# First Oration of Cicero Against Catiline with Notices, Notes and Complete Vocabulary

## CHAPTER XIII.

Book page: https://www.cyberlibrary.org/la/books/first-oration-of-cicero-against-catiline-with-notices-notes-and-021ce349/index.md

§ 31.--

1: _jamdiu_: for the space of three years from the consulate of Lepidus and Tullus, 66 B.C.; _nescio quo pacto_: “in some way or other”: literally, “I know not on what terms”: cp. οὐκ οἶδα ὅντινα τρόπον, _nescio quo modo_.

2: _omnium--erupit_: a pregnant construction as if he had meant: “all these crimes have been a-ripening up to, and the continued career of frenzy and boldness have burst forth in, the time of my consulship.” The metaphor is probably borrowed from an ulcer, bursting when ripe.

3: _ex tanto latrocinio_ = _ex tot latronum numero_, _latrocinium_ = _latrones_, cp. _servitium_ = _servi_: _conjuratio_ = _conjurati--residebit_: the metaphor is taken from a subtle poison in the system. The state is looked upon by the orator as the body, the conspiracy as the fever, and the execution of Catiline as the draught of cool water which momentarily refreshes.

4: _visceribus_: _viscera_ were the upper vitals, including the heart, lungs, liver, &c: _intestina_, were the liver vitals. Observe the force of _atque_ and the repetition of the preposition.

5: _cum--jactantur_: there is no hendiadys here, but merely an accumulation of synonymous terms. Observe the middle force of _jactantur_: “toss themselves about.”

6: _biberint_: Madvig reads _biberunt_.

7: _qui est_: “which exists.” --_relevatus_: “mitigated.”

8: _vehementius--ingravescet_: “shall become more chronic if the others are allowed to live”: _vivis reliquis_: abl. abs.

§ 32.--

1: _praetoris urbani_: L. Valerius Flaccus was _Praetor Urbanus_ at this time, and the partisans of Catiline thronged around his _tribunal_ to intimidate him when delivering judgment in cases of debt.

2: _obsīdĕre--curiam_: “to beset the senate house in arms.” Romulus divided the people into three tribes (_tribus_) and each tribe was divided into ten wards (_curiae_). Each _curia_ had a temple for the performance of its religious rites and for holding political meetings: the root is _cur_: “to be powerful;” cp. Quirites, hence, “the powerful men”: κύριος, κοίρανος-- _cum gladiis_ = _armati_.

3: _malleolos_: properly _malleolus_, is “a hammer,” the tranverse head of which was formed for holding pitch and tow. These latter were set on fire and thrown slowly that they might not be extinguished, to ignite houses and other buildings. Translate “fire-darts.”

4: _quid--sentiat_: “what his sentiments are respecting the state:” dep. quest. --_polliceor--fore_: what verbs are construed with the future infinitive?

5: _patefacta--oppressa_: note the balancing of these words, and the _asyndeton_.

§ 33.--

1: _hisce ominibus_: “with these prophetic words”: a kind of abl. absolute.

2: _cum--exitio_: “with the best interests of the republic (fully established), and with your own calamity and ruin (fully assured) and with the destruction of these”: _cum_ here denotes an accompanying circumstance as a result or consequence of an action: z, 472.

3: _tu_: addressing the statue of Juppiter in the temple of Juppiter Stator.

4: _auspiciis_: not only temples but also statues were consecrated, by taking auspices.

5: _statorem_: “the flight staying”: see note 6, § 11. A kind of rhetorical exaggeration, as the temple was only viewed by Romulus and built much later; Livy x. 37.

6: _arcebis_: with a softened imperative force: so also _mactabis_.

PROPER NAMES.

A

=Ahāla, -ae=: m.: _Caius Servilius Ahala_ was master of the horse to the dictator Cincinnatus, 439 B.C. Spurius Maelius, one of the _Equites_, bought corn at a low rate and distributed it gratuitiously to the poor. By this he gained the favour of the plebeians, but incurred the enmity of the patricians. When he was summoned by the dictator to appear on the charge of aiming at royal power, he refused, and Ahala, with an armed band, rushed into the crowd where he was standing, and slew him. Cicero often praises the deed of Ahala, but it is doubtful whether it can be defended.

E

=Etrūrĭa, -ae=: f.: a large district of Italy, lying west and north of the Tiber. This part of Italy was generally favorable to Catiline. In it were _Faesulae_, and _Pistoria_, where Catiline fell, 62 B.C.

F

=Faesulae, ārum=: f.: now _Fiesole_, near Florentia (_Florence_), in Etruria. Here Catiline raised the standard of rebellion.

=Fŏrum Aurēlĭum, Fŏri Aurēlĭi=: n.: a town of Etruria, on the Aurelian way; now _Monte Alto_.

=Flaccus, -i=: m.: _M. Fulvius Flaccus_ was charged with the execution of the Agrarian law of the Gracchi, and aided Tib. Gracchus to gain for all the Italians the rights of Roman citizenship. He was cited along with the consul Opimius to render an account of his conduct with regard to the revolutionary measures then proposed. This he refused to obey, and was slain along with his eldest son.

=Fulvius, -i=: m.: see preceding.

G

=Gracchus, -i=: m.: _Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus_ and _Caius Sempronius Gracchus_ were sons of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and of Cornelia, Daughter of Scipio Africanus Major. The object of both brothers was to have the public lands divided and given to the poor, by allowing no one to hold more than 500 _jugera_ of land. The state was to compensate the wealthy for all the loss. Both brothers fell in the sedition that arose out of their revolutionary schemes: Tiberius in 132 B.C., and Caius in 122 B.C.

I

=Itălĭa, -ae=: f.: Italy, a country of Southern Europe.

J

=Jānŭārĭus, -a, -um=: adj.: of or belonging to _January_.

=Juppĭter, Jŏvis=: m.: Juppiter, the supreme god of Roman mythology.

L

=Laeca, -ae=: m.: _M. Porcius Laeca_, an accomplice of Catiline, who convened at his house the leading members of the conspiracy.

=Lĕpĭdus, -i=: m.: _M’. Lepidus_, consul with L. Volcatius Tullus 67 B.C.

=Lĕpĭdus, -i=: m.: _M. Lepidus_, consul with Catulus 79 B.C.

M

=Maelĭus, -i=: m.: _Spurius Maelius_, a Roman _Eques_, who attempted to gain regal power at Rome by securing the favour of the plebeians 449 B.C. This he tried to do by supplying corn at a low rate. He was summoned to appear before Cincinnatus, the dictator, but refused, and was slain by Ahala.

=Manlĭānus, -a, -um=: adj.: of or belonging to Manlius.

=Manlĭus, -i=: m.: _Caius Manlius_, an accomplice of Catiline, and sent to Etruria to collect troops. He commanded the right wing of Catiline’s army at Pistoria, and “foremost fighting fell.”

=Marcellus, -i=: m.: _Marcus Marcellus_, an accomplice and intimate friend of Catiline.

=Mĕtellus, -i=: m.: _Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer_, praetor in 63 B.C. He was despatched by Cicero into the Gallic and Picene districts to raise a force against Catiline. He was consul 61 B.C., and poisoned by his wife Clodia 59 B.C.

N

=Nŏvembris, -e=: adj.: belonging to November.

O

=Opīmĭus, -i=: m.: _Lucius Opimius_ was consul in 122 B.C. He opposed the designs of C. Gracchus.

P

=Pălātĭum, -i=: n.: the Palatine hill was the largest of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus laid here the foundation of the city, and here in the imperial period were the residences of the Roman emperors.

=Praeneste, -is=: n.: now _Palestrina_, an ancient city of Latium, 23 miles S.E. of Rome. Its citadel was remarkable for the strength of its position.

R

=Rōma, -ae=: f.: Rome, a celebrated town on the Tiber.

=Rōmānus, -a, -um=: adj.: of or belonging to Rome: _Roman_.

=Rōmŭlus, -i=: m.; the founder of Rome and king of the city from 753-715 B.C.

S

=Sāturnīnus, -i=: m.: _L. Saturninus_, a tribune of the people and a violent partisan of Marius, who abetted him in his numerous misdeeds. He is said to have caused the death of C. Memmius 102 B.C. At length, after many cruel acts, the people became aroused against him, and he was slain in the forum.

=Scīpĭo, -ōnis=: m.: _P. Cornelius Scipio Nasīca_ was consul 138 B.C. His character was held in the highest estimation by his countrymen. He opposed the measures of Gracchi. After the death of Tiberius Gracchus, unpopularity overtook Scipio, and he was sent to Asia, where he died of chagrin.

=Servilius, -i=: m.: _C. Servilius Glaucia_, a seditious and profligate individual, put to death 121 B.C.

=Stator=: “the flight staying:” an epithet of Juppiter.

T

=Tullĭus, -i=: m.: _M. Tullius Cicero_. See Introduction.

=Tullus, -i=: m.: See _M’. Lepidus_.

V

=Vălērĭus, -i=: m.: _L. Valerius_ a partner of Marius in the consulship, 121 B.C.

ABBREVIATIONS.

a. _or_ act. ....... active. abl. ......... ablative. acc. ......... accusative. adj. ......... adjective. adv. ......... adverb. cp. .......... compare. com. gen. .... common gender. comp. ........ comparative degree. conj. ........ conjunction. dat. ......... dative. def. ......... defective. dem. ......... demonstrative. dep. ......... deponent. dim. ......... diminutive. f. ........... feminine. fr. .......... from. fut. ......... future. freq. ........ frequentative. gen. ......... genitive. Gr. .......... Greek. imperat. ..... imperative. impers. ...... impersonal. inc. ......... inceptive. inch. ........ inchoative. ind. ......... indicative. indecl ....... indeclinable. indef. ....... indefinite. inf. ......... infinitive. intens. ...... intensive. interj. ...... interjection. interrog. .... interrogative. m. ........... masculine. n. ........... neuter. nom. ......... nominative. num. ......... numeral. part. ........ participle. pa. .......... participal adjective. pass. ........ passive. perf. ........ perfect. pl. .......... plural. pluperf. ..... pluperfect. pos. ......... positive degree. poss. ........ possessive. prep. ........ preposition. pres. ........ present. pret. ........ preteritive. pron. ........ pronoun. rel. ......... relative. semi-dep. .... semi-deponent. sing. ........ singular. subj. ........ subjunctive. sup. ......... superlative degree. voc. ......... vocative. = ............ equal to.

_N.B._--Where the etymology is not given, the word is of very uncertain or unknown origin.

VOCABULARY.

[Transcriber’s Note:

Most verbs are given in a non-standard order, with the present active infinitive placed _after_ the other principal parts. Exceptions are mainly irregular verbs such as _eo_, _ferre_, _fio_, _volo_ and their compounds.]

A

ā, ab, abs, prep. with abl. (a, only before consonants; ab, before vowels and consonants). _From, away from; by_ [akin to Gr. ἀπ-ό].

ab-eo, īre, īi, ĭtum, v. n. [ab, “away;” ĕo, “to go”] _To go away, depart._

ab-horreo, horrui, no sup., horrēre, n. and a. [ab, “from;” horreo, “to dread”] _To be averse_ or _disinclined to; to be free from._

ab-sum, esse, fui, n. irreg. _To be away from; to be absent._

ab-ūtor, ūsus sum, uti, dep. n. [ab, “away from,” hence “wrongly;” utor, “I use”] _To misuse, abuse._

ac, conj. (used before consonants). _And._

ācer, ācris, ācre, adj. [AC, “to sharpen”] _Sharp, severe._

āc-erb-us, a, um, adj. (ac-er) _Unripe, sour; violent._

āc-ĭes, iēi, f. (ac-er) _An edge, point._

ācr-ĭter, adv. (ācer) _Strongly, sharply, keenly._

ad, prep. with acc. Locally: (a) _To, towards_. --(b) _Before_ a place. --_Up to_ a certain time. --With Gerunds or Gerundives: _For, for the purposes of._

ad-dūco, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. [ad, “to;” duco, “I lead”] _To lead to; induce, lead._

ad-eo, adv. _So far; so long; so much._

ad-fero, ferre, attuli, allātum, irr. a. (ad; fero) _To bring to, bring._

adflic-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a., intens. (for adflig-to, fr. adflig-o). _To greatly trouble, harass, annoy._

ad-grego: see aggrego.

ad-hibeo, hibui, hibitum, hĭbēre, a. (ad; habeo) _To apply to, to use, employ._

ad-huc, adv. _Thus far, up to this time._

ad-minister, tri, m. [ad, “to;” ministro, “to serve”] _A servant, assistant._

ad-mīror, mīratus sum; mīrari [ad, “to;” miror, “to wonder at”] dep. _To wonder at, admire._

ad-sĕquor, secūtus (quūtus), sequi, dep. a. _To follow, pursue._

ad-servo, servāvi, servātum, servāre [ad, “to;” servo, “to keep”] _To preserve, protect._

ad-sĭdĕo, sēdi, sessum, sĭdēre [ad, “near;” sedeo, “to sit”] n. (ad; sedeo) _To sit by_ or _near._

ădŭlesc-ens, entis, m. and f. [ad, “to;” ŏlesco, “to grow;” the root assumes the form of AL, OL, UL, in Latin as _altus, sub-oles, adultus_] _A young man_ (from the 15th or 17th until past the 30th year).

ădŭlescent-ulus, i, m., dim. (adulescens) _A young man; stripling._

ădul-tus, a, um, part. (adol-esco) _Grown up, adult, full-grown._

adven-tus, ūs, m. [ad, “to;” venio, “to come”] _A coming, arrival._

aeger, gra, grum, adj. _Weak, sick._

aequus, a, um, adj. [root IK, “to make even:” cp. aequor] _Plain, smooth, even;_ aequo animo, _with great composure._

aes-tus, ūs, m. [for aed-tus: root AED, “to burn:” cp. aestas; αἴθω] _Heat._

aet-ernus, a, um, adj. [for ae (vi) ternus: root AIV, a lengthened form of I, “to go;” cp. αἰών] _Eternal, everlasting._

ag-grĕgo, grĕgāvi, grĕgātum, gregare, v. a. [ad; grex, _to lead to a flock_] _To assemble, collect together._

a-gnosco, gnōvi, gnĭtum, gnoscĕre, a. (for ad-gnosco, gnosco = nosco) _To recognize, to discern._

ăgo, ĕgi, actum, ăgĕre [AG, “to set in motion”] a. _To drive; to do, perform, effect; to treat; plead._

aio, def. [root AGH, “to say”] _To speak; to say “yes;” to affirm._

ălĭ-ēnus, a, um, adj. (ali-us, belonging to the) _Belonging to another, foreign; unfriendly._

ălĭqu-ando, adv. (aliquis, _of time, past, future, and present. At some time or other; at length._

ălĭ-qui, qua, quod, indef. pron. adj, (ali-us; qui) _Some, any._

ălĭquid, adv. (adverbial neut. acc. of aliquis) _In some degree, somewhat._

ălĭ-quis, aliquid [fem. sing, and fem. and neut. plur. not used; alius; quis, root AL, “another:” cp. alter, ἄλλος: Eng. else], indef. pron. subst. _Some one, any one; something._

ălĭquo, adv. (adverbial abl. of aliquis) _Some whither, to some place._

ălĭ-quot, indef. num. adj., indecl. (alius; quot) _Some, several._

ălĭus, a, ud, adj, (gen. sing. alĭus, dat. alii) _Another, other_; alius ... alius, _one ... another._

ălo, ălŭi, ălĭtum, or altum, alĕre, a. _To nourish; to foster._

altārĭa, ium, n. (alt-um, things pertaining to the; hence) _An altar._

āmentĭa, ae, f. [a, prio, mens, “mind”] _Madness._

am-īcus, i, m. (amo) _A friend._

ampl-ĭus, comp. adv. _More; longer._

am-plus, a, um, adj. [am = ambi, “around;” root PLE, “to fill;” hence _plebs, pleo, plenus_] _Abundant, full; illustrious, noble._

an, conj. _Or, whether._

ănĭm-adverto, verti, versum, advertĕre, a. (animus; adverto) _To attend to; to consider, perceive_; animadvertere in aliquem, _to inflict punishment on one._

ănĭmus, i, m. [root AU, “to breathe”] _The mind; disposition, thought._

annus, i, m. [perhaps for amnus; root AM, “to go round”] _A year._

ante, prep. with acc. _Before, in front of;_ as adverb, _before, previously._

ant-īquus, a, um, adj. [ant-e, “before”] _Ancient, old._

ăperte, adv. (apertus) _Openly._

ăpud, prep. with acc. (obs. apo, _to seize_) _Near, at, by, with._

ăqua, ae, f. _Water._

ăquĭla, ae, f. [AC, “sharp,” or “swift”] _The eagle; the standard of the legion._

arbĭtr-or, ātus sum, ari, v. dep. a. [ar = ad, “to;” bito, “to go:” hence one who approaches a cause to enquire into it] _To judge, think._

arcĕo, arcŭi, no sup., arcēre [root ARC, “to protect:” cp. arcus, ἀρκεῖν] a. _To shut up; to keep_ or _hold off._

ardĕo, arsi, arsum, ardēre, n. _To burn, blaze._

argent-ĕus, a, um, adj. (argentum, pertaining to) _Of silver._

arma, ōrum, n. pl. [root AR, “to fit:” hence all things fitted on] _Arms, weapons._

armā-tus, i, m. _An armed man, a soldier._

arm-o, āvi, ātum, āre. _To furnish with arms; to arm._

aspec-tus, tūs, m. (aspic-io) _A seeing, sight._

at [old form _ast_: cp. ἀτ-άρ], conj. _But, yet_ (to introduce a reason for a supposed objection), _but certainly, but consider._

atque or āc (the latter only before consonants), conj. _And also, and especially._

ātrox, ōcis, [a, intens.: trux, “cruel”] adj. _Horrid, terrible, frightful._

at-tendo (3), tendi, tentum, a. (ad; tendo) _To apply the mind to; to consider._

auctor, ōris, m. (augeo) _An author, contriver._

auctōrĭtas, ātis, f. (auctor) _Authority._

audā-cĭa, ae, f. (audax, the quality of the) _Audacity, insolence._

audĕo, ausus sum, audēre, semidep. _To dare._

audĭo, audĭvi, audītum, audīre [AV, “to hear”] a. _To hear._

aur-is, is, f. (audio, _the hearing thing_) _The ear._

auspĭc-ĭum, ii, n. (auspex, _a bird inspector, diviner_, one who marks the flight and cries of birds, and then gives predictions] _Augury from birds, auspices._

aut, conj. _Or_; aut ... aut, _either ... or._

autem, conj. _But, moreover._

avus [AV, “to hear,” hence “to obey,” cp. obedio], i, m. _A grandfather._

B

bacch-or (1), dep. n. (Bacch-us) _To revel._

b-ellum (old form du-ellum), i, n. (duo, _a contest between two parties_) _War, warfare._

bĭbo, bibi, no sup., bĭbĕre [root PO, “to drink;” cp. poto, πίνω], a. _To drink._

bŏnum, i, n. _A good thing_; in pl., _goods._

bŏnus, a, um, adj. (comp. melior, sup. optimus) _Good, well-disposed._

brĕvis, e, adj. [root FRAG, “to break”] _Little, small, short._

C

caedes, is, f. [root CAD, “to fall:” cp. cado] _Slaughter._

caelum, i, n. [for cavillum; fr. cavus, “hollow”] _Heaven._

calamitas, ātis, f. [for cadamitas; root CAD, “to fall”] _Loss, calamity, disaster._

campus, i, m. [root SCAP, “to dig:” cp. κῆπος] _A plain, field._

căpĭo, cēpi, captum, căpĕre [root CAP, “to hold”] a. _To take_; consilium capere, _to form a plan_.

carcer, ĕris, m. [root ARC, “to enclose:” cp. ark] _A prison._

cărĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, ēre, n. _To be without._

cārus, a, um, adj. [for camrus: cam, “to love:” amare = (c)amare] _Dear, precious._

castrum, i, n. [for scadtrum: SCAD, “to cover:” Eng. shed] _A castle, fort_; in pl., castra, ōrum, n. _a camp_.

cā-sus, sūs, um. (for cad-sus, fr. cad-o, “to fall”) _Accident, chance._

causa, ae, f. _A cause, reason._

cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. _To go; to yield._

certē, adv. (certus) _Certainly._

cer-tus, a, um, adj. (cer-no) _Decided, fixed, definite._

cēterus, a, um, (the nom. sing, masc. not in use), adj. _The other, the rest, the remainder._

circum-clūdo, clūsi, clūsum, clūdĕre (circum; claudo). _To shut in, enclose._

circum-sto, steti, no sup., stāre, n. or a. _To stand around._

cīvis, is, com. gen. [root CI, “to lie,” or “dwell:” hence “a dweller”] _A citizen._

cīv-itas, ātis, f. (id., the condition or state of the; gen. pl., ium and um) _Citizenship; a state._

clāmo, clāmāvi, clāmātum, clāmăre [root CAL, “to shout”] n. and a. _To call, shout aloud._

clārus, a, um, adj. [root KAL. “to call”] _Clear, renowned._

clē-mens, mentis, adj. (clino, _to bend_; mens, _having the heart bent_) _Mild, kind._

coepi, coepisse, a. or n. def. (contracted fr. co-apio, fr. con; apo, _to seize_) _To begin._

co-erceo, ui, itum, ercere, a. (con; arceo, _to shut up_) _To surround, restrain, check._

coe-tus, tūs, m. [con, “together:” eo, “to go”] _A coming together; an assemblage, company._

cō-gito, gitāvi, gĭtātum, gĭtăre [co = con, “together:” agito, “to set in motion”] _To weigh thoroughly in the mind; to think over; reflect upon; plan._

co-gnosco, gnōvi, gnitum, gnoscĕre, a. [co (= cum), in augmentative sense; gnosco = nosco, “to become acquainted with”] _To know._

col-ligo, lēgi, lectum, lĭgĕre [col (= cum), in an augmentative sense; lego, “to gather”] _To gather or collect together._

col-loco, a. (con; loco) _To lay, place._

cŏlōn-ĭa, ae, f. [root COL, “to till;” cp. colo] _A colony, settlement._

cŏm-e-s, ĭtis, com. gen. (con; eo, _one who goes with another_) _A companion._

cŏm-ĭ-tĭum, ii, n. (con; i, root of eo, _a coming together_) _The Comitium_, i.e. the place where the Romans assembled to vote; in pl., _the comitia_, i.e. _the assembly itself_, hence _election_.

commendā-tĭo, tĭōnis, f. (commend[a]-o) _A recommendation, praise._

com-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. (con; mitto, _to cause to go together_) _To commit._

com-mŏvĕo, mōvi, mōtum, mŏvēre, a. (con; moveo) _To move, rouse._

com-mūnis, e, adj. [com = cum; munis, “serving”] _Common, general._

com-păro, părāvi, părātum, părārĭ, v. a. [com = cum; paro, “to prepare”] _To make ready._

com-pĕrio, pĕri, pertum, perīre, a. (cum; root per, akin to perior, _to go through_) _To discover._

compĕt-ītor, ōris, m. [com = cum; peto, “to seek;” hence to seek office] _A rival, competitor._

com-plūres, a, and ia, adj. (con; plus) _Several together, very many._

com-prĕhendo, prĕhendi, prĕhensum, prehendere [com = cum; intensive: prehendo, “to seize”] _To lay hold of, arrest._

com-prĭmo, pressi, pressum, primĕre, a. (con; premo) _To press together; to hinder, check._

cōnā-tus, tūs, m. _An attempt._

con-cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. or a. _To depart, withdraw._

concĭ-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (conci-eo, _to urge_) _To rouse up, excite._

con-cŭpi-sco, cŭpīvi or cŭpii, cŭp-ītum, cŭpiscĕre, a. inch, (con; cupi-o) _To be very desirous of; to long for._

concur-sus, sūs, m. [for concurr-sus, fr. concurr-o, the action of) _A running, flocking together; a concourse._

con-demno, demnāvi, demnātum, demnāre, v. a. [con = cum, intensive; damnum, “loss”] a. (con; damno) _To condemn._

con-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. [con = cum, intensive; fero, “to bring” or “bear”] _To bring; to carry; to direct; to arrange._

confes-tim, adv. _Immediately._

con-ficio, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, a, (con; facio) _To prepare, complete; to exhaust._

con-fīdo, fīsus sum, fīdĕre, n. or a. semi-dep. _To trust; to believe certainly._

con-firmo, firmāvi, firmātum, firmāre. _To strengthen; to assure._

con-flāgro, flāgrāvi, flāgrātum, flāgrāre [con = cum, in an augmentative; FLAG, “to burn;” cp. flamma (= flag-ma)] _To be on fire, to burn up._

con-flo, flāre, flāvi, flātum. _To blow together, kindle; to excite._

con-grĕgo, grĕgāvi, grĕgātum, grĕgāre, a. (con; grex) _To flock together, assemble, unite._

con-jĭcĭo, jēci, jectum, jĭcĕre, a. (con; jacio) _To hurl, send, cast._

con-jungo, junxi, junctum, jungĕre, a. _To join together, unite, associate._

conjūrā-tĭo, ōnis, f. (conjūr[a]-o, the action of) _An agreement; conspiracy, plot._

conjūrā-tus, m. (id.) _A conspirator._

conl: see coll.

cōnor, ātus sum, āri, dep. _To undertake, attempt._

conscĭentia, ae, f. (consciens, _conscious_) _Consciousness, knowledge_

con-scrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrībĕre, a. _To write together_ (in a list); _to enroll._

con-scrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrĭbĕre, a. _To write together_ (in a list); _to enroll._

conscrip-tus, a, um, part. (for scrib-tus, fr. conscrib-o) As noun, m. (sc. pater) _a senator_; patres conscripti, _the old senators together with those who were afterwards admitted_ (enrolled) _into its ranks_; originally, patres et conscripti, _senators_.

consen-sĭo, ōnis, f. (con-sentio) _Unanimity, agreement._

consensus, ūs, m. [id.] _Unanimity, agreement._

con-servo, servāvi, servātum, servāre, a. _To preserve._

consĭliŭm, ii, n. _Deliberation, counsel; plan, purpose; council._

con-spĭcĭo, spexi, spectum, spĭcĕre, a. (con; specio, _to look_) _To observe, behold._

con-stĭtŭo, stĭtŭi, stĭtūtum, stĭtŭere, a. (con; statuo) _To place; to erect; to arrange, settle, agree upon; to appoint._

con-stringo, strinxi, strictum, stringĕre, a. _To draw, bind together; to hold, hold fast._

consul, ŭlis, m. _A consul_, one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman state, chosen yearly after the expulsion of the kings.

consŭl-āris, e, adj. (consul) _Of_ or _pertaining to a consul; consular_; as noun, m., _ex-consul; one of the rank of consul._

consŭl-ātus, ūs, m. (consul) _The consulship._

consŭl-o, ŭi, tum, ĕre, n. or a. _To consider, consult_; consulere alicui, _to take counsel for some one_; consulere aliquem, _to ask the advice of some one_.

consul-tum, i, n. (con-sulo) _A decree, decision._

con-tā-mĭno, a. (for con-tag-mino; fr. con; tag, root of tango) _To defile, contaminate._

conten-tus, a, um, part. (contineo) _Contented, satisfied._

con-tĭnĕo, tĭnŭi, tentum, tĭnēre, a. (con; tene) _To hold together; to keep in, restrain, confine._

con-tingo, tĭgi, tactum, tingĕre, a. (con; tango) _To touch, take hold of; to happen._

contrā, adv. and prep. with acc. _Against, contrary to._

contumēl-ĭa, ae, f. (obsolete contumēl-us, _swelling greatly_) _Abuse, insult, disgrace; reproach._

con-vĕnĭo, vēni, ventum, vĕnīre, n. or a. _To assemble_; used impersonally, _it is suitable, proper_.

con-vinco, vīci, victum, vincĕre, a. _To convict._

con-vŏco, vŏcāvi, vŏcātum, vŏcāre, a. [con, “together;” voco, “to call”] _To convoke, assemble._

cō-p-ĭa, ae, f. (contracted fr. co-op-ia, fr. con; ops) _Abundance; wealth, riches; forces, troops_ (generally in plural with the latter two meanings).

corpus, ŏris, n. _A body, corpse._

cor-rĭgo, rexi, rectum, rīgĕre, a. (con; rego) _To make straight; to improve, correct._

cor-rōbŏro, a. (con; rōbŏro, _to strengthen_) _To strengthen; to corroborate, support._

corrupt-ēla, ae, f. (corru[m]po) _That which corrupts; a corruption, seduction: seductive arts._

cot-ī-dīē, adv. (quot; (i); die, abl. of dies) _Daily._

crēdo, dĭdi, dĭtum, crēdĕre n. or a. _To trust in, believe; to think, suppose._

cresco, crēvi, crētum, crescĕre, n. [root CRE, “to make grow;” cp. creo] _To grow, increase._

crūdēlĭ-ter, adv. (crudēlis, _cruel_) _Cruelly._

cum, prep, with abl. _With._

cum. _When, since, though._

cŭmŭl-o, a. (cumul-us) _To accumulate; to complete; to increase._

cunctus, a, um, adj. (contracted from conjunctus) _The whole, all._

cupīd-ĭtas, ātis, f. (cupidus) _Desire; passion; eagerness; avarice._

cŭp-ĭdus, a, um, adj. (cup-io) _Longing, desirous._

cŭpĭo, īvi or ii, ītum, cŭpĕre, a. and n. _To long for, desire._

cur, adv. _Why?_

cur-a, ae, f. (for caer-a, fr. caero, old form of quaero) _Trouble, care._

cūrĭa, ae, f. [root CUR, “to be strong;” cp. κύριος, κυρεῖν] _Senate-house._

custōdĭ-a, ae, f. (custod-io) _Watch, guard, custody._

custōd-ĭo, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (cus-tos) _To watch, guard._

custos, ōdis, com. gen. _A guard, protector._

D

de, prep, with abl. _From; concerning, on account of._

dē-bĕo, bŭi, bĭtum, bēre, a. (de; habeo) _To have from; to owe; to be in duty bound to, ought, must._

dē-cerno, crēvi, crētum, cernĕre, a. _To decide, decree._

dēclīnā-tĭo, ōnis, f. (declin[a]-o) _A turning aside; a departure; an avoiding, shunning._

dĕ-dĕcus, ŏris, n. _Disgrace, dishonor._

dē-fendo, fendi, fensum, fendĕre, a. _To ward off; to defend, guard._

dē-fĭcĭo, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, a. or n. (de: facio) _To leave; to desert, revolt._

dē-fīgo, fixi, fixum, fīgĕre, a. _To fix down; to drive; to plunge._

de-inde, adv. _After this, next, then._

dēlec-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (dēlic-io, _to allure_) _To delight, please._

dēlĕo, ēvi, ētum, ēre, a. _To destroy, annihilate._

dē-lĭgo, lēgi, lectum, lĭgĕre, a. (de; lego) _To choose out, select._

dē-migro, migrāvi, migrātum, migrāre, n. _To migrate from; to emigrate; to depart._

dēnĭque, adv. _At length, finally; in a word, briefly._

dē-pōno, pŏsŭi, pŏsĭtum, pōnĕre, a. _To lay down; to lay aside._

dē-prĕcor, prĕcātus sum, prĕcāre, dep. (de; precor, _to pray_) _To avert by prayer; to avert._

dē-rĕlinquo, līqui, lictum, rĕlinquĕre, a. _To abandon, desert._

dē-scrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrībĕre, a. _To mark off, to divide._

dē-sīdĕro, sīdĕrāvi, sīdĕrātum, sīdĕrāre, v. a. _To long for, desire; to miss; to regret, require._

dē-signo, signāvi, signātum, signāre, v. a. (de; signo, _to mark_) _To mark out, designate; to elect._

dē-sĭno, sīvi or sĭi, sĭtum, sĭnĕre, a. and n. _To leave off, cease.._

dē-sisto, stĭti, stĭtum, n. _To desist._

dē-sum, esse, fŭi. n. _To be away, to fail, be wanting._

dē-testor, testātus sum, testāri, dep. (de; testor, _to be a witness_) _To curse; to deprecate._

dētrī-mentum, i, n. (for deter-[i]mentum fr. deter-o, _that which rubs off_) _Loss, damage._

deus, i, m. _A god._

dē-vŏvĕo, vōvi, vōtum, vŏvĕre, a. _To vow, devote._

dexter, tĕra, tĕrum, and tra, trum, adj. _Right, on the right_; dextra, ae, f., _the right hand_.

dīco, dixi, dictum, dīcĕre, a. [DIC, “to point out”] _To say, assert._

dĭes, ēi, m. (in sing. sometimes f.) _A day_; in dies, _from day to day, daily_ (with an idea of increase).

diffĭcul-tas, ātis, f. (for difficil-tas, fr. difficil-is, the state or condition of) _Difficulty, perplexity._

dignus, a, um, adj. [root DIC, “to point out”] _Worthy._

dīlĭg-ens, entis, part, (dilig-o) _Careful, diligent._

dīlĭgen-ter, adv. (diligens) _Attentively, diligently, earnestly._

dīligent-ĭa, ae, f. (diligens, the quality of the) _Diligence._

dī-mitto, mīsi, missum, mĭttĕre, a. _To dismiss._

dīrep-tĭo, ōnis, f. (for dirap-tio. fr. dirap, true root of dirip-io) A _plundering, pillaging._

dis-cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. _To depart._

dis-cerno, crēvi, crētum, cernĕre, a. _To separate, divide._

disces-sus, sus, m. (for disced-sus, fr. disced-o, the action of) _A departure._

discĭpl-īna, ae, f. (for discipul-ina, fr. discipul-us, a thing pertaining to the) _Instruction; science, skill; custom, method, discipline._

dissĭmŭl-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (dissimil-is) _To pretend a thing is not what it is; to dissemble._

dissŏlū-tus, a, um, part. (for dissolv-tus, fr. dissolv-o) _Lax, remiss, negligent._

dis-trĭbŭo, tribui, tribūtum, trĭbŭĕre, a. _To distribute._

dĭ-u, adv. (di-es) _A long time, long._

do, dăre, dĕdi, dătum, a. _To give, give up._

dŏl-or, ōris, m. (dol-eo) _Pain, sorrow._

dŏmes-tĭcus, a, um, adj. (dom-s) _Domestic, private._

dŏmus. ūs and i (domi, loc.), f. _A house, abode_; domi, _at home_.

dŭb-ĭto, ĭtāvi, ĭtātum, ĭtāre, n. intens. (primitive form du-bo, fr. du-o, _to vibrate to and fro_) _To doubt, hesitate._

dūco, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. _To lead, conduct._

dum, conj. _While, as long as, until, if._

dŭo, ae, o, card. num. adj. _Two._

dŭodĕcĭm-us, a, um, ord. num. adj. (duodecim) _The twelfth._

dux, dŭcis, com. gen. (dūco) _A leader, commander, general._

E

ē, prep, with abl.; see ex.

ec-quis, quod (ec = e; quis), inter. subst. pron. _Whether any? any one? any thing?_

ēd-ūco, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. _To lead forth._

ef-fĕro, ferre, extŭli, ēlātum, a. irr. (ex; fero) _To bring forth; to lift up, exalt._

effrēnā-tus, a, um, part, (effren[a]-o, _to unbridle_) _Unbridled._

ef-fŭgĭo, fūgi, no sup., fŭgĕre, (ex; fugio), n. or a. _To flee away; escape, avoid._

ĕgo, pers. pron. I.

ē-grĕdĭor, gressus sum, grĕdi, dep. (ex; gradior) _To go out._

ē-jĭcĭo, jēci, jectum, jĭcĕre, a. (e; jacio) _To drive out; to expel, banish._

ē-lābor, lapsus sum, lābi, dep. _To slip_ or _glide away._

ē-lūdo, lūsi, lūsum, lūdĕre, a. _To delude, deceive, cheat._

ē-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. _To send forth._

ē-mŏrĭor, mortuus sum, mŏri, dep. _To die quite; to perish._

ĕnim, conj. _For_; etenim, _for, you see_.

ĕo, īre, ĭvi or ĭi, ĭtum, n. _To go._

ĕōdem, dat. of idem, used adverbially. _To the same place._

ĕqu-e-s, ĭtis, m. (for equ-i-[t]-s, fr. equ-us) _A horseman; a horse soldier_; in pl., _cavalry_; equites, the order of _knights_.

ē-rĭpiŏ, rĭpŭi, reptum, rĭpĕre, a. (e; rapio) _To snatch; to remove, take away._

ē-rumpo, rūpi, ruptum, rumpĕre, n. _To break out, sally forth._

et, conj. _And_; et ... et, _both ... and, not only ... but also_.

ĕtĕnim: see enim.

ĕtĭam, conj. _And also, besides; and even, yet, indeed._

ē-verto, verti, versum, vertĕre, a. _To overthrow; to subvert, destroy._

ēvŏcā-tor, ōris, m. (evoc[a]o) _The one who calls forth_ (to arms); _summoner_.

ēx or ē (e only before consonants). _Out of, from; immediately after; on account of._

exaudĭo, audīvi, audītum, audīre, a. _To hear distinctly._

ex-cĭdo, cidi, no sup., cĭdĕre, n. (ex-cado) _To fall out_ or _down_;_ to slip out_.

ex-clūdo, clūsi, clūsum, clūdĕre, a. (ex; claudo) _To exclude._

ex-ĕo, īre, ĭi, ĭtum, n. _To go forth, depart._

ex-ercĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, ercēre, a. (ex; arceo) _To drive on, exercise._

ex-haurĭo, hausi, haustum, haurīre, a. _To draw out; take away; to drain._

ex-īstimo, istĭmāvi, istĭmātum, istĭmāre. _To judge, consider._

exĭ-tĭum, ii, n. (exi, true root of exeo) _Destruction, ruin._

exslĭ-ĭum, ii, n. (for exsul-ium, fr. exsul, the condition of an) _Banishment, exile._

ex-sisto, stĭti, stĭtum, sistĕre, n. _To step forth; to appear; to be, exist._

ex-specto, spectāvi, spectātum, spectāre, a. _To await, expect._

ex-stinguo, stinxi, stinctum, stingĕre, a. (ex; stinguo, _to extinguish_) _To put out; extinguish, destroy._

ex-sul, ŭlis, com. gen. (ex; solum; _one who is banished from his native soil_) _An exile._

ex-sulto, tāvi, tātum, tāre, n. intens. (for ex-salto, fr. exsal, true root of exsil-io) _To leap; exult, rejoice._

ex-torqueo, torsi, tortum, torquēre, a. _To wrench out, wrest away_.

extrā, adv. and prep. with acc. _Outside of, beyond._

F

făcĭl-e, adv. (facil-is) _Easily, readily._

făc-ĭnus, ŏris, n. (fac-io, _the thing done_) _A deed; a bad deed._

făc-ĭo, fēci, factum, făcĕre, a.; pass., fīo, fieri, factus sum. _To make, do, perform; to cause._

falc-ārĭus, ĭi, m. (falx) _A scythe-maker._

fallo, fĕfelli, falsum, fallĕre, a. _To deceive; to escape the notice._

fal-sus, a, um, part. (for fall-sus, fr. fall-o) _Deceptive; false, untrue._

fāma, ae, f. _Report, rumour; fame, reputation; infamy, ill-fame._

fāmes, is, f. _Hunger, famine._

fă-tĕor, fassus sum, fătēri, dep. a. (f[a]-or) _To confess._

fauces, ĭum, f. pl. _The throat; a narrow way, defile,_

fax, făcis, f. _A torch._

fēbris, is, f. [ferveo, “to burn”] _Fever._

fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irreg. [roots are FER and TUL. The second root has the form TOL, TLA, TAL. The supine _latum_ = _tlatum_ is from this latter root] _To bear, carry; to get, receive; to suffer, endure; to say, report, relate._

ferrum, i, n. _Iron, an iron weapon, a sword._

fīnis, is [for fidnis; root FID, root of findo, “to divide”] m. and f. _A limit, end._

fīo (pass, of facio), fieri, factus sum. _To be done; to become._

firm-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (firmus) _To make firm; to strengthen._

firmus, a, um, adj. _Strong._

flāgĭt-ĭūm, ii, n. (flagit-o) _A shameful or disgraceful act; shame_

foed-us, ĕris, n. (for fidus, fr. fido; _a trusting_) _A league, treaty._

fŏre = futurus esse.

fort-as-se, adv. (for forte; an; sit) _Perhaps._

fortis, e, adj. _Courageous, brave._

fort-ĭtūdo, ĭnis, f. (fortis) _Firmness, courage, resolution._

fort-ūna, ae, f. (fors, that which belongs to) _Chance, fortune_; in pl., _property_.

fŏrum, i, n. [akin to root PER, POR, “to go through;” cp. πόρος] _The marketplace; Forum_, which was a long open space between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills, surrounded by porticoes and the shops of bankers; _a market town, mart_.

frango, frēgi, fractum, frangĕre, a. [root FRAG, “to break”] _To break; to subdue._

frĕquent-ĭa, ae, f. [root FARC, “to cram”] _An assembly, multitude, concourse._

frīgus, ŏris, n. _Cold._

frons, frontis, f. _The forehead, brow._

fŭg-a, ae, f. (fug-io) _Flight._

fūnes-tus, a, um, adj. (for funer-tus; fr. funus, _death_) _Causing death; fatal, destructive._

fŭrĭ-ōsus, a, um, adj. (furi-ae) _Full of madness; raging, furious._

fŭr-or, ōris, m. (fur-o) _A raging, madness._

G

gaudĭum, ĭi, n. (gaudeo) _Gladness, delight, pleasure._

gĕl-ĭdus, a, um, adj. (gel-o, _to freeze_) _Icy cold._

gen-s, tis, f. (gen-o = gigno, _to beget; that which is begotten_) _A clan; a tribe, nation._

glădĭ-ātor, ōris, m. (gladi-us, one using a) _A swordsman; a gladiator._

glădiŭs, ĭi, m. _A sword._

glōr-ĭa, ae, f. (akin to clarus) _Glory._

grād-us, ūs, m. (grad-ior, _to walk_) _A step; a degree._

grāt-ĭa, ae, f. (grat-us, the quality of the) _Regard, love; gratitude; thanks._

grăvis, e, adj. _Heavy; severe; grave, impressive; venerable._

grăv-ĭter, adv. _Violently, severely._

H

hăbĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, hăbēre, a. _To have, hold; to do, perform, make; to give._

hăb-ĭto, ĭtāvi, ĭtātum, ĭtāre, intens., a. and n. (hab-eo) _To inhabit; live; to stay._

haereo, haesi, haesum, haerēre, n. _To stick, adhere._

hebe-sco, no perf., no sup., scĕre, n. inch. (hebe-o, _to be blunt_) _To be dull._

hīc, haec, hoc, pron. demonstr. _This._

hic-ce, intensive form of hic.

hīc, adv. _Here._

hŏmo, ĭnis, com. gen. _A human being; man or woman; person._

hŏnest-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To adorn; to honor._

hones-tus, a, um, adj. (for honor-tus, fr. honor) _Regarded with honor; honored, noble._

hŏnor (os), ōris. m. _Honor; official dignity, office._

hōra, ae, f. _An hour._

horr-ĭbĭlis, e, adj. (horr-eo, _to be trembled at_) _Terrible, fearful, horrible._

hortor, ātus sum, āre, dep. _To strongly urge, exhort._

hostis, is, com. gen. _An enemy._

hŭmus, i, f. _The ground_; humi (loc.), _on the ground_.

I

īdem, eadem, idem, pron. (root i, suffix dem) _The same._

īdūs, uum, f. pi. _The Ides._

ĭgĭtur, conj. _Then; therefore, accordingly; well then._

i-gnōmin-ia. ae, f. (for in-gno-min-ia; fr. in, gnomen = nomen, _a depriving of one’s good name_) _Disgrace, ignominy._

i-gnō-ro, a. (for in-gno-ro; fr. in, _not_; GNO, root of gnosco = nosco) _Not to know, to be ignorant of._

ille, a, ud, pron. demonstr. _That; he, she, it._

illĕc-ĕbra, ae, f. (for illac-ebra, fr. illac, true root of illic-o, _to allure_) _An enticement, allurement._

illust-ro, a. [in, LUC, “to shine:” cp. lux] _To light up, illumine; to make clear._

immān-ĭtas, ātis, f. (immanis, _huge_) _Hugeness, enormity._

im-minĕo, no perf., no sup. mĭnēre, n. (in, mineo, _to hang over_) _To border upon, be near, impend._

im-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. (in; mitto) _To send into; to let loose._

immo, adv. (etym. dub.) _On the under side, on the reverse; on the contrary; no indeed, by no means; yes indeed._

im-mortālis, e, adj. (in; mortalis, _mortal_) _Immortal._

impĕd-ĭo, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (in; pes, _to get the feet in something_) _To hinder, prevent._

im-pendĕo, no perf., no sup., pendēre, n. (in; pendeo, _to hang_) _To hang over; to impend, threaten._

impĕrā-tor, ōris, in. (imper-[a]-o) _A general; chief._

im-pĕrītus, a, um, adj. (in; perītus, _skilled_) _Inexperienced, ignorant._

impĕr-ĭum, i, n. (imper-o) _Authority, power, empire, government._

im-pĕro, pĕrāvĭ, pĕrātum, pĕrāre. a. (in; patro, _to bring, to pass_) _To accomplish; obtain._

impĕtus, ūs, m. (impeto, _to attack_) _An attack._

im-pĭus, a, um, adj. (in; pius, _pious_) _Not pious, irreverent, unpatriotic._

im-portū-nus, a, um, adj. (for _in-portu-nus_, fr. in; portus) _Unsuitable; savage; dangerous._

im-prŏbus, a, um, adj. (in; probus) _Wicked, base._

im-pūnītus, a, um, adj. (in; punitus, _punished_) _Not punished; unpunished._

in, prep, with acc. and abl. _In, into, against_; of time, _up to, for, into, through_; with ablative, _in, upon, on_.

ĭnānis, e, adj. _Empty, void._

incend-ĭum, ii, n. (incend-o) _A burning, conflagration, fire._

in-clūdo, clūsi, clūsum, clūdĕre, a. _To shut up; to include._

in-crēdĭbilis, e, adj. _Incredible, extraordinary._

increpo, (āvi) ui, (ātum) ĭtum, āre, n. and a. _To make a noise._

in-dūco, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. _To introduce; to lead into, persuade._

in-ĕo, īre, ĭi, ĭtum, n. or a. _To go into, enter; begin._

inert-ĭa, ae, f. (inners, the quality of the) _Want of skill; inactivity._

in-fĕro, ferre, intūi, illātum, a. irr. _To produce, make; to bring, put_, or _place upon_.

infestus, a, um, adj. _Hostile, dangerous._

infiti-or, dep. (infiti-ae, _denial_) _To deny._

in-flammo, flammāvi, flammātum, flammāre, a. _To set on fire._

in-grăvesco, no perf., no sup., grăvescĕre, n. _To grow heavy; to grow worse._

ĭn-ĭmīcus, a, um, adj. (in; amicus) _Unfriendly_; as noun, m., _a private enemy_.

ĭnĭtĭ-o, a. (initi-um) _To begin, to initiate, consecrate._

injūrĭ-a, ae, f. (injuri-us, _injurious_) _Injury, wrong_; injuriâ, as adv., _unjustly_.

inl: see ill.

ĭnŏp-ĭa, ae, f. (inops) _Need._

inquam, def. verb. _To say._

inr: see irr.

inscrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrībĕre, a. _To write upon; to inscribe; to impress upon._

insĭd-ĭae, ārum, f. pl. (insid-eo, _to sit in_) _An ambush, ambuscade; plot treachery._

insĭdĭ-or, atus sum, ari, dep. (insidiae) _To wait for, expect; to plot against._

intel-lego, lexi, lectum, lĕgĕre, a. (inter: lego, _to choose between_) _To perceive, understand._

in-tendo, tendi, tentum, tendĕre, and tensum, a. _To stretch out; to strive; to aim at._

inter, prep, with acc. _Between, among._

inter-cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. _To go_ or _come between; to intervene_.

inter-fĭcĭo, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, a. (inter; facio) _To destroy; to kill._

intĕrĭ-tus, ūs, m. (intereo) _Destruction; death._

inter-rŏgo, rŏgāvi, rŏgātum, rŏgāre, a. _To ask, inquire._

inter-sum, esse, fui, n. irr. _To be between; to differ_; interest, impers., _it interests_.

intes-tīnus, a, um, adj. (for intus-tinus, fr. intus) _Internal; intestine, civil._

intrā, prep, with acc. _Within, in._

in-ūro, ussi, ustum, ūrĕre, a. _To burn into; to brand._

in-vĕnio, vēni, ventum, vĕnīre, a. _To come upon, find._

invĭd-ĭā, ae, f. (invid-us, _an envier_) _Envy, jealousy, unpopularity._

invīto, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To ask, invite, summon._

i-pse, a, um, pron. demonstr. (for i-pse; fr. is and suffix pse) _Himself, herself, itself; he, she, it; very._

ir-rētĭ-o, vi, ītum, īre, a. (for in-ret-io, fr. in; ret-e, _a net_) _To ensnare, captivate._

is, ea, id. pron. demonstr. _This, that; he, she, it; such._

is-te, ta, tud, pron. demonstr. (is; suffix te) _This of yours; this, that; that fellow, that thing_ (used with contempt).

ĭta, adv. _In this way; so, thus._

J

jăcĕo, ui, jacĭtum, ēre, n. _To lie; to lie down._

jac-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. freq. (jac-io) _To throw; to toss about; to boast, vaunt._

jam, adv. _Now, already_; jamdūdum, _a long time since, long ago_ (with a present tense, giving the force of the perfect brought down to the present time); jam-prīdem, adv. _long time ago, for a long time_.

jŭbĕo, jussi, jussum, jŭbēre, a. _To command, order, bid._

jū-cundus, a, um, adj. (for juv-cundus, fr. juv-o) _Pleasant, agreeable, pleasing._

jūdĭc-ĭum, ii, n. (judic-o) _A judging; a judgment; a sentence._

jū-dico, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (jus; dĭco) _To judge; to think._

jungo, junxi, junctum, jungĕre, a. _To join, unite._

jū-s, jūris, n. (akin to root ju, _to join_) _Law, right, justice_; jure, _justly_.

jus-sū, m. (only in abl. sing.; jubeo) _By command._

jus-tus, a, um, adj. (for jur-tus, fr. jus) _Just, right._

L

lābefac-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (labefacio) _To cause to totter; to injure, ruin; to imperil._

lăbor, ōris, m. _Labor, toil._

laet-ĭtĭa, ae, f. (laet-us) _Joy, gladness._

lātro, (a short or long), ōnis, m. _A robber, highwayman._

latrōcīn-ĭum, ii, n. (latro) _Highway robbery, plundering._

laus, laudis, f. _Praise, fame, honor._

lectŭ-lus, i, m. dim. (for lecto-lus, fr. lecto, stem of lectus) _A little couch, bed._

lēnis, e, adj. _Soft, gentle, mild._

lex, lēgis, f. (= leg-s, fr. lēg-o; _that which is read_) _A law._

līber, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. _Free, unrestrained._

lībĕr-i, ōrum, m. pl. (liber) _Children._

lībĕr-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (id.) _To make free; to free._

lib-īdo, ĭnis, f. (lib-et) _Desire; passion, lust._

lĭcet, ŭit, itum est, ēre, imp. _It is permitted; one may_ or _can_.

lŏcus, i, m. _A place_ (in pl., loci or loca).

long-e, adv. (long-us) _Far off; greatly, much; by far._

lŏquor, lŏcūtus sum, lŏqui, dep. _To speak, say._

lux, lūcis, f. (= luc-s, fr. luc-eo, _to shine_) _Light; the light of day, daylight._

M

māchĭn-or, ātus sum, āri, dep. (machin-a, _a device_) _To contrive, devise; to plot._

mac-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (for mag-to, fr. obsolete mag-o, of same root as found in mag-nus) _To venerate, honor; to kill, slay; to immolate; to destroy._

mă-gis, adv. _More._

mag-nus, a, um, adj. (comp. major, sup. maximus; root mag) _Great_; majores, _ancestors_.

māj-or, us, adj. comp. (magnus)

mallĕŏ-lus, i, m. dim. (malleus, _a hammer_) _A small hammer; a kind of fire-dart._

mā-lo, malle, mālŭi, a. irr. (contracted fr. mag-volo, fr. root mag; volo, _to have a great desire for_) _To prefer._

măl-um, i, n. (malus) _An evil._

man-do, dāvi, dātum, dāre, a. (man-us; do, _to put into one’s hand_) _To order; to commend, consign, intrust; to lay up_; se fugae mandare, _to take to flight_.

mănus, ūs, f. _A hand; band of troops._

mārīt-us, a, um, adj. (marit-a, mas) _Matrimonial, conjugal_; as noun, m. (sc. vir), _a husband_.

mātūr-ē, adv. (matur-us) _Seasonably, at the proper time; soon._

mātūr-ĭtas, ātis, f. (matur-us) _Ripeness, maturity, perfection._

maxĭm-ē, adv. (maxim-us) _In the highest degree, especially._

mĕdĭocr-ĭter, adv. (mediocris) _Moderately._

mĕdĭtor, ātus sum, āri, dep. _To think, consider, meditate upon; to practise._

mehercŭle, mehercle, mehercules, adv. _By Hercules._

mĕmĭni, isse, a. and n., dep. _To remember, recollect._

mĕmŏria, ae, f. (memor, _mindful_) _Memory._

mens, mentis, f. _The mind; thought, purpose._

mĕtŭ-o, ŭi, ūtum, a. and n. (metu-s) _To fear._

mĕtus, ūs, m. _Fear._

mĕ-us, a, um, pron. pers. (me) _My, mine._

mĭn-us, adv. (min-or) _Less, not._

mĭsĕrĭcord-ĭā, ae, f. (miseri-cors, _pitiful_) _Pity, compassion._

mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. _To let go, send._

mŏdo, adv. _Only_; non modo ... sed etiam, _not only; ... but also_.

mŏdus, i, m. _A measure; limit; manner; kind._

moenĭa, ium, n. pl. _Defensive walls; ramparts; city walls._

mōles, is, f. _A huge mass; greatness, might._

mōl-ĭor, ītus sum, īri, dep., n. and a. (mol-es) _To endeavor, strive; to undertake; to plot; to prepare._

mol-lis, e, adj. (for mov-lis, fr. mov-eo, _that may_ or _can be moved_) _Weak, feeble; gentle; mild._

mŏra, ae, f. _A delay._

morbus, i, m. _A sickness, disease._

mor-s, tis, f. (mor-ior) _Death._

mor-tŭus, a, um, part. (mor-ior) _Dead._

mos, mōris, m. [for meors; from meo, are, “to go”] _Usage, custom, practice._

mŏvĕo, mōvi, mōtum, mŏvēre, a. _To move; to affect._

mult-ō, adv. (mult-us) _Much, greatly._

mult-o (mulcto), āvi, ātum, āre (mult-a, _a fine_) _To fine; to punish._

multus, a, um, adj. _Much_; in pl., _many_.

mūn-ĭo, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (moenia) _To fortify._

mūnī-tus, a, um, part. (muni-o) _Fortified, secure._

mūrus, i, m. [for mun-rus; root MUN, “to defend”] _A wall._

mū-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (for mov-to, fr. mov-eo) _To move; to alter, change._

N

nam, conj. _For._

nanciscor, nanctus and nactus sum, nancisci, dep. _To get; to find._

nascor, nātus sum, nasci, dep. _To be born; to spring forth; to grow._

nā-tūra, ae, f. (na-scor; _a being born_) _Birth; nature._

nau-frăgus, a, um, adj. (nav-frag-us; navis; frag, root of frango) _That suffers shipwreck; wrecked._

nē, adv. and conj. _No, not_; ne ... quidem, _not even; that not, lest_.

-nĕ, interrog. and enclitic particle, in direct questions with the ind. asking merely for information; in indirect questions with the subj. _Whether._

nec, conj.: see neque.

nĕcess-ārĭus, a, um, adj. (ne-cess-e) _Unavoidable, necessary_; as noun, m., _a relative, friend_.

nĕ-ces-se, neut. adj. (found only in nom. and acc. sing., for ne-ced-se, fr. ne; ed-o, _not yielding_) _Unavoidable, necessary._

nĕfār-ĭus, a. um, adj. (for nefas-ius, fr. nefas) _Impious, nefarious._

nēg-lĕg-o, lexi, lectum, lĕgĕre, a. (nec; lego, _not to gather_) _To neglect, disregard._

nĕgo, nĕgāvi, nĕgātum, nĕgāre, n. and a. _To say “no;” to deny._

nē-mo, ĭnis, m. and f. (ne; homo) _No person, no one, nobody._

nĕ-que or nec, adv. _Not_; conj., _and not_; neque ... neque, nec ... nec, _neither ... nor_.

nēqu-ĭtĭa, ae, f. (nequ-am) _Badness; inactivity, negligence._

ne-scĭo, scīvi, scītum, scīre, a. _Not to know, to be ignorant of._

nex, nĕcis, f. (= nec-s, fr. nec-o) _Death; murder, slaughter._

nĭhil, n. indecl. (nihilum, by apocope) _Nothing; not at all._

nĭmis, adv. _Too much; too._

nĭmĭ-um, adv. (nimi-us) _Too much; too._

nĭ-si, conj. _If not, unless._

noct-urnus, a, um, adj. (nox) _Belonging to the night, nocturnal._

nōmĭn-o (1), a. (nomen) _To name._

nōn, adv. _Not, no._

non-dum, adv. _Not yet._

non-ne, inter. adv. (expects answer “yes”) _Not?_

non-nullus, a, um, adj. (not one) _Some, several._

noster, tra, trum, poss. pron. (nos) _Our, our own, ours_; in plur., as noun, m., _our men_.

nŏta, ae, f. (nosco) _A mark, sign; a brand._

nŏt-o, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. (not-a) _To mark, designate._

nŏvus, a, um, adj. _New._

nox, noctis, f. _Night._

nūdus, a, um, adj. _Naked, bare._

n-ullus, a, um, adj. (ne; ullus) _None, no._

num, inter. particle, used in direct questions expecting the answer “no;” in indirect questions, _Whether_.

nŭmĕrus, i, m. _A number._

nunc, adv. _Now, at present._

n-unquam (numquam), adv. (ne; unquam) _Never._

nūper, adv. (for nov-per, fr. nov-us) _Newly, lately._

nupt-ĭae, ārum, f. pl. (nupt-a, _a married woman_) _Marriage, nuptials._

O

O, interj. _O! Oh!_

ob, prep, with acc. _On account of._

ŏbĕo, īre, ĭi, ĭtum, n. _To engage in, execute._

oblĭviscor, oblītus sum, oblivisci, dep. _To forget._

obscūr-ē, adv. (obscur-us) _Indistinctly, secretly._

obscūr-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (obscurus) _To obscure._

ōbscūrus, a, um, adj. _Dark; unknown._

ob-sĭdĕo, sēdi, sessum, sĭdēre, a. (ob; sedeo, _to sit_) _To sit down at_ or _before; to invest; to watch for_.

ob-sīdo, no perf., no sup., sĭdēre, a. _To sit down over_ or _against; to invest, besiege_.

ob-sisto, stĭti, stĭtum, sistĕre, n. _To oppose, resist._

ob-sto, stĭti, stātum, stāre, n. _To oppose._

ob-tempĕro, āvi, ātum, āre, n. _To comply with, obey._

oc-cīdo, cīdi, cīsum, cīdĕre, a. (ob; caedo, _to strike against_) _To strike down; to kill._

oc-cŭp-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (for ob-cap-o, fr. ob; capio) _To take, seize; to occupy._

ŏcŭlus, i, m. _An eye._

ōdi, odisse, a., defective. _To hate._

ŏd-ĭum, ii, n. (odi) _Hatred._

of-fendo, fendi, fensum, fendĕre, a. _To hit; to offend._

of-fensus, a, um, adj. _Odious_

ōmen, ĭnis, n. _An omen._

o-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. (ob; mitto) _To let go; to pass over, omit._

omnis, e, adj. _Every, all._

ŏpīn-or, ātus sum, āri, dep. (opin-us, _thinking_) _To think, suppose, imagine._

ŏport-et, ŭit, ēre, impers. _It is necessary._

op-prĭmo, pressi, pressum, prĭmĕre, a. (ob; premo) _To overwhelm, subdue, overpower; to cover._

optĭm-as, ātis, adj. (optim-us) _Aristocratic_; as noun (sc. homo), _an aristocrat_.

opt-ĭmus, a, um, adj. (super. of bonus) _Best, very good._

orbis, is, m. _A circle; the world, the universe._

ord-o, ĭnis, m. (ord-ior, _to begin_) _Order; class, degree._

ōs, ōris, n. _The mouth; the face, countenance._

osten-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (for ostend-to, fr. ostend-o) _To show; to display._

ōtĭ-ōsus, a, um, adj. (oti-um, full of) _At leisure; quiet; calm, tranquil._

ōtĭum, ii, n. _Leisure._

P

pa-ciscor, pactus sum, pacisci, dep., n. and a. _To contract; to agree, bargain._

pac-tum, i, n. (pac-iscor) _An agreement, compact; manner, way._

pango, pang-ĕre, panxi, pactum. _To agree._

par-ens, entis, m. and f. (par-io) _A parent._

părĭes, ietis, m. _A wall._

părĭo, pĕpĕri, părĭtum, părĕre and partum, a. _To bring forth; to obtain._

păr-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To make, get ready, prepare._

parrĭ-cīda, ae, m. (for patr-i-caed-a, fr. pater; [i]; caedo) _The murderer of one’s father; parricide._

parricīd-ĭum, ii, n. (parricid-a) _Parricide, murder, treason._

pars, partis, f. _A part, portion._

part-ĭ-cep-s, cĭpis, adj. (for part-i-cap-s, fr. pars; [i]; cap-io) _Sharing, partaking_; as noun, _a sharer, partaker_.

parvus, a, um, adj. _Small, little, slight._

pat-e-făcĭo, fēci, factum, făcĕre, a. (pateo; facio) _To disclose, expose, bring to light._

pătĕo, ŭi, no sup., pătēre, n. _To stand_ or _lie open; to be clear, plain_.

păter, tris, m. _A father._

pătĭent-ĭa, ae, f. (patior) _Patience._

pătr-ĭus, a, um (a long or short), adj. (pater) _Paternal, fatherly_; as noun, f. (sc. terra), _native land, country_.

paucus, a, um, adj. _Small, little_; as noun, pl. m., _few, a few_.

paul-isper, adv. (paul-us, _little_) _For a little while._

paul-ō adv. (id., _little_) _By a little, a little._

paul-um, adv. (paul-us) _By a little, a little._

paul-us, a, um, adj. _A little, small._

pĕnĭ-tus, adv. (root pen) _From within; deeply._

per, prep, with acc. _Through; by, by means of; on account of._

per-cĭpĭ-o, cēpi, ceptum, cĭpĕre, a. (per; capio) _To take possession of, seize; to comprehend, perceive, learn._

perd-ĭtus, a, um, part. (perd-o) _Ruined, desperate, abandoned._

per-do, dĭdi, dĭtum, dĕre, a. _To destroy, ruin._

per-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irr. _To bear, endure._

per-fringo, frēgi, fractum, fringĕre, a. (per; frango) _To break through; to violate, infringe._

per-frŭor, fructus sum, frŭi, dep. _To enjoy fully._

per-go, perrexi, perrectum, pergĕre, a. and n. (for per-rego, _to make quite straight_) _To proceed, go on._

pĕrīcl-ītor, ītātus sum, tari, dep., a. and n. (perīcl-um) _To try; to endanger, risk; to venture, hazard._

pĕrī-cŭlum (clum), i, n. (peri-or [obsolete], _to go through_) _A trial; hazard, danger, peril._

per-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittere, a. _To send through; to give up, intrust, surrender._

per-mŏvĕo, mōvi, mōtum, mŏvēre, a. _To move thoroughly; to excite, arouse._

pernĭc-ĭes, ĭēi, f. (pernec-o, _to kill utterly_) _Destruction._

pernĭcĭ-ōsus, a, um, adj. (per-nici-es, full of) _Very destructive, ruinous, pernicious._

perpĕtŭus, a, um, adj. _Continuous; constant, perpetual._

per-saepe. _Very often, very frequently._

per-spĭcĭo, spexi, spectum, spĭcĕre, a. (per; specio, _to look_) _To look through; to perceive, note._

per-terrĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, terrēre, a. _To terrify thoroughly._

per-tĭme-sco, tĭmŭi, no sup., tĭmescĕre, a. and n. inch. (pertimeo) _To fear or dread greatly._

per-tĭn-ĕō, tĭnŭi, tentum, tĭnēre, n. (per; teneo) _To stretch; to concern; to pertain to._

per-vĕnĭo, vēni, ventum, vĕnīre, n. _To arrive at, reach._

pestis, is, f. _Ruin, plague._

pĕt-ītĭo, ōnis, f. (pet-o) _An attack, thrust._

pĕto, pĕtīvi, pĕtītum, pĕtĕre, a. _To seek; to attack, thrust at._

plăcĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, plăcēre, n. _To please_; placet, impers., _it seems good; it is resolved upon; it is determined_.

plāco, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To quiet, calm, reconcile._

plān-ē, adv. (plan-us) _Simply, clearly._

plēbes, ei, f. or plebs, plēbis, f. _The common people, the plebeians._

plū-rĭmus, a, um, sup. adj. (multus) _Very much_; in pl., _the largest_ or _smaller number_; with quam, _as many as possible_.

poena, ae, f. _Punishment._

pol-lĭcĕor, licitus sum, lĭcērĭ, dep. (pot, root of pot-is, _powerful_, and liceor, _to bid_) _To promise._

pontĭfex, fĭcis, m. _The high priest, pontiff._

pŏpŭlus, i, m. _A people, nation, multitude._

porta, ae, f. _A gate; passage._

pos-sum, posse, pŏtŭi, no sup., n. irr. (for pot-sum, fr. pot, root of pot-is, _able_, and sum) _To be able._

post, adv. and prep. with acc. _Behind; after; next to, since._

post-ĕā, adv. _After this; afterwards._

postĕr-ĭtas, ātis, f. (poster-us) _Futurity; posterity._

postŭlo, a. _To ask, demand, request._

pŏtĭus, adv. (adv. neut. of potior, comp. of potis) _Rather, more._

prae-clārus, a, um, adj. _Splendid, excellent; distinguished._

prae-dĭco, dĭcāvi, dĭcātum, dĭ-cāre, a. _To publish, state, declare._

prae-dīco, dixi, dictum, dīcĕre, a. _To say beforehand; to predict._

prae-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irr. _To bear before; to display, to exhibit._

prae-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. _To send forward._

prae-s-ens, entis, adj. (prae; sum) _Present._

praesent-ĭa, ae, f. (praesens) _Presence._

praesĭd-ĭum, ii, n. (praesid-eo) _A guarding, defence, aid; a garrison, guard._

prae-stōlor (1), dep. n. and a. _To wait for._

praetĕr-ĕo, īre, ii, ĭtum, n. and a. irr. _To pass over, omit._

praeter-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. _To pass over, omit._

prae-tor, ōris, m. (for praei-tor, fr. praeeo) _A leader; a praetor_, an officer next to consul in rank.

prī-dem, adv. (for prae-dem, fr. prae; suffix dem) _A long time ago, long since._

prī-diē, adv. (for prae-die, fr. prae; dies) _On the day before._

prī-mō, adv. (primus) _At first._

pri-mus, a, um, sup. adj. (for prae-mus, fr. prae, with superlative suffix mus) _The first, first._

prin-cep-s, cĭpis, adj. (for prim-caps, fr. prim-us; cap-io) _First_; as noun, m. and f., _chief, leader_.

prĭ-or, us, gen. ōris, comp. adj. (for prae-or, fr. prae; comparative suffix or) _Former._

prīvā-tus, a, um, part. (prīv-[a]-o, _to deprive_) _Private_; as noun, m., _a private citizen_.

prob-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To try; to approve._

perfec-tĭo, ōnis, f. (for profac-tio, fr. profic-iscor) _A setting out, departure._

prō-fĭcĭo, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, n. and a. (pro; facio) _To accomplish, effect._

pro-fĭc-iscor, fectus sum, fĭcisci, dep. n. inch, (for pro-fac-iscor, fr. pro; fac-io) _To set out._

prō-fŭgĭo, fūgi, fŭgitum, fŭgĕre, a. and n. _To flee._

prŏpe, adv. and prep, with acc. _Nearly, almost._

prŏprĭus, a, um, adj. _One’s one; proper, peculiar, suited to._

prop-ter, prep. with acc. (prop-e) _Near; on account of._

pro-sĕquor, sĕcūtus sum, sĕqui, dep. _To follow, accompany._

proxĭmus, a, um, adj. (proc-simus, for prop-simus, fr. prop-e, and sup. ending simus) _The nearest, next; the last._

publĭc-ē, adv. (public-us) _In behalf of the state, in the name of the state._

publ-ĭcus, a, um, adj. (populus) _public, common_.

pŭd-or, ōrĭs, m. (pudet) _Shame, modesty._

pur-go, a. (pūr-us) _To clean, cleanse; purify._

pŭt-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (put-us, _cleansed_) _To make clean; to reckon, think._

Q

quaero (quaeso), quaesīvi, ii, quaesītum, quaerĕre, a. _To seek; demand, ask._

quaeso: see quaero.

quaēs-tio, ōnis, f. (quaes-o) _A seeking; a judicial investigation._

quam, adv. (adverbial acc. of quis) _In what manner, how; as much, as; than_; with superlatives, _as_ (much as) _possible_, e.g. quam primum, _as soon as possible_.

quam-dĭu, adv. _How long, as long as._

quam-ob-rem, rel. adv. _On which account, wherefore._

quam-quam, conj. _Although._

quantus, a, um, adj. _How great, how much._

quā-rē, adv. (quis; res) _From what cause? wherefore?_

-que, enclitic conj. _And_; que ... que, _both ... and_.

quĕr-ĭmōnĭa, ae, f. (queror) _A complaint._

quĕror, questus sum, quĕri, dep. a. and n. _To complain of, lament, bewail._

quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. _Who, which, what, that._

quī-dam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron. _Some, some one, a certain one._

quĭdem, adv. _Indeed, at least_; ne ... quidem, _not even_.

quĭe-sco, quĭēvi, quĭētum, quĭescĕre, n. inch, (for quiet-sco, fr. quies) _To keep quiet._

quin-tus, a, um, ord. num. adj. (quinqu-tus, fr. quinque) _The fifth._

quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron. (quis, quae, quod, used adjectively) _Who? which? what?_ quid, _how? why? wherefore?_ preceded by ne, si, nisi, num, becomes an indefinite pron., _any, some_.

quis-quam, quae-quam, quic-quam (quod-quam), indef. pron. _Any, any one._

quis-que, quae-que, quod-que (and as noun, quic-que; quid-que), indef. pron. _Each, every_.

quis-quis, quod-quod or quic-quid or quid-quid, indef. pron. _Whatever, whatsoever_; as noun, _whoever, whosoever_.

quō, adv. (qui) _Where; whither._

quod, conj. (acc. neut. fr. qui) _That, in that, because_; quod si, _but if_.

quon-dam, adv. (for quom-dam, fr. quom, old form of quem) _Once, formerly._

quŏn-ĭam, conj. (for quom-iam, fr. quom = cum and jam) _Since._

quŏque, conj. _Also, too_ (placed after the word it emphasizes).

quot, num. adj. indecl. _How many, as many._

quŏtīd-ĭe, cotidie. _Daily._

quot-ĭes, iens, adv. (xuot) _How often._

quŏtĭes-cumque, adv. _How often soever; as often as._

quo-usque, adv. (for quom; usque, fr. quom, old form of quem; usque) _Until what time; how long._

R

răpĭo, ŭi, raptum, răpĕre, a. _To match_ or _draw away_.

ră-tĭo, ōnis, f. (reor) _A calculation; judgment, reason; course, manner._

rĕcens, ntis, adj. _Fresh, recent._

rĕ-cĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, rĕcĭpĕre, a. (re; capio) _To take back; to accept, receive._

rĕ-cognosco, cognōvi, cognitum, cognoscĕre, a. _To know again, recognize; to examine, review._

rĕ-condo, condĭdi, condĭtum, condĕre, a. _To put back again; to sheath_ (of a sword); _to lay up; bury_.

rec-tus, a, um, part, (for reg-tus, fr. reg-o) _Right; straight._

red-und-o, āvi, ātum, āre, n. _To overflow; to abound._

re-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irr. _To carry, bring_, or _give back; to return, pay back_.

rēgĭ-ē, adv. (regi-us) _Royally, tyrannically._

rĕ-lĕvo, lĕvāvi, lĕvātum, lĕvāre, a. _To make light; to relieve._

rĕ-linquo, līqui, lictum, linquĕre, a. (re; linquo, _to leave_) _To leave behind, leave._

rĕlĭqu-us, a, um, adj. (reli[n]qu-o) _Remaining; the remainder of, rest._

rĕmănĕo, mansi, no sup., mănēre, n. _To remain behind._

rĕ-mŏror, mŏrātus sum, mŏrāri, dep., n. and a. _To stay, delay, to detain._

re-pello, pŭli, pulsum, a. _To reject, repel._

rĕ-pĕrio, rĕpĕri, rĕpertum, pĕrīre, a. (re; par-o) _To find._

re-primo, pressi, pressum, a. (re; premo) _To check, restrain._

rĕpŭdĭ-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (repudi-um, _a casting off_) _To cast off; to reject._

rēs, rĕi, f. _A thing, matter_; res publica, _the commonwealth, the state_.

rĕ-sĭdĕo, sēdi, no sup., sĭdēre, n. (re; sedeo) _To remain; to remain behind._

rē-spondĕo, spondi, sponsum, spondēre, a. (re; spondeo, _to promise_) _To answer, reply._

respon-sum, i, n. (for respond-sum, fr. respond-eo) _An answer, reply._

rēs-publĭcā, rĕi-publĭcae, f.; see res.

rĕ-vŏco, a. _To call back, to recall._

rŏgo, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To ask_; rogare legem, _to propose a law_.

rŭ-īna, ae, f. (ru-o) _A falling; ruin._

S

sacr-ārĭum, ii (a long or short), n, (sacr-um) _A place for keeping holy things; a shrine._

sacrum, i (a long or short), n. (sacer) _A sacred thing; a religious rite, ceremony._

saep-e, adv. (saep-is, _frequent_) _Often, frequently._

săg-ax, ācĭs, adj. (sagio, _to perceive quickly_) _Sagacious, keen-scented._

sălū-s, ūtis, f. (for salvit-s; fr. salv-eo, _to be well_) _Health; safety, prosperity._

sălūt-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (salus) _To greet, salute._

sanc-tus, a, um, adj. (sancio) _Sacred, holy, venerable._

sanguis, inis, m. _Blood._

sătelles, ĭtis, com. gen. _An attendant; an accomplice, partner._

sătĭs (sat), adv. _Enough._

sătis-făcĭo, fēci, factum, făcĕre, a. _To give satisfaction; satisfy, content._

scĕlĕrāt-ē, adv. (scelerat-us) _Impiously, wickedly._

scĕlĕrā-tus, a, um, part. (sceler[a]-o, _to pollute_) _Polluted, bad_; as noun, m., _a wretch_.

scĕlus, ĕris, n. _An evil deed; a crime, guilt._

scio, scīvi, scītum, scīre, a. _To know, perceive._

sē-cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. _To go apart; to go away._

sē-cerno, crēvi, crētum, cernĕre, a. _To put apart, separate._

sed, conj. _But, yet, but also_; non solum ... sed etiam, _not only_ ... _but also_.

sēd-ĭ-tĭo, ōnis, f. (sed = sine; i, root of eo, _a going apart_) _Sedition, strife._

sē-jungo, junxi, junctum, jungĕre, a. _To disjoin; to separate._

sē-men, ĭnis, n. (for sā-men, fr. sa, true root of sero) _the sown thing. Seed_.

semper, adv. _Ever, always._

sĕn-ātus, ūs, m. (senex) _The council of the elders, the senate._

sĕnātūs-consultum, i, n. _A decree of the senate._

sen-sus, ŭs, m. (for sent-sus, fr. sent-io) _Perception, feeling._

sentent-ĭa, ae, f. (for sentient-ia, fr. sentiens, _thinking_) _An opinion, sentiment; sentence, vote._

sentīna, ae, f. _Bilge-water; the lowest of the people, rabble; mob._

sentĭo, sensi, sensum, sentire, a. _To feel, see; to perceive._

sequor, sĕcutus sum, sĕqui, dep. _To follow, to comply with, conform to._

sermo, ōnis, m. _A speaking; talk, conversation._

sēr-ō, adv. (ser-us) _Late, too late._

serv-ĭo, ivi, itum, ire, n. (serv-us) _To be a slave; to serve,_

servo, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To save, preserve, protect._

sērvus, i, m. _A slave._

sēsē, reduplicated form of acc. or abl. of sui.

sĕvēr-itas, ātis, f. (severus) _Strictness, severity._

sex-tus, a, um, ord. num. adj. (sex) _The sixth._

si, conj. _If, whether._

sīc, adv. _In this manner, so thus._

sīca, ae, f. _A dagger, poniard._

sīc-ut or sīc-uti, adv. _So as, just as._

sĭlent-ĭum, ii, n. (silens, _silent_) _Silence._

sĭlĕo, ui, no sup., n. _To be noiseless, still_, or _silent_.

sĭmĭlĭs, e, adj. (with gen. and dat.) _Like, similar._

sĭmul, adv. _Together, at once_; simul-ac _or_ atque, _as soon as_.

sī-n, conj. (si; ne) _But if._

sine, prep. with abl. _Without._

sing-ŭli, ae, a, num. distrib. adj. _One to each, separate, single, each, every._

sĭno, sīvi, sĭtum, sĭnăre, a. _To let, suffer, allow._

sŏcĭ-etas, ātis, f. (soci-us) _Fellowship, association, society; a league, an alliance._

socius, ii, m. _A partner, companion; ally, confederate._

sŏdālis, is, com. gen. _A boon companion._

sŏlĕo, sŏlĭtus sum, n. semi-dep. _To be wont, be accustomed._

sōl-ĭtūdo, īnĭs, f. (sol-us) _Loneliness, aolitude; a desert, wilderness._

sōl-um, adv. (sōl-us) _Alone, only._

somnus, i, m. _Sleep, slumber._

spĕcŭl-or, dep. a. and n. (specula, _a watch-tower_) _To watch, observe, explore._

spe-s, spĕi, f., gen., dat., and abl. pl. not found in good writers (for sper-s, fr. spēr-o) _Hope._

spīr-ĭtus, ūs, m. (spir-o) _A breathing; a breath._

spon-te, abl., and spontis, gen. of the noun spons, f. (for spond-te, fr. spond-eo, _to pledge_) _Of one’s own accord, willingly._

stā-tor, ōris, m. _A supporter, stayer._

stătŭ-o, ui, ūtum, ĕre, a. (status) _To put, place; to decide, determine._

stā-tus, ūs, m. (sto) _Condition, situation, state._

stirps, stirpis, f. _A stock, stem; source, origin._

sto, stĕti, stātum, stāre, n. _To stand._

stŭdĕo, ŭi, no sup., ēre, n. and a. _To be eager; to pursue, be devoted to._

stŭd-ĭum, ii, n. (stud-eo) _Assiduity, zeal._

stultus, a, um, adj. _Foolish, simple._

stuprum, i (u long or short), n. _Debauchery, lewdness._

suādeo, suāsi, suāsum, suādēre, n. and a. _To advise, recommend._

sub-sell-ĭum, ii, n. (sub; sell-a) _A bench, judge’s seat._

sŭi, sibi, se or sese, pron. reflex. _Of himself, herself, itself_, or _themselves_.

sum, esse, fŭi, no sup., n. irr. _To be, exist._

summus, a, um, sup. adj. (superus) _The highest, greatest, very great; the most important; the top of, the summit of._

sŭpĕr-ĭor, ĭus, comp. adj. (super) _Higher; earlier, former._

supplĭc-ĭum, ii, n. (supplic-o) _A humble petition; punishment._

sus-cĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, cĭpĕre, a. _To undertake._

suspec-tus, a, um, part. (suspic-io, through true root suspec) _Mistrusted, suspected._

su-spĭcĭo, spexi, spectum, spĭcere, a. and n. (sub; specio, _to look_) _To look at from under; to mistrust, suspect._

suspīc-ĭo, ōnis, f. (suspic-or) _Mistrust, suspicion._

suspĭc-or, ātus sum, āri, dep. (suspic-io) _To suspect._

suspitio: see suspicio.

sus-tĭneo, tĭnŭi, tentum, tĭnēre, a. _To support, sustain._

sŭ-us, a, um, poss. pron. (su-i) _Of_ or _belonging to himself, herself, itself_, or _themselves; his own, her own, its own, their own_.

T

tăbŭla, ae, f. _A board; a writing-tablet._

tăcĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, tăcēre, n. _To be silent._

tăciturn-ĭtas, ātis, f. (taciturnus, _quiet_) _Silence._

tăc-ĭtus, a, um, adj. (taceo) _Silent._

tae-ter, tra, trum, adj. (for taed-ter, fr. taed-et) _Foul, shameful, disgraceful._

tam, adv. _So, so far, so very, so much._

tămen, adv. _Nevertheless, however, still._

tăm-etsi, conj. (contracted fr. tamen-etsi) _Although, though._

tan-dem, adv. (tam) _At length_; in questions, _pray_.

tam-quam, adv. (tam; quam) _As much as; just as, like as, as if, as it were._

tantus, a, um, adj. _So great, so large, so many._

tec-tum, i, n. (for teg-tum, fr. teg-o) _A roof, house._

tēlum, i, n. _A spear; weapon._

tempes-tas, ātis, f. (for tempor-tas, fr. tempus) _A space of time; a time; weather_ (both good and bad), hence _a storm, tempest_.

templum, i, n. _A temple, shrine._

temp-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (also written ten-to, fr. teneo) _To handle; to try; to try the strength of; to attack._

tempus, ŏris, n. _A portion of time; a time; a critical moment, circumstances._

tĕnĕbrae, ārum, f. pl. _Darkness._

tĕnĕo, tĕnŭi, tentum, a., tĕnēre. _To hold, keep, have, guard._

terra, ae, f. _The earth, land_; orbis terrarum, _the world; country_.

tĭmĕo, ūi, no sup., tĭmēre, a. and n. _To fear._

tĭm-or, ōris, m. _Fear._

tollo, sustŭli, sublătum, tollĕre, a. _To lift up; to destroy, take away._

tot, num. adj. indecl. _So many._

tŏt-ĭes, (iens) num. adv. (tot) _So often, so many times._

tōtus, a, um, adj. _All, all the; the whole_; in adverbial force, _altogether, wholly_.

trans-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. _To bear ucross; to transport, transfer._

tribūn-al, ālis, n. (tribunus) _A judgment-seat, tribunal._

trib-ūnus, i, m. (trib-us) _A tribune._

tru-cīdo, a. (for truc-caedo, fr. trux [_savage_]; caedo) _To slaughter._

tū, tui, pers. pron. _Thou, you_ (sing.)

tum, adv. _Then, at that time._

tŭmultus, ūs, m. _Disturbance, tumult._

turp-ĭtūdo, inis, f. (turpis) _Baseness, infamy._

tū-tus, a, um, (tu-eor) _Safe, secure._

tŭ-us, a, um, poss. pron. (tu) _Thy, thine, your, yours._

U

ŭbi, adv. (akin to qui) _Where; when_; ubinam, _where, pray?_

ul-lus, a, um, adj. dim. (for un-lus, fr. unus) _Any, any one._

umquam: see unquam.

ūnā, adv. (adverbial abl. of unus) _At the same time, in company, together._

V

vir-tus, ūtis, f. (vir) _Manliness, manhood; courage; worth, merit._

vis, vis, f. _Strength, force._

viscus, ĕris, n. (mostly in pl.) _The inwards; the viscera._

vĭ-ta, ae, f. (for viv-ta, fr. viv-o) _Life._

vĭtĭum, ii, n. _Fault, blemish, error, crime, vice._

vīto, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To shun, avoid._

vīvo, vixi, victum, vīvĕre, n. _To live._

vīv-us, a, um, adj. (vīv-o) _Alive._

vix, adv. _With difficulty, hardly, scarcely_; vixdum, _scarcely_.

vŏco, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To call; summon._

volnĕr-o, āvi, ātus sum, āre, a. (volnus) _To wound._

volo, velle, volŭi, no sup., a. irr. _To will, wish, desire._

voltus: see vultus.

volun-tas, ātis, f. (for volent-tas, fr. volens) _Will, wish, desire, inclination._

volup-tas, ātis, f. (volup, _agreeable_) _Enjoyment, pleasure, delight._

vox, vōcis, f. (for voc-s, fr. voc-o, _that which calls out_) _A voice; a word_; in pl., _language, sayings, words_.

vul-tus, ūs, m. (for vol-tus, fr. vol-o) _The countenance; looks, aspect._

* * * * * * * * *

TEXT ALONE

I.--1. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus eludet? Quem ad finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt. Patere tua consilia non sentis? Constrictam omnium horum scientia teneri conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrum ignorare arbitraris?

2. O tempora, O mores! senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit, fit publici consilii particeps, notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem, viri fortes, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem oportebat, in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos machinaris.

3. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum, mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae, privatus interfecit: Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam illa nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium, novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, ut viri fortes acerbioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave: non deest rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas hujus ordinis: nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus.

II.--4. Decrevit quondam senatus ut L. Opimius consul videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla intercessit; interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, majoribus: occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica: num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum plebis et C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At vero nos vicesimum jam diem patimur hebescere aciei horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim hujus modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum videri, sed jam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno.

5. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici jussero, credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum se dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum esse oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor, ut faciam. Tum denique interficiere, cum jam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis inveniri poterit, qui id non jure factum esse fateatur.

6. Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita, ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.

III.--Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios neque privata domus parietibus continere voces conjurationis tuae potest? Si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? Muta jam istam mentem, mihi crede! obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum. Teneris undique: luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia omnia; quae jam mecum licet recognoscas.

7. Meministine me ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembres dicere in senatu, fore in armis certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem sextum Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, tam atrox, tamque incredibilis, verum id quod multo magis admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu, caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem quintum Kalendas Novembres, tum cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas?

8. Quid? cum tu te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo jussu meis praesidiis, custodiis vigiliisque esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam.

IV.--Recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superiorem: jam intelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios--non agam obscure in M. Laecae domum: convenisse eodem complures ejusdem amentiae scelerisque socios. Num negare audes? quid taces? convincam, si negas: video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt.

9. O di immortales! ubinam gentium sumus! quam rem publicam habemus? in qua urbe vivimus? Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de hujus urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hosce ego video et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud Laecam illa nocte, Catilina; distribuisti partess Italiae; statuisti quo quemque proficisci placeret, delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te ipsum jam esse exiturum, dixisti paullulum tibi esse etiam tum morae, quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui te ista cura liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur.

10. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi, domum meam majoribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis venturos praedixeram.

V.--11. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti, egredere aliquando ex urbe: patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos, si minus, quam plurimos: purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari jam diutius non potes: non feram, non patiar, non sinam. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis, gratia, quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae pestem totiens jam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi, consuli designato, Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et competitores tuos interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato: denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse conjunctam.

12. Nunc jam aperte rem publicam universam petis: templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et quod hujus imperii disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, residebit in re publica reliqua conjuratorum manus: sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei publicae.

13. Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id imperante me facere, quod jam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe jubet consul hostem. Interrogas me: num in exilium? non jubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo.

VI.--Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te jam in hac urbe delectare possit? In qua nemo est extra istam conjurationem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae est? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama? Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus unquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit? Cui tu adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum illecebris irretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem praetulisti?

14. Quid vero? Nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? Quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris immanitas, aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent.

15. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus esse jucundus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas Januarias Lepido et Tullo Consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo? Manum consulum et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? Ac jam illa omitto--neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa postea:--quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem interficere voluisti! quot ego tuas petitiones ita conjectas, ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi! nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis.

16. Quotiens tibi jam extorta est sica ista de manibus! quotiens excidit aliquo casu et elapsa est! quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere.

VII.--Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim jam tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus? Quid? Quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas?

17. Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi urbem nom arbitraris? Etsi me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam graviter atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis oculis omnium conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium justum et jam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes sensusque vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes: nunc te patria quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et jam diu nihil te judicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare: hujus tu neque auctoritatem verebere nec judicium sequere nec vim pertimesces?

18. Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur: ‘Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium sine te: tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera: tu non solum ad negligendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen ut potui, tuli: nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quidquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quamobrem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, ne opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.’

VIII.--19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid? Quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti? Quod vitandae suspicionis causa apud M’. Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti? A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem venisti: a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M. Metellum demigrasti, quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse jam dignum custodia judicarit?

20. Quae cum ita sint, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis justis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? Refer, inquis, ad senatum; id enim postulas, et, si hic ordo sibi placere decreverit te ire in exilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intelligas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu in exilium, si hunc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina? Ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis?

21. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo vero M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi consuli hoc ipso in templo jure optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant, cum patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant: neque hi solum, quorum auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam equites Romani honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui stant circum senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec, quae jam pridem vastare studes, relinquentem usque ad portas prosequantur.

IX.--22. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut ulla res frangat? Tu ut te unquam corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam meditere? Tu ut exilium cogites? Utinam tibi istam mentem di immortales duint! Etsi video, si mea voce perterritus ire in exilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit privata calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore revocaverit.

23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exilium; vix feram sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix molem istius invidiae, si in exilium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manu. Confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos esse videaris.

24. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo jam sciam esse praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati? Cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem. A quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac funestam futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam? Tu ut illa diutius carere possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficisens solebas, a cujus altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti.

X.--25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem, nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam, improborum manum.

26. Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis! quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis. Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores tui, jacere humi, non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes, ubi ostentes, illam tuam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae verum omnium, quibus te brevi tempore conectum senties.

27. Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius tentare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses atque ut id, quod est abs te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.

XI.--Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope justam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo carior est, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica sic loquatur; ‘M. Tulli, quid agis? Tune eum, quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem conjurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed immisus in urbem videatur? Nonne hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari imperabis?

28. Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne majorum? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos cives morte multarunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At nunquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium jura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, hominem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione majorum tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiam aut alicujus periculi metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis.

29. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum?’

XII.--His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu judicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horae gladiatori isti, ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem.

30. Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non videant, aut quae vident dissimulent: qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis aluerunt conjurationemque nascentem non credendo corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat conjurationem esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi se ejecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique collectos naufragos adgregaverit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium.

XIII.--31. Etenim jam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati, periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu febrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, qui est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius vivis reliquis ingravescet.

32. Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe jam dixi, discernantur a nobis: desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius cujusque, quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa vindicata esse videatis.

33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum, tu, Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es constitutus, quem Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere nominamus, hunc et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac moenibus a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et homines bonorum inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate conjunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis.

* * * * * * * * *

ERRATA (noted by transcriber):

General:

_The shift from “Antony” (“Life of Cicero” section) to “Antonius” (remainder of the book) is unchanged. Date format has been regularized to “(year) B.C.”; in the original, about a quarter of the dates were in the reversed form “B.C. (year)”. A few cases of “scil,” with comma have been silently changed to “scil.” Four occurrences of “æ”--three of them on the same page--have been regularized to “ae”._

_In the Notes and Vocabulary sections, minor punctuation errors were silently corrected._

Life of Cicero:

Chrysogonus, one of Sulla’s favourites [Sylla’s] Molo, the rhetorician [rhetorican] Marc Antony’s designs [Anthony’s, and see above] Sidenote: Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus [Sepidus] The works of Cicero are:-- [Circero]

Oratio

_A number of typographical errors in the main text were corrected by hand, generally to agree with the form used in the Notes._

I. 3. C. [3]Servilius Ahala [_“Serviliusi”, with “i” crossed out by hand_] viri fortes acerbioribus suppliciis [supplicus] II. 4. Vivis, [12]et vivis non ad [_“Visis” corrected by hand to “Vivis”_] II. 5. eorum autem castrorum [castorum] III. 6. obscurare ... continere [_“-ari”, “-eri” corrected by hand to “-are”, “-ere”_] III. 7. contentum esse dicebas [_“se” corrected by hand to esse_] IV. 9. sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat [_“et” added by hand_] partes Italiae [partesJ taliae] [10]statuisti quo [_“loco” added by hand before “quo”: see “scil.” ff. in Notes_] V. 11. ... periclitanda rei ... Catilina, [_printed at consecutive line-ends as “... periclitanda re” and “... Catilinai”_] V. 12. magna et perniciosa sentina [_omitted word “sentina” supplied from Notes and other editions_] rei publicae [_printed as one word_] VII. 16. Sic enim [enam] VII. 17. Etsi me meis civibus [Esti] VII. 18. esse in metu propter unum te [matu] IX. 22. a rei publicae periculis sejungatur [pablicae] concita perditos cives, [_, missing_] X.--25. [_text has “23” (without period) for “25.”_] X. 26. in tanto numero tuorum [turorum] X. 27. vexare rem publicam posses [publiciam] XI. 27. principem conjurationis [principem, conjurationis] XI. 29. incendio conflagraturum?’ [_close quote missing_] XII. 30. verum etiam strips [_“strips” corrected by hand to “stirps”_] XIII. 33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, [_“omnibus” changed by hand to “ominibus” to agree with Notes: both readings are possible_]

Footnote Tags

I. 2. [6] [7] I. 3. [10] [_There is no note corresponding to this tag_] II. 5 [4] [_missing_] III. 8 [4] [_missing_] V. 11. [8], [9] [_numbers reversed_] VIII. 21. [5]prosequantur. [6] IX. 22. [2]Te ut ulla res frangat? [_missing_] X. 26. [5] [_missing; following two tags numbered 5 and 6_] XI. 28. supplicio [4]rogatae sunt? [_missing_]

Notes

[Long dashes were changed to hyphens in contexts such as “_-re_ to _-ris_” and “compounds of _-lego_”.]

I. 1. 1. quo usque--nostra? [quosque] I. 1. 6. “to toss the head contemptuously,” [ontemptuously] I. 1. 10. used partitively [uses] II. 4. 4: [5] II. 5. 1: [_text has extraneous header “§ 7.--”_] II. 5. 4: [_printed as part of note 3_] II. 5. 6: or as Wilkins translates [Wilkin’s] II. 5. 8: ... “you will be ordered to be put to death.” [_first “be” added by transcriber_] II. 6. 4: ... and ποιέω in Greek [ποιεώ] III. 6. 9: ... (root _mun_, to defend: cp. ἀμύνειν) [_close parenthesis missing_] III. 7. 9: here used in the sense of _impediendorum_: [_impediendorum_:” with superfluous close quote] ---- _num--dicebas?_ [_printed ? for !_] IV. 6. 7: [_Note number missing_] IV. 9. 6: _Sententiam rogo_ is said [vogo] V. 12. 7: (ἄντλος _sentina_) [ἀντλος] VI. 14. 4: _tanti--immanitas_ [_printed as part of note 3_] VI. 16. 1: --_de manibus_ is explanatory [mauibus] VII. 18. 4: the persecution came to nothing [came so] VII. 18. 5: _praetor peregrinus_ [_printed as “_praetor_ peregrinus” (wrong word, not italicized)_] VIII. 19. 2: _quid? quod_: see note 11, § 16. [16, § 11] VIII. 20. 5: _deferre_, denotes the simple announcement [deferee] IX. 24. 2: 2: _qui--armati?_ “to wait for you arms [_Text given as printed: missing words after “you”?_] X. 26. 3: 3: _ad--stuprum_: [struprum] XI. 27. 4: by imploring (_precari_) their aid.” [_close quote missing_] XI. 28. 3: _an leges?_ [au] XII. 30. 2: this explains this subjunctive. [suhjunctive] XII. 30. 6: but cannot for ever be suppressed [_printed “can-/for ever” at line break_] XIII. 31. 1: _jamdiu_: [jamdia] ---- οὐκ οἶδα ὅντινα τρόπον [οντινα] XIII. 33. 2: “with the best interests [_open quote missing_] ---- z, 472 [_error for Z = Zumpt?_] XIII. 33. 6: _arcebis_: [_Note number missing_]

Vocabulary

The word “invisible” means that there is an appropriately sized empty space in the text.

ădŭlescent-ulus ... A young man; [youn] ălĭqu-ando, adv. (aliquis ... [_No closing parenthesis_] compĕt-ītor, ōris, m. [com = cum; [[com = bum] con-cŭpi-sco [can-] conjūrā-tĭo, ōnis, f. (conjūr[a]-o, [_“co jūr[a]-o” with invisible n_] custōdĭ-a, ae, f. (custod-io) [eustod-io] dē-bĕo ... in duty bound [dutg] moenĭa, ium ... Defensive wall [Defeusive] nēqu-ĭtĭa, ae, f. (nequ-am) [_Open parenthesis missing_] pătr-ĭus, a, um ... as noun, f. (sc. terra) [_“te ra” with invisible r_] pĕnĭ-tus ... From within; [withiu] prae-dīco .. To say beforehand [sag] quis, quae, quid ... preceded by ne, si, nisi, [nisl] rĕ-linquo, līqui, lictum, linquĕre, [liuquĕre] rĕlĭqu-us, a, um, adj. (rel[n]qu-o) [_Text shown as printed: error for “reli[n]qu-o”?_] sē-men, ĭnis, n. (for sā-men, fr. sa, true root of sero) [_; for close parenthesis_] sum, esse ... To be [Te be] tăcĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, tăcēre, n. _To be silent._ [_Infinite displaced to previous entry: “tăciturn-ĭtas, ātis, tăcēre,”_] temp-to ... (also written ten-to, fr. teneo) [ten-td] tĭmĕo, ūi, no sup., tĭmēre, [tĭnēre] trans-fĕro ... To bear across [ucross] volnĕr-o, āvi, ātus sum, [volnĕr-o, āvi, ātissu,]