debt.
_in aere alieno esse_—to be in debt.
_in suis nummis versari_ (Verr. 4. 6. 11)—to have no debts.
_aere alieno obrutum, demersum esse_—to be deeply in debt.
_aere alieno oppressum esse_—to have pressing debts.
_aes alienum dissolvere, exsolvere_—to pay one's debts.
_nomina_ (cf. sect. XIII. 3) _solvere, dissolvere, exsolvere_—to pay one's debts.
_nomina exigere_ (Verr. 3. 10. 28)—to demand payment of, recover debts.
_ex aere alieno exire_—to get out of debt.
_aere alieno liberari_—to get out of debt.
_versurā solvere, dissolvere_ (Att. 5. 15. 2)—to pay one's old debts by making new.
6. Building
_opus locare_—to contract for the building of something.
_opus redimere, conducere_—to undertake the contract for a work.
_domum aedificandam locare, conducere_—to give, undertake a contract for building a house.
_aedificatorem esse_ (Nep. Att. 13. 1)—to be fond of building.
_exstruere aedificium, monumentum_—to erect a building, a monument.
_fundamenta iacere, agere_—to lay the foundations.
_turrim excitare, erigere, facere_—to build a tower.
_oppidum constituere, condere_—to build, found a city.
_pontem facere in flumine_—to build a bridge over a river.
_inicere pontem_—to build a bridge over a river.
_flumen ponte iungere_—to build a bridge over a river.
_pons est in flumine_—there is a bridge over the river.
_pontem dissolvere, rescindere, interscindere_ (B. G. 2. 9. 4)—to break down a bridge.
_luminibus alicuius obstruere, officere_[1]—to obstruct a person's view, shut out his light by building.
[1] Also used metaphorically to overshadow, eclipse a person, cf. vi. 1.
7. Agriculture—Management of Stock
_agrum colere_ (Leg. Agr. 2. 25. 67)—to till the ground.
_agros fertiles deserere_—to leave fertile ground untilled.
_agriculturae studere_ (opp. _agriculturam deserere_)—to have a taste for agriculture.
_opus rusticum_—tillage; cultivation.
_in agris esse, habitare_—to live in the country.
_serere; semen spargere_—to sow.
_sementem facere_ (B. G. 1. 3. 1)—to look after the sowing.
_ut sementem feceris, ita metes_ (proverb.) (De Or. 2. 65)—as you sow, so will you reap.
_laetae segetes_—the laughing cornfields.
_laetissimi flores_ (Verr. 4. 48. 107)—a glorious expanse of flowers.
_odores, qui efflantur e floribus_—the perfume exhaled by flowers.
_messis in herbis est_ (Liv. 25. 15)—the crop is in the blade.
_adhuc tua messis in herba est_ (proverb.)—your crop is still green, _i.e._ you are still far from your ambition.
_frumenta in agris matura non sunt_ (B. G. 1. 16. 2)—the corn is not yet ripe.
_messem facere_—to reap.
_fructus demetere_ or _percipere_—to reap.
_fructus condere_ (N. D. 2. 62. 156)—to harvest crops.
_messis opīma_ (opp. _ingrata_)—a good harvest.
_arbores serere_ (De Sen. 7. 24)—to plant trees.
_arbores caedere_—to fell trees.
_inopia_ (opp. _copia_) _rei frumentariae_—want of corn; scarcity in the corn-market.
_difficultas annonae_ (Imp. Pomp. 15. 44)—want of corn; scarcity in the corn-market.
_annona ingravescit, crescit_—the price of corn is going up.
_annona laxatur, levatur, vilior fit_—the price of corn is going down.
_caritas annonae_ (opp. _vilitas_), also simply _annona_—dearth of corn; high prices.
_ad denarios_[1] _L in singulos modios annona pervenerat_—corn had gone up to 50 denarii the bushel.
_annona cara est_—corn is dear.
_hac annona_ (Plaut. Trin. 2. 4. 83)—when corn is as dear as it is.
_rem pecuariam facere, exercere_ (cf. Varr R. R. 2. 1)—to rear stock.
_pastum agere_—to drive to pasture.
_pastum ire_—to go to pasture.
_pascere gregem_—to feed a flock (of goats).
_greges pascuntur_[2] (Verg. G. 3. 162)—the herds are grazing.
_alere equos, canes_—to keep horses, dogs.
_animalia quae nobiscum degunt_ (Plin. 8. 40)—domestic animals.
[1] _denarius_ = about 9-1/2 d., _vid._ Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 149.
[2] _pascere_ and _pasci_ are also used metaphorically, _vid._ iii. s. v. _oculi_.
XIV. The State
1. Constitution—Administration—Government
_forma rei publicae_—the constitution.
_descriptio civitatis_—the constitution.
_instituta et leges_—the constitution.
_rem publicam constituere_[1]—to give the state a constitution.
_rem publicam legibus et institutis temperare_ (Tusc. 1. 1. 2)—to give the state a constitution.
_civitati leges, iudicia, iura describere_—to give the state a constitution.
_suis legibus utitur_ (B. G. 1. 45. 3)—(a state) has its own laws, is autonomous.
_nullam habere rem publicam_—to have no constitution, be in anarchy.
_rem publicam in pristinum statum restituere_—to restore the ancient constitution.
_optima re publica_—at the time of a most satisfactory government.
_libera res publica, liber populus_—the Republic.
_rem publicam gerere, administrare, regere, tractare, gubernare_—to govern, administer the state.
_rei publicae praeesse_—to have the management of the state.
_ad gubernacula_ (metaph. only in plur.) _rei publicae sedere_—to hold the reins of government.
_clavum rei publicae tenere_—to hold the reins of government.
_gubernacula rei publicae tractare_—to hold the reins of government.
_principem civitatis esse_—to be the chief man in the state.
_principem in re publica locum obtinere_—to hold the first position in the state.
_negotia publica_ (Off. 1. 20. 69)—public affairs.
_vita occupata_ (_vid._ sect. VII. 2)—the busy life of a statesman.
_accedere, se conferre ad rem publicam_—to devote oneself to politics, a political career.
_rem publicam capessere_ (Off. 1. 21. 71)—to devote oneself to politics, a political career.
_in re publica_ or _in rebus publicis versari_—to take part in politics.
_rei publicae deesse_ (opp. _adesse_)—to take no part in politics.
_a negotiis publicis se removere_—to retire from public life.
_a re publica recedere_—to retire from public life.
_in otium se referre_ (Fam. 99)—to retire into private life.
_vita privata_ (Senect. 7. 22)—private life.
_publico carere, forum ac lucem fugere_—to shun publicity.
_forensi luce carere_—to shun publicity.
_rem publicam tueri, stabilire_—to defend, strengthen the state.
_res publica stat_ (opp. _iacet_)—the state is secure.
_rem publicam augere, amplificare_—to aggrandise, extend the power of the state.
_saluti rei publicae non deesse_—to further the common weal.
_rei publicae_[2] _causa_ (Sest. 47. 101)—for political reasons.
_e re publica_ (opp. _contra rem p._)—for the advantage of the state; in the interests of the state.
_summa res publica_ (or _summa rei publicae_)—the welfare of the state.
_commoda publica_ or _rei publicae rationes_—the interests of the state.
_rei publicae rationibus_ or simply _rei publicae consulere_—to further the public interests.
_ad rei publicae rationes aliquid referre_—to consider a thing from a political point of view.
_in rem publicam omni cogitatione curaque incumbere_ (Fam. 10. 1. 2)—to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.
_omnes curas et cogitationes in rem publicam conferre_—to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.
_omnes curas in rei publicae salute defigere_ (Phil. 14. 5. 13)—to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.
_totum et animo et corpore in salutem rei publicae se conferre_—to devote oneself body and soul to the good of the state.
_bene, optime sentire de re publica_—to have the good of the state at heart.
_omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentire_—to have the good of the state at heart.
_rector civitatis_ (De Or. 1. 48. 211)—the head of the state.
_viri rerum civilium, rei publicae gerendae periti_ or _viri in re publica prudentes_—statesmen.
_auctores consilii publici_—statesmen.